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{{Short description|US technoprogressive think tank}}
{{notability|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox institute
{{morerefs|date=November 2014}}
⚫ | name = Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
The '''Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies''' ('''IEET''') was founded in 2004 by philosopher ] and bioethicist ]. Incorporated in the United States as a non-profit ] organization, the IEET is a self-described "] ]" that seeks to contribute to understanding of the likely impact of ] on individuals and societies by "promoting and publicizing the work of thinkers who examine the ]". A number of such thinkers are offered honorary positions as IEET ]s. The institute also aims to influence the development of ] that distribute the benefits and reduce the risks of ].<ref name="Bailey 2006">{{cite paper| author = Bailey, Ronald| title = The Right to Human Enhancement: And also uplifting animals and the rapture of the nerds| year = 2006 | url = http://www.reason.com/news/show/116489.html| accessdate=2007-03-03| authorlink = Ronald Bailey}}</ref>
⚫ | image = Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies.png
⚫
| image_name =
The IEET works with ] (previously known as the World Transhumanist Association), an international ] with a similar mission but with an ] rather than ] approach. Humanity Plus was also founded and chaired by Bostrom, and Hughes was formerly its executive director. However, the founders of the IEET argue that it is not a ] organization. Individuals who have accepted appointments as Fellows with the IEET support the institute's mission, but they have expressed a wide range of views about emerging technologies and not all identify themselves as transhumanists.<ref name="Bailey 2006"/>
| founder = ],<br />]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=]|title=Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET)|url=http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/resources/entry/institute-for-ethics-and-emerging-technologies-ieet|access-date=March 7, 2016|quote=Founded in 2004 by philosopher Nick Bostrom and bioethicist James Hughes, the IEET is an organization that seeks to understand the impact of emerging technologies on individuals and societies. One of the main topics that the organization covers is the debate over human enhancement.}}</ref>
⚫ | established = {{start date and age|2004}}<ref name = about></ref>
| mission = To promote ideas on how technology can be used to "increase freedom, happiness, and human flourishing in democratic societies."<ref name=about/>
| head_label = Executive
| head = ]<ref name = staff>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ieet.org/index.php/IEET/staff |title=Staff, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, (Retrieved Jan. 9, 2015). |access-date=2015-01-10 |archive-date=2016-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616195533/http://www.ieet.org/index.php/IEET/staff |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| faculty = 25 ]s,<br />13 Affiliate Scholars<ref name=staff/>
| staff = Steven Umbrello,<br />Marcelo Rinesi
| non-profit_slogan =
| location =
| coor =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}


{{Transhumanism}}
⚫ In late May 2006, the IEET held the Human Enhancement Technologies and Human Rights conference at the ] Law School in Stanford, California.<ref>{{cite web|title=Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies - Human Enhancement Technologies and Human Rights|url=http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/HETHR}}</ref>


The '''Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies''' ('''IEET''') is a ] think tank that seeks to "promote ideas about how technological progress can increase freedom, happiness, and human flourishing in democratic societies."<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=About the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies|url=https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/about|access-date=2020-09-25|website=ieet.org}}</ref><ref name="Felsted">{{cite book |last1=Felsted |first1=Katarina | last2=Wright | first2=Scott D. | date=2014 |title=Toward Post Ageing: Technology in an Ageing Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7deBAAAQBAJ&q=Institute+for+ethics+and+emerging+technologies&pg=PA107 |publisher=Springer |page=109 |isbn=9783319090511}}</ref><ref name="Herkert">Joseph R. Herkert, "Ethical Challenges of Emerging Technologies", in Gary E. Marchant, Braden R. Allenby, Joseph R. Herkert, eds., ''The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight'' (2011), p. 38.</ref> It was incorporated in the ] in 2004, as a non-profit ] organization, by philosopher ] and bioethicist ].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Sharon">Tamar Sharon, ''Human Nature in an Age of Biotechnology: The Case for Mediated Posthumanism'' (2013), p. 26.</ref>
In early Oct 2012, Kris Notaro became the Managing Director of the IEET.


The ] aims to influence the development of ] that distribute the benefits and reduce the risks of ].<ref name="Bailey 2006">{{cite web |last=Bailey |first=Ronald |title=The Right to Human Enhancement: And also uplifting animals and the rapture of the nerds |date=2006-06-02 |url=http://www.reason.com/news/show/116489.html |author-link=Ronald Bailey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903062926/https://reason.com/news/show/116489.html |archive-date=2009-09-03}}</ref> It has been described as "mong the more important groups" in the transhumanist movement,<ref>Robert Geraci, ''Apocalyptic AI: Visions of Heaven in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality'' (2010), p. 85.</ref> and as being among the transhumanist groups that "play a strong role in the academic arena".<ref>Max More, Natasha Vita-More, ''The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future'' (2013), pt. II.</ref>
The IEET along with other progressive organizations hosted a conference in Dec 2013 at Yale University on giving various species "personhood" rights.
⚫
The IEET works with ] (also founded and chaired by Bostrom and Hughes, and previously known as the World Transhumanist Association),<ref name="Sharon"/> an international ] with a similar mission but with an ] rather than ] approach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hplusmagazine.com/2014/07/29/ethics-and-policy-concerns-in-the-transhuman-transition/|title=Ethics and Policy Concerns in the Transhuman Transition|date=July 29, 2014|website=h+ Media|access-date=September 26, 2020|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413194406/https://hplusmagazine.com/2014/07/29/ethics-and-policy-concerns-in-the-transhuman-transition/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A number of technoprogressive thinkers are offered positions as IEET ]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Staff of the IEET|url=https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/staff|access-date=2020-09-25|website=ieet.org}}</ref> Individuals who have accepted such appointments with the IEET support the institute's mission, but they have expressed a wide range of views about emerging technologies and not all identify themselves as transhumanists. In early October 2012, ] became the managing director of the IEET after the previous Managing Director ] stepped down. In April 2016, Steven Umbrello became the managing director of the IEET.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steven Umbrello|url=https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/bio/umbrello|access-date=2020-09-25|website=ieet.org}}</ref> Marcelo Rinesi is the IEET's ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marcelo Rinesi|url=https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/bio/rinesi|access-date=2020-09-25|website=ieet.org}}</ref>


==Programs== ==Activities==

===Publications===
The Institute publishes, the ''Journal of Ethics and Emerging Technologies'' (JEET),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Journal of Ethics and Emerging Technologies|url=https://jeet.ieet.org/index.php/home|access-date=2021-05-07|website=jeet.ieet.org}}</ref> formerly the ''Journal of Evolution and Technology'' (JET), a ] ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies: Publications|url=https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/publications|access-date=2020-09-25|website=ieet.org}}</ref> JET was established in 1998 as the ''Journal of Transhumanism'' and obtained its current title in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/blackford20140928 |title=Transhumanism and The Journal of Evolution and Technology |last1=Blackford |first1=Russel |date=September 18, 2014 |publisher=Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies |access-date=February 27, 2015}}</ref> The ] is Mark Walker. It covers ] into long-term developments in ], ], and ] that "many mainstream journals shun as too speculative, radical, or interdisciplinary."<ref name="programs">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ieet.org/index.php/IEET/programs |title=Programs and Activities, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, (Retrieved Dec. 30, 2014). |access-date=2014-12-30 |archive-date=2017-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228222022/http://www.ieet.org/index.php/IEET/programs |url-status=dead }}</ref> The institute also maintains a technology and ethics blog that is supported by various writers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies – Medium|url=https://medium.com/institute-for-ethics-and-emerging-technologies|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Medium}}</ref>

===Programs===
In 2006, the IEET launched the following activities:<ref>{{cite web|title=Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies - Programs and Activities|url=http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/programs}}</ref> In 2006, the IEET launched the following activities:<ref>{{cite web|title=Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies - Programs and Activities|url=http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/programs}}</ref>
#''Securing the Future'': Identification and advocacy for global solutions to ]. #''Securing the Future'': Identification and advocacy for global solutions to ].
Line 17: Line 38:
#''Longer, Better Lives'': Case for longer healthier lives, addressing objections to ], challenge ] and ] attitudes that discourage the full utilization of health technology. #''Longer, Better Lives'': Case for longer healthier lives, addressing objections to ], challenge ] and ] attitudes that discourage the full utilization of health technology.
#''Envisioning the Future'': Collection of images of posthumanity and non-human intelligence, positive, negative and neutral, e.g., in ] and popular culture; engagement with cultural critics, artists, writers, and filmmakers in exploring the lessons to be derived from these. #''Envisioning the Future'': Collection of images of posthumanity and non-human intelligence, positive, negative and neutral, e.g., in ] and popular culture; engagement with cultural critics, artists, writers, and filmmakers in exploring the lessons to be derived from these.
The institute has since shifted its research away from these programs and towards research on the policy implications of human enhancement and other emerging technologies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pearlman|first=Alex|title=Philosophy|url=https://ieet.org/philosophy/|access-date=2020-11-29|website=IEET|language=en-US}}</ref> It has since partnered with the Applied Ethics Center at the ] to focus on two specific programs:


# Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work, Democracy, and Conflict
⚫ ==''Journal of Evolution and Technology''==
# Cyborgs and ]
The ''Journal of Evolution and Technology'' is a ] ] published by the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. It covers ] into long-term developments in ], ], and ].


===Conferences===
The journal was established in 1998 as the ''Journal of Transhumanism'' and obtained its current title in 2004. The ] is ].
⚫ In late May 2006, the IEET held the Human Enhancement Technologies and Human Rights conference at the ] Law School in Stanford, California.<ref>{{cite web|title=Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies - Human Enhancement Technologies and Human Rights|url=http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/HETHR}}</ref>
The IEET along with other progressive organizations hosted a conference in December 2013 at Yale University on giving various species "personhood" rights.<ref name="Dvorsky 2013">{{cite web |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/experts-gather-at-yale-to-discuss-whether-animals-are-1480618670 |title=Experts Gather at Yale to Discuss Whether Animals Are People |last=Dvorsky |first=George |publisher=G/O Media |date=December 10, 2013 |website=] |access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref><ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2013/04/16/personhood-beyond-the-human/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231001104/http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2013/04/16/personhood-beyond-the-human/|url-status=dead|title=Michael Mountain, Personhood Beyond the Human, Nonhuman Rights Project, (April 16, 2013).|archive-date=December 31, 2014}}</ref> Fellows of the Institute represent the Institute at various conferences and events, including the ] and the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ieet.org/index.php/IEET/calendar |title=Events, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, (Retrieved Dec. 30, 2014). |access-date=2014-12-31 |archive-date=2017-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228222134/http://www.ieet.org/index.php/IEET/calendar |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2014, the IEET lead and/or co-sponsored five conferences<ref>{{Cite web|title=Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies - Programs and Activities|url=https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/programs|access-date=2020-09-25|website=ieet.org}}</ref> including: Eros Evolving: The Future of Love, Sex, Marriage and Beauty conference<ref>{{Cite web|title=EROS EVOLVING - the future of love, sex, marriage and beauty|url=http://www.eventbrite.com/e/10729926499?aff=efbneb|access-date=2020-09-25|website=Eventbrite|language=en-us}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in April in Piedmont, California, and the Global Existential Risks and Radical Futures conference in June in Piedmont, California.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brin, Baum, Pellissier @ Global Existential Risks and Radical Futures|url=https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/eventinfo/baum20140614|access-date=2020-09-25|website=ieet.org}}</ref>


==Notable members== ==Reception==
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], an American conservative lawyer and advocate of intelligent design, wrote that the institute has one of the most active transhumanist websites, and the writers write on the "nonsense of uploading minds into computers and fashioning a post humanity."<ref name ="wesley">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/human-exceptionalism/328021/transhumanism-religion-atheists-wesley-j-smith|title=Transhumanism is Religion for Atheists|last1=Smith |first1=Wesley |date=June 6, 2012 |magazine=] |access-date=February 27, 2015}}</ref> Smith also criticized the results of the institute's online poll that indicated the majority of Institute's readers are ] or ].<ref name="wesley"/> According to Smith, this was evidence that transhumanism is a religion and a desperate attempt to find purpose in a nihilistic and materialistic world.<ref name="wesley"/> The institute's advocacy project to raise the status of animals to the legal status of personhood also drew criticism from Smith because he claimed ] and raising the status of animals may lower the status of humans.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2011/02/transhumanists-launch-campaign-for-animal-personhood |title=Transhumanist Launch Campaign for Animal Personhood |last1=Smith |first1=Wesley |date=February 13, 2011 |magazine=] |access-date=February 27, 2015}}</ref>
==Reactions==
⚫ The origins and activities of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies have elicited various reactions:


Katarina Felsted and Scott D. Wright wrote that although the IEET considers itself technoprogressive some of its views can be described as strong transhumanism or a "radical version of post ageing," and one particular criticism of both moderate and strong transhumanism is that moral arbitrariness undermine both forms of transhumanism.<ref name="Felsted"/>
{{quotation|That's the curious thing about the folks at the Stanford conference. Some were from the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, an offshoot of the World Transhumanist Association, which advocates the transformation of our species through drugs, "genetic engineering, information technology ... nanotechnology, machine intelligence, uploading, and space colonization." These are weird people with weird ideas. But sometimes it takes a weirdo to see what's odd about what the rest of us call normal. Maybe the cockeyed thinking of transhumanists is what allows them to see the illogic of the way we dope kids with caffeine while banning other stimulants. Maybe that's why they find it odd that we denounce steroids as cheating but ignore athletes who get Lasik or muscle-enhancing surgery. Maybe that's why they look back at the doubling of human life expectancy in the last century and wonder why we shouldn't try to double it again. To our hunter-gatherer ancestors, they figure, we already look posthuman. Meanwhile, they look at cyborg technology and see in it what's human.|] national correspondent ]|<ref>, Sunday, June 4, 2006</ref>}}

{{quotation|The Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies has become in my view, and possibly always was, a stealthy organization seeking to help legitimize the institutional positions and media reputations of key members of the World Transhumanist Organization, the better to increase membership and funding for that and other transhumanists organizations, as well as to mainstream the specific assertions of belief shared by those who identify as "transhumanists" in particular, under cover of a more serious discourse about emerging technoscientific change more generally. There is nothing wrong with such an agenda (even if I don't personally agree with it), although it seems to me that for the same reasons that the WTA website is not likely to achieve, in its explicit transhumanist form, either mainstream or academic respectability any time soon, neither would IEET were its apparently insistent connection to the WTA better known.|Former IEET Human Rights Fellow ]|<ref>, Sunday, March 16, 2008</ref>}}


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist|30em}}


==External links== ==External links==
* {{Official website}}
⚫ *
* {{ProPublicaNonprofitExplorer|510527636}}
* ''''
⚫ * ''''

{{Existential risk from artificial intelligence}}
{{Transhumanism footer}}
{{Authority control}}


] ]
] ]
⚫ ]
] ]
] ]
⚫ ]
]

Latest revision as of 16:43, 6 October 2024

US technoprogressive think tank
Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
FoundersNick Bostrom,
James Hughes
Established2004; 20 years ago (2004)
MissionTo promote ideas on how technology can be used to "increase freedom, happiness, and human flourishing in democratic societies."
ExecutiveJames Hughes
Faculty25 Fellows,
13 Affiliate Scholars
StaffSteven Umbrello,
Marcelo Rinesi
Websitewww.ieet.org Edit this at Wikidata
Transhumanism
Issues
People
Influential works
Variants
Related topics

The Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET) is a technoprogressive think tank that seeks to "promote ideas about how technological progress can increase freedom, happiness, and human flourishing in democratic societies." It was incorporated in the United States in 2004, as a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization, by philosopher Nick Bostrom and bioethicist James Hughes.

The think tank aims to influence the development of public policies that distribute the benefits and reduce the risks of technological change. It has been described as "mong the more important groups" in the transhumanist movement, and as being among the transhumanist groups that "play a strong role in the academic arena".

The IEET works with Humanity Plus (also founded and chaired by Bostrom and Hughes, and previously known as the World Transhumanist Association), an international non-governmental organization with a similar mission but with an activist rather than academic approach. A number of technoprogressive thinkers are offered positions as IEET Fellows. Individuals who have accepted such appointments with the IEET support the institute's mission, but they have expressed a wide range of views about emerging technologies and not all identify themselves as transhumanists. In early October 2012, Kris Notaro became the managing director of the IEET after the previous Managing Director Hank Pellissier stepped down. In April 2016, Steven Umbrello became the managing director of the IEET. Marcelo Rinesi is the IEET's Chief Technology Officer.

Activities

Publications

The Institute publishes, the Journal of Ethics and Emerging Technologies (JEET), formerly the Journal of Evolution and Technology (JET), a peer-reviewed academic journal. JET was established in 1998 as the Journal of Transhumanism and obtained its current title in 2004. The editor-in-chief is Mark Walker. It covers futurological research into long-term developments in science, technology, and philosophy that "many mainstream journals shun as too speculative, radical, or interdisciplinary." The institute also maintains a technology and ethics blog that is supported by various writers.

Programs

In 2006, the IEET launched the following activities:

  1. Securing the Future: Identification and advocacy for global solutions to threats to the future of civilization.
  2. Rights of the Person: Campaign to deepen and broaden the concept of human rights.
  3. Longer, Better Lives: Case for longer healthier lives, addressing objections to life extension, challenge ageist and ableist attitudes that discourage the full utilization of health technology.
  4. Envisioning the Future: Collection of images of posthumanity and non-human intelligence, positive, negative and neutral, e.g., in science fiction and popular culture; engagement with cultural critics, artists, writers, and filmmakers in exploring the lessons to be derived from these.

The institute has since shifted its research away from these programs and towards research on the policy implications of human enhancement and other emerging technologies. It has since partnered with the Applied Ethics Center at the University of Massachusetts Boston to focus on two specific programs:

  1. Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work, Democracy, and Conflict
  2. Cyborgs and Human Enhancement

Conferences

In late May 2006, the IEET held the Human Enhancement Technologies and Human Rights conference at the Stanford University Law School in Stanford, California. The IEET along with other progressive organizations hosted a conference in December 2013 at Yale University on giving various species "personhood" rights. Fellows of the Institute represent the Institute at various conferences and events, including the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2014, the IEET lead and/or co-sponsored five conferences including: Eros Evolving: The Future of Love, Sex, Marriage and Beauty conference in April in Piedmont, California, and the Global Existential Risks and Radical Futures conference in June in Piedmont, California.

Reception

Wesley J. Smith, an American conservative lawyer and advocate of intelligent design, wrote that the institute has one of the most active transhumanist websites, and the writers write on the "nonsense of uploading minds into computers and fashioning a post humanity." Smith also criticized the results of the institute's online poll that indicated the majority of Institute's readers are atheist or agnostic. According to Smith, this was evidence that transhumanism is a religion and a desperate attempt to find purpose in a nihilistic and materialistic world. The institute's advocacy project to raise the status of animals to the legal status of personhood also drew criticism from Smith because he claimed humans are exceptional and raising the status of animals may lower the status of humans.

Katarina Felsted and Scott D. Wright wrote that although the IEET considers itself technoprogressive some of its views can be described as strong transhumanism or a "radical version of post ageing," and one particular criticism of both moderate and strong transhumanism is that moral arbitrariness undermine both forms of transhumanism.

References

  1. "Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET)". Harvard Law School. Retrieved March 7, 2016. Founded in 2004 by philosopher Nick Bostrom and bioethicist James Hughes, the IEET is an organization that seeks to understand the impact of emerging technologies on individuals and societies. One of the main topics that the organization covers is the debate over human enhancement.
  2. ^ About, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, (Retrieved Dec. 30, 2014).
  3. ^ "Staff, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, (Retrieved Jan. 9, 2015)". Archived from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2015-01-10.
  4. ^ "About the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies". ieet.org. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  5. ^ Felsted, Katarina; Wright, Scott D. (2014). Toward Post Ageing: Technology in an Ageing Society. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 9783319090511.
  6. Joseph R. Herkert, "Ethical Challenges of Emerging Technologies", in Gary E. Marchant, Braden R. Allenby, Joseph R. Herkert, eds., The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight (2011), p. 38.
  7. ^ Tamar Sharon, Human Nature in an Age of Biotechnology: The Case for Mediated Posthumanism (2013), p. 26.
  8. Bailey, Ronald (2006-06-02). "The Right to Human Enhancement: And also uplifting animals and the rapture of the nerds". Archived from the original on 2009-09-03.
  9. Robert Geraci, Apocalyptic AI: Visions of Heaven in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality (2010), p. 85.
  10. Max More, Natasha Vita-More, The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future (2013), pt. II.
  11. "Ethics and Policy Concerns in the Transhuman Transition". h+ Media. July 29, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  12. "Staff of the IEET". ieet.org. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  13. "Steven Umbrello". ieet.org. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  14. "Marcelo Rinesi". ieet.org. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  15. "Journal of Ethics and Emerging Technologies". jeet.ieet.org. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
  16. "Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies: Publications". ieet.org. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  17. Blackford, Russel (September 18, 2014). "Transhumanism and The Journal of Evolution and Technology". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
  18. "Programs and Activities, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, (Retrieved Dec. 30, 2014)". Archived from the original on 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
  19. "Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies – Medium". Medium. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
  20. "Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies - Programs and Activities".
  21. Pearlman, Alex. "Philosophy". IEET. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  22. "Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies - Human Enhancement Technologies and Human Rights".
  23. Dvorsky, George (December 10, 2013). "Experts Gather at Yale to Discuss Whether Animals Are People". Gizmodo. G/O Media. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  24. Personhood Beyond the Human Conference, Kurzweil, (Retrieved Dec 30, 2014).
  25. Conference: Personhood Beyond the Human, Figure / Ground, (Retrieved Dec. 30, 2014).
  26. Personhood Beyond the Human, (Retrieved Dec. 30, 2014).
  27. "Michael Mountain, Personhood Beyond the Human, Nonhuman Rights Project, (April 16, 2013)". Archived from the original on December 31, 2014.
  28. "Events, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, (Retrieved Dec. 30, 2014)". Archived from the original on 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2014-12-31.
  29. "Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies - Programs and Activities". ieet.org. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  30. "EROS EVOLVING - the future of love, sex, marriage and beauty". Eventbrite. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  31. "Brin, Baum, Pellissier @ Global Existential Risks and Radical Futures". ieet.org. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  32. ^ Smith, Wesley (June 6, 2012). "Transhumanism is Religion for Atheists". National Review. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
  33. Smith, Wesley (February 13, 2011). "Transhumanist Launch Campaign for Animal Personhood". National Review. Retrieved February 27, 2015.

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