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{{short description|City in Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland}}
{{other places|Zielona Góra}}
{{Expand Polish|date=January 2015|Zielona Góra|topic=geo}} {{other places|Zielona Góra (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement {{Infobox settlement
|name = Zielona Góra | name = Zielona Góra
|motto = Miasto przyszłości<br>City of the future | motto = ''Miasto przyszłości''<br />City of the future
|image_skyline = Zgora11.jpg | image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| color = #ffffff
|imagesize = 250px
| photo1a = Al. Niepodległości, budynek nr 25, widok od Pl. Bohaterów.jpg{{!}}Independence Avenue villa
|image_caption = Town Hall and Main Square
|image_flag = POL Zielona Góra flag.svg | photo2a = Zielona Góra, Ulica Żeromskiego.jpg{{!}}Old Town
| photo2b = Ratusz i Stary Rynek w Zielonej Górze.jpg{{!}}Market Square with Town Hall
|image_shield = POL Zielona Góra COA.svg
| photo3a = Zielona Góra, kościół św. Jadwigi, widok z ul. Kościelnej.jpg{{!}}Zielona Góra Co-Cathedral
|pushpin_map = Poland
| photo3b = Plac Pocztowy, budynek nr9.jpg{{!}}Tenement at Plac Pocztowy (Postal Square)
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
| spacing = 2
|coordinates_region = PL
| border = 0
|subdivision_type = Country
| size = 280
|subdivision_name = {{POL}}
|subdivision_type1 = ]
|subdivision_name1 = ]
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = ]
|established_title = Established
|established_date = 13th century
|established_title2 = Town rights
|established_date2 = 1323
|area_total_km2 = 278.32
|population_as_of = 2013
|population_total = 152069
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_metro = 316000
|timezone = ]
|utc_offset = +1
|timezone_DST = ]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|latd=51 |latm=56 |lats= |latNS= N
|longd=15 |longm=30 |longs= |longEW= E
|elevation_m = 71
|postal_code_type = Postal code
|postal_code = 65-001 to 65-950
|area_code = +48 068
|blank_name = ]
|blank_info = FZ
|website = http://www.zielona-gora.pl/
}} }}
| imagesize = 250px
'''Zielona Góra''' {{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Zielona Góra.ogg|zi|e1|'|l|o|n|a|-|'|g|u|r|a}} ({{lang-de|Grünberg in Schlesien}}) is a city in ], in western ], with 152,069 inhabitants within the city limits (2015) and 316,000 inhabitants within the metropolitan area, including three neighbouring counties (2015).
| image_caption = {{hlist|Left to right: Independence Avenue villa|Old Town|Market Square with Town Hall|Zielona Góra Co-Cathedral|Tenement at ''Plac Pocztowy'' (Postal Square)}}
| image_flag = POL Zielona Góra flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Zielona Góra COA.svg
| image_blank_emblem = Logo_of_Zielona_Góra.png
| blank_emblem_type = Brandmark
| pushpin_map = Poland
| subdivision_type = ]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ]
| subdivision_type2 = ]
| subdivision_name2 = ''city county''
| leader_party = ]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = ]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 13th century
| established_title2 = Town rights
| established_date2 = 1323
| area_total_km2 = 278.32
| population_as_of = 31 December 2021
| population_total = 140,403 {{decrease}} (])<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=30 July 2022|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 0862000.</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 510
| population_demonym = zielonogórzanin (male) <br/> zielonogórzanka (female) (])
| timezone = ]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = ]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|51|56|N|15|30|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| elevation_m = 71
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 65-001 to 65-950
| area_code = +48 68
| blank_name = ]
| blank_info = FZ/FZI
| blank1_name = ]
| blank1_info = ]
| website = {{URL|https://www.zielona-gora.pl/}}
| blank_name_sec2 = GDP
| blank_info_sec2 = 2017
| blank1_name_sec2 = &nbsp;– Total
| blank1_info_sec2 = ]: €10 billion<br />]: $14 billion
| blank2_name_sec2 = &nbsp;– Per capita
| blank2_info_sec2 = ]: €17,300<br />]: $20,900
| population_urban = 216,781
| blank3_name_sec2 = Primary airport
| blank3_info_sec2 = ]
| blank4_name_sec2 = ]
| blank4_info_sec2 = ]
}}
'''Zielona Góra''' (]: {{IPA|pl|ʑɛˈlɔna ˈɡura|lang|Pl-Zielona Góra.ogg}}; {{literal translation}} ''Green Mountain''; {{langx|de|link=no|Grünberg in Schlesien}}) is the largest city in ], located in western ], with 140,403 inhabitants ({{as of|alt=2021|2021}}).<ref name="population" /> The region is closely associated with ] and holds an annual ].<ref name="weisswasser.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.weisswasser.de/sites/default/files/print_pdf/zielona_gora_okolice_14_07_14.pdf|title=Zielona Góra and surrounding areas: Brochure|website=Weisswasser,de|access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref> Zielona Góra is one of the two capital cities of Lubusz Voivodeship, hosting the ], while the seat of the centrally appointed ] is in the city of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staypoland.com/about_zielona-gora.htm|title=Zielona Gora – Tourism – Tourist Information – Zielona Gora, Poland -|first=StayPoland Sp. z|last=o.o.|website=Staypoland.com|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref>

In 1222 Duke ] from the ] brought the first settlers to the area.<ref name="weisswasser.de"/> In 1323 Zielona Góra was granted ]. The town was incorporated into the ] in 1506 and became part of the ] in 1526. It experienced a wave of ] in the 17th century. As a result of the ], the city became part of the ] in 1742. It then was part of the ] and the ] until the end of ] in 1945,<ref name="weisswasser.de"/> when it became again part of Poland.

==Toponymy==
In the ], the city is called ''Źelůno Gůra'' (in ]) or ''Grinberg''; using the ]: ''Zielōnŏ Gōra'' or ''Grinberg''; in ], the city was called ''Grienberg''.


In the 16th century, pseudo-historical Latin names appeared for the city, such as ''Prasia Elysiorum'' and ''Thalloris''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/Content/78843/PDF/06_Cezary_Lipinski_Silesia_issues_of_language_and_ethnicity.pdf | title=Silesia – issues of language and ethnicity in the long 16th century | first=Cezary | last=Lipiński | work=] }}</ref><ref>Tomasz Kamusella, ''The Dynamics of the Policies of Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries''. Budapest. Open Society Institute. 1999. p. 70.</ref>
Zielona Góra has been in ] since 1999, prior to which it was the capital of ] from 1950 to 1998. It is the seat of Lubusz Voivodeship's elected assembly (]) and executive (the seat of the centrally appointed governor or ] being ]). The city's name, in ], ], and ], means "green mountain".


==History== ==History==
===Middle Ages===
The first settlement in the area of Zielona Góra was built in the valley near the Złota Łącza stream during the reign of Polish ruler ].<ref name="ZG"> {{pl icon}}</ref> The oldest settlement was agricultural and later developed into a trading point along routes from ] to ] and further to ].<ref name="ZG"/> The written records of the Slavic settlement date to 1222 and an increase of its population by ].<ref name="ZG"/> Other documents date the settlement to 1302.<ref name="W164">Weczerka, p. 164</ref>
]
The first settlement in the area of Zielona Góra was built in the valley near the Złota Łącza stream during the reign of the Polish ruler ].<ref name="ZG">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.today/20070812041204/http://www.zielona-gora.pl/umzg/index.php?id=185&lng=pl|title=Zielona Góra - Internetowy Serwis Miejski|date=August 12, 2007|website=archive.ph}}</ref> The oldest settlement was agricultural. It later developed into a trading point along routes from ] to ] and further to ].<ref name="ZG"/> The written records of the Slavic settlement date to 1222 and an increase of its population by ].<ref name="ZG"/> Other documents date the settlement to 1302.<ref name="W164">Weczerka, p. 164</ref>


The region received influx of ] burghers in the second half of the 13th century during the medieval ].<ref>Westermann, p. 74</ref> The settlement became a city with ''Crossener Recht'', a variation of ], in 1323.<ref name="W164"/> The earliest mention of the town's coat of arms is from 1421, although it is believed to have been arranged since the beginning of the 14th century.<ref name="H154">Hupp, p. 154</ref> A document in the town archive of ] dating from before 1400 used a ] with the name ''GRVNINBERG'', an early form of the German name ''Grünberg''.<ref name="H154"/> The region received an influx of ] burghers in the second half of the 13th century during the medieval ].<ref>Westermann, p. 74</ref> In 1323, the settlement became a city with ''Crossener Recht'', a variation of ].<ref name="W164"/> The earliest mention of the town's coat of arms is from 1421, although it is believed to have been arranged since the beginning of the 14th century.<ref name="H154">Hupp, p. 154</ref> A document in the town archive of ] dating from before 1400 used a ] with the name ''GRVNINBERG'', an early form of the German name ''Grünberg''.<ref name="H154"/>


In 1294, Duke ] of the ], founded a church in honour of ], the High Duchess consort of Poland and patron saint of Silesia. Now designated a co-cathedral, it is the oldest building in the city. A wooden castle near the city, built ca. 1272, was the residence of Duke ] from 1358 to 1365. Janusz had ceded his lands to Duke ].<ref name="W165">Weczerka, p. 165</ref> In 1477 the town defeated a 5,000-strong army from neighbouring ] which attempted to seize it during the succession war to the Duchy of Głogów. In 1488, Duke ], destroyed the castle to prevent his enemies from using it.<ref name="W165"/>
]


The deposition of Duke ] in 1488 marked the end of the long rule of the ] in the Duchy of Głogów and the city of Zielona Góra. Later on, the duchy was ruled by the future Kings of Poland ] and ]. It was integrated with the ] in 1506,<ref name=pwn>{{cite web|url=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Zielona-Gora;4001413.html|title=Zielona Góra|website=Encyklopedia PWN|access-date=7 February 2020|language=pl}}</ref> although Polish king Sigismund I the Old still claimed his rights to the city in 1508.<ref name=GL/>
In 1294, ], founded a church in honour of ], patron saint of Silesia. This building, today called the ''konkatedra św. Jadwigi w Zielonej Górze'', is the oldest building in the city. A wooden castle near the city, built ca. 1272, was the residence of Duke ] from 1358 to 1365; John had ceded his lands to ].<ref name="W165">Weczerka, p. 165</ref> In 1477 the town defeated a 5,000-strong army from neighbouring ] which attempted to seize it during the succession war to the Duchy of Glogau. In 1488 ], destroyed the castle to prevent his enemies from using it.<ref name="W165"/>


===Early modern period===
After the collapse of the ], the town fell to the ], a state of the ]. Grünberg converted to ] during the ] through the efforts of ], Abbot of Sagan.<ref name="W166">Weczerka, p. 166</ref> The city declined during the 17th century, especially during the ] (1618&ndash;48) and following decades. Grünberg endured plundering, debts, emigration of burghers, and fires.<ref name="W166"/> In 1651 during the ], the ] of Austria reintroduced ] and suppressed ].<ref name="W165"/> The city was subjected to heavy ] and German craftsmen banned Poles from attending any practice allowing them to work as members of guilds.<ref name="ZG"/> A rebellion caused by conscription ended with many Poles being imprisoned.<ref name="ZG"/>
The city flourished during the reign of Sigismund I the Old. In 1505 Sigismund issued a ] allowing the sale of cloth products from Zielona Góra throughout ].<ref>Stanisław J. Kozłowski, ''Zielona Góra. Baza ekonomiczna i powiązania zewnętrzne'', ], Wrocław, 1977, p. 13</ref> In 1641, King ] of Poland confirmed these rights.<ref name=GL>{{cite web |url=https://gazetalubuska.pl/historia-zielonej-gory-i-slaska-kalendarium/ar/7366372|title=Historia Zielonej Góry i Śląska – kalendarium, "Gazeta Lubuska"|date=29 August 2007 |access-date=June 12, 2019|language=pl}}</ref> Another important branch of the city's economy at this time was ].<ref>Stanisław J. Kozłowski, ''Zielona Góra. Baza ekonomiczna i powiązania zewnętrzne'', Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław, 1977, p. 14</ref>


]
The city was annexed by the ] by the 1742 ] which ended the ]. The Prussians introduced ],<ref name="W166"/> leading to the construction of the Protestant parish church ''Zum Garten Christ'' from 1746 to 1747;<ref name="W166"/> Catholic Poles were later discriminated against, however. The city's ] was booming by the end of the 18th century, and by 1800 large parts of the city walls had been dismantled to allow the city to expand.<ref name="W166"/> The textile industry suffered during the 1820s while adjusting to the ] and an import ban by the ]. The city's economy began to recover after many clothiers emigrated to ].
The city converted to ] during the ] through the efforts of Paul Lemberg, Abbot of Sagan.<ref name="W166">Weczerka, p. 166</ref> The city declined during the 17th century, especially during the ] (1618–1648) and following decades. Grünberg endured plundering, debts, emigration of burghers, and fires.<ref name="W166"/> In 1651 during the ], the ] of Austria reintroduced ] and suppressed ].<ref name="W165"/>


The city was subjected to heavy ] and German craftsmen banned Poles from attending any practice allowing them to work as members of guilds.<ref name="ZG"/> A rebellion caused by conscription ended with many Poles being imprisoned.<ref name="ZG"/> From 1640, ] took place, the number of which increased significantly in 1663–1665.<ref name=GL/> As a result, in 1669 the local court was deprived of the right to impose the ] on women accused of witchcraft.<ref name=GL/>
]


The city was annexed by the ] by the 1742 ] which ended the ]. The Prussians introduced ],<ref name="W166"/> leading to the construction of the Protestant parish church ''Zum Garten Christ'' from 1746 to 1747.<ref name="W166"/> Catholic Poles were later discriminated against, however. In 1758, during the ], ] brought the ] to the city.<ref name=GL/>
During industrialisation, many Germans from the countryside moved to large industrial cities and a large number of Poles came to German cities to work as well. The Polish population was pushed by ] to rural villages,<ref name="ZG"/> although some remained in the town contributed to the economic revival of the city.<ref name="ZG"/> A Polish church remained functional<ref name="ZG"/> until 1809 and a Polish craftsmen association (''Towarzystwo Polskich Rzemieślników'') was established by ] in 1898, it existed till 1935 when Lisowski was murdered by ].


===Late modern period===
Since 1816 after the ], Grünberg was administered within the district ] in the ]. In 1871 it became part of the ] during the ]. English industrialists purchased some of the city's textile factories during the 1870s and 1880s.<ref name="W166"/> By 1885, most of Grünberg's population of 14,396 were Protestants.<ref>'']'', 1885</ref> The city was first connected to the ]-Grünberg-] railway line in 1871, followed by connections to ] in 1904, ] in 1905, and a local line to ] in 1911.<ref name="W166"/>
The city's ] was booming by the end of the 1700s. By 1800, large parts of the city walls had been dismantled to allow the city to expand.<ref name="W166"/> The textile industry suffered during the 1820s while adjusting to the ] and an import ban by the ]. The city's economy began to recover after many clothiers emigrated to ]. English industrialists were among the 19th-century economic reformers of Grünberg.<ref name=GL/>


]
In 1919, Grünberg became part of the ] within ]. On 1 April 1922 it became a district-free city, but this status was revoked on 1 October 1933 while part of ].


During industrialisation, many Germans from the countryside moved to large industrial cities and a large number of Poles came to German cities to work as well. The Polish population was pushed by ] to rural villages,<ref name="ZG"/> although some remained in the town contributed to the economic revival of the city.<ref name="ZG"/> A Polish church remained functional<ref name="ZG"/> until 1809 and a Polish craftsmen association (''Towarzystwo Polskich Rzemieślników'') was established by Kazimierz Lisowski in 1898;<ref name=ZZ>''Znani zielonogórzanie'', Verbum, Zielona Góra, 1996, p. 124</ref> it existed till 1935 when Lisowski was murdered by the ]. In 1923 a branch of the ] was established.<ref name=ZZ/> In 1932 the German authorities did not allow the establishment of a Polish school.<ref name=ZZ/>
The ] ] occupied Grünberg with little fighting in February 14, 1945 during World War II.<ref name="W166"/> In that course, about 500 people committed suicide.<ref name=lakotta>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html|title=Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren|last=Lakotta|first=Beate|publisher=]|date=2005-03-05|accessdate=2010-08-16|language=German}}</ref> The following month, the town was placed under Polish administration, followed by the post-war ]. The remaining German inhabitants who had not fled from the ] were ]{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} by Soviet{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} troops, and the town was partly resettled with ] transferred from ]. The city was officially renamed from the German name ''Grünberg'' to the Polish name ''Zielona Góra'' — both of which mean "Green Mountain" — and the 18th-century Protestant church was reconsecrated as a Catholic church (''Kościół Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej'').

Since 1816 after the ], Grünberg was administered within the district ''Landkreis Grünberg'' in the ]. In 1871 it became part of the ] during the ]. English industrialists purchased some of the city's textile factories during the 1870s and 1880s.<ref name="W166"/> By 1885, most of Grünberg's population of 14,396 were Protestants.<ref>'']'', 1885</ref> The city was first connected to the Glogau (])-Grünberg-] railway line in 1871, followed by connections to Christianstadt (]) in 1904, Wollstein (]) in 1905, and a local line to Sprottau (]) in 1911.<ref name="W166"/>

]
In 1919, Grünberg became part of the ] within ]. On 1 April 1922 it became a district-free city. This status was revoked on 1 October 1933 while part of ]. During the '']'' in 1938, the Germans destroyed the synagogue.<ref name=GL/> During ] the Germans operated 42 ] camps in armaments production in the city, intended initially for Polish men and women, and later also Russians, Ukrainians, Britons, ] and ].<ref name=at/> There were also three subcamps of the ] within the modern city limits for Jewish men and women.<ref name=at>{{cite journal|last=Toczewski|first=Andrzej|year=2017|title=Filie obozów koncentracyjnych na Środkowym Nadodrzu|journal=Ziemia Lubuska|location=Zielona Góra|language=pl|volume=3|pages=109–110, 113–114, 125–126|issn=2450-3355}}</ref> In January 1945, a German-perpetrated ] of Jewish women from ] reached the city, and the remaining prisoners were also sent on death marches westwards.<ref name=at/>

On February 11, 1945, the authorities of Zielona Góra, then still Grünberg, received a report about Russians in the vicinity of ]. Wehrmacht soldiers and civilians organizing defense in cities were threatened with being cut off from the south-west. In this situation, the preparations of Zielona Góra for defense by regular troops were interrupted. On February 11 the ] ended and it was not known exactly what would happen to Zielona Góra. On February 12 the most important German offices and management boards of larger enterprises were evacuated beyond ].<ref name=chajewski/>

On February 13 other residents were encouraged to leave the city through ]s. The last train left in the evening. One of the previously sent transports was hit by an English air attack in ] and, according to some, about 900 inhabitants of Zielona Góra died at the local railway station. On 14 February. Hitler's ardent supporters called on the ] to defend themselves. Previously, the so-called ], which from the morning started blowing up strategic objects and immobilizing various technical devices, e.g. power plants, gas plants and waterworks.<ref name=chajewski/>

The defenders set up two machine guns on the Branibor Hill. Having heard about the imminent threat from Nowa Sól, they withdrew to the city center. On the other hand, the supporters of a quick surrender, including the worker Alfred Kuntzel, the Nazi Friedrich Brucks and the communist Karl Laube formed a surrender committee.<ref name=chajewski>{{cite web|url=https://gazetalubuska.pl/14-lutego-rosjanie-wkroczyli-do-grunberga-w-zielonej-gorze-obylo-sie-bez-walki/ar/c15-15441185|title=14 lutego Rosjanie wkroczyli do Grünberga. W Zielonej Górze obyło się bez walki|date=2021-02-14|accessdate=2023-02-20|publisher=]|author=Dariusz Chajewski}}</ref> The ] ] occupied Grünberg with little fighting on February 14, 1945, during World War II.<ref name="W166"/>

The Red Army headed by the ] began artillery fire at 13:00 from cannons positioned on the hills south of Racula. After reaching the northern border of this village, the reconnaissance units moved towards the city. Some of them, following an arc, ended up in ], others in ] and even in ], and still others took over {{ill|Jędrzychów (Zielona Góra)|pl|Jędrzychów (Zielona Góra)}}. The main unit entered the city along Wrocławska Street. Soon, small groups of Red Army soldiers began to appear from the side of Kożuchowska Street. The 3rd Army established their headquarters in the Poviat Office building.<ref name=chajewski/>

In that period, about 500 people committed suicide.<ref name=lakotta>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html|title=Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren|last=Lakotta|first=Beate|publisher=]|date=2005-03-05|access-date=2010-08-16|language=de}}</ref> The following month, according to the post-war ], the town was placed under Polish administration under territorial compensation for the ]. The remaining German inhabitants who had not fled their homes from the ] were ] in accordance with the ].<ref name="W166"/>

The town was partly resettled with ] transferred from ]. The city was briefly renamed ''Zielonogóra'' in 1945,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19450330196|title=Rozporządzenie Ministra Obrony Narodowej w porozumieniu z Ministrem Administracji Publicznej z dnia 21 sierpnia 1945 r. o utworzeniu nowych, o zmianach istniejących dotychczas rejonowych komend uzupełnień i o ustaleniu ich zasięgu terytorialnego.|access-date=7 February 2020|language=pl}}</ref> before the historic Polish<ref>{{cite book|last=Lompa|first=Józef|year=1847|title=Krótki rys jeografii Śląska dla nauki początkowej|language=pl|location=Głogówek|page=13}}</ref> name ''Zielona Góra'' was ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP19460440085|title=Zarządzenie Ministrów: Administracji Publicznej i Ziem Odzyskanych z dnia 7 maja 1946 r. o przywróceniu i ustaleniu urzędowych nazw miejscowości|access-date=7 February 2020|language=pl}}</ref> The 18th-century Protestant church was reconsecrated as a Catholic church (''Kościół Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej''). The city's first post-war mayor was Tomasz Sobkowiak,<ref name=GL/> a former prisoner of the ] during the ]. He is remembered as an efficient administrator, with a friendly attitude towards Germans.<ref>''Znani zielonogórzanie'', Verbum, Zielona Góra, 1996, p. 183–185</ref>

===Recent history===
]
From 1950 to 1998 Zielona Góra was the capital of the Zielona Góra Voivodeship. The city's population rebounded quickly after the war. By 1950 it had more inhabitants than at any point in its history.<ref name=GL/>


The ] was opened in 2001. The city is also the seat of the ]. The ] was opened in 2001. The city is also the seat of the ].


==Wineries== ==Geography==
Zielona Góra is surrounded by tree-covered hills. The adjacent woodland makes up approximately half of the city's total area. The name of the city translates to 'Green Mountain' in both ] and ]. Zielona Góra features several tourist attractions and important historical sites including the preserved ] Old Town, 13th-century Market Square, ], palaces, parks and the famous ] on Wine Hill. Its strong connection to vineyards and grape-picking earned Zielona Góra the nickname "The City of Wine".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qubushotel.com/en/hotels/11/tag/atrakcje_miasta/|title=Qubus Hotel Zielona Góra – The city's attractions|website=Qubushotel.com|access-date=24 September 2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924141700/https://www.qubushotel.com/en/hotels/11/tag/atrakcje_miasta/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


===Wineries===
The city has been known for its wines for centuries. It is now one of two places in Poland with ] grape cultivation mainly for white wines (the other being the wine growing region near the town of ] in ]). The first wineries around the city were built in 1314. At Paradyż (''Paradise'') Abbey near Zielona Góra, monks have been making wine since 1250. The number of vineyards at peak production is estimated at 4,000 in the region, and 2,500 in Zielona Góra itself. During the communist era wine production was reduced, but since 1990 it has recovered. Since 1852 an annual ] has taken place in the town. However, nowadays wine is no longer produced in Zielona Góra itself (the last factory was closed in the early 1990s).
The city has been known for its wines for centuries.<ref>{{cite EB9 |wstitle = Grünberg |volume= XI | page = 225 |short=1}}</ref> It is now one of two places in Poland with ] grape cultivation mainly for white wines, the other being the wine growing region near the town of ] in ]. The first wineries around the city were built in 1314. At the ] Abbey near Zielona Góra, monks have been making wine since 1250. The number of vineyards at peak production is estimated at 4,000 in the region, with 2,500 in Zielona Góra itself.


During the communist era wine production was reduced, but since 1990 it has recovered. Since 1852, ] has taken place in the town. Wine is no longer produced in Zielona Góra itself, with the last factory closed in the early 1990s.
Vodka '']'' (namely: Luxury vodka), made from potatoes rather than grain, is produced in distillery in Zielona Góra.


Vodka '']'' (namely: Luxury vodka), made from potatoes rather than grain, is produced in distillery in Zielona Góra. ''Jarzębiak'', a Polish fruit vodka made from ] berries and other fruit ingredients, registered as a regional traditional beverage by the ], is also produced in Zielona Góra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/jarzebiak|title=Jarzębiak|website=Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl|access-date=16 May 2024|language=pl}}</ref>
{{wide image|WzgorzeWinne.jpg|780px|Panorama of the city from the vineyards}}

Another officially designated traditional beverage is the Zielona Góra beer, with local brewing traditions dating back to the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/piwo-zielonogorskie|title=Piwo zielonogórskie|website=Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl|access-date=16 May 2024|language=pl}}</ref>

{{wide image|WzgorzeWinne.jpg|780px|A panorama of the city from the vineyards}}

==Climate==
The climate is ] (]: ''Cfb'') with some ] characteristics (''Dfb'') in normals previous to 1981–2010. Despite being some distance from the sea, western standards as well as ]es are still predominant in the western than eastern, not very different from ] near the border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=421&cityname=Zielona+Gora,+Lubusz,+Poland&units=metric|title=Zielona Gora, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| width = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
| collapsed = <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
| single line = y
| location = Zielona Gora (Słowackiego), elevation: 192 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
| Jan record high C = 15.1
| Feb record high C = 20.4
| Mar record high C = 24.2
| Apr record high C = 30.4
| May record high C = 31.2
| Jun record high C = 36.9
| Jul record high C = 36.6
| Aug record high C = 36.8
| Sep record high C = 32.7
| Oct record high C = 27.6
| Nov record high C = 19.8
| Dec record high C = 15.4
| year record high C = 36.9
| Jan high C = 2.2
| Feb high C = 3.8
| Mar high C = 8.0
| Apr high C = 14.5
| May high C = 19.2
| Jun high C = 22.4
| Jul high C = 24.5
| Aug high C = 24.2
| Sep high C = 18.9
| Oct high C = 13.0
| Nov high C = 6.8
| Dec high C = 3.1
| year high C = 13.4
| Jan mean C = -0.3
| Feb mean C = 0.7
| Mar mean C = 4.0
| Apr mean C = 9.6
| May mean C = 14.0
| Jun mean C = 17.3
| Jul mean C = 19.3
| Aug mean C = 19.1
| Sep mean C = 14.4
| Oct mean C = 9.3
| Nov mean C = 4.2
| Dec mean C = 0.8
| year mean C = 9.4
| Jan low C = -2.6
| Feb low C = -1.8
| Mar low C = 0.8
| Apr low C = 5.2
| May low C = 9.5
| Jun low C = 12.8
| Jul low C = 14.9
| Aug low C = 14.7
| Sep low C = 10.7
| Oct low C = 6.3
| Nov low C = 2.0
| Dec low C = -1.4
| year low C = 5.9
| Jan record low C = -23.1
| Feb record low C = -29.5
| Mar record low C = -17.2
| Apr record low C = -5.9
| May record low C = -3.4
| Jun record low C = 2.2
| Jul record low C = 6.9
| Aug record low C = 4.5
| Sep record low C = 1.1
| Oct record low C = -5.8
| Nov record low C = -12.4
| Dec record low C = -20.1
| year record low C = -29.5
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 44.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 35.6
| Mar precipitation mm = 45.2
| Apr precipitation mm = 30.6
| May precipitation mm = 52.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 55.7
| Jul precipitation mm = 90.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 65.3
| Sep precipitation mm = 48.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 41.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 40.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 39.7
| year precipitation mm = 588.8
| Jan snow depth cm = 6.2
| Feb snow depth cm = 6.3
| Mar snow depth cm = 4.0
| Apr snow depth cm = 1.5
| May snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.3
| Nov snow depth cm = 1.9
| Dec snow depth cm = 4.2
| year snow depth cm =
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 17.97
| Feb precipitation days = 14.66
| Mar precipitation days = 14.63
| Apr precipitation days = 10.90
| May precipitation days = 12.47
| Jun precipitation days = 13.17
| Jul precipitation days = 13.90
| Aug precipitation days = 12.37
| Sep precipitation days = 11.23
| Oct precipitation days = 13.53
| Nov precipitation days = 15.57
| Dec precipitation days = 17.17
| year precipitation days = 167.56
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 14.1
| Feb snow days = 11.7
| Mar snow days = 5.4
| Apr snow days = 0.7
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.2
| Nov snow days = 2.7
| Dec snow days = 8.4
| year snow days = 43.2
| Jan humidity = 87.7
| Feb humidity = 83.1
| Mar humidity = 76.3
| Apr humidity = 65.7
| May humidity = 66.5
| Jun humidity = 67.1
| Jul humidity = 67.3
| Aug humidity = 68.3
| Sep humidity = 76.3
| Oct humidity = 83.2
| Nov humidity = 89.2
| Dec humidity = 89.4
| year humidity = 76.6
| Jan sun = 51.7
| Feb sun = 73.9
| Mar sun = 121.8
| Apr sun = 189.9
| May sun = 225.1
| Jun sun = 224.1
| Jul sun = 239.3
| Aug sun = 229.0
| Sep sun = 159.5
| Oct sun = 111.6
| Nov sun = 56.6
| Dec sun = 42.1
| year sun = 1724.7
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351150400&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Zielona Góra Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351150400&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = Zielona Góra Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351150400&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = Zielona Góra Średnia wilgotność
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations|align=left|cols=2
|1740 |3494
|1843 |10405
|1900 |20983
|1939 |26076
|1946 |15738
|1950|31634|1960|54291|1970|73485|1980|101091|1990|114126|2000|118103|2010|117699|2020|140892|footnote=source <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Zielona_Gora | title=Zielona Góra (Lubuskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia }}</ref>
}}{{clear|left}}

== Sights ==
Among the landmarks of Zielona Góra are:
* Market Square (''Rynek'') with the town hall
* Co-cathedral church of St Hedwig of Silesia - Gothic with later modifications
* Our Lady of Częstochowa church - ] from 18th century, formerly protestant
* Łaziebna tower - part of the former city walls
* Palm house

<gallery mode="packed">
RatuszZG.jpg|Market Square (''Rynek'') with the town hall
Zielona Góra, konkatedra św. Jadwigi.jpg|Co-cathedral church of St Hedwig of Silesia
Kościół Matki Boskiej.jpg|Our Lady of Częstochowa church
Wieża GłodowaZG.jpg|Łaziebna tower
Mozaika ZG Gagarin.jpg|Gagarin mosaic on the aula of the ]
</gallery>


==Education== ==Education==
]
The city has a university and a College of International Trade and Finance. Currently there are 18,000 students studying in the city.
]]]
The city has a university and a College of International Trade and Finance. Currently{{when|date=February 2023}} there are 18,000 students studying in the city.


===Secondary education=== ===Secondary education===
Secondary education is based on the ] type of educational facility.
]
* I High School
Secondary education is based on the ] type of educational facility.
* * III High School
* * IV High School
* * V High School
* Seventh General Lyceum
*
* Schools of Electronics
*
* * Schools of Economics
*


===Universities and colleges=== ===Universities and colleges===
* ] * ] Uniwersytet Zielonogórski
* From 1997 until 2014: College of International Trade and Finance<ref name="GOV-2015">{{cite act |type=Dziennik Urzędowy |index=21 |date=28 May 2015 |legislature=Minister of Science and Higher Education |title=Obwieszczenie Ministra Nauki I Szkolnictwa Wyższego |trans-title=Announcement Of The Minister Of Science And Higher Education |page=13 |url=https://www.gov.pl/attachment/80fa6360-b9d5-4251-98ef-29ebcd331360 |language=Polish}}</ref>
*


==Politics== ==Transport==
] is located at ], north-east of the city. It is currently{{when|date=February 2023}} the eleventh busiest airport in Poland, in terms of traffic size. Formerly a military base, it has become an important transport hub for western Poland. ] currently{{when|date=February 2023}} offers daily flights to ].
Members of Parliament (]) elected from the constituency:
]]]
http://www.sejm.gov.pl/poslowie/mapa5/4a.htm
The city lies at the junction of ], ] and ] and is a major interchange on ] along ].


] is the most important railway station of Zielona Góra. It has train connections to ], ], ], ], ] and ], main cities of the surrounding regions: ], ] and ] as well as direct international connections to ], ].
==Airport==
] is located at ], north-east of the city. It is currently the eleventh busiest airport in Poland, in terms of traffic size. Formerly a military base, it has become an important transport hub for western Poland. ] currently offers daily flights to ].


{{Further|topic=the locomotive built in Zielona Góra, the|Zastal 410D}}
==Train connections==
Zielona Góra has a few connections to ], ], ], ], ] and ] and main cities of the surrounding regions: ], ] and ].


==Events== ==Events==
*June/July: Busker Bus Festival
*August: Folk Song and Dance Festival Folk Festival
*September: ] (Wine Fest)


], the city's main indoor hall, home venue of the ] basketball team]]
* June/July: Busker Bus Festival
* August: Folk Song and Dance Festival
* September: ] (Wine Fest)


==Sports==
==International relations==
The city is home to ], five times champion of the ] and member of the European ]. The team plays its home games at the ]. It is also home to ], one of the most successful Polish ] clubs. The local football team is ].
]
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Zielona Góra is ] with:<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning">{{cite web | url = http://www.zielonagora.pl/PL/1111/# | title = Zielona Góra Miasta partnerskie | accessdate = 2013-06-24 | work = Urząd Miasta Zielona Góra}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
*{{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy, since 1996<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/>
*{{flagicon|ROU}} ], Romania, since 2001<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/>
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany, since 1990<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/><ref name="Cottbus twinning">{{cite web | url =http://www.cottbus.de/buerger/leben/cbinternational/our_twin_cities,255001242.en.html | title = Our twin cities- Cottbus | accessdate = 2013-06-24 | publisher = http://www.cottbus.de/}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|NED}} ], Netherlands, since 1993<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/>
*{{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine, since 2000<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/><ref name="Ivano-Frankivsk">{{Cite web|url= http://www.mvk.if.ua/news/4114/|script-title=uk:Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська|work=mvk.if.ua|language=Ukrainian|accessdate=7 March 2010}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SRB}} ], Serbia, since 1974<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/>
||
*{{flagicon|SVK}} ], Slovakia, since 1992<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} ], France, since 1970<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/>
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], since 1993<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/>
*{{flagicon|BLR}} ], Belarus, since 2002<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/>
*{{flagicon|PRC}} ], ], since 2009<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/>
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany, since 2010<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/>
|}


==People== ==Notable people==
], 1902]]
*] (born 1561; died 1613), mathematician, theologian, astronomer
], 2019]]
*] (born 1566; died 1625), theologian
*] (1561–1613), mathematician, theologian, astronomer
*] (born 1821; died 1901), philosopher
*] (1566–1625), theologian
*] (born 1832; died 1921), astronomer
*] (1727–1793), painter
*] (born 1865; died 1910), writer
*] (1821–1901), philosopher<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Haym, Rudolf |volume = 13 |last= |first= |author-link= |pages=113-114 |short=1}}</ref>
*] (1832–1921), astronomer
*] (1865–1910), writer
*] (1869–1953), soprano
*] (1884–1954), general *] (1884–1954), general
*] (born 1938), lawyer and politician
*] (* 1943) great grandson of Kaisers Wilhelm II.
*] (born 1943) great-grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II
*] (born 1945), singer *] (born 1945), singer
*] (* 1949), bicyclist *] (born 1949), bicyclist
*] (born 1954), entrepreneur and ] professor
*] (born 1962), journalist
*Andrew Andrzej Twardon (born 1956), psychologist
*] (born 1957), actress
*] (born 1962), writer (laureate of ])
*] (born 1966), journalist *] (born 1966), journalist
*] (born 1969), ] fighter and world class ] *] (1969–2022), ] fighter and world-class ]
*] (born 1970), comedian *] (born 1970), comedian
*] (born 1970), writer
*] 1975, Speedway Rider
*] (born 1975), speedway rider
*] 1988, Speedway Rider
*] (born 1981), rapper
*] (born 1988), speedway rider
*] (born 1993), top international strongman competitor, 5 time Poland's Strongest Man

==Twin towns – sister cities==
]
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
Zielona Góra is ] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Miasta partnerskie|url=http://www.zielona-gora.pl/PL/1111/Miasta_partnerskie/|website=zielona-gora.pl|publisher=Zielona Góra|language=pl|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy (1996)
*{{flagicon|ROU}} ], Romania (2001)
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany (1990)
*{{flagicon|NED}} ], Netherlands (1993)
*{{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine (2000)
*{{flagicon|SRB}} ], Serbia (1974)
*{{flagicon|SVK}} ], Slovakia (1992)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} ], France (1970)
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany (1993)
*{{flagicon|GEO}} ], Georgia (2022)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} ], China (2009)
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany (2010)
{{div col end}}

===Friendly cities===
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany (1997)

{{clear|right}}


==Gallery== ==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="170" heights="120">
<gallery>
File:Ratuwiw21.jpg|<center>Town hall on market square</center> File:Ratuwiw21.jpg|Town Hall
File:Deptak Zielona Góra.jpg|Żeromskiego Street in the Old Town
File:Zielona_Góra,_konkatedra_św._Jadwigi.jpg|<center>St ] concathedral</center>
File:Zielona Góra, Tkalnia przy Fabrycznej.jpg|]s in Zielona Góra
File:Kaplgjz12.jpg|<center>14th-century chapel</center>
File:Al. Niepodległości, budynek nr 15.jpg|Local museum
File:Matkibo3w21.jpg|<center>Church of Our Lady of Częstochowa</center>
File:Plac Pocztowy,budynek nr 17.jpg|Tenement at ''Plac Pocztowy'' (Postal Square)
File:Lazienna.JPG|<center>The Hunger Tower from the 15th century</center>
File:Zielona_Góra - Braniborska Tower.jpg|<center>Astronomical observatory</center> File:Obserr16.jpg|Astronomical observatory
File:Palmkg21.jpg|<center>Palm house with restaurant on vine hill</center> File:Palmkg21.jpg|Palm house with restaurant on Wine Hill
File:Biblioteka norwid.jpg|<center>Zielona Góra Main Library</center> File:Biblioteka norwid.jpg|Cyprian Norwid Provincial and Municipal Public Library
File:Lutheran church in Zielona Góra.jpg|] church
File:Zielona Góra - plan.svg|<center>City map</center>
File:Kaplgjz12.jpg|14th-century chapel on Wine Hill
File:Blaeu_1645_-_Silesia_Inferior.jpg|<center>Grünberg on ]'s 1645 map of ]</center>
File:Pomnik Ignacego Łukasiewicza w Zielonej Górze.jpg|] Monument
File:Blaeu 1645 - Nova totius Germaniæ descriptio.jpg|<center>In ]'s 1645 atlas (spelled ''Grūberg'' with a ])</center>
File:Ogrod Botaniczny ZG1.JPG|Botanical Garden
File:Schlesien Kr Grünberg.png|<center>Grünberg on the German map of 1905</center>
File:Skansen Ochla 5.jpg|Ethnographic Open-Air Museum
File:Sąd Okręgowy ZG.jpg|Courthouse
File:Archiwum Państwowe Zielona Góra.jpg|State Archives
</gallery> </gallery>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}}


===Bibliography=== ===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}} {{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Hupp|first=Otto|authorlink=Otto Hupp|title=Königreich Preußen: Wappen der Städte. Flecken und Dörfer|year=1896 and 1898|publisher=Verlag von Heinrich Keller|location=]|pages=185|isbn=|language=de}} *{{cite book|last=Hupp|first=Otto|author-link=Otto Hupp|title=Königreich Preußen: Wappen der Städte. Flecken und Dörfer|year=1896|publisher=Verlag von Heinrich Keller|location=]|pages=185|language=de}}
*{{cite book|last=Stier|first=Erich|authorlink= |author2=Ernst Kirsten |author3=Wilhelm Wühr |author4=Heinz Quirin |author5=Werner Trillmilch |author6=Gerhard Czybulka |author7=Hermann Pinnow |author8=Hans Ebeling |title=Westermanns Atlas zur Weltgeschichte: Vorzeit / Altertum, Mittelalter, Neuzeit|year=1963|publisher=Georg Westermann Verlag|location=]|pages=170|isbn=|language=de}} *{{cite book|last=Stier|first=Erich|author2=Ernst Kirsten |author3=Wilhelm Wühr |author4=Heinz Quirin |author5=Werner Trillmilch |author6=Gerhard Czybulka |author7=Hermann Pinnow |author8=Hans Ebeling |title=Westermanns Atlas zur Weltgeschichte: Vorzeit / Altertum, Mittelalter, Neuzeit|year=1963|publisher=Georg Westermann Verlag|location=]|pages=170|language=de}}
*{{cite book|last=Weczerka|first=Hugo|authorlink= |title=Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands, Schlesien|year=1977|publisher=Alfred Kröner Verlag|location=]|pages=699|isbn=3-520-31601-3|language=de}} *{{cite book|last=Weczerka|first=Hugo|title=Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands, Schlesien|year=1977|publisher=Alfred Kröner Verlag|location=]|pages=699|isbn=3-520-31601-3|language=de}}
{{refend}} {{refend}}


===Notes=== ==External links==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons|Zielona Góra}} {{commons|Zielona Góra}}
* of births, marriages and deaths since 1582 * of births, marriages and deaths since 1582
* *
* *
* * on Virtual Shtetl
* on Virtual Shtetl *, at ] website
* (emergency banknotes) depicting various episodes from the region's history.


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{{Lubusz Voivodeship}} {{Lubusz Voivodeship}}
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Latest revision as of 14:31, 20 November 2024

City in Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland For other places with the same name, see Zielona Góra (disambiguation). Place in Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland
Zielona Góra
Independence Avenue villaOld TownMarket Square with Town HallZielona Góra Co-CathedralTenement at Plac Pocztowy (Postal Square)
  • Left to right: Independence Avenue villa
  • Old Town
  • Market Square with Town Hall
  • Zielona Góra Co-Cathedral
  • Tenement at Plac Pocztowy (Postal Square)
Flag of Zielona GóraFlagCoat of arms of Zielona GóraCoat of armsOfficial logo of Zielona GóraBrandmark
Motto(s): Miasto przyszłości
City of the future
Zielona Góra is located in PolandZielona GóraZielona Góra
Coordinates: 51°56′N 15°30′E / 51.933°N 15.500°E / 51.933; 15.500
Country Poland
VoivodeshipLubusz
Countycity county
Established13th century
Town rights1323
Government
 • MayorMarcin Pabierowski (PO)
Area
 • City278.32 km (107.46 sq mi)
Elevation71 m (233 ft)
Population
 • City140,403 Decrease (24th)
 • Density510/km (1,300/sq mi)
 • Urban216,781
Demonym(s)zielonogórzanin (male)
zielonogórzanka (female) (pl)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code65-001 to 65-950
Area code+48 68
Car platesFZ/FZI
ClimateCfb
GDP2017
 – TotalNominal: €10 billion
PPP: $14 billion
 – Per capitaNominal: €17,300
PPP: $20,900
Primary airportZielona Góra Airport
Highways
Websitewww.zielona-gora.pl

Zielona Góra (Polish: Polish: [ʑɛˈlɔna ˈɡura] ; lit. Green Mountain; German: Grünberg in Schlesien) is the largest city in Lubusz Voivodeship, located in western Poland, with 140,403 inhabitants (2021). The region is closely associated with vineyards and holds an annual Wine Fest. Zielona Góra is one of the two capital cities of Lubusz Voivodeship, hosting the province's elected assembly, while the seat of the centrally appointed governor is in the city of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

In 1222 Duke Henry the Bearded from the Piast dynasty brought the first settlers to the area. In 1323 Zielona Góra was granted town privileges. The town was incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1506 and became part of the Habsburg Empire in 1526. It experienced a wave of witch trials in the 17th century. As a result of the First Silesian War, the city became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1742. It then was part of the North German Confederation and the German Reich until the end of World War II in 1945, when it became again part of Poland.

Toponymy

In the Silesian language, the city is called Źelůno Gůra (in Steuer's Silesian alphabet) or Grinberg; using the Silesian primer alphabet: Zielōnŏ Gōra or Grinberg; in Silesian German, the city was called Grienberg.

In the 16th century, pseudo-historical Latin names appeared for the city, such as Prasia Elysiorum and Thalloris.

History

Middle Ages

Medieval Łazienna Gate

The first settlement in the area of Zielona Góra was built in the valley near the Złota Łącza stream during the reign of the Polish ruler Mieszko I. The oldest settlement was agricultural. It later developed into a trading point along routes from Poznań to Żagań and further to Lusatia. The written records of the Slavic settlement date to 1222 and an increase of its population by Henry the Bearded. Other documents date the settlement to 1302.

The region received an influx of German burghers in the second half of the 13th century during the medieval Ostsiedlung. In 1323, the settlement became a city with Crossener Recht, a variation of Magdeburg rights. The earliest mention of the town's coat of arms is from 1421, although it is believed to have been arranged since the beginning of the 14th century. A document in the town archive of Thorn (Toruń) dating from before 1400 used a sigil with the name GRVNINBERG, an early form of the German name Grünberg.

In 1294, Duke Henryk III of the Duchy of Głogów, founded a church in honour of Saint Hedwig, the High Duchess consort of Poland and patron saint of Silesia. Now designated a co-cathedral, it is the oldest building in the city. A wooden castle near the city, built ca. 1272, was the residence of Duke John of Ścinawa from 1358 to 1365. Janusz had ceded his lands to Duke Henry V of Iron. In 1477 the town defeated a 5,000-strong army from neighbouring Brandenburg which attempted to seize it during the succession war to the Duchy of Głogów. In 1488, Duke John II of Żagań, destroyed the castle to prevent his enemies from using it.

The deposition of Duke John II of Żagań in 1488 marked the end of the long rule of the Piast dynasty in the Duchy of Głogów and the city of Zielona Góra. Later on, the duchy was ruled by the future Kings of Poland John I Albert and Sigismund I the Old. It was integrated with the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1506, although Polish king Sigismund I the Old still claimed his rights to the city in 1508.

Early modern period

The city flourished during the reign of Sigismund I the Old. In 1505 Sigismund issued a privilege allowing the sale of cloth products from Zielona Góra throughout Poland. In 1641, King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland confirmed these rights. Another important branch of the city's economy at this time was winemaking.

A panorama of the city in the mid-18th century

The city converted to Lutheranism during the Protestant Reformation through the efforts of Paul Lemberg, Abbot of Sagan. The city declined during the 17th century, especially during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and following decades. Grünberg endured plundering, debts, emigration of burghers, and fires. In 1651 during the Counter Reformation, the Habsburg monarchy of Austria reintroduced Roman Catholicism and suppressed Protestantism.

The city was subjected to heavy Germanisation and German craftsmen banned Poles from attending any practice allowing them to work as members of guilds. A rebellion caused by conscription ended with many Poles being imprisoned. From 1640, witch trials took place, the number of which increased significantly in 1663–1665. As a result, in 1669 the local court was deprived of the right to impose the death penalty on women accused of witchcraft.

The city was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia by the 1742 Treaty of Breslau which ended the First Silesian War. The Prussians introduced religious toleration, leading to the construction of the Protestant parish church Zum Garten Christ from 1746 to 1747. Catholic Poles were later discriminated against, however. In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, POWs brought the plague to the city.

Late modern period

The city's textile industry was booming by the end of the 1700s. By 1800, large parts of the city walls had been dismantled to allow the city to expand. The textile industry suffered during the 1820s while adjusting to the Industrial Revolution and an import ban by the Russian Empire. The city's economy began to recover after many clothiers emigrated to Congress Poland. English industrialists were among the 19th-century economic reformers of Grünberg.

The Zielona Góra Philharmonic

During industrialisation, many Germans from the countryside moved to large industrial cities and a large number of Poles came to German cities to work as well. The Polish population was pushed by Germanisation to rural villages, although some remained in the town contributed to the economic revival of the city. A Polish church remained functional until 1809 and a Polish craftsmen association (Towarzystwo Polskich Rzemieślników) was established by Kazimierz Lisowski in 1898; it existed till 1935 when Lisowski was murdered by the Gestapo. In 1923 a branch of the Union of Poles in Germany was established. In 1932 the German authorities did not allow the establishment of a Polish school.

Since 1816 after the Napoleonic Wars, Grünberg was administered within the district Landkreis Grünberg in the Province of Silesia. In 1871 it became part of the German Empire during the unification of Germany. English industrialists purchased some of the city's textile factories during the 1870s and 1880s. By 1885, most of Grünberg's population of 14,396 were Protestants. The city was first connected to the Glogau (Głogów)-Grünberg-Guben railway line in 1871, followed by connections to Christianstadt (Nowogród Bobrzański) in 1904, Wollstein (Wolsztyn) in 1905, and a local line to Sprottau (Szprotawa) in 1911.

World War II memorial

In 1919, Grünberg became part of the Province of Lower Silesia within Weimar Germany. On 1 April 1922 it became a district-free city. This status was revoked on 1 October 1933 while part of Nazi Germany. During the Kristallnacht in 1938, the Germans destroyed the synagogue. During World War II the Germans operated 42 forced labour camps in armaments production in the city, intended initially for Polish men and women, and later also Russians, Ukrainians, Britons, French and Italians. There were also three subcamps of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp within the modern city limits for Jewish men and women. In January 1945, a German-perpetrated death march of Jewish women from Sława reached the city, and the remaining prisoners were also sent on death marches westwards.

On February 11, 1945, the authorities of Zielona Góra, then still Grünberg, received a report about Russians in the vicinity of Nowa Sól. Wehrmacht soldiers and civilians organizing defense in cities were threatened with being cut off from the south-west. In this situation, the preparations of Zielona Góra for defense by regular troops were interrupted. On February 11 the Yalta Conference ended and it was not known exactly what would happen to Zielona Góra. On February 12 the most important German offices and management boards of larger enterprises were evacuated beyond Nysa Łużycka.

On February 13 other residents were encouraged to leave the city through megaphones. The last train left in the evening. One of the previously sent transports was hit by an English air attack in Dresden and, according to some, about 900 inhabitants of Zielona Góra died at the local railway station. On 14 February. Hitler's ardent supporters called on the Hitler Youth to defend themselves. Previously, the so-called Sonderkommando, which from the morning started blowing up strategic objects and immobilizing various technical devices, e.g. power plants, gas plants and waterworks.

The defenders set up two machine guns on the Branibor Hill. Having heard about the imminent threat from Nowa Sól, they withdrew to the city center. On the other hand, the supporters of a quick surrender, including the worker Alfred Kuntzel, the Nazi Friedrich Brucks and the communist Karl Laube formed a surrender committee. The Soviet Red Army occupied Grünberg with little fighting on February 14, 1945, during World War II.

The Red Army headed by the Third Army began artillery fire at 13:00 from cannons positioned on the hills south of Racula. After reaching the northern border of this village, the reconnaissance units moved towards the city. Some of them, following an arc, ended up in Racula, others in Stary Kisielin and even in Jany, and still others took over Jędrzychów (Zielona Góra) [pl]. The main unit entered the city along Wrocławska Street. Soon, small groups of Red Army soldiers began to appear from the side of Kożuchowska Street. The 3rd Army established their headquarters in the Poviat Office building.

In that period, about 500 people committed suicide. The following month, according to the post-war Potsdam Agreement, the town was placed under Polish administration under territorial compensation for the territories of former Eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. The remaining German inhabitants who had not fled their homes from the Eastern Front were expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement.

The town was partly resettled with Poles transferred from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. The city was briefly renamed Zielonogóra in 1945, before the historic Polish name Zielona Góra was restored. The 18th-century Protestant church was reconsecrated as a Catholic church (Kościół Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej). The city's first post-war mayor was Tomasz Sobkowiak, a former prisoner of the Auschwitz concentration camp during the German occupation of Poland. He is remembered as an efficient administrator, with a friendly attitude towards Germans.

Recent history

Wool factory in the 1960s

From 1950 to 1998 Zielona Góra was the capital of the Zielona Góra Voivodeship. The city's population rebounded quickly after the war. By 1950 it had more inhabitants than at any point in its history.

The University of Zielona Góra was opened in 2001. The city is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów.

Geography

Zielona Góra is surrounded by tree-covered hills. The adjacent woodland makes up approximately half of the city's total area. The name of the city translates to 'Green Mountain' in both Polish and German. Zielona Góra features several tourist attractions and important historical sites including the preserved medieval Old Town, 13th-century Market Square, tenements, palaces, parks and the famous Palm House on Wine Hill. Its strong connection to vineyards and grape-picking earned Zielona Góra the nickname "The City of Wine".

Wineries

The city has been known for its wines for centuries. It is now one of two places in Poland with wine grape cultivation mainly for white wines, the other being the wine growing region near the town of Warka in Masovia. The first wineries around the city were built in 1314. At the Paradyż Abbey near Zielona Góra, monks have been making wine since 1250. The number of vineyards at peak production is estimated at 4,000 in the region, with 2,500 in Zielona Góra itself.

During the communist era wine production was reduced, but since 1990 it has recovered. Since 1852, an annual wine festival has taken place in the town. Wine is no longer produced in Zielona Góra itself, with the last factory closed in the early 1990s.

Vodka Luksusowa (namely: Luxury vodka), made from potatoes rather than grain, is produced in distillery in Zielona Góra. Jarzębiak, a Polish fruit vodka made from rowan berries and other fruit ingredients, registered as a regional traditional beverage by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland, is also produced in Zielona Góra.

Another officially designated traditional beverage is the Zielona Góra beer, with local brewing traditions dating back to the 18th century.

A panorama of the city from the vineyards

Climate

The climate is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb) with some humid continental characteristics (Dfb) in normals previous to 1981–2010. Despite being some distance from the sea, western standards as well as air masses are still predominant in the western than eastern, not very different from German cities near the border.

Climate data for Zielona Gora (Słowackiego), elevation: 192 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.1
(59.2) 		20.4
(68.7) 		24.2
(75.6) 		30.4
(86.7) 		31.2
(88.2) 		36.9
(98.4) 		36.6
(97.9) 		36.8
(98.2) 		32.7
(90.9) 		27.6
(81.7) 		19.8
(67.6) 		15.4
(59.7) 		36.9
(98.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.2
(36.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.0
(46.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		19.2
(66.6) 		22.4
(72.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.2
(75.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		13.0
(55.4) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.1
(37.6) 		13.4
(56.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		0.7
(33.3) 		4.0
(39.2) 		9.6
(49.3) 		14.0
(57.2) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.4
(57.9) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.2
(39.6) 		0.8
(33.4) 		9.4
(48.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		0.8
(33.4) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		12.8
(55.0) 		14.9
(58.8) 		14.7
(58.5) 		10.7
(51.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		5.9
(42.6)
Record low °C (°F) −23.1
(−9.6) 		−29.5
(−21.1) 		−17.2
(1.0) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		2.2
(36.0) 		6.9
(44.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−12.4
(9.7) 		−20.1
(−4.2) 		−29.5
(−21.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44.2
(1.74) 		35.6
(1.40) 		45.2
(1.78) 		30.6
(1.20) 		52.7
(2.07) 		55.7
(2.19) 		90.1
(3.55) 		65.3
(2.57) 		48.3
(1.90) 		41.0
(1.61) 		40.5
(1.59) 		39.7
(1.56) 		588.8
(23.18)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 6.2
(2.4) 		6.3
(2.5) 		4.0
(1.6) 		1.5
(0.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.3
(0.1) 		1.9
(0.7) 		4.2
(1.7) 		6.3
(2.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.97 14.66 14.63 10.90 12.47 13.17 13.90 12.37 11.23 13.53 15.57 17.17 167.56
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 14.1 11.7 5.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.7 8.4 43.2
Average relative humidity (%) 87.7 83.1 76.3 65.7 66.5 67.1 67.3 68.3 76.3 83.2 89.2 89.4 76.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 51.7 73.9 121.8 189.9 225.1 224.1 239.3 229.0 159.5 111.6 56.6 42.1 1,724.7
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1740 3,494—    
1843 10,405+197.8%
1900 20,983+101.7%
1939 26,076+24.3%
1946 15,738−39.6%
195031,634+101.0%
196054,291+71.6%
YearPop.±%
197073,485+35.4%
1980101,091+37.6%
1990114,126+12.9%
2000118,103+3.5%
2010117,699−0.3%
2020140,892+19.7%
source

Sights

Among the landmarks of Zielona Góra are:

  • Market Square (Rynek) with the town hall
  • Co-cathedral church of St Hedwig of Silesia - Gothic with later modifications
  • Our Lady of Częstochowa church - timber-framed from 18th century, formerly protestant
  • Łaziebna tower - part of the former city walls
  • Palm house
  • Market Square (Rynek) with the town hall Market Square (Rynek) with the town hall
  • Co-cathedral church of St Hedwig of Silesia Co-cathedral church of St Hedwig of Silesia
  • Our Lady of Częstochowa church Our Lady of Częstochowa church
  • Łaziebna tower Łaziebna tower
  • Gagarin mosaic on the aula of the University of Zielona Góra Gagarin mosaic on the aula of the University of Zielona Góra

Education

Music school
University of Zielona Góra

The city has a university and a College of International Trade and Finance. Currently there are 18,000 students studying in the city.

Secondary education

Secondary education is based on the high school type of educational facility.

  • I High School
  • III High School
  • IV High School
  • V High School
  • Seventh General Lyceum
  • Schools of Electronics
  • Schools of Economics

Universities and colleges

Transport

Zielona Góra Airport is located at Babimost, north-east of the city. It is currently the eleventh busiest airport in Poland, in terms of traffic size. Formerly a military base, it has become an important transport hub for western Poland. LOT Polish Airlines currently offers daily flights to Warsaw.

Zielona Góra Główna railway station

The city lies at the junction of National Road 3, National Road 27 and National Road 32 and is a major interchange on S3 Expressway along European route E65.

Zielona Góra Główna railway station is the most important railway station of Zielona Góra. It has train connections to Gorzów Wielkopolski, Zbąszynek, Rzepin, Warsaw, Frankfurt (Oder) and Kraków, main cities of the surrounding regions: Poznań, Szczecin and Wrocław as well as direct international connections to Berlin, Vienna.

Further information on the locomotive built in Zielona Góra, the: Zastal 410D

Events

  • June/July: Busker Bus Festival
  • August: Folk Song and Dance Festival Folk Festival
  • September: Winobranie (Wine Fest)
CRS Hall Zielona Góra, the city's main indoor hall, home venue of the Zastal Zielona Góra basketball team

Sports

The city is home to Zastal Zielona Góra, five times champion of the Polish Basketball League and member of the European Basketball Champions League. The team plays its home games at the CRS Hall Zielona Góra. It is also home to Falubaz Zielona Góra, one of the most successful Polish speedway clubs. The local football team is Lechia Zielona Góra.

Notable people

Rudolf Haym, 1902
Olga Tokarczuk, 2019

Twin towns – sister cities

Zielona Góra's twin towns in 2013
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Zielona Góra is twinned with:

Friendly cities

Gallery

  • Town Hall Town Hall
  • Żeromskiego Street in the Old Town Żeromskiego Street in the Old Town
  • Lofts in Zielona Góra Lofts in Zielona Góra
  • Local museum Local museum
  • Tenement at Plac Pocztowy (Postal Square) Tenement at Plac Pocztowy (Postal Square)
  • Astronomical observatory Astronomical observatory
  • Palm house with restaurant on Wine Hill Palm house with restaurant on Wine Hill
  • Cyprian Norwid Provincial and Municipal Public Library Cyprian Norwid Provincial and Municipal Public Library
  • Lutheran church Lutheran church
  • 14th-century chapel on Wine Hill 14th-century chapel on Wine Hill
  • Ignacy Łukasiewicz Monument Ignacy Łukasiewicz Monument
  • Botanical Garden Botanical Garden
  • Ethnographic Open-Air Museum Ethnographic Open-Air Museum
  • Courthouse Courthouse
  • State Archives State Archives

Notes

References

  1. ^ "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 30 July 2022. Data for territorial unit 0862000.
  2. ^ "Zielona Góra and surrounding areas: Brochure" (PDF). Weisswasser,de. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  3. o.o., StayPoland Sp. z. "Zielona Gora – Tourism – Tourist Information – Zielona Gora, Poland -". Staypoland.com. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  4. Lipiński, Cezary. "Silesia – issues of language and ethnicity in the long 16th century" (PDF). University of Zielona Góra.
  5. Tomasz Kamusella, The Dynamics of the Policies of Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Budapest. Open Society Institute. 1999. p. 70.
  6. ^ "Zielona Góra - Internetowy Serwis Miejski". archive.ph. August 12, 2007.
  7. ^ Weczerka, p. 164
  8. Westermann, p. 74
  9. ^ Hupp, p. 154
  10. ^ Weczerka, p. 165
  11. "Zielona Góra". Encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  12. ^ "Historia Zielonej Góry i Śląska – kalendarium, "Gazeta Lubuska"" (in Polish). 29 August 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  13. Stanisław J. Kozłowski, Zielona Góra. Baza ekonomiczna i powiązania zewnętrzne, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław, 1977, p. 13
  14. Stanisław J. Kozłowski, Zielona Góra. Baza ekonomiczna i powiązania zewnętrzne, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław, 1977, p. 14
  15. ^ Weczerka, p. 166
  16. ^ Znani zielonogórzanie, Verbum, Zielona Góra, 1996, p. 124
  17. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 1885
  18. ^ Toczewski, Andrzej (2017). "Filie obozów koncentracyjnych na Środkowym Nadodrzu". Ziemia Lubuska (in Polish). 3. Zielona Góra: 109–110, 113–114, 125–126. ISSN 2450-3355.
  19. ^ Dariusz Chajewski (2021-02-14). "14 lutego Rosjanie wkroczyli do Grünberga. W Zielonej Górze obyło się bez walki". Gazeta Lubuska. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
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Bibliography

  • Hupp, Otto (1896). Königreich Preußen: Wappen der Städte. Flecken und Dörfer (in German). Frankfurt: Verlag von Heinrich Keller. p. 185.
  • Stier, Erich; Ernst Kirsten; Wilhelm Wühr; Heinz Quirin; Werner Trillmilch; Gerhard Czybulka; Hermann Pinnow; Hans Ebeling (1963). Westermanns Atlas zur Weltgeschichte: Vorzeit / Altertum, Mittelalter, Neuzeit (in German). Braunschweig: Georg Westermann Verlag. p. 170.
  • Weczerka, Hugo (1977). Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands, Schlesien (in German). Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag. p. 699. ISBN 3-520-31601-3.

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