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{{Short description|Unit of volume for tobacco, wine or beer}}
⚫ A '''hogshead''' is a large ] of liquid (or, less often, of a ]). More specifically, it refers to a specified volume, measured in either ] or ] measures, primarily applied to ]s, such as ], ], or ].
{{other uses}}
]
⚫ A '''hogshead''' (abbreviated "hhd", plural "hhds") is a large ] of liquid (or, less often, of a ]). It refers to a specified ], measured in either ] or ] measures, primarily applied to ]s, such as ], ], or ].


==Etymology==
⚫ A '''tobacco hogshead''' was used in British and American colonial times to transport and store tobacco. It was a very large wooden barrel. A standardized hogshead measured {{convert|48|in|mm|0}} long and {{convert|30|in|mm|0}} in diameter at the head (at least {{convert|550|L|impgal USgal|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}, depending on the width in the middle). Fully packed with tobacco, it weighed about {{convert|1000|lb|kg|0}}.
] (proof) for the $2 tax on one hogshead of beer in 1867.]]


⚫ English ] ] (1835–1912) noted the origin is to be found in the name for a cask or liquid measure appearing in various forms in ], in Dutch ''oxhooft'' (modern ''okshoofd''), Danish ''oxehoved'', Old Swedish ''oxhuvud'', etc. The ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' of 1911 conjectured that the word should therefore be "oxhead", "hogshead" being a mere corruption.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Hogshead |volume=13|page=507}}</ref>
A '''wine hogshead''' contains about {{convert|300|L|impgal USgal|0|abbr=on}}. <ref>http://www.apjohn.com.au/Upload/PrintPages/AP%20John_Technical_Specifications.pdf</ref>


==Varieties and standardisation==
⚫ The '']'' (OED) notes that the hogshead was first standardized by an ] in 1423, though the standards continued to vary by locality and content. For example, the OED cites an 1897 edition of '']'', which specified the number of gallons of wine in a hogshead varying by type of wine: ] (presumably) {{convert|46|impgal|USgal L|0}}, ] {{convert|57|impgal|USgal L|0}}, ] {{convert|54|impgal|USgal L|0}}; and ] {{convert|46|impgal|USgal L|0}}. The '']'' claims that a hogshead can consist of anything from (presumably) {{convert|62.5|to|140|USgal|impgal L|0}}.
]
⚫ A '''tobacco hogshead''' was used in British and American colonial times to transport and store tobacco. It was a very large wooden barrel. A standardized hogshead measured {{convert|48|in|m|2}} long and {{convert|30|in|cm|2}} in diameter at the head (at least {{convert|550|L|impgal USgal|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}, depending on the width in the middle). Fully packed with tobacco, it weighed about {{convert|1000|lb|kg|0}}{{Citation needed|date=April 2024|reason=This is stated in many secondary sources, but a good primary source is needed.}}.


A ''' hogshead''' in Britain contains about {{convert|300|L|impgal USgal|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apjohn.com.au/Upload/PrintPages/AP%20John_Technical_Specifications.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110215212133/http://www.apjohn.com.au/Upload/PrintPages/AP%20John_Technical_Specifications.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2011-02-15 | title =AP John Technical Specifications}}</ref>
⚫ Eventually, a hogshead of ] came to be {{convert|63|USgal|impgal L|1|lk=on}}, while a hogshead of ] or ] is 54 gallons (250 L if old beer/ale gallons, 245 L if imperial).


⚫ The '']'' (OED) notes that the hogshead was first standardized by an ] (]. c. 14) in 1423, though the standards continued to vary by locality and content. For example, the OED cites an 1897 edition of '']'', which specified the gallons of wine in a hogshead varying most particularly across fortified wines: ]/] {{convert|46|impgal|USgal L|0}}, ] {{convert|57|impgal|USgal L|0}}, ] {{convert|54|impgal|USgal L|0}}. The '']'' claims that a hogshead can consist of anything from (presumably) {{convert|62.5|to|140|USgal|impgal L|0}}. A hogshead of ] was approximately equal to 45–48 gallons (0.205–0.218 m<sup>3</sup>). A hogshead of ] was approximately equal to 56–61 gallons (0.255–0.277 m<sup>3</sup>).{{cn|date=May 2022}}
⚫ A hogshead was also used as unit of measurement for sugar in ] for most of the 19th century. ]s were listed in sugar schedules as having produced ''x'' number of hogsheads of sugar or molasses. A hogshead was also used for the measurement of ] fished for ] in Blacks Harbour, ].


⚫ Eventually, a hogshead of ] came to be {{convert|52.5|impgal|L|6|lk=on}} (63 US gallons), while a hogshead of ] or ] came to be 54 gallons (249.5421 L with the pre-1824 beer and ale gallon, or 245.48886 L with the imperial gallon).
⚫ The etymology of hogshead is uncertain. According to English philologist Walter William Skeat (1835-1912), the origin is to be found in the name for a cask or liquid measure appearing in various forms in several Teutonic languages, in Dutch oxhooft (modern okshoofd), Danish oxehoved, Old Swedish oxhufvod, etc. The word should therefore be "oxhead", "hogshead" being a mere corruption. It has been suggested that the name arose from the branding of such a measure with the head of an ox.<ref></ref>

⚫ A hogshead was also used as unit of measurement for sugar in ] for most of the 19th century. ]s were listed in sugar schedules by the number of hogsheads of sugar or molasses produced. Used for sugar in the 18th and 19th centuries in the British West Indies, a hogshead weighed on average 16 cwt / 813kg. A hogshead was also used for the measurement of ] fished for ] in Blacks Harbour, ] and Cornwall.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001617/18601205/057/0004?browse=true |title= |newspaper= |location= |page= |issue= |date= |url-access=subscription |via=]}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=May 2022}}


==Charts== ==Charts==
{{English wine casks}} {{English wine casks}}
{{English brewery casks}} {{English brewery casks}}

Hogshead (mandeira) was approximately equal to 45-48 gallons (0.205-0.218 m<sup>3</sup>.<br>

Hogshead (brandy) was approximately equal to 56-61 gallons (0.255-0.277 m<sup>3</sup>.


==See also== ==See also==
*] * ]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

{{Imperial units}}


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Latest revision as of 05:22, 26 December 2024

Unit of volume for tobacco, wine or beer For other uses, see Hogshead (disambiguation).
A hogshead in relation to other barrels

A hogshead (abbreviated "hhd", plural "hhds") is a large cask of liquid (or, less often, of a food commodity). It refers to a specified volume, measured in either imperial or US customary measures, primarily applied to alcoholic beverages, such as wine, ale, or cider.

Etymology

United States revenue stamp (proof) for the $2 tax on one hogshead of beer in 1867.

English philologist Walter William Skeat (1835–1912) noted the origin is to be found in the name for a cask or liquid measure appearing in various forms in Germanic languages, in Dutch oxhooft (modern okshoofd), Danish oxehoved, Old Swedish oxhuvud, etc. The Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911 conjectured that the word should therefore be "oxhead", "hogshead" being a mere corruption.

Varieties and standardisation

"Sugar hogsheads" from Ten Views in the Island of Antigua, W. Clark, 1823, plate X.

A tobacco hogshead was used in British and American colonial times to transport and store tobacco. It was a very large wooden barrel. A standardized hogshead measured 48 inches (1.22 m) long and 30 inches (76.20 cm) in diameter at the head (at least 550 L or 121 imp gal or 145 US gal, depending on the width in the middle). Fully packed with tobacco, it weighed about 1,000 pounds (454 kg).

A hogshead in Britain contains about 300 L (66 imp gal; 79 US gal).

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) notes that the hogshead was first standardized by an act of Parliament (2 Hen. 6. c. 14) in 1423, though the standards continued to vary by locality and content. For example, the OED cites an 1897 edition of Whitaker's Almanack, which specified the gallons of wine in a hogshead varying most particularly across fortified wines: claret/Madeira 46 imperial gallons (55 US gal; 209 L), port 57 imperial gallons (68 US gal; 259 L), sherry 54 imperial gallons (65 US gal; 245 L). The American Heritage Dictionary claims that a hogshead can consist of anything from (presumably) 62.5 to 140 US gallons (52 to 117 imp gal; 237 to 530 L). A hogshead of Madeira wine was approximately equal to 45–48 gallons (0.205–0.218 m). A hogshead of brandy was approximately equal to 56–61 gallons (0.255–0.277 m).

Eventually, a hogshead of wine came to be 52.5 imperial gallons (238.669725 L) (63 US gallons), while a hogshead of beer or ale came to be 54 gallons (249.5421 L with the pre-1824 beer and ale gallon, or 245.48886 L with the imperial gallon).

A hogshead was also used as unit of measurement for sugar in Louisiana for most of the 19th century. Plantations were listed in sugar schedules by the number of hogsheads of sugar or molasses produced. Used for sugar in the 18th and 19th centuries in the British West Indies, a hogshead weighed on average 16 cwt / 813kg. A hogshead was also used for the measurement of herring fished for sardines in Blacks Harbour, New Brunswick and Cornwall.

Charts

English wine cask units
gallon rundlet barrel tierce hogshead puncheon, tertian pipe, butt tun
1 tun
1 2 pipes, butts
1 1+1⁄2 3 puncheons, tertians
1 1+1⁄3 2 4 hogsheads
1 1+1⁄2 2 3 6 tierces
1 1+1⁄3 2 2+2⁄3 4 8 barrels
1 1+3⁄4 2+1⁄3 3+1⁄2 4+2⁄3 7 14 rundlets
1 18 31+1⁄2 42 63 84 126 252 gallons (wine)
3.785 68.14 119.24 158.99 238.48 317.97 476.96 953.92 litres
1 15 26+1⁄4 35 52+1⁄2 70 105 210 gallons (imperial)
4.546 68.19 119.3 159.1 238.7 318.2 477.3 954.7 litres
English brewery cask units
gallon firkin kilderkin barrel hogshead Year designated
1 hogsheads
1 1+1⁄2 barrels
1 2 3 kilderkins
1 2 4 6 firkins
1 8 16 32 48 ale gallons (1454)
= 4.621 L = 36.97 L = 73.94 L = 147.9 L = 221.8 L
1 9 18 36 54 beer gallons
= 4.621 L = 41.59 L = 83.18 L = 166.4 L = 249.5 L
1 8+1⁄2 17 34 51 ale gallons 1688
= 4.621 L = 39.28 L = 78.56 L = 157.1 L = 235.7 L
1 9 18 36 54 ale gallons 1803
= 4.621 L = 41.59 L = 83.18 L = 166.4 L = 249.5 L
1 9 18 36 54 imperial gallons 1824
= 4.546 L = 40.91 L = 81.83 L = 163.7 L = 245.5 L

See also

References

  1. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hogshead" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 507.
  2. "AP John Technical Specifications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-15.
  3. https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001617/18601205/057/0004?browse=true – via British Newspaper Archive. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. "wine barrel". Sizes. 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  5. "English Beer and Ale Barrel". Sizes. 2002-01-23. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
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