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| {{redirect|UFED|the product Universal Forensic Extraction Device|Cellebrite UFED}} | |||
| {{Infobox disease | | |||
| {{multiple issues | | |||
| Name = Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) | | |||
| {{More medical citations needed|date=December 2014}} | |||
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| {{Context|date=September 2018}} | |||
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|50|9|f|50}} | | |||
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|307.50 }} | | |||
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| {{Infobox medical condition (new) | |||
| | name = Unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED) | |||
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| '''Unspecified feeding or eating disorder''' ('''UFED''') is a ] category of ]s that, along with ] (OSFED), replaced '''eating disorder not otherwise specified''' ('''EDNOS''') in the ]. | |||
| UFED is an ] that does not meet the criteria for ], ], ], or other eating disorders.<ref name="Fairburn2005">{{cite journal|last1=Fairburn|first1=CG|author-link=Christopher Fairburn|last2=Bohn|first2=K|date=June 2005|title=Eating disorder NOS (EDNOS): an example of the troublesome "not otherwise specified" (NOS) category in DSM-IV|journal=Behav Res Ther|volume=43|issue=6|pages=691–701|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.011|pmc=2785872|pmid=15890163}}</ref> People with UFED can have similar symptoms and behaviors to those with anorexia and bulimia, and can face the same risks associated with those disorders.<ref name=NAMI>{{cite web|title=Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS)|url=http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=65849|website=National Alliance of Mental Illness |access-date= December 21, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| == Signs and symptoms == | |||
| Many people think that this type of eating disorder is not as serious compared to anorexia and bulimia. However, that is not the case because more people are diagnosed with EDNOS than anorexia and bulimia combined. Also, the symptoms and behaviors of people suffering from EDNOS are similar to those that are suffering from anorexia and bulimia. People with EDNOS can face the same dangerous risk as people with anorexia and bulimia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS)|url=http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=65849|website=National Alliance of Mental Illness}}</ref> | |||
| UFED is a disorder that's characterized by a disturbance or alteration in eating behaviors that leads to a significant impairment in physical or mental functioning, but cannot be defined under another specified feeding and eating disorder diagnosis. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Force.|first=American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1042815534|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5.|date=2017|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|isbn=978-0-89042-554-1|oclc=1042815534}}</ref> | |||
| Eating disorders not otherwise specified is the most frequently diagnosed eating disorder in the United States. About 60% of adults that gets treatment for eating disorders are diagnosed with EDNOS. Many think that women are more likely to have eating disorders, but this is not the case. EDNOS can happen in both men and women.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Napierski-Prancl|first1=M.|title=Eating Disorders. In D. CarrEncyclopedia of the Life Course and Human Development (Vol. 1, pp. 151-154).|url=http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.wexler.hunter.cuny.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3273000050&v=2.1&u=cuny_hunter&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=9e8d9d3d25c9f2b86834a88a5ae087e6|website=Gale Virtual Reference Library}}</ref> | |||
| == Diagnosis == | |||
| Research is required into how many of these "residual" EDNOS diagnoses were eventually replaced by that of a recognized medical condition, whether psychologically or organically caused. While all organic causes should be ruled out prior to making a diagnosis of an eating disorder; it is difficult to diagnosed people with eating disorders due different factors. People with eating disorder can result in weight lost as well as mood changes. Along with clinical help, family members and friends should watch out if a loved one have for warning signs of eating disorders such as mood change or weight lost. The consequences of eating disorders can be life threatening, as it can lead to constipation, tooth decay and even cardiac problems.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Napierski-Prancl|first1=M.|title=Eating Disorders. In D. Carr (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Life Course and Human Development (Vol. 1, pp. 151-154).|url=http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.wexler.hunter.cuny.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3273000050&v=2.1&u=cuny_hunter&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=9e8d9d3d25c9f2b86834a88a5ae087e6|website=Gale Virtual Reference Library|publisher=Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA}}</ref> | |||
| UFED is diagnosed when a clinician chooses not to specify the reason that criteria aren't met for a specific eating and feeding disorder. This also includes situations where a clinician does not have sufficient information to make a specific diagnosis, such as an emergency room scenario. <ref name=":1" /> | |||
| == Characteristics == | |||
| ] | |||
| Rather than providing specific diagnostic criteria for EDNOS, DSM-IV lists six non-exhaustive example presentations, including individuals who:<ref name=DSMIV/> | |||
| == Epidemiology == | |||
| # Meet all criteria for anorexia nervosa except their weight falls within the normal range | |||
| Although EDNOS (formerly called atypical eating disorder) was originally introduced in the DSM-III to capture unusual cases,<ref name=DSMIII>{{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |year=1980 |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |edition=3rd |location=Washington, DC |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}{{page needed|date=June 2012}}</ref> it accounts for up to 60%<ref name=Fairburn2005/> of cases in eating disorder specialty clinics. EDNOS is an especially prevalent category in populations that have received inadequate research attention such as young children, males, ], and non-Western groups.<ref name=Becker2009>{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker AE, Thomas JJ, Pike KM |title=Should non-fat-phobic anorexia nervosa be included in DSM-V? |journal=Int J Eat Disord |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=620–35 | date=November 2009 |pmid=19655370 |doi=10.1002/eat.20727 }}</ref> | |||
| # Meet all criteria for bulimia nervosa except they engage in binge eating or purging behaviors less than twice per week or for fewer than three months | |||
| # Purge after eating small amounts of food while retaining a normal body weight | |||
| # Repeatedly chew and spit out large amounts of food without swallowing | |||
| # Meet criteria for ] | |||
| == |
== Treatment == | ||
| When treating any eating disorder, including unspecified disorders, it is important to include a registered dietician or nutritionist working with the treatment team.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=July 2001|title=Position of the American Dietetic Association|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00201-2|journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association|volume=101|issue=7|pages=810–819|doi=10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00201-2|pmid=11478482 |issn=0002-8223|author1=American Dietetic Association }}</ref> Even though eating disorders are a psychological diagnosis, psychologists are not certified or licensed in dietetics or nutrition, so it is important that psychologists are not practicing outside their bounds of competence. Medical Nutrition Therapy is vital in the treatment and management of eating disorders.<ref name=":0" /> The dietician assists the patient by creating a meal plan that is tailored to their individual needs and treatment goals. The dietician will also provide psychoeducation that challenges nutrition misinformation and will ideally create a space where the patient feels comfortable asking questions.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| Although EDNOS (formerly called “atypical eating disorder”) was originally introduced in DSM-III to capture unusual cases,<ref name=DSMIII/> it is now the most commonly diagnosed eating disorder. In addition, EDNOS was found to have a higher prevalence than other eating disorders.<ref name="Epidemiology of Eating Disorders">{{cite journal|last1=Sancho|first1=C.|last2=Arija|first2=M.V|last3=Asorey|first3=O.|last4=Canals|first4=J.|title=Epidemiology of Eating Disorders|journal=European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|date=December 2007|volume=16|issue=8|pages=495–504|accessdate=2 November 2014}}</ref> Specifically, EDNOS accounts for approximately 40%<ref name=Button2005/> to 60%<ref name=pmid17374360/><ref name=pmid10942916/><ref name=Nollett2005/><ref name=Turner2004/> of cases in eating disorder specialty clinics, and up to 90% of eating disorder diagnoses conferred in non-specialty psychiatric settings.<ref name=pmid18348598/> The lifetime prevalence of EDNOS in the ] Replication, a large epidemiological study that interviewed a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents, was 4.64% among adults and 4.78% among adolescents.<ref name=pmid22407912/> In addition, in a study based on a questionnaire regarding eating disorders sampled Norway's general female population and found that EDNOS had a lifetime prevalence of 3.0%.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Götestam|first1=K. Gunnar|last2=Agras|first2=W. Stewart|title=General population-based epidemiological study of eating disorders in Norway|journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders|volume=18|issue=2|pages=119–126|doi=10.1002/1098-108X(199509)18:2<119::AID-EAT2260180203>3.0.CO;2-U|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1098-108X(199509)18:2%3C119::AID-EAT2260180203%3E3.0.CO;2-U/abstract|accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref> While in Spain, the prevalence of EDNOS ranged from 1.3% to 4.04%.<ref name="Epidemiology of Eating Disorders"/> EDNOS is an especially prevalent category in populations that have received inadequate research attention such as young children, males, ethnic minorities, and non-Western groups.<ref name=pmid19655370/><ref name=pmid20346191/> | |||
| == See also == | |||
| ==Presentation and course== | |||
| * ] | |||
| Despite its subclinical status in DSM-IV, available data suggest that EDNOS is no less severe than the officially recognized DSM-IV eating disorders. In a comprehensive meta-analysis of 125 studies, individuals with EDNOS exhibited similar levels of eating pathology and general psychopathology to those with anorexia nervosa and binge eating disorder, and similar levels of physical health problems as those with anorexia nervosa.<ref name=pmid19379023/> Although individuals with bulimia nervosa scored significantly higher than those with EDNOS on measures of eating pathology and general psychopathology, EDNOS exhibited more physical health problems than bulimia nervosa.<ref name=pmid19379023/> | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| Importantly, an EDNOS diagnosis may presage future diagnostic crossover into officially recognized eating disorder categories. For example, 40% of individuals with EDNOS go on to develop anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa within one<ref name=pmid16319411/> to two years.<ref name=pmid8275062/> | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Medical complications== | |||
| * ] | |||
| The many health problems associated with EDNOS are varied due to the heterogeneous nature of the diagnosis. They are both psychological and physical, and vary greatly in severity. | |||
| They include: | |||
| *]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Osteoporosis in women with eating disorders: comparison of physical parameters, exercise, and menstrual status with SPA and DPA evaluation.| pmid=2308003 | volume=31 | issue=3|date=March 1990| pages=325–31}}</ref> | |||
| *]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Hannah|last2=Peveler|first2=Robert|title=Eating disorders and type 1 diabetes mellitus|journal=Psychiatry|date=April 2005|volume=4|issue=4|pages=30–33|doi=10.1383/psyt.4.4.30.63442|accessdate=October 2014}}</ref> | |||
| *]{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} | |||
| *Pseudo ]{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} | |||
| *Oral problems - ], ], ], etc.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johansson|first1=Ann-Katrin|last2=Norring|first2=Claes|last3=Unell|first3=Lennart|last4=Johansson|first4=Anders|title=Eating disorders and oral health: a matched case-control study|journal=European Journal of Oral Sciences|date=2012|volume=120|issue=1|pages=61–68|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00922.x|accessdate=20 October 2014}}</ref> | |||
| *]{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} | |||
| *Iron Deficiency ] | |||
| <ref name=Elsevier>{{cite journal|title=Position of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition Intervention in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Eating Disorders not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS)|journal=ournal of the American Dietetic Association|date=July 2001|volume= 101|issue= 7|page=Pages 810–819|doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00201-2|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.wexler.hunter.cuny.edu/science/article/pii/S0002822301002012|accessdate=March 2003}}</ref> | |||
| Medical Complications (Continued) and Treatment. A person cannot be diagnosed with having both anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), and when a person shows tendencies to one or the other or both, is said to have an eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). Those who neglect getting treatment for EDNOS could easily develop AN or BN. Further, if EDNOS progresses into AN, risks associated with cardiac arrhythmias can potentially represent life threatening situations, as well as very low blood pressure and decreased heart rate. Significantly, in some cases the mass of the heart of a patient have been reported to have been significantly reduced. Cardiovascular problems associated with the proper functioning of the heart have been linked to deaths in patients suffering with AN. | |||
| Anorexia nervosa have also been associated to negatively impacting the digestive tract, as well as significantly reducing the mass of the brain of those who have the disease. It is important to note that those individuals with AN who in turn starve themselves will develop complications related to constipation and tardy intestinal evacuation. There has been evidence linking AN to a brain disfiguration where tissue have been lost as a result of an untreated AN and the further effects of going long term with ingesting little to no food. Even after treatment it is still not certain whether the brain will recover its original mass and function again properly. | |||
| People suffering with either AN, BS or EDNOS consecutively, may already have or develop psychiatric disorders, such as substance abuse, obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD) become extremely depressed, anxious, develop anger episodes, mood swings and bi-polar tendencies. Amenorrhea, osteoporosis and osteopenia are also medical complications associated with AN. Amenorrhea is when the hypothalamus does not work properly due to excessive exercise, weight loss, reduction in body fat and stress, which in turn affects the proper release of the gonadotropin hormone. Osteoporosis, where the density and mass of the bone decreases, and osteopenia where the bone mineral density lowers, can create irreversible medical complications where the bone never attains full normal growth, thus making it easy for bone fractures and shrinkage in the vertebra to occur. It is important to note than in younger patients bone restoration is easier, however it has been shown that even with increase doses of calcium, which helps prevent bone loss, it has not been proven to completely restore bone mass and density. | |||
| AN patients have also been reported to have low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia), and even though they eat a fat-free diet, their cholesterol levels tend to be high due to low bile acid emissions and the effects of their disturbed eating behaviors. Some of the medical complications relevant with BN can be electrolyte imbalances that come with the abuse of laxatives. BN people have the tendency to binge and purge and this can cause extreme dehydration, fatigued, muscle weakness, and teeth erosion due to the bile acid that is released each time they vomit. Hypokalemia which means potassium deficiency and hypochloremic alkalosis which produces a deficiency in chloride are both due to too much purging. BN patients can further develop mental disturbances and often feel guilty after eating, which is why purging is a very common aspect of people suffering with BN. Medical complications arise further, because those who suffer with BN, Binge and vomit on a regular basis, thus creating an imbalance in their digestive tract, often causing constipation, bloating and flatulence (heavy passing of gas). | |||
| EDNOS (Eating Disorders not Otherwise Specified) consists of neither AN or BN but a combination or both or tendencies to go for one or the other in higher magnitudes, but never fully becoming AN or BN, unless off course if left untreated it can certainly become a chronic case of AN or BN. EDNOS patients can start being very restrictive with food in the beginning, but then give up and start binging when they realize they can’t continue to starve, or feel their bodies are no longer feeling healthy. In other cases after being restrictive they can then start heavily binging and purging, but there are days in between their binge and purge episodes where they keep a somewhat normal life with no binging and purging, but then go back to binging and it becomes a vicious cycle all around. Some patients are on the verge of AN, but they do not meet all the AN symptoms, such as missed periods and extreme weight loss. Other patients may be of normal weight but they still do things seen in BN; they either binge with no purging a few days a week, or simply purge without binging so they can’t be completely categorize with BN. The medical complications listed above for both AN and BN are highly present in people suffering with EDNOS, therefore proper diagnose and treatment should be implemented. | |||
| Further, people suffering with EDNOS have symptoms similar to those suffering with BED (Binge Eating Disorder) which basically entails constant and continuous binging, without vomiting afterwards. Most people suffering with BED develop high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, high cholesterol, are obese and also have gallbladder disorder. Sadly BED patients are mostly diagnosed under people who are simply put: overweight candidates that need to work on weight reduction, but in reality they have an eating disorder that led them to their current situation. That is why it is very important that people suffering with EDNOS also be treated for AN, BN and BED when symptoms are otherwise present, and showing medical complications derived from any or all. Registered dietitians together with psychologists can better assist those suffering with EDNOS to come up with a proper diet plan depending on their body type and medical history; in combination with one on one therapy sessions that can potentially diagnose and treat the cause pertaining to why they developed EDNOS in the first place. | |||
| ] | |||
| ] may help patients battling AN, BS, BED and EDNOS recover from their conditions. CBT consists of creating a balance meal plan, and teaching patients about eating patterns in order to normalize them to be able to get into a healthy weight relevant to their height and body type. Notwithstanding, it is important that these patients understand the misconceptions about going on a diet, and what it means to eat a balanced meal without having to exclude certain types of foods that would otherwise be consider binge or forbidden foods permanently from their diets, but that slowly they can learn to incorporate them back in moderate amounts into their diets. Consequently, these patients can gain a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction that can help them stop their destructive eating behaviors and follow a healthy lifestyle. | |||
| Studies from a journal named Eating disorders and depressive symptoms: An epidemiological study in a male population, it was reported that a high number of men (the study was based on young French men ages 18-30) with eating disorders, including those with EDNOS, have comorbidity disorders, meaning that they have more than one underlying health condition associated with or separate to their unhealthy eating habits. EDNOS participants represented 15 percent of the study population, so helping people with EDNOS is highly suggested. All of the participants confessed to engaging in unhealthy eating and exercise patterns, by starving themselves for a period of time while exercising vigorously at the same time, which can significantly lead to obsessions with gaining muscle mass and acquiring an extra lean physique. This obsession leads to many health problems in the long run, if continued to be implemented. | |||
| <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Valls|first1=M|last2=Callahan|first2=S|last3=Rousseau|first3=A|last4=Chabrol|first4=H|title=Eating disorders and depressive symptoms: An epidemiological study in a male population|journal=ENCEPHALE-REVUE DE PSYCHIATRIE CLINIQUE BIOLOGIQUE ET THERAPEUTIQUE|date=Jun 2014|volume=40|issue=3|pages=223–230|doi=10.1016/j.encep.2013.05.003|url=http://apps.webofknowledge.com.proxy.wexler.hunter.cuny.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3CUNQhSuU959BRixaXP&page=1&doc=7#}}</ref> | |||
| ==EDNOS Diagnosis== | |||
| An EDNOS diagnosis can be described as a mixture of symptom patterns that lasts a short period of time. These symptoms can be categorized to better understand the heterogeneity of an EDNOS diagnosis.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ranson|first1=K M von|title=Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Eating_disorder_not_otherwise_specified&action=edit§ion=5|website=www.go.galegroup.com|publisher=V.S. Ramachandram|accessdate=30 October 2014}}</ref> The three general categories for an EDNOS diagnosis are subthreshold symptoms of anorexia or bulimia, a mixture of both anorexia or bulimia, and eating behaviors that are not particularized by anorexia and bulimia. Thus, these symptoms describe a person who is predominantly likely to develop, or recover from, ] or ]. The symptoms an individual undergoes depends on the phase of the disorder the individual is in.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Le Grange D|title=A Closer Look at Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS)|url=http://eatingdisorder.org/eating-disorder-information/eating-disorder-not-otherwise-specified/|website=www.eatingdisorder.org|accessdate=30 October 2014}}</ref> | |||
| ==Changes made in the DSM-5== | |||
| ] | |||
| The DSM-5 Eating Disorders Work Group has made several revisions to the diagnostic criteria, which they hope will reduce the reliance on EDNOS in clinical settings, and promote treatment-seeking and research among affected individuals. The DSM-5, published in May 2013, expands the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and elevates binge eating disorder to a formally recognized diagnosis. Furthermore, DSM-5 renames the EDNOS category Feeding or Eating Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified (FEDNEC), and provides the following named descriptions of example presentations: | |||
| # Atypical Anorexia Nervosa in which all criteria for anorexia nervosa are met except that the individual’s weight is within or above the normal range | |||
| # Subthreshold Bulimia Nervosa (low frequency or limited duration) in which all criteria for bulimia nervosa are met except the binge eating and compensatory behaviors occur on average less than once a week and for less than 3 months | |||
| # Subthreshold Binge Eating Disorder (low frequency or limited duration) in which all criteria for binge eating disorder are met, except the binge eating occurs on average less than once a week and for less than 3 months | |||
| # ] (PD) in which patients purge without binging; they consume a normal amount of food and typically maintain normal weight | |||
| # ] (NES) in which patients have nocturnal eating episodes, or eat a large proportion of their daily calorie intake after dinner | |||
| # Other Feeding or Eating Condition Not Elsewhere Classified which is a residual category for all other cases that are clinically significant but do not meet the criteria for formal eating disorder diagnoses <ref>American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Web. . dsm.psychiatryonline.org</ref> | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{reflist |
{{reflist}} | ||
| <ref name=DSMIV>{{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |year=2000 |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |edition=4th |location=Washington, DC |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}{{page needed|date=June 2012}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=pmid15890163>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.011 |title=Eating disorder NOS (EDNOS): An example of the troublesome "not otherwise specified" (NOS) category in DSM-IV |year=2005 |last1=Fairburn |first1=Christopher G. |last2=Bohn |first2=Kristin |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=691–701 |pmid=15890163 |pmc=2785872}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=pmid19379023>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/a0015326 |title=The relationship between eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) and officially recognized eating disorders: Meta-analysis and implications for DSM |year=2009 |last1=Thomas |first1=Jennifer J. |last2=Vartanian |first2=Lenny R. |last3=Brownell |first3=Kelly D. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=407–33 |pmid=19379023 |pmc=2847852}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=DSMIII>{{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |year=1980 |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |edition=3rd |location=Washington, DC |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}{{page needed|date=June 2012}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Button2005>{{cite journal |doi=10.1192/pb.29.4.134 |title=Don't forget EDNOS (eating disorder not otherwise specified): Patterns of service use in an eating disorders service |year=2005 |last1=Button |first1=Eric J. |last2=Benson |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Nollett |first3=Nollett |last4=Palmer |first4=Robert L. |journal=Psychiatric Bulletin |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=134–6}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=pmid17374360>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.010 |title=The severity and status of eating disorder NOS: Implications for DSM-V |year=2007 |last1=Fairburn |first1=Christopher G. |last2=Cooper |first2=Zafra |last3=Bohn |first3=Kristin |last4=O’Connor |first4=Marianne E. |last5=Doll |first5=Helen A. |last6=Palmer |first6=Robert L. |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=1705–15 |pmid=17374360 |pmc=2706994}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=pmid10942916>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/1098-108X(200011)28:3<303::AID-EAT7>3.0.CO;2-I |title=Criterion validity of the multiaxial assessment of eating disorders symptoms |year=2000 |last1=Martin |first1=Corby K. |last2=Williamson |first2=Donald A. |last3=Thaw |first3=Jean M. |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=303–10 |pmid=10942916}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Nollett2005>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/erv.632 |title=Questionnaire measures of psychopathology in eating disorders: Comparisons between clinical groups |year=2005 |last1=Nollett |first1=C. L. |last2=Button |first2=E. J. |journal=European Eating Disorders Review |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=211–5}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Turner2004>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/erv.552 |title=Eating disorder not otherwise specified(EDNOS): Profiles of clients presenting at a community eating disorder service |year=2004 |last1=Turner |first1=Hannah |last2=Bryant-Waugh |first2=Rachel |journal=European Eating Disorders Review |volume=12 |pages=18–26}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=pmid18348598>{{cite journal |doi=10.4088/JCP.v69n0306 |title=Problems Applying the DSM-IV Eating Disorders Diagnostic Criteria in a General Psychiatric Outpatient Practice |year=2008 |last1=Zimmerman |first1=Mark |last2=Francione-Witt |first2=Caren |last3=Chelminski |first3=Iwona |last4=Young |first4=Diane |last5=Tortolani |first5=Christina |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=381–4 |pmid=18348598}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=pmid22407912>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/eat.22006 |title=Eating disorder not otherwise specified presentation in the US population |year=2012 |last1=Le Grange |first1=Daniel |last2=Swanson |first2=Sonja A. |last3=Crow |first3=Scott J. |last4=Merikangas |first4=Kathleen R. |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=711–8 |pmid=22407912}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=pmid19655370>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/eat.20727 |title=Should non-fat-phobic anorexia nervosa be included in DSM-V? |year=2009 |last1=Becker |first1=Anne E. |last2=Thomas |first2=Jennifer J. |last3=Pike |first3=Kathleen M. |editor1-last=Walsh |editor1-first=B. Timothy |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=620–35 |pmid=19655370}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=pmid20346191>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0033291710000255 |title=A latent profile analysis of the typology of bulimic symptoms in an indigenous Pacific population: Evidence of cross-cultural variation in phenomenology |year=2010 |last1=Thomas |first1=J. J. |last2=Crosby |first2=R. D. |last3=Wonderlich |first3=S. A. |last4=Striegel-Moore |first4=R. H. |last5=Becker |first5=A. E. |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=41 |pages=195–206 |pmid=20346191 |issue=1}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=pmid16319411>{{cite journal |doi=10.1192/bjp.187.6.573 |title=Instability of eating disorder diagnoses: Prospective study |year=2005 |last1=Milos |first1=Gabriella |last2=Spindler |first2=Anja |last3=Schnyder |first3=Ulrich |last4=Fairburn |first4=Christopher G. |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=187 |issue=6 |pmid=16319411 |pages=573–8 |pmc=2710504}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=pmid8275062>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/1098-108X(199311)14:3<261::AID-EAT2260140304>3.0.CO;2-N |title=A follow-up study of 33 subdiagnostic eating disordered women |year=1993 |last1=Herzog |first1=David B. |last2=Hopkins |first2=Julie D. |last3=Burns |first3=Craig D. |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=261–7 |pmid=8275062}}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| == External links == | == External links == | ||
| {{Medical resources | |||
| * | |||
| | DiseasesDB = | |||
| * | |||
| | ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|50|9|f|50}} | |||
| | ICD9 = {{ICD9|307.50 }} | |||
| {{Mental and behavioral disorders|selected = physical}} | |||
| | ICDO = | |||
| | OMIM = | |||
| | MedlinePlus = | |||
| | eMedicineSubj = | |||
| | eMedicineTopic = | |||
| | MeshID = | |||
| }} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
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Latest revision as of 23:34, 24 July 2022
"UFED" redirects here. For the product Universal Forensic Extraction Device, see Cellebrite UFED. | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
| Unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED) | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Psychiatry |
Unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED) is a DSM-5 category of eating disorders that, along with other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED), replaced eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) in the DSM-IV-TR.
UFED is an eating disorder that does not meet the criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, or other eating disorders. People with UFED can have similar symptoms and behaviors to those with anorexia and bulimia, and can face the same risks associated with those disorders.
Signs and symptoms
UFED is a disorder that's characterized by a disturbance or alteration in eating behaviors that leads to a significant impairment in physical or mental functioning, but cannot be defined under another specified feeding and eating disorder diagnosis.
Diagnosis
UFED is diagnosed when a clinician chooses not to specify the reason that criteria aren't met for a specific eating and feeding disorder. This also includes situations where a clinician does not have sufficient information to make a specific diagnosis, such as an emergency room scenario.
Epidemiology
Although EDNOS (formerly called atypical eating disorder) was originally introduced in the DSM-III to capture unusual cases, it accounts for up to 60% of cases in eating disorder specialty clinics. EDNOS is an especially prevalent category in populations that have received inadequate research attention such as young children, males, ethnic minorities, and non-Western groups.
Treatment
When treating any eating disorder, including unspecified disorders, it is important to include a registered dietician or nutritionist working with the treatment team. Even though eating disorders are a psychological diagnosis, psychologists are not certified or licensed in dietetics or nutrition, so it is important that psychologists are not practicing outside their bounds of competence. Medical Nutrition Therapy is vital in the treatment and management of eating disorders. The dietician assists the patient by creating a meal plan that is tailored to their individual needs and treatment goals. The dietician will also provide psychoeducation that challenges nutrition misinformation and will ideally create a space where the patient feels comfortable asking questions.
See also
References
- ^ Fairburn, CG; Bohn, K (June 2005). "Eating disorder NOS (EDNOS): an example of the troublesome "not otherwise specified" (NOS) category in DSM-IV". Behav Res Ther. 43 (6): 691–701. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.011. PMC 2785872. PMID 15890163.
- "Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS)". National Alliance of Mental Illness. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
- ^ Force., American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task (2017). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1. OCLC 1042815534.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
- Becker AE, Thomas JJ, Pike KM (November 2009). "Should non-fat-phobic anorexia nervosa be included in DSM-V?". Int J Eat Disord. 42 (7): 620–35. doi:10.1002/eat.20727. PMID 19655370.
- ^ American Dietetic Association (July 2001). "Position of the American Dietetic Association". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 101 (7): 810–819. doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00201-2. ISSN 0002-8223. PMID 11478482.
External links
| Classification | D |
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