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#REDIRECT ] |
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{{EngvarB|date=December 2014}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}} |
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{{Ukrainian crisis}} |
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A prolonged crisis in ] began on 21 November 2013, when then president ] suspended preparations for the implementation of ] with the ]. This decision resulted in mass protests by its opponents, known as the "]". After months of such protests, Yanukovych ] by the protesters on 22 February 2014, when he fled the Ukrainian capital city of ]. Following his ousting, ] the largely ] ] and ] regions of Ukraine, from where he had drawn most of his support. An ensuing ] in ] of ] resulted in the ] on 18 March. Subsequently, unrest in ] and ] oblasts of Ukraine evolved into ] between the post-revolutionary Ukrainian government and pro-Russian insurgents. |
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{{Rcat shell| |
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==Euromaidan and revolution== |
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{{R to related topic}} |
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{{main|Euromaidan|2014 Ukrainian revolution}} |
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}} |
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Ukraine became gripped by unrest when ] ] refused to sign ] on 21 November 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/europe/a-ukraine-city-spins-beyond-the-governments-reach.html?_r=0 | title=A Ukraine City Spins Beyond the Government's Reach | work=The New York Times | date= 15 February 2014}}</ref> An organised political movement known as ']' demanded closer ties with the ], and the ousting of Yanukovych.<ref name=Reuters121213>{{cite news | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212 | title=Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise | agency=Reuters | date=12 December 2013 | accessdate=10 April 2014 | author=Balmforth, Richard}}</ref> This movement was ultimately successful, culminating in the ], which removed Yanukovych and ].<ref name="RFEKT25114">{{cite news | url=http://www.rferl.org/content/protesters-police-tense-standoff-ukraine/25241945.html | title=Ukraine Opposition Vows To Continue Struggle After Yanukovych Offer | publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty | date=25 January 2014 | accessdate=10 April 2014}}</ref> |
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==Post-revolution unrest== |
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{{main|2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine}} |
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Following flight of President Yanukovych on 23 February, protests by pro-Russian and anti-revolution activists began in the largely ] region of ].<ref name="Seccession calls in pro-Russian south">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-secession-russian-crimea|title=Ukraine crisis fuels secession calls in pro-Russian south|newspaper=]|date=24 February 2014|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-secession-russian-crimea|archivedate=24 February 2014}}</ref> These were followed by demonstrations in cities across ] and ] Ukraine, including ], ], ], and ]. |
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===Crimean Crisis=== |
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{{main|2014 Crimean crisis|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation}} |
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Starting on 26 February, as protests gripped Crimea, pro-Russian armed men gradually began to take over the peninsula.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/world/europe/crimea-ukraine.html |title=Gunmen Seize Government Buildings in Crimea|work=The New York Times|date= 27 February 2014|accessdate= 1 March 2014 |quote = Masked men with guns seized government buildings in the capital of Ukraine's Crimea region on Thursday, barricading themselves inside and raising the Russian flag after mysterious overnight raids that appeared to be the work of militant Russian nationalists who want this volatile Black Sea region ruled from Moscow.}}</ref> Russia initially said that these uniformed militants, termed "]" in Ukraine, were "local self-defence forces".<ref name="13DEC2014">{{cite news | url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/gregsatell/2014/02/01/5-things-you-should-know-about-crisis-in-ukraine/ | title=A Look Back At How The Ukraine Crisis Erupted And What To Expect In 2015 | work=Forbes | date=13 December 2014 | accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> However, they later admitted that these were in fact Russian soldiers without insignias, confirming on-the-ground reports of a Russian incursion into Ukraine.<ref name='np'>{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/04/17/vladimir-putin-admits-for-first-time-russian-troops-took-over-crimea-refuses-to-rule-out-intervention-in-donetsk/|title=Vladimir Putin admits for first time Russian troops took over Crimea, refuses to rule out intervention in Donetsk|last=Karmanau|first=Yuras|author2=Vladimir Isachenkov|date=17 April 2014|work=National Post|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera English" >{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/warning-shots-end-osce-crimea-entry-bid-20143815135639790.html |title=Warning shots end OSCE Crimea entry bid – Europe |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Jones">{{cite web|last=Jones |first=Sam |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a701f3e8-a527-11e3-8988-00144feab7de.html |title=US scorns Russia's version of Crimean intervention |work=Financial Times |date=21 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/12/us-ukraine-crisis-osce-idUSBREA2B1C120140312 |title=OSCE team say Crimea roadblock gunmen threatened to shoot at them |agency=Reuters |accessdate=14 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/28/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140228 |title=Armed men seize two airports in Ukraine's Crimea, Yanukovich reappears | agency =Reuters|date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite news| agency = Reuters | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/01/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140301 | date = 1 March 2014 | title= Putin ready to invade Ukraine; Kiev warns of war| postscript = {{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref><ref name="upi.com">{{Cite news | url = http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2014/02/28/Telecom-services-sabotaged-in-Ukraines-Crimea-region/7611393621345/ | title = Telecom services sabotaged in Ukraine's Crimea region | agency = United Press International | accessdate = 28 February 2014}}</ref> By 27 February, the ] had been seized by Russian forces. Russian flags were raised over these buildings, and a self-declared pro-Russian government said that it would hold ] on independence from Ukraine.<ref name="LATimes2014-03-01a">{{cite news | url = http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-crimea-referendum-date-20140301,0,2305350.story | title = New Crimea leaders move up referendum date |work= The ]| first =Sergei L | last = Loiko| date=1 March 2014 |accessdate= 3 March 2014| quote= Kiev, Ukraine – Crimea's new pro-Moscow premier, Sergei Aksenov, moved the date of the peninsula's status referendum to March 30. On Thursday, the Crimean parliament, which appointed Aksenov, had called for a referendum on May 25, the date also set for the urgent presidential election in Ukraine.}}</ref> Following that internationally unrecognised referendum, which was held on 16 March, Russia ] Crimea on 18 March. |
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===War in Donbass=== |
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{{main|War in Donbass|2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine}} |
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], 4 August 2014]] |
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From the beginning of March 2014, demonstrations by ] and anti-government groups took place in the ] and ] oblasts of Ukraine, together commonly called the "Donbass", in the aftermath of the ] and the ] movement. These demonstrations, which followed the ], and which were part of a wider group of ], escalated into an ] between the ] of the self-declared ] and ] People's Republics (DPR and LPR respectively), and the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/armed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html |title=Armed pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid |work=Kyiv Post |date=12 April 2014 |last=Grytsenko |first=Oksana}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/ukraine-special-forces-sent-eastern-city-retake-buildings-082049113.html |title=Ukraine to deploy troops to quash pro-Russian insurgency in the east |work=Yahoo News Canada |date=14 April 2014 |agency=Associated Press |last=Leonard |first=Peter | accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> Prior to a change of the top leadership in August,<ref name="jamestown-20140815">, ], ], 15 August 2014</ref> the separatists were largely led by Russian citizens.<ref name="REUeuada">{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/27/us-ukraine-crisis-rebels-insight-idUSKBN0FW07020140727 |title=Pushing locals aside, Russians take top rebel posts in east Ukraine |agency=Reuters |date=27 July 2014 |accessdate=27 July 2014}}</ref> Russian paramilitaries are reported to make up from 15% to 80% of the combatants.<ref name="REUeuada"/><ref>. 27 June 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.censor.net.ua/resonance/295448/rossiyiskiyi_naemnik_polovina_opolchentsev_iz_rossii_mne_pomogayut_sponsory_my_vozmem_lvov |title=Российский Наемник: "Половина Ополченцев - Из России. Мне Помогают Спонсоры. Мы Возьмем Львов" |publisher=M.censor.net.ua |date=26 July 2014 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Interview: I Was A Separatist Fighter In Ukraine|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-i-was-a-separatist-fighter/25455466.html|accessdate=29 August 2014|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Whisked Away for Tea With a Rebel in Ukraine|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/16/world/europe/whisked-away-for-tea-with-a-rebel-in-ukraine.html?_r=1|accessdate=29 August 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref> |
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Between 22 and 25 August, Russian artillery, personnel, and what Russia called a "humanitarian convoy" were reported to have crossed the border into Ukrainian territory without the permission of the Ukrainian government. Crossings were reported to have occurred both in areas under the control of pro-Russian forces and areas that were not under their control, such as the south-eastern part of ], near ]. These events followed the reported shelling of Ukrainian positions from the Russian side of the border over the course of the preceding month.<ref name="NATO Russia moves artillery into Ukraine"></ref><ref name="NATO Russia artillery fires Ukr forces">{{cite news|author=Denver Nicks |url=http://time.com/3160900/nato-russia-artillery-ukraine/ |title=NATO: Russia Artillery Fires on Ukraine Forces |work=Time |date=22 August 2014 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Russian Column enters southeast">{{cite web|author=JIM HEINTZ Associated Press |url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-plans-billion-boost-defense-spending-25102664 |archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20140825144115/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-plans-billion-boost-defense-spending-25102664 |archivedate=25 August 2014|title=Ukraine: Russian Tank Column Enters Southeast - ABC News |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Column from Russia">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28924945 |title=Ukraine crisis: 'Column from Russia' crosses border |publisher=BBC |date=1 January 1970 |accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="NYT2782014">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/world/europe/ukraine-russia-novoazovsk-crimea.html | title=Ukraine Reports Russian Invasion on a New Front | work=The New York Times | date=27 August 2014 | accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> ] ] said that the events of 22 August were a "direct invasion by Russia of Ukraine".<ref name="Ukr crisis convoy crosses border">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/22/us-ukraine-crisis-aid-convoy-idUSKBN0GM0IS20140822|title=Ukraine accuses Russia of invasion after aid convoy crosses border|agency=Reuters|date=22 August 2014|accessdate=22 August 2014}}</ref> Western and Ukrainian officials described these events as a "stealth invasion" of Ukraine by Russia.<ref name="NYT2782014"/> As a result of this, DPR and LPR insurgents regained much of the territory they had lost during the preceding government military offensive. A deal to establish a ceasefire, called the ], was signed on 5 September 2014.<ref name="BBC2908">{{cite news | url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29082574 | title= Ukraine and pro-Russia rebels sign ceasefire deal | publisher= BBC News | date= 5 September 2014 | accessdate= 5 September 2014}} |
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</ref> Violations of the ceasefire were common. Amidst the solidification of the line between insurgent and Ukrainian territory during the ceasefire, ]s took control of swathes of land on the insurgent side, leading to further destabilisation.<ref> {{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/ukraine-rebels-disunited-front-run-warlords-124041693.html Ukraine rebels warlords|title=Ukraine rebels a disunited front run by warlords|agency=Associated Press |date=10 November 2014 |accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref> The ceasefire completely collapsed in January 2015. Heavy fighting resumed across the conflict zone, including at ] and ].<ref name="ad33">{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/ukraine-peace-talks-collapse-over-ceasefire-as-fighting-rages/story-e6frg6so-1227204065487?nk=f9b6d53312bd5b85c9121374f5333d9a | title=Ukraine peace talks collapse over ceasefire as fighting rages | work=The Australian | date=1 February 2015 | agency=Agence France-Presse | accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> |
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===Elections in Ukraine=== |
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{{main|Ukrainian presidential election, 2014|Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2014|Donbass general elections, 2014}} |
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], 2 November 2014]] |
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Amidst the prolonged crisis, multiple elections were held across Ukraine. The first election held since the ousting of President Yanukovych was the ], which resulted in the election of ] as president of Ukraine. In the ] region, only 20% of polling stations were open due to threats of violence by ].<ref name="HP "/> Of the 2,430 planned polling stations in the region, only 426 remained open for polling.<ref name="HP ">, ] (25 May 2014)</ref> |
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As the war in Donbass continued, the first post-revolutionary ] in Ukraine were held on 26 October 2014.<ref name=PsUE25814>, ] (25 August 2014)</ref> Once again, separatists stymied voting in the areas that they controlled. They held their ], internationally unrecognised and in violation of the ] peace process, on 2 November 2014.<ref name="GUARD3NOV">{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/03/germany-urges-russia-respect-unity-ukraine-donetsk-elections | title=Russia calls for talks with Kiev after separatist elections | work=The Guardian | date=3 November 2014 | accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref> |
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==Effects of the crisis== |
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{{main|International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|2014–15 Russian financial crisis}} |
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The crisis has had many effects, both domestic and international. According to an October 2014 estimate by the ], the economy of Ukraine contracted by 8% during the year 2014 as a result of the crisis.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.yahoo.com/ukraine-economy-contract-8-2014-world-bank-090334656.html | title=Ukraine economy to contract by 8% in 2014: World Bank | work=Yahoo News | date=2 October 2014 | agency=Agence France-Presse | accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> ] imposed on Russia by western nations contributed to the collapse in value of the ], and the resulting ].<ref name="FP1JAN2015">{{cite news | url=http://business.financialpost.com/2015/01/01/we-are-hardly-surviving-as-oil-and-the-ruble-drop-ordinary-russians-face-growing-list-of-problems/#__federated=1 | title=‘We are hardly surviving': As oil and the ruble drop, ordinary Russians face growing list of problems | work=Financial Post | date=1 January 2015 | agency=Reuters | accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> |
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The war in Donbass caused ], as the Donbass region had been the chief source of coal for power stations across the country. Furthermore, ] was forced to shut down one of its reactors after an accident. The combination of these two problems led to rolling blackouts across Ukraine during December 2014.<ref>, ] (28 December 2014)<br>, ] (DEC. 24, 2014)<br>, ] (December 31, 2014)<br>, br>] (Dec 03, 2014)<br>, ] (Dec 31, 2014)</ref> |
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Proposed new pipeline to ], with an annual capacity around 63 billion cubic metres (bcm), will carry ] completely bypassing Ukraine as a traditional transit hub for Russian gas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to Shift Ukraine Gas Transit to Turkey as EU Cries Foul |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-14/russia-to-shift-ukraine-gas-transit-to-turkey-as-eu-cries-foul.html |website=Bloomberg |date=14 January 2015 |accessdate=15 January 2015}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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{{Ukrainian crisis navbox}} |
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{{Euromaidan}} |
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{{2014 Crimean crisis}} |
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{{Ukraine topics}} |
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{{Political scandals in Ukraine}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:2013-15 Ukrainian Crisis}} |
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