Misplaced Pages

Al-Farghani: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 11:52, 10 December 2014 editTuran22 (talk | contribs)112 editsNo edit summary← Previous edit Latest revision as of 05:26, 25 November 2024 edit undoSmasongarrison (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers721,965 edits Removing from Category:Astronomers of the medieval Islamic world Diffusing per WP:DIFFUSE and/or WP:ALLINCLUDED using Cat-a-lot 
(196 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Abbasid astronomer (c. 800 – 870)}}
{{redirect|Alfraganus|the lunar crater|Alfraganus (crater)}} {{redirect|Alfraganus|the lunar crater|Alfraganus (crater)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox scholar {{Infobox scholar
| image = CairoRodaAlfraganusMonument.jpg
| image =%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg
| caption = The statue of al-Farghani in Cairo
| image_size = 220px
| name = Al-Farghānī
| caption = The statue of al-Farghani in ]
| native_name = أبو العبّاس أحمد بن محمد بن كثير الفرغاني
| name = Al-Farghānī
| native_name_lang = ar
| birth_date = 9th century
| birth_place = ], ]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gillispie |first1=Charles Coulston |title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography |publisher=Scribner in New York |date=1970|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofscie02gill|url-access=registration |isbn=0-684-10114-9}}</ref>
| era = ]
| birth_date = 9th century
| region = ]
| death_date = 9th century
| main_interests = ]
| era = ]
| notable_ideas =
| main_interests = ]
| major_works = ''The compendium (jawāmiʿ) of the Almagest''
| notable_ideas =
| influences = ]
| major_works = ''The compendium ({{transliteration|ar|jawāmiʿ}}) of the Almagest'', Treatise on the Astrolabe
| influenced = ], ], ]
| influences = ]
| influenced = ], ], ], ], ]
| death_place = Egypt
}} }}


'''{{transl|ar|ALA|Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī|أبو العبّاس أحمد بن محمد بن كثير الفرغاني}}'''. also known as '''Alfraganus''' in the West, was an ]<ref>''Science'', '''The Cambridge History of Islam''', Vol. 2, ed. P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1978), 760.</ref> or ]<ref>Sir Patrick Moore, ''The Data Book of Astronomy'',CRC Press,2000,BG 48ref Henry Corbin, ''The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy'', North Atlantic Books, 1998, pg 44</ref><ref>''Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards''. Edited by Chase F. Robinson, Brill Academic Publishers, BG 25.</ref> Sunni Muslim astronomer, and one of the most famous astronomers in the 9th century. The crater ] on the ] is named after him. '''Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī''' ({{langx|ar|أبو العبّاس أحمد بن محمد بن كثير الفرغاني}}) also known as '''Alfraganus''' in the West ({{circa|800}}{{snd}}870), was an astronomer in the ] court in Baghdad, and one of the most famous astronomers in the 9th century. Al-Farghani composed several works on astronomy and astronomical equipment that were widely distributed in Arabic and Latin and were influential to many scientists. His best known work, ''Kitāb Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūmi'' (whose name translates to ''Elements of astronomy on the celestial motions''), was an extensive summary of Ptolemy's ] containing revised and more accurate experimental data. Christopher Columbus used Al Farghani's calculations for his ] (but mistakenly interpreted ]s as Roman miles). In addition to making substantial contributions to astronomy, al-Farghani also worked as an engineer, supervising construction projects on rivers in ], ]. The lunar crater '']'' is named after him.


==Life== ==Life==
Al-Farghani was born sometime in the early 9th century, and his last name suggests that his birthplace was most likely in ] city, ].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Abdukhalimov|first=Bahrom|date=1999|title=Ahmad al-Farghani and His "Compendium of Astronomy"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26198032|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|volume=10|issue=2|pages=142–158|doi=10.1093/jis/10.2.142|jstor=26198032|issn=0955-2340}}</ref> He has been described as ]<ref>''Science'', '''The Cambridge History of Islam''', Vol. 2, ed. P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1978), 760.</ref><ref>"" The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . ''Encyclopedia.com.'' 6 Dec. 2018 https://www.encyclopedia.com .</ref> or ].<ref>Sir Patrick Moore, ''The Data Book of Astronomy'', CRC Press, 2000, BG 48ref Henry Corbin, ''The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy'', North Atlantic Books, 1998, pg 44</ref><ref>''Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards''. Edited by Chase F. Robinson, Brill Academic Publishers, BG 25.</ref> He was involved in the ] of the ] of the ] by the ] of the ] length, together with a team of scientists under the patronage of the ] ] ] in ]. Later he moved to Cairo, where he composed a treatise on the astrolabe around 856. There, he also supervised the construction of the large ], called the New Nilometer, on the ] (in Old Cairo) at the behest of the ] ] ], which was completed in the year 861.<ref name=":52">{{Cite book|title=Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|year=2007|isbn=978-0-684-31559-1|location=Detroit, MI}}</ref> This instrument allowed the height of the Nile to be measured in the event of a flood.<ref name=":12"/> Also in Cairo, al-Farghani was tasked with building a canal, called al-Ja‘fari, by the two brothers Muhammad and Ahmad ibn Musa, who were themselves ordered by ] to oversee the construction of the canal.<ref name=":12"/> Reports indicate that al-Farghani made a critical mistake in the design of the canal, and had the entrance of the canal dug too deep for water to enter the rest of the canal without unusually high water levels.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":52"/> ] was enraged when he heard of the mistake, and so he sent Sanad ibn ‘Ali to assess the culpability of the brothers Muhammad and Ahmad who contracted al-Fraghani to build it.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":52"/> Sanad ibn ‘Ali ultimately reported (deceitfully) to ] that there was no mistake in the design of the canal created by al-Farghani, which delayed any consequences long enough for the controversy to cease abruptly after the assassination of ] in 861 that resulted in the canal remaining unfinished.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":52"/> Al-Farghani died in Egypt sometime after 861.<ref name=":52"/>
]

He was involved in the ] of the ] of the ] by the ] of the ] length, together with a team of scientists under the patronage of ] in ]. Later he moved to Cairo, where he composed a treatise on the astrolabe around 856. There he also supervised the construction of the large ] on the island of al-Rawda (in Old Cairo) in the year 861.
There is some debate about whether the two names for al-Farghani, Muhammad ibn Kath lr and Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kat, mentioned in historical sources refer to two different people, but most historians argue that both names describe just one al-Farghani.<ref name=":12"/>


==Works== ==Works==
]
His textbook ''Kitāb fī Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūm'' ({{lang|ar|كتاب في جوامع علم النجوم}} ''A Compendium of the Science of the Stars'') or ''Elements of astronomy on the celestial motions'', written about 833, was a competent descriptive summary of Ptolemy's ], while using the findings and revised values of earlier Islamic astronomers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dallal|first=Ahmad|title=Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History|year=2010|publisher=]|isbn=9780300159110|page=32}}</ref> It was translated into Latin in the 12th century and remained very popular in Europe until the time of ]. ]'s knowledge of Ptolemaic astronomy, which is evident in his '']'' as well as other works such as the '']'', seems to have been drawn from his reading of Alfraganus.<ref>Mary A. Orr, ''Dante and the Early Astronomers'' (London: Gall and Inglis, 1913), 233-34.</ref><ref>{{cite book
] is named after him.]]
| last = Scott
The most influential work produced by al-Farghani was his textbook ''Kitāb fī Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūm'' ({{lang|ar|كتاب في جوامع علم النجوم}} ''A Compendium of the Science of the Stars'') or ''Elements of astronomy on the celestial motions'', written sometime between about 833 and 857.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Palmeri|first1=JoAnn|title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers|last2=Bolt|first2=Marvin|publisher=Springer|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4419-9917-7|location=New York}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Sela|first=Shlomo|date=2016|title=Al-Farghānī on the 48 Ptolemaic Constellations: A Newly Discovered Text in Hebrew Translation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/aleph.16.2.249|journal=Aleph|volume=16|issue=2|pages=249–365|doi=10.2979/aleph.16.2.249|jstor=10.2979/aleph.16.2.249|s2cid=171343050 |issn=1565-1525}}</ref> ''Elements'' was a descriptive summary of Ptolemy's ] that included the findings and revised values of earlier Islamic astronomers.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Dallal |first=Ahmad |url=https://archive.org/details/islamsciencechal0000dall |title=Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History |publisher=] |year=2010 |isbn=9780300159110 |page= |author-link=Ahmad Dallal |url-access=registration}}</ref> Among the revisions included in the book were corrections to calculations of the ], the Earth's ], and the ] of the Sun and the Moon.<ref name=":3" /> Though al-Farghani's summary of ] contained these numerical corrections, the summary itself did not emphasize the mathematics of Ptolemy's astronomical theory and was instead focused more on conveying the conceptual parts of the theory in an easily-understood manner.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Selin|first=Helaine|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|publisher=Springer|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4020-4425-0|location=Dordrecht}}</ref> Al-Farghani's book was translated into ] in the 12th century by ] in 1135 and later by ] prior to 1175.<ref name=":6" /> These translations remained very popular in Europe until the time of ]. ]'s knowledge of Ptolemaic astronomy, which is evident in his '']'' as well as other works such as the '']'', seems to have been drawn from his reading of Alfraganus.<ref>Mary A. Orr, ''Dante and the Early Astronomers'' (London: Gall and Inglis, 1913), 233-34.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Scott|first=John A.|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingdan0000scot|title=Understanding Dante|publisher=U of Notre Dame P|year=2004|isbn=978-0-268-04451-0|location=Notre Dame|page=|url-access=registration}}</ref> ''Elements'' was also translated into ] by ] sometime from 1231 to 1235.<ref name=":4" /> This translation of ''Elements'' contains an additional section discussing Ptolemy's 48 constellations, which was probably also written by al-Farghani, but is not found in other translations of the book.<ref name=":4" /> Drawing primarily from Anatoli's Hebrew translation, but also from John of Seville's previous Latin translation, ] translated yet another Latin translation of ''Elements'' in 1590.<ref name=":52"/><ref name=":4" /> In the 17th century the Dutch orientalist ] published the Arabic text on the basis of a manuscript he had acquired in the Near East, accompanied by Golius' own Latin translation, the last recorded, and extensive notes and revisions.<ref>, in Arabic and Latin, year 1669, translation by Golius. Alfraganus is a medieval Latin spelling of Al-Farghani.</ref>
| first = John A.

| authorlink =
Al-Farghani also wrote several documents about astronomical instruments. His most famous is his treatise on the ], which is the oldest surviving document that details the theoretical construction and use of the tool.<ref name=":2" /> Although historical sources indicate that there were probably other documents regarding the theory of astrolabes (including one written by ]) circulating around the time that al-Farghani wrote his treatise, al-Farghani notes in his treatise that he was not aware of any such documents, suggesting that his treatise was a purely original work.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2007-11-01|title=Al-Farghānī On the Astrolabe, Richard Lorch (Ed.), in: Boethius, Band 52, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart (2005), viii + 447 pp. 80.00€, {{text|ISBN}}: 3-515-08713-3|journal=Historia Mathematica|language=en|volume=34|issue=4|pages=433–434|doi=10.1016/j.hm.2006.11.003|issn=0315-0860|doi-access=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Al-Farghani|title=On the Astrolabe|publisher=Steiner|year=2005|isbn=978-3515087131}}</ref> Al-Farghani's treatise on the astrolabe provides the mathematical basis for the construction of the astrolabe, along with tables containing thousands of data points enabling the construction of astrolabes that function at varying lines of longitude.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> Though a theoretical basis for the construction of an astrolabe is presented in this work, the treatise lacked specific methods for physical construction because the purpose of the treatise was not to give instructions for building an astrolabe, but rather to provide mathematical justification for the functionality of the astrolabe.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /> The work '']'' by ] suggests that al-Farghani was also responsible for writing a book about the use and function of ]s, though no copies exist in the present day.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lorch|first1=Richard|last2=Kunitzsch|first2=Paul|date=2013-04-01|title=al-Farghānī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_26973|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE|language=en|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_26973}}</ref>
| coauthors =

| title = Understanding Dante
In the 15th century, ] used al-Farghani's estimate for the Earth's circumference as the basis for his ]. However, Columbus mistook al-Farghani's 7091-foot ] to be a 4856-foot ]. This error caused him to underestimate the Earth's circumference, leading him to sail to North America while he believed that he was taking a shortcut to ].<ref>Douglas McCormick (2012), , ]</ref><ref>] (2013), , '']'', Volume 63, Issue 12</ref>
| publisher = U of Notre Dame P
| year = 2004
| location = Notre Dame
| page = 22
| url =
| doi =
| isbn = 978-0-268-04451-0}}</ref> In the 17th century the Dutch orientalist ] published the Arabic text on the basis of a manuscript he had acquired in the Near East, with a new Latin translation and extensive notes.


==See also== ==See also==
Line 51: Line 50:
| volume = 4 | volume = 4
| pages = 541–545 | pages = 541–545
| publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | publisher = ]
| location = New York | location = New York
| year = 1971 | year = 1971
Line 57: Line 56:
| url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830901384.html | url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830901384.html
}} }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey | last = DeYoung | first = Gregg | title=Farghānī: Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | year = 2007 | location = New York | page = 357 | url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Farghani_BEA.htm | isbn=978-0-387-31022-0|display-editors=etal |ref=none}} ()
*Jacobus Golius (ed.), ''كتاب محمد بن كثير الفرغاني في الحركات السماوية وجوامع علم النجوم، بتفسير الشيخ الفاضل يعقوب غوليوس / Muhammedis Fil. Ketiri Ferganensis, qui vulgo Alfraganus dicitur, Elementa astronomica, Arabicè & Latinè. Cum notis ad res exoticas sive Orientales, quae in iis occurrunt'', Amsterdam 1669; Reprint Frankfurt 1986 and 1997. *Jacobus Golius (ed.), ''كتاب محمد بن كثير الفرغاني في الحركات السماوية وجوامع علم النجوم، بتفسير الشيخ الفاضل يعقوب غوليوس / Muhammedis Fil. Ketiri Ferganensis, qui vulgo Alfraganus dicitur, Elementa astronomica, Arabicè & Latinè. Cum notis ad res exoticas sive Orientales, quae in iis occurrunt'', Amsterdam 1669; Reprint Frankfurt 1986 and 1997.
*El-Fergânî, ''The Elements of Astronomy'', textual analysis, translation into Turkish, critical edition & facsimile by Yavuz Unat, edited by Şinasi Tekin & Gönül Alpay Tekin, Harvard University 1998. *El-Fergânî, ''The Elements of Astronomy'', textual analysis, translation into Turkish, critical edition & facsimile by Yavuz Unat, edited by Şinasi Tekin & Gönül Alpay Tekin, Harvard University 1998.
*{{Cite book *{{Cite book
| title = Elements of Chronology and Astronomy - Muhamedis Alfragani Arabis Chronologica et astronomica elementa | title = Elements of Chronology and Astronomy - Muhamedis Alfragani Arabis Chronologica et astronomica elementa
| language = Latin | language = la
| url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/10669/#languages=lat | url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/10669/#languages=lat
}} }}
*Richard Lorch (ed.), ''Al-Farghānī on the Astrolabe. Arabic text edited with translation and commentary'', Stuttgart, 2005, ISBN 3-515-08713-3. *Richard Lorch (ed.), ''Al-Farghānī on the Astrolabe. Arabic text edited with translation and commentary'', Stuttgart, 2005, {{ISBN|3-515-08713-3}}.
*Yavuz Unat, El-Fergânî, Cevami İlm en-Nucûm ve Usûl el-Harekât es-Semâviyye, Astronominin Özeti ve Göğün Hareketlerinin Esası, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Bilimin ve Felsefenin Doğulu Öncüleri Dizisi 14, Ankara 2012. *Yavuz Unat, El-Fergânî, Cevami İlm en-Nucûm ve Usûl el-Harekât es-Semâviyye, Astronominin Özeti ve Göğün Hareketlerinin Esası, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Bilimin ve Felsefenin Doğulu Öncüleri Dizisi 14, Ankara 2012.
*Yavuz Unat, “Fergânî’nin ‘Astronominin Özeti ve Göğün Hareketlerinin Esasları’ Adlı Astronomi Eseri”, DTCF Dergisi, Cilt 38, Sayı 1-2, Ankara 1998, s. 405–423. *Yavuz Unat, “Fergânî’nin ‘Astronominin Özeti ve Göğün Hareketlerinin Esasları’ Adlı Astronomi Eseri”, DTCF Dergisi, Cilt 38, Sayı 1–2, Ankara 1998, s. 405–423.
*


==External links== ==External links==
* (an Arabic edition with Latin translation of {{lang|ar|Kitāb jawāmi' 'ilm al-nujūm wa uṣūl al-ḥarakāt al-samāwīya}} ("''Book of generalities of astronomy and bases of celestial motions''") from the ]
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey et al | last = DeYoung | first = Gregg | title=Farghānī: Abū al‐ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al‐Farghānī | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | year = 2007 | location = New York | page = 357 | url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Farghani_BEA.htm | isbn=978-0-387-31022-0}} ()
*


{{Islamic astronomy}} {{Islamic astronomy}}
{{Scholars of Khorasan}} {{People of Khorasan}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->
| NAME = Farghani, Ahmad Muhammad Kathir
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Persian astronomer
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Farghani, Ahmad Muhammad Kathir}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Farghani, Ahmad Muhammad Kathir}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 05:26, 25 November 2024

Abbasid astronomer (c. 800 – 870) "Alfraganus" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see Alfraganus (crater).

Al-Farghānī
أبو العبّاس أحمد بن محمد بن كثير الفرغاني
The statue of al-Farghani in Cairo
Born9th century
Fergana valley, Sogdia
Died9th century
Egypt
Academic background
InfluencesPtolemy
Academic work
EraIslamic Golden Age
Main interestsAstronomy
Notable worksThe compendium (jawāmiʿ) of the Almagest, Treatise on the Astrolabe
InfluencedChristopher Columbus, Nicolaus Copernicus, Al-Jūzjānī, al-Bīrūnī, Al-Qabisi

Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī (Arabic: أبو العبّاس أحمد بن محمد بن كثير الفرغاني) also known as Alfraganus in the West (c. 800 – 870), was an astronomer in the Abbasid court in Baghdad, and one of the most famous astronomers in the 9th century. Al-Farghani composed several works on astronomy and astronomical equipment that were widely distributed in Arabic and Latin and were influential to many scientists. His best known work, Kitāb fī Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūmi (whose name translates to Elements of astronomy on the celestial motions), was an extensive summary of Ptolemy's Almagest containing revised and more accurate experimental data. Christopher Columbus used Al Farghani's calculations for his voyages to America (but mistakenly interpreted Arabic miles as Roman miles). In addition to making substantial contributions to astronomy, al-Farghani also worked as an engineer, supervising construction projects on rivers in Cairo, Egypt. The lunar crater Alfraganus is named after him.

Life

Al-Farghani was born sometime in the early 9th century, and his last name suggests that his birthplace was most likely in Quva city, Farghana, Uzbekistan. He has been described as Arab or Persian. He was involved in the calculation of the diameter of the Earth by the measurement of the meridian arc length, together with a team of scientists under the patronage of the ʿAbbāsid caliph al-Ma'mūn in Baghdad. Later he moved to Cairo, where he composed a treatise on the astrolabe around 856. There, he also supervised the construction of the large Nilometer, called the New Nilometer, on the Rawda Island (in Old Cairo) at the behest of the ʿAbbāsid caliph al-Mutawakkil, which was completed in the year 861. This instrument allowed the height of the Nile to be measured in the event of a flood. Also in Cairo, al-Farghani was tasked with building a canal, called al-Ja‘fari, by the two brothers Muhammad and Ahmad ibn Musa, who were themselves ordered by al-Mutawakkil to oversee the construction of the canal. Reports indicate that al-Farghani made a critical mistake in the design of the canal, and had the entrance of the canal dug too deep for water to enter the rest of the canal without unusually high water levels. Al-Mutawakkil was enraged when he heard of the mistake, and so he sent Sanad ibn ‘Ali to assess the culpability of the brothers Muhammad and Ahmad who contracted al-Fraghani to build it. Sanad ibn ‘Ali ultimately reported (deceitfully) to al-Mutawakkil that there was no mistake in the design of the canal created by al-Farghani, which delayed any consequences long enough for the controversy to cease abruptly after the assassination of al-Mutawakkil in 861 that resulted in the canal remaining unfinished. Al-Farghani died in Egypt sometime after 861.

There is some debate about whether the two names for al-Farghani, Muhammad ibn Kath lr and Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kat, mentioned in historical sources refer to two different people, but most historians argue that both names describe just one al-Farghani.

Works

Portrait of Alfraganus in the Compilatio astronomica, 1493
The Ferghani lunar crater is named after him.

The most influential work produced by al-Farghani was his textbook Kitāb fī Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūm (كتاب في جوامع علم النجوم A Compendium of the Science of the Stars) or Elements of astronomy on the celestial motions, written sometime between about 833 and 857. Elements was a descriptive summary of Ptolemy's Almagest that included the findings and revised values of earlier Islamic astronomers. Among the revisions included in the book were corrections to calculations of the circumference of the Earth, the Earth's axial tilt, and the apsides of the Sun and the Moon. Though al-Farghani's summary of Almagest contained these numerical corrections, the summary itself did not emphasize the mathematics of Ptolemy's astronomical theory and was instead focused more on conveying the conceptual parts of the theory in an easily-understood manner. Al-Farghani's book was translated into Latin in the 12th century by John of Seville in 1135 and later by Gerard of Cremona prior to 1175. These translations remained very popular in Europe until the time of Regiomontanus. Dante Alighieri's knowledge of Ptolemaic astronomy, which is evident in his Divina Commedia as well as other works such as the Convivio, seems to have been drawn from his reading of Alfraganus. Elements was also translated into Hebrew by Jacob Anatoli sometime from 1231 to 1235. This translation of Elements contains an additional section discussing Ptolemy's 48 constellations, which was probably also written by al-Farghani, but is not found in other translations of the book. Drawing primarily from Anatoli's Hebrew translation, but also from John of Seville's previous Latin translation, Jacob Christmann translated yet another Latin translation of Elements in 1590. In the 17th century the Dutch orientalist Jacob Golius published the Arabic text on the basis of a manuscript he had acquired in the Near East, accompanied by Golius' own Latin translation, the last recorded, and extensive notes and revisions.

Al-Farghani also wrote several documents about astronomical instruments. His most famous is his treatise on the astrolabe, which is the oldest surviving document that details the theoretical construction and use of the tool. Although historical sources indicate that there were probably other documents regarding the theory of astrolabes (including one written by al-Khwarizmi) circulating around the time that al-Farghani wrote his treatise, al-Farghani notes in his treatise that he was not aware of any such documents, suggesting that his treatise was a purely original work. Al-Farghani's treatise on the astrolabe provides the mathematical basis for the construction of the astrolabe, along with tables containing thousands of data points enabling the construction of astrolabes that function at varying lines of longitude. Though a theoretical basis for the construction of an astrolabe is presented in this work, the treatise lacked specific methods for physical construction because the purpose of the treatise was not to give instructions for building an astrolabe, but rather to provide mathematical justification for the functionality of the astrolabe. The work Kitāb al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim suggests that al-Farghani was also responsible for writing a book about the use and function of sundials, though no copies exist in the present day.

In the 15th century, Christopher Columbus used al-Farghani's estimate for the Earth's circumference as the basis for his voyages to America. However, Columbus mistook al-Farghani's 7091-foot Arabic mile to be a 4856-foot Roman mile. This error caused him to underestimate the Earth's circumference, leading him to sail to North America while he believed that he was taking a shortcut to Asia.

See also

References

  1. Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1970). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Scribner in New York. pp. 541–545. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
  2. ^ Abdukhalimov, Bahrom (1999). "Ahmad al-Farghani and His "Compendium of Astronomy"". Journal of Islamic Studies. 10 (2): 142–158. doi:10.1093/jis/10.2.142. ISSN 0955-2340. JSTOR 26198032.
  3. Science, The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2, ed. P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1978), 760.
  4. "Al-Farghani." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. 6 Dec. 2018 https://www.encyclopedia.com .
  5. Sir Patrick Moore, The Data Book of Astronomy, CRC Press, 2000, BG 48ref Henry Corbin, The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy, North Atlantic Books, 1998, pg 44
  6. Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards. Edited by Chase F. Robinson, Brill Academic Publishers, BG 25.
  7. ^ Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2007. ISBN 978-0-684-31559-1.
  8. ^ Palmeri, JoAnn; Bolt, Marvin (2014). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-9917-7.
  9. ^ Sela, Shlomo (2016). "Al-Farghānī on the 48 Ptolemaic Constellations: A Newly Discovered Text in Hebrew Translation". Aleph. 16 (2): 249–365. doi:10.2979/aleph.16.2.249. ISSN 1565-1525. JSTOR 10.2979/aleph.16.2.249. S2CID 171343050.
  10. ^ Dallal, Ahmad (2010). Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History. Yale University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780300159110.
  11. ^ Selin, Helaine (2008). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4425-0.
  12. Mary A. Orr, Dante and the Early Astronomers (London: Gall and Inglis, 1913), 233-34.
  13. Scott, John A. (2004). Understanding Dante. Notre Dame: U of Notre Dame P. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-268-04451-0.
  14. Alfraganus: Elementa astronomica, in Arabic and Latin, year 1669, translation by Golius. Alfraganus is a medieval Latin spelling of Al-Farghani.
  15. ^ "Al-Farghānī On the Astrolabe, Richard Lorch (Ed.), in: Boethius, Band 52, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart (2005), viii + 447 pp. 80.00€, ISBN: 3-515-08713-3". Historia Mathematica. 34 (4): 433–434. 2007-11-01. doi:10.1016/j.hm.2006.11.003. ISSN 0315-0860.
  16. ^ Al-Farghani (2005). On the Astrolabe. Steiner. ISBN 978-3515087131.
  17. Lorch, Richard; Kunitzsch, Paul (2013-04-01). "al-Farghānī". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_26973.
  18. Douglas McCormick (2012), Columbus’s Geographical Miscalculations, IEEE
  19. S. Frederick Starr (2013), So, Who Did Discover America?, History Today, Volume 63, Issue 12

Further reading

External links

Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Astronomers
  • by century
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
Topics
Works
Zij
Instruments
Concepts
Institutions
Influences
Influenced
People of Khorasan
Scientists
Philosophers
Islamic scholars
Poets and artists
Historians and
political figures
Categories: