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{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Short description|American historian (born 1958)}}
{{Distinguish|Robert Kegan|Donald Kagan}}
{{Infobox person {{Infobox person
|name = Robert Kagan | name = Robert Kagan
|image = Robert Kagan Fot Mariusz Kubik 02.jpg | image = Robert Kagan Fot Mariusz Kubik 03.jpg
| caption = Kagan in 2008
|image_size = 200px
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |1958|9|26|mf=y}}
|caption = Robert Kagan in ] on April 17, 2008
| birth_place = ], ]
|birth_name =
| death_date =
|birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|September 26, 1958|September 26, 1958}}
| death_place =
|birth_place = ], ]
| occupation = Columnist, political scientist
|death_date =
| party = ] (before 2016)<br />] (since 2016)
|death_place =
| spouse = ]
|body_discovered =
| education = ] (])<br />] (])<br />] (])
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| relatives = ] (father)<br />] (brother)
|resting_place =
| signature = Robert Kagan autograph-2.jpg
|resting_place_coordinates =
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|education = PhD
|alma_mater = ], ] and ]
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|footnotes =
}} }}


'''Robert Kagan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|eɪ|g|ən}}; born September 26, 1958) is an American historian. He is a ]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hudson|first=John|title=Exclusive: Prominent GOP Neoconservative to Fundraise for Hillary Clinton|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/23/exclusive-prominent-gop-neoconservative-to-fundraise-for-hillary-clinton/|access-date=January 29, 2021|website=Foreign Policy|date=June 23, 2016 |language=en-US|archive-date=September 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190342/https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/23/exclusive-prominent-gop-neoconservative-to-fundraise-for-hillary-clinton/|url-status=live}}</ref> scholar. He is a critic of ] and a leading advocate of ].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Horowitz|first=Jason|date=June 16, 2014|title=Events in Iraq Open Door for Interventionist Revival, Historian Says (Published 2014)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/16/us/politics/historians-critique-of-obama-foreign-policy-is-brought-alive-by-events-in-iraq.html|access-date=January 29, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204055432/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/16/us/politics/historians-critique-of-obama-foreign-policy-is-brought-alive-by-events-in-iraq.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Moyn 2023">{{Cite magazine|last=Moyn|first=Samuel|title=Robert Kagan and Interventionism's Big Reboot|date=February 14, 2023|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/170213/robert-kagan-interventionisms-big-reboot|access-date=October 29, 2024|magazine=New Republic|language=en-US}}</ref>
'''Robert Kagan''' (born September 26, 1958 in ], ]) is an ] historian, author, columnist, and foreign policy commentator at the ]. A co-founder of the ],<ref name=neoconreader>{{cite book | last = Stelzer | first = Irwin | authorlink=Irwin Stelzer | title = The neocon reader | publisher = Grove Press | location = New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8021-4193-5 | page=312 |quote=Robert Kagan... Co-founder with William Kristol of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC).}}</ref><ref> About PNAC</ref> <ref name=pnac>{{cite web| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228233508/http://www.newamericancentury.org/robertkaganbio.htm title= Robert Kagan | accessdate = 18 March 2012 | author= ]| quote= Robert Kagan is co-founder with William Kristol of the Project for the New American Century.}}</ref> Kagan is a senior fellow at the ] and a member of the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/about/membership/roster.html?letter=K |title=Membership Roster - Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=www.cfr.org |accessdate=2010-11-20 }}{{Primary source-inline|reason=A secondary source should be found that states this fact as being noteworthy.|date=January 2015}}</ref> He has been a foreign policy advisor to several U.S. Republican presidential candidates as well as to Hillary Clinton, when she was Secretary of State under President Obama.

A co-founder of the neoconservative ],<ref name=neoconreader>{{cite book | last = Stelzer | first = Irwin | author-link = Irwin Stelzer | title = The neocon reader | publisher = Grove Press | location = New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-8021-4193-4 | page = | quote = Robert Kagan... Co-founder with William Kristol of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) | url = https://archive.org/details/maidsanddeathwat00gene/page/312 }}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=}} About PNAC</ref><ref name=pnac>{{cite web|url=http://www.newamericancentury.org/robertkaganbio.htm |title=Robert Kagan |access-date=March 18, 2012 |author=PNAC |author-link=Project for the New American Century |quote=Robert Kagan is co-founder with William Kristol of the Project for the New American Century. |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103612/http://newamericancentury.org/robertkaganbio.htm |archive-date=March 20, 2012 }}</ref> he is a senior fellow at the ]. Kagan has been a foreign policy adviser to U.S. Republican presidential candidates as well as Democratic administrations via the ].<ref name="statedept">{{cite web |title=Foreign Affairs Policy Board - BIOGRAPHY: Robert Kagan |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/p/fapb/185587.htm |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> He wrote a monthly column on world affairs for '']''. During the ], Kagan left the ] due to the party's nomination of ] and endorsed the ] candidate, ], for president.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalek |first=Rania |date=2016-07-25 |title=Robert Kagan and Other Neocons Are Backing Hillary Clinton |url=https://theintercept.com/2016/07/25/robert-kagan-and-other-neocons-back-hillary-clinton/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Personal life and education== ==Personal life and education==
Robert Kagan is the son of historian ], ] of Classics and History at ] and a specialist in the history of the ]. His brother, ], is a military historian and author. Kagan has a BA in history (1980) from ], where in 1979 he had been Editor in Chief of the '']'', a periodical that he is credited with reviving.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2005/oct/27/robert-kagan-80-follows-father-but-forges-own-path/ |title=Robert Kagan '80 follows father but forges own path |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=2005-10-27|accessdate=2010-11-20 }}{{Better source|reason=Student newspapers are not considered reliable sources.|date=January 2015}}</ref> He later earned an ] from ] ] and a ] in American history from ] in Washington, D.C. Kagan was born in ], Greece. His father, historian ], was the ] of Classics and History Emeritus at ] and a specialist in the history of the ], was of ] descent.<ref name="Moyn 2023" /><ref>{{cite web|publisher=yalealumnimagazine.com|url=http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/02_04/kagan.html|title=Lion in Winter|access-date=August 19, 2007|date=April 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809010253/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/02_04/kagan.html|archive-date=August 9, 2007}}</ref> His brother ] is a military historian and author. Kagan has a B.A. in history (1980) from ], where in 1979 he was editor-in-chief of the '']'', a periodical ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2005/oct/27/robert-kagan-80-follows-father-but-forges-own-path/ |title=Robert Kagan '80 follows father but forges own path |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=October 27, 2005 |access-date=November 20, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119073509/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2005/oct/27/robert-kagan-80-follows-father-but-forges-own-path/ |archive-date=November 19, 2010 }}</ref> He later earned a ] from ] ] and a ] in American history from ] in Washington, D.C.


Kagan is married to the American diplomat ],<ref></ref> who serves as Assistant Secretary of European and Eurasian Affairs in the ] administration. Kagan is married to American diplomat ],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/18/us/washington-talk-briefing-departing-official.html|title=Washington Talk: Briefing; Departing Official (Published 1988)|newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 18, 1988}}</ref> who previously served as deputy national security advisor to Vice President Dick Cheney and ] in the ] administration.


==Career==
==Ideas and career==
In 1983, Robert Kagan was foreign policy advisor to ] ] ] ]. From 1984–86, under the administration of ], he was a speechwriter for Secretary of State ] and a member of the ] Policy Planning Staff. From 1986–1988 he served in the State Department Bureau of Inter-American Affairs.<ref name="Three-Part Lecture Series at the Kluge Center Looks at Foreign Policy Through the Lens of Realpolitik">{{cite web | url=http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2014/14-030.html?loclr=rssloc | title=Three-Part Lecture Series at the Kluge Center Looks at Foreign Policy Through the Lens of Realpolitik | publisher=Library of Congress | date=21 February 2014 | accessdate=21 February 2014 | author=Steinhauer, Jason}}</ref> In 1997 Kagan was listed as one of the co-founders of William Kristol's now-defunct ].<ref name=neoconreader>{{cite book | last = Stelzer | first = Irwin | authorlink=Irwin Stelzer | title = The neocon reader | publisher = Grove Press | location = New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8021-4193-5 | pages=5, 312 |quote=Robert Kagan... Co-founder with William Kristol of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC).}}{{rs?|certain=yes|A collection of pieces edited by a writer at a partisan think tank, which gives different accounts of whether Kagan is a founder of the PNAC (pages 5, 312), and so cannot be a reliable source.|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref name=pnac>{{cite web| url= http://www.newamericancentury.org/robertkaganbio.htm| title= Robert Kagan | accessdate = 18 March 2012 | author= ]| quote= Robert Kagan is co-founder with William Kristol of the Project for the New American Century.}}{{deadlink|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref name=pnac2>{{cite web |url= http://www.newamericancentury.org/aboutpnac.htm |title=About PNAC |work=newamericancentury.org |year=2009 |accessdate=18 March 2012}}{{deadlink|date=January 2015}}</ref> In 1983, Kagan was foreign policy advisor to ] ] ] ]. From 1984 to 1986, under the administration of ], he was a speechwriter for Secretary of State ] and a member of the ] Policy Planning Staff. From 1986 to 1988, he served in the State Department Bureau of Inter-American Affairs.<ref name="Three-Part Lecture Series at the Kluge Center Looks at Foreign Policy Through the Lens of Realpolitik">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2014/14-030.html?loclr=rssloc |title=Three-Part Lecture Series at the Kluge Center Looks at Foreign Policy Through the Lens of Realpolitik |publisher=Library of Congress |date=February 21, 2014 |access-date=February 21, 2014 |author=Steinhauer, Jason}}</ref>


In 1997, Kagan co-founded the now-defunct neoconservative think tank ] with ].<ref name=neoconreader /><ref name=pnac /><ref name=pnac2>{{cite web|url=http://www.newamericancentury.org/aboutpnac.htm |title=About PNAC |work=newamericancentury.org |year=2009 |access-date=March 18, 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204044710/http://www.newamericancentury.org/aboutpnac.htm |archive-date=February 4, 2012 }}</ref> Through the work of the PNAC, from 1998, Kagan was an early and strong advocate of military action in Syria, Iran, Afghanistan as well as to "remove Mr. Hussein and his regime from power."<ref>{{Citation
From 1998 until August, 2010, Kagan was a Senior Associate with the ]. He was appointed senior fellow in the Center on United States and Europe at the ] in September 2010.<ref>{{Primary source-inline|reason=|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Primary source-inline|reason=|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref>Robert Kagan, "I Am Not a Straussian", ''Weekly Standard'' 11: 20 (February 6, 2006)</ref><ref>, Andrew Mangino, ]{{better source|date=January 2015}}</ref> During the 2008 presidential campaign he served as foreign policy advisor to ], the ]'s nominee for ] in the ].<ref></ref><ref name='BBC 2008-04-29'>{{cite news | first=Paul | last=Reynolds | title=Not the end of history after all | date=2008-04-29 | publisher= | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7370992.stm | work =BBC News | pages = | accessdate = 2008-04-29 | language = }}</ref>
|last1=Kristol
|first1=William
|last2=Kagan
|first2=Robert
|title=Bombing Iraq Isn't Enough
|newspaper=The New York Times
|date=January 30, 1998
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/30/opinion/bombing-iraq-isn-t-enough.html
|access-date=March 17, 2017
|archive-date=September 7, 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907230114/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/30/opinion/bombing-iraq-isn-t-enough.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.salon.com/2007/03/11/kagan_11/ |title=Why would any rational person listen to Robert Kagan? |author=Glenn Greenwald |author-link=Glenn Greenwald |work=] |date=March 11, 2007 |access-date=December 30, 2017 |archive-date=January 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123162014/https://www.salon.com/2007/03/11/kagan_11/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After the ] was announced Kagan said "bombing Iraq isn't enough" and called on Clinton to send ground troops to Iraq.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/1998/01/30/bombing-iraq-isn-t-enough-pub-274|title=Bombing Iraq isn't enough|access-date=13 March 2023|date=January 30, 1998|publisher=Carnegie Endowment|author=Robert Kagan}}</ref>


From 1998 until August 2010, Kagan was a Senior Associate with the ]. He was appointed senior fellow in the Center on United States and Europe at the ] in September 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/media/NewsReleases/2010/0908_kagan.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011095052/http://www.brookings.edu/media/NewsReleases/2010/0908_kagan.aspx|title=Robert Kagan joins Brookings|archive-date=October 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/experts/index.cfm?fa=expert_view&expert_id=16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514080156/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/experts/index.cfm?fa=expert_view&expert_id=16|title=Profile on the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace site|archive-date=May 14, 2005}}</ref><ref>Robert Kagan, "I Am Not a Straussian", ''Weekly Standard'' 11: 20 (February 6, 2006)</ref>
Kagan also serves on the State Department's Foreign Affairs Policy Board,<ref>, State Department webpage. Retrieved 2014-04-05.</ref> originally under Secretary of State ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/12/178274.htm |title=Inaugural Meeting of Secretary Clinton's Foreign Affairs Policy Board |accessdate=2012-02-19}}</ref> He is also a member of the board of directors for ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicyi.org/about/staff |title=Directors and Staff |publisher=The Foreign Policy Initiative |accessdate=2010-11-20 }}</ref>


During the 2008 presidential campaign he served as foreign policy advisor to ], the Republican Party's nominee for ] in the ].<ref name="BBC 2008-04-29">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Reynolds |title=Not the end of history after all |date=April 29, 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7370992.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=April 29, 2008 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224052656/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7370992.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kagan was called "the chief neoconservative foreign-policy theorist" by Andrew J. Bacevich, when he reviewed Kagan's ''The Return of history and the end of dreams'', a book incorporating the realist tradition of ] and ].<ref></ref> In the UK, '']'' calls Kagan a "neocon." Kagan describes himself as a "liberal and a progressive" and rejects the "neocon" label.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/27/usa |title=A neocon by any other name|first=Peter |last=Beaumont |work=] |date=2008-04-26 |publisher=] |location=] |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |accessdate=18 March 2012}}</ref> Kagan describes his foreign-policy views as "deeply rooted in American history and widely shared by Americans".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1237310.htm |title=America still capable of military strikes: Robert Kagan |first=Mark |last=Colvin |work=abc.net.au |year=2004 |accessdate=18 March 2012}}</ref>


Since 2011, Kagan has also served on the 25-member State Department's ] under Secretaries of State ]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/12/178274.htm |title=Inaugural Meeting of Secretary Clinton's Foreign Affairs Policy Board |access-date=February 19, 2012}}</ref> and ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525210640/https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/p/fapb/c50662.htm |date=May 25, 2019 }}, State Department webpage. Retrieved March 29, 2015.</ref>
In 2006, Kagan wrote that ] and ] are the greatest "challenge liberalism faces today": "Nor do Russia and China welcome the liberal West's efforts to promote liberal politics around the globe, least of all in regions of strategic importance to them. ... Unfortunately, al-Qaeda may not be the only challenge liberalism faces today, or even the greatest."<ref>"". ''The Washington Post''. April 30, 2006.{{third-party-inline|reason=Please find a reliable source stating that this is important or at least mentioning this. A biography of a living person needs be written reflecting the due weight in (high quality) reliable sources, to which selected primary sources by the subject can be added when they are judged to be important by independent, reliable sources.|date=January 2015}}</ref>

] referred to Kagan as "the chief neoconservative foreign-policy theorist" in reviewing Kagan's book ''The Return of History and the End of Dreams''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bacevich|first1=Andrew|author-link1=Andrew Bacevich|title=Present at the Re-Creation|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64466/andrew-j-bacevich/present-at-the-re-creation|work=Foreign Affairs|date=February 5, 2009|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=February 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202200325/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64466/andrew-j-bacevich/present-at-the-re-creation|url-status=live}}</ref>

A profile in '']'' described Kagan as being "uncomfortable" with the 'neocon' title, and stated that "he insists he is 'liberal' and 'progressive' in a distinctly American tradition."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/27/usa |title=A neocon by any other name |first=Peter |last=Beaumont |work=] |date=April 26, 2008 |publisher=] |location=] |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |access-date=March 18, 2012 |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213124735/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/27/usa |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, Kagan wrote an article titled "Neocon Nation: Neoconservatism, c. 1776" for '']'', describing the main components of American neoconservatism as a belief in the rectitude of applying US moralism to the world stage, support for the US to act alone, the promotion of American-style liberty and democracy in other countries, the belief in American hegemony,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Micklethwait|first1=John|last2=Wooldridge|first2=Adrian|title=The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America|url=https://archive.org/details/rightnationconse00mick|url-access=registration|page=|year=2004|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-59420-020-5}}, pages 217–18</ref> the confidence in US military power, and a distrust of international institutions.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfsPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |page=66 |last=Fettweis |first=Christopher J. |title=The Pathologies of Power: Fear, Honor, Glory, and Hubris in U.S. Foreign Policy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107512962}}</ref> According to Kagan, his foreign-policy views are "deeply rooted in American history and widely shared by Americans".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1237310.htm |title=America still capable of military strikes: Robert Kagan |first=Mark |last=Colvin |work=abc.net.au |year=2004 |access-date=March 18, 2012 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155954/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1237310.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, Kagan wrote that ] and ] are the greatest "challenge liberalism faces today": "Nor do Russia and China welcome the liberal West's efforts to promote liberal politics around the globe, least of all in regions of strategic importance to them. ... Unfortunately, al-Qaeda may not be the only challenge liberalism faces today, or even the greatest."<ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205093531/http://www.ipsnews.net/2006/05/politics-us-hawks-looking-for-new-and-bigger-enemies/ |date=February 5, 2021 }}". ]. May 5, 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kagan|first1=Robert|title=League of Dictators?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/28/AR2006042801987.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=April 30, 2006|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-date=December 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212184513/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/28/AR2006042801987.html|url-status=live}}{{third-party-inline|reason=Please find a reliable source stating that this is important or at least mentioning this. A biography of a living person needs be written reflecting the due weight in (high quality) reliable sources, to which selected primary sources by the subject can be added when they are judged to be important by independent, reliable sources.|date=January 2015}}</ref> In a February 2017 essay for ], Kagan argued that U.S. post-] retrenchment in global affairs has emboldened Russia and China, "the two great revisionist powers," and will eventually lead to instability and conflict.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kagan|first1=Robert|title=Backing Into World War III|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/06/backing-into-world-war-iii-russia-china-trump-obama/|work=Foreign Policy|date=February 6, 2017|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-date=September 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913154949/http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/06/backing-into-world-war-iii-russia-china-trump-obama/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2018, Kagan said, "Unless are you willing to punish" ] for the ], "then they own you."<ref>{{cite news |title=What Trump can do about Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/what-trump-can-do-about-saudi-arabia/ |work=The Seattle Times |date=October 11, 2018 |access-date=January 18, 2019 |archive-date=January 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119120943/https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/what-trump-can-do-about-saudi-arabia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Writings== ==Writings==
Kagan was a columnist for ''].''<ref name="Three-Part Lecture Series at the Kluge Center Looks at Foreign Policy Through the Lens of Realpolitik" /> He has also written for '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.{{external media| float = right| video1 = , ]| video2 = , ]| video3 = , ]| video4 = , ]}}
In 2003, Kagan's book, ''Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order'', published on the eve of the ], created something of a sensation through its assertions that Europeans tended to favor peaceful resolutions of international disputes while the United States takes a more "Hobbesian" view in which some kinds of disagreement can only be settled by force, or, as he put it: "Americans are from Mars and Europe is from Venus." ''New York Times'' book reviewer, Ivo H. Daalder wrote:
In 2003, Kagan's book ''Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order'', published on the eve of the ], created something of a sensation through its assertions that Europeans tended to favor peaceful resolutions of international disputes while the United States takes a more "Hobbesian" view in which some kinds of disagreement can only be settled by force, or, as he put it: "Americans are from Mars and Europe is from Venus." A ''New York Times'' book reviewer, ] wrote:
<blockquote>When it comes to setting national priorities, determining threats, defining challenges, and fashioning and implementing foreign and defense policies, the United States and Europe have parted ways, writes Mr. Kagan, concluding, in words already famous in another context, '"Americans are from Mars and Europeans are from Venus."<ref></ref></blockquote>
{{blockquote|When it comes to setting national priorities, determining threats, defining challenges, and fashioning and implementing foreign and defense policies, the United States and Europe have parted ways, writes Mr. Kagan, concluding, in words already famous in another context, 'Americans are from Mars and Europeans are from Venus.'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/05/books/books-of-the-times-americans-are-from-mars-europeans-from-venus.html|title=BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Americans Are From Mars, Europeans From Venus (Published 2003)|first=Ivo H.|last=Daalder|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 5, 2003|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-date=March 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309102301/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/05/books/books-of-the-times-americans-are-from-mars-europeans-from-venus.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}


Kagan's book, ''Dangerous Nation: America's Place in the World from its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century'' (2006), argued forcefully against what he considers the widespread misconception that the United States had been isolationist since its inception. It was awarded a Lepgold Prize from Georgetown University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=36299&PageTemplateID=289|title=Georgetown Awards 2007 Lepgold Book Prize|publisher=Georgetown University|date=2008-09-17}}</ref> In ''Dangerous Nation: America's Place in the World from its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century'' (2006) Kagan argued forcefully against what he considers the widespread misconception that the United States had been isolationist since its inception. ''Dangerous Nation'' was awarded the 2007 Lepgold Prize by Georgetown University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=36299&PageTemplateID=289|title=Georgetown Awards 2007 Lepgold Book Prize|publisher=Georgetown University|date=September 17, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919081807/http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=36299&PageTemplateID=289|archive-date=September 19, 2009}}</ref>


Kagan's essay "Not Fade Away: The Myth of American Decline" ('']'', February 2, 2012)<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/magazine/99521/america-world-power-declinism |title=Not Fade Away: The myth of American decline. |magazine=The New Republic |author=Robert Kagan |date=January 11, 2012 |access-date=February 19, 2012 |archive-date=January 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120181926/http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/magazine/99521/america-world-power-declinism |url-status=live }}</ref> was very positively received by President Obama. Josh Rogin reported in '']'' that the president "spent more than 10 minutes talking about it...going over its arguments paragraph by paragraph."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/01/26/obama_embraces_romney_advisor_s_theory_on_the_myth_of_american_decline |title=Obama embraces Romney advisor's theory on 'The Myth of American Decline' |author=Josh Rogin |date=January 26, 2012 |magazine=] |access-date=February 19, 2012 |archive-date=October 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021001106/http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/01/26/obama_embraces_romney_advisor_s_theory_on_the_myth_of_american_decline |url-status=dead }}</ref> The essay was excerpted from Kagan's book, ''The World America Made'' (2012).
Kagan is a columnist for the '']''<ref name="Three-Part Lecture Series at the Kluge Center Looks at Foreign Policy Through the Lens of Realpolitik"/> and a contributing editor at '']'' and the '']''. He has also written for the '']'', '']'', the '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.


John Bew and Kagan lectured on March 27, 2014, on ] and ] at the ].<ref name="Three-Part Lecture Series at the Kluge Center Looks at Foreign Policy Through the Lens of Realpolitik"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Return of Realpolitik - A Window into the Soul of Anglo-American Foreign Policy, Event Recap|url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/kluge/news/realpolitik-2014.html|work=Kluge Center|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=May 14, 2014|archive-date=May 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514151725/http://www.loc.gov/loc/kluge/news/realpolitik-2014.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Kagan's essay "Not Fade Away: The Myth of American Decline" ('']'', February 2, 2012)<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/magazine/99521/america-world-power-declinism | title=Not Fade Away: The myth of American decline. | author=Robert Kagan | date=11 January 2012| publisher= '']'' | accessdate=2012-02-19}}</ref> was very positively received by President Obama. Josh Rogin reported in '']'' that the president "spent more than 10 minutes talking about it...going over its arguments paragraph by paragraph."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/01/26/obama_embraces_romney_advisor_s_theory_on_the_myth_of_american_decline | title=Obama embraces Romney advisor's theory on 'The Myth of American Decline' | author=Josh Rogin | date=26 January 2012| publisher= '']'' | accessdate=2012-02-19}}</ref> That essay was excerpted from his book, ''The World America Made'' (2012).


== Criticism of Donald Trump ==
John Bew and Kagan lectured on March 27, 2014, on ] and ] at the Library of Congress.<ref name="Three-Part Lecture Series at the Kluge Center Looks at Foreign Policy Through the Lens of Realpolitik"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Return of Realpolitik - A Window into the Soul of Anglo-American Foreign Policy, Event Recap|url=http://www.loc.gov/loc/kluge/news/realpolitik-2014.html|work=Kluge Center|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=14 May 2014}}</ref>
In February 2016, Kagan publicly left the Republican party (referring to himself as a "former Republican"), endorsing Democrat ] for president. He argued that the Republican Party's "wild ]" and an insistence that "government, institutions, political traditions, party leadership and even parties themselves" were things meant to be "overthrown, evaded, ignored, insulted, laughed at" set the stage for the rise of ]. Kagan called Trump a "]" and compared him to ].<ref name=Kagan25Feb>{{cite news|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trump-is-the-gops-frankenstein-monster-now-hes-strong-enough-to-destroy-the-party/2016/02/25/3e443f28-dbc1-11e5-925f-1d10062cc82d_story.html|first=Robert|last=Kagan|title=Trump is the GOP's Frankenstein monster. Now he's strong enough to destroy the party.|date=February 25, 2016|access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> In May 2016, Kagan wrote an opinion piece in '']'' regarding Trump's campaign entitled "This is how fascism comes to America".<ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news |last=Kagan |first=Robert |date=May 18, 2016 |title=This Is How Fascism Comes to America |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/this-is-how-fascism-comes-to-america/2016/05/17/c4e32c58-1c47-11e6-8c7b-6931e66333e7_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 8, 2016 |archive-date=August 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801144132/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/this-is-how-fascism-comes-to-america/2016/05/17/c4e32c58-1c47-11e6-8c7b-6931e66333e7_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kagan has said that "all Republican foreign policy professionals are anti-Trump."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2016/07/25/robert-kagan-and-other-neocons-back-hillary-clinton/|title=Robert Kagan and Other Neocons Are Backing Hillary Clinton|first=Rania|last=Khalek|date=July 25, 2016|access-date=January 27, 2017|archive-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123162007/https://theintercept.com/2016/07/25/robert-kagan-and-other-neocons-back-hillary-clinton/|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2021, Kagan wrote a related opinion essay published in ''The Washington Post'' by the title "Our ] is already here".<ref name="WP-20210923">{{cite news |last=Kagan |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Kagan |title=Our Constitutional Crisis Is Already Here |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/09/23/robert-kagan-constitutional-crisis/ |date=September 23, 2021 |newspaper=] |accessdate=September 23, 2021 }}</ref> He continued his criticism of Trump in November 2023 with another essay in ''The Washington Post'' entitled "A Trump dictatorship is increasingly inevitable. We should stop pretending."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-30 |last=Kagan |first=Robert |title=A Trump dictatorship is increasingly inevitable. We should stop pretending. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/11/30/trump-dictator-2024-election-robert-kagan/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |newspaper=] |language=en}}</ref>

In October of 2024, he resigned as ] from the ''Post'' due to its decision not to endorse a candidate in the ] between Trump and ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flood |first=Brian |date=2024-10-25 |title=Washington Post editor at large quits after paper declines to endorse presidential candidate |url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/washington-post-editor-large-quits-after-paper-declines-endorse-presidential-candidate |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-25 |title=Neocon Grandee Kagan Resigns Over Post Non-Endorsement
|url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/neocon-grandee-kagan-resigns-over-post-non-endorsement/|access-date=2024-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Select bibliography== ==Select bibliography==
*''A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990.'' (1996) ISBN 978-0-028-74057-7 * '''' (1996) {{ISBN|978-0-028-74057-7}}
*''Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in America's Foreign and Defense Policy'', with William Kristol (2000) * '''', with William Kristol (2000)
*'']: America and Europe in the New World Order.'' (2003) ISBN 1-4000-4093-0 *''Dangerous Nation: America's Place in the World from its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century.'' (2006) ISBN 0-375-41105-4 * ''].'' (2003) {{ISBN|1-4000-4093-0}}
* '''' (2006) {{ISBN|0-375-41105-4}}
* ''''<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Return of History and the End of Dreams Review|url=https://americandiplomacy.web.unc.edu/2008/07/the-return-of-history-and-the-end-of-dreams/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Return of History and the End of Dreams Review|url=https://mises.org/mises-review/return-history-and-end-dreams-robert-kagan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Robert Kagan's Mythology of U.S. Exceptionalism|url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/robert-kagans-mythology-of-u-s-exceptionalism/}}</ref> (2008) {{ISBN|978-0-307-26923-2}}
*''The Return of History and the End of Dreams.'' (2008) ISBN 978-0-307-26923-2
*''].'' (2012) ISBN 978-0-307-96131-0 * ''].'' (2012) {{ISBN|978-0-307-96131-0}}
*''].'' (2018) {{ISBN|978-0525521655}}
* ''The Ghost at the Feast: America and the Collapse of World Order, 1900-1941'' (2023) {{ISBN|978-0307262943}}
* ''Rebellion: How Antiliberalism Is Tearing America Apart - Again''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Think Trump is bad? This book reminds you that Neo-cons are worse
|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/other/think-trump-is-bad-this-book-reminds-you-that-neo-cons-are-worse/ar-BB1lTPCy?ocid=BingNewsSerp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Robert Kagan Goes on a Tear
|url=https://mises.org/mises-wire/robert-kagan-goes-tear}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Crisis of Liberalism Divided
|url=https://www.commentary.org/articles/brian-stewart/antiliberalism-america-robert-kagan/}}</ref> (2024) {{ISBN|978-0593535783}}

==See also==
*]


==Notes== ==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist|30em}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{wikiquote}} {{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}} {{Commons category}}
*{{C-SPAN|robertkagan }} (1996–present) * {{C-SPAN|43065}}
* by William Kristol and Robert Kagan
* Kagan in ''The New Republic'', 23 April 2008.
*
* on ]
*
* ]
*
* ] interviews Robert Kagan on Russian foreign policy at the beginning of Barack Obama's first presidential term—April 4, 2009
* by Willian Ruger
*
* * by Tom Switzer
* by Michael Lind
*
* by Thomas Meaney
* by Michael Crowley ], Feb. 02, 2012


{{Neoconservatism}}
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American political scientist
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 26, 1958
| PLACE OF BIRTH = ], ]
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Latest revision as of 02:40, 22 December 2024

American historian (born 1958) Not to be confused with Robert Kegan or Donald Kagan.
Robert Kagan
Kagan in 2008
Born (1958-09-26) September 26, 1958 (age 66)
Athens, Greece
EducationYale University (BA)
Harvard University (MPP)
American University (PhD)
Occupation(s)Columnist, political scientist
Political partyRepublican (before 2016)
Independent (since 2016)
SpouseVictoria Nuland
RelativesDonald Kagan (father)
Frederick Kagan (brother)
Signature

Robert Kagan (/ˈkeɪɡən/; born September 26, 1958) is an American historian. He is a neoconservative scholar. He is a critic of U.S. foreign policy and a leading advocate of liberal internationalism.

A co-founder of the neoconservative Project for the New American Century, he is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. Kagan has been a foreign policy adviser to U.S. Republican presidential candidates as well as Democratic administrations via the Foreign Affairs Policy Board. He wrote a monthly column on world affairs for The Washington Post. During the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign, Kagan left the Republican Party due to the party's nomination of Donald Trump and endorsed the Democratic candidate, Hillary Clinton, for president.

Personal life and education

Kagan was born in Athens, Greece. His father, historian Donald Kagan, was the Sterling Professor of Classics and History Emeritus at Yale University and a specialist in the history of the Peloponnesian War, was of Lithuanian Jewish descent. His brother Frederick is a military historian and author. Kagan has a B.A. in history (1980) from Yale, where in 1979 he was editor-in-chief of the Yale Political Monthly, a periodical he is credited with reviving. He later earned a Master of Public Policy from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government and a Ph.D. in American history from American University in Washington, D.C.

Kagan is married to American diplomat Victoria Nuland, who previously served as deputy national security advisor to Vice President Dick Cheney and assistant secretary of state for European and Eurasian affairs in the Obama administration.

Career

In 1983, Kagan was foreign policy advisor to New York Republican Representative Jack Kemp. From 1984 to 1986, under the administration of Ronald Reagan, he was a speechwriter for Secretary of State George P. Shultz and a member of the United States Department of State Policy Planning Staff. From 1986 to 1988, he served in the State Department Bureau of Inter-American Affairs.

In 1997, Kagan co-founded the now-defunct neoconservative think tank Project for the New American Century with William Kristol. Through the work of the PNAC, from 1998, Kagan was an early and strong advocate of military action in Syria, Iran, Afghanistan as well as to "remove Mr. Hussein and his regime from power." After the 1998 bombing of Iraq was announced Kagan said "bombing Iraq isn't enough" and called on Clinton to send ground troops to Iraq.

From 1998 until August 2010, Kagan was a Senior Associate with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He was appointed senior fellow in the Center on United States and Europe at the Brookings Institution in September 2010.

During the 2008 presidential campaign he served as foreign policy advisor to John McCain, the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2008 election.

Since 2011, Kagan has also served on the 25-member State Department's Foreign Affairs Policy Board under Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton and John Kerry.

Andrew Bacevich referred to Kagan as "the chief neoconservative foreign-policy theorist" in reviewing Kagan's book The Return of History and the End of Dreams.

A profile in The Guardian described Kagan as being "uncomfortable" with the 'neocon' title, and stated that "he insists he is 'liberal' and 'progressive' in a distinctly American tradition."

In 2008, Kagan wrote an article titled "Neocon Nation: Neoconservatism, c. 1776" for World Affairs, describing the main components of American neoconservatism as a belief in the rectitude of applying US moralism to the world stage, support for the US to act alone, the promotion of American-style liberty and democracy in other countries, the belief in American hegemony, the confidence in US military power, and a distrust of international institutions. According to Kagan, his foreign-policy views are "deeply rooted in American history and widely shared by Americans".

In 2006, Kagan wrote that Russia and China are the greatest "challenge liberalism faces today": "Nor do Russia and China welcome the liberal West's efforts to promote liberal politics around the globe, least of all in regions of strategic importance to them. ... Unfortunately, al-Qaeda may not be the only challenge liberalism faces today, or even the greatest." In a February 2017 essay for Foreign Policy, Kagan argued that U.S. post-Cold War retrenchment in global affairs has emboldened Russia and China, "the two great revisionist powers," and will eventually lead to instability and conflict.

In October 2018, Kagan said, "Unless are you willing to punish" Saudi Arabia for the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi, "then they own you."

Writings

Kagan was a columnist for The Washington Post. He has also written for The New York Times, Foreign Affairs, The Wall Street Journal, Commentary, World Affairs, and Policy Review.

External videos
video icon Booknotes interview with Kagan on Of Paradise and Power, February 16, 2003, C-SPAN
video icon Presentation by Kagan on Dangerous Nation, October 18, 2006, C-SPAN
video icon Washington Journal interview with Kagan on Dangerous Nation, October 23, 2006, C-SPAN
video icon Q&A interview with Kagan on Dangerous Nation, Mach 4, 2007, C-SPAN

In 2003, Kagan's book Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order, published on the eve of the US invasion of Iraq, created something of a sensation through its assertions that Europeans tended to favor peaceful resolutions of international disputes while the United States takes a more "Hobbesian" view in which some kinds of disagreement can only be settled by force, or, as he put it: "Americans are from Mars and Europe is from Venus." A New York Times book reviewer, Ivo H. Daalder wrote:

When it comes to setting national priorities, determining threats, defining challenges, and fashioning and implementing foreign and defense policies, the United States and Europe have parted ways, writes Mr. Kagan, concluding, in words already famous in another context, 'Americans are from Mars and Europeans are from Venus.'

In Dangerous Nation: America's Place in the World from its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century (2006) Kagan argued forcefully against what he considers the widespread misconception that the United States had been isolationist since its inception. Dangerous Nation was awarded the 2007 Lepgold Prize by Georgetown University.

Kagan's essay "Not Fade Away: The Myth of American Decline" (The New Republic, February 2, 2012) was very positively received by President Obama. Josh Rogin reported in Foreign Policy that the president "spent more than 10 minutes talking about it...going over its arguments paragraph by paragraph." The essay was excerpted from Kagan's book, The World America Made (2012).

John Bew and Kagan lectured on March 27, 2014, on Realpolitik and American exceptionalism at the Library of Congress.

Criticism of Donald Trump

In February 2016, Kagan publicly left the Republican party (referring to himself as a "former Republican"), endorsing Democrat Hillary Clinton for president. He argued that the Republican Party's "wild obstructionism" and an insistence that "government, institutions, political traditions, party leadership and even parties themselves" were things meant to be "overthrown, evaded, ignored, insulted, laughed at" set the stage for the rise of Donald Trump. Kagan called Trump a "Frankenstein monster" and compared him to Napoleon. In May 2016, Kagan wrote an opinion piece in The Washington Post regarding Trump's campaign entitled "This is how fascism comes to America". Kagan has said that "all Republican foreign policy professionals are anti-Trump." In September 2021, Kagan wrote a related opinion essay published in The Washington Post by the title "Our constitutional crisis is already here". He continued his criticism of Trump in November 2023 with another essay in The Washington Post entitled "A Trump dictatorship is increasingly inevitable. We should stop pretending."

In October of 2024, he resigned as editor-at-large from the Post due to its decision not to endorse a candidate in the 2024 United States presidential election between Trump and Kamala Harris.

Select bibliography

See also

Notes

  1. Hudson, John (June 23, 2016). "Exclusive: Prominent GOP Neoconservative to Fundraise for Hillary Clinton". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  2. Horowitz, Jason (June 16, 2014). "Events in Iraq Open Door for Interventionist Revival, Historian Says (Published 2014)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  3. ^ Moyn, Samuel (February 14, 2023). "Robert Kagan and Interventionism's Big Reboot". New Republic. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
  4. ^ Stelzer, Irwin (2004). The neocon reader. New York: Grove Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-8021-4193-4. Robert Kagan... Co-founder with William Kristol of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC)
  5. About PNAC
  6. ^ PNAC. "Robert Kagan". Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved March 18, 2012. Robert Kagan is co-founder with William Kristol of the Project for the New American Century.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  7. "Foreign Affairs Policy Board - BIOGRAPHY: Robert Kagan". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  8. Khalek, Rania (July 25, 2016). "Robert Kagan and Other Neocons Are Backing Hillary Clinton". The Intercept. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  9. "Lion in Winter". yalealumnimagazine.com. April 2002. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  10. "Robert Kagan '80 follows father but forges own path". Yale Daily News. October 27, 2005. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  11. "Washington Talk: Briefing; Departing Official (Published 1988)". The New York Times. March 18, 1988.
  12. ^ Steinhauer, Jason (February 21, 2014). "Three-Part Lecture Series at the Kluge Center Looks at Foreign Policy Through the Lens of Realpolitik". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
  13. "About PNAC". newamericancentury.org. 2009. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved March 18, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  14. Kristol, William; Kagan, Robert (January 30, 1998), "Bombing Iraq Isn't Enough", The New York Times, archived from the original on September 7, 2017, retrieved March 17, 2017
  15. Glenn Greenwald (March 11, 2007). "Why would any rational person listen to Robert Kagan?". Salon. Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  16. Robert Kagan (January 30, 1998). "Bombing Iraq isn't enough". Carnegie Endowment. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  17. "Robert Kagan joins Brookings". Archived from the original on October 11, 2012.
  18. "Profile on the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace site". Archived from the original on May 14, 2005.
  19. Robert Kagan, "I Am Not a Straussian", Weekly Standard 11: 20 (February 6, 2006)
  20. Reynolds, Paul (April 29, 2008). "Not the end of history after all". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2008.
  21. "Inaugural Meeting of Secretary Clinton's Foreign Affairs Policy Board". Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  22. Current Board Members" Archived May 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, State Department webpage. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  23. Bacevich, Andrew (February 5, 2009). "Present at the Re-Creation". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
  24. Beaumont, Peter (April 26, 2008). "A neocon by any other name". The Guardian. London: GMG. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
  25. Micklethwait, John; Wooldridge, Adrian (2004). The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America. Penguin. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-59420-020-5., pages 217–18
  26. Fettweis, Christopher J. (2013). The Pathologies of Power: Fear, Honor, Glory, and Hubris in U.S. Foreign Policy. Cambridge University Press. p. 66. ISBN 9781107512962.
  27. Colvin, Mark (2004). "America still capable of military strikes: Robert Kagan". abc.net.au. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
  28. "US: Hawks Looking for New and Bigger Enemies? Archived February 5, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". IPS. May 5, 2006.
  29. Kagan, Robert (April 30, 2006). "League of Dictators?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  30. Kagan, Robert (February 6, 2017). "Backing Into World War III". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  31. "What Trump can do about Saudi Arabia". The Seattle Times. October 11, 2018. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  32. Daalder, Ivo H. (March 5, 2003). "BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Americans Are From Mars, Europeans From Venus (Published 2003)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  33. "Georgetown Awards 2007 Lepgold Book Prize". Georgetown University. September 17, 2008. Archived from the original on September 19, 2009.
  34. Robert Kagan (January 11, 2012). "Not Fade Away: The myth of American decline". The New Republic. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  35. Josh Rogin (January 26, 2012). "Obama embraces Romney advisor's theory on 'The Myth of American Decline'". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  36. "The Return of Realpolitik - A Window into the Soul of Anglo-American Foreign Policy, Event Recap". Kluge Center. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
  37. Kagan, Robert (February 25, 2016). "Trump is the GOP's Frankenstein monster. Now he's strong enough to destroy the party". Washington Post. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  38. Kagan, Robert (May 18, 2016). "This Is How Fascism Comes to America". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
  39. Khalek, Rania (July 25, 2016). "Robert Kagan and Other Neocons Are Backing Hillary Clinton". Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  40. Kagan, Robert (September 23, 2021). "Our Constitutional Crisis Is Already Here". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
  41. Kagan, Robert (November 30, 2023). "A Trump dictatorship is increasingly inevitable. We should stop pretending". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  42. Flood, Brian (October 25, 2024). "Washington Post editor at large quits after paper declines to endorse presidential candidate". Fox News. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
  43. "Neocon Grandee Kagan Resigns Over Post Non-Endorsement". October 25, 2024. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
  44. "The Return of History and the End of Dreams Review".
  45. "Return of History and the End of Dreams Review".
  46. "Robert Kagan's Mythology of U.S. Exceptionalism".
  47. "Think Trump is bad? This book reminds you that Neo-cons are worse".
  48. "Robert Kagan Goes on a Tear".
  49. "Crisis of Liberalism Divided".

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