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{{Short description|American firearms expert (1920–2006)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{For|those of a similar name|Jeffrey Cooper (disambiguation)}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2009}}
{{cleanup-rewrite|date=January 2013}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
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{{Infobox person {{Infobox person
| name = John Dean "Jeff" Cooper | name = Jeff Cooper
| image = Coljeffcooper.jpg | image = Coljeffcooper.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|05|10}}
| image_size = 200
| birth_place = ], U.S.
| caption = John Dean "Jeff" Cooper
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|5|10}} | death_date = {{death date and age|2006|09|25|1920|05|10}}
| birth_place = ], ], U.S. | death_place = ], U.S.
| occupation = ], firearms instructor, writer
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|9|25|1920|5|10}}
| education = {{plainlist|
| death_place = ], ], U.S.
* ] (])
| occupation = ], firearms instructor, writer
* ] (])
| spouse = Janelle Cooper
}} }}
| spouse = Janelle Cooper
| children = 3
}}
'''John Dean "Jeff" Cooper''' (May 10, 1920&nbsp;– September 25, 2006) was a ], the creator of the "]" of handgun shooting, and an expert on the use and history of ].<ref name=latimes>{{cite news|last =McLellan |first=Dennis |title =Jeff Cooper, 86; Firearms Expert Set Standard for Pistol Technique| date=October 1, 2006 |work =] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-oct-01-me-cooper1-story.html |access-date=March 9, 2011}}</ref>


== Early life and education ==
'''John Dean "Jeff" Cooper''' (May 10, 1920{{spaced ndash}}September 25, 2006) was a ] and the creator of what is known as "the ]" of ] shooting, and one of the 20th century's foremost international experts on the use and history of small arms.<ref name =latimes>{{cite news|last =McLellan |first=Dennis |title =Jeff Cooper, 86; Firearms Expert Set Standard for Pistol Technique| date=1 October 2006 |work =] |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/oct/01/local/me-cooper1 |accessdate=2011-03-09}}</ref>
Jeff Cooper was born in Los Angeles where he enrolled in the ]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wiley |first=Clapp |year=2007 |title=The Jeff Cooper Legacy |journal=] |volume=155 |issue=6 |pages=44, 45,58&60 |publisher=] }}</ref> at ].<ref>Los Angeles High School ''Blue & White Summer Yearbook'' (1937)</ref> Cooper then enrolled at ], where he lettered in fencing, and he graduated from Stanford in 1941 with a bachelor's degree in ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Jeff Cooper – Jeff Cooper Legacy Foundation |url=https://jeffcooperfoundation.org/about-jeff-cooper/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=jeffcooperfoundation.org}}</ref> He received a regular commission in the United States Marine Corps (USMC) in September 1941. During ] he served in the ] with the ] aboard {{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|6}}. By the end of the war he had been promoted to ]. He resigned his commission in 1949 but returned to active duty during the ], where he claimed to be involved in irregular warfare in Southeast Asia,<ref>{{citation |last=Wisdom |first=Lindy Cooper |year=2002 |title=Jeff Cooper the Soul and the Spirit |pages=179|publisher=Wolfe}}</ref> and was promoted to ]. After the Korean War he left active duty. In the mid-1960s he received a master's degree in history from the ]. From the late 1950s through the early 1970s he was a part-time high school and community college history teacher.<ref name=latimes/>

==Early life and education==
Cooper graduated from ] with a bachelor's degree in ]. He received a regular commission in the ] in September 1941. During ] he served in the ] on the {{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|6}}. By the end of the war he had been promoted to major. He resigned his commission in 1949, but returned to active duty during the ], where he was involved in irregular warfare, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. After the Korean War, the Marine Corps declined his application to remain on active duty. In the mid-1960s, he received a master's degree in history from the ]. From the late 1950s through the early 1970s, he was a part-time high school and community college history teacher.<ref name="latimes"/>


==Career== ==Career==
In 1976, Cooper founded the ''American Pistol Institute'' (API) in ] (later the ]). Cooper began teaching shotgun and rifle classes to both law enforcement and military personnel, as well as civilians, and did on-site training for individuals and groups from around the world. He sold the firm in 1992, but continued living on the Paulden ranch. He was known for his advocacy of large caliber handguns, especially the ] and the .] cartridge. In 1976 Cooper founded the ''American Pistol Institute'' (API) in ] (later the ]). Cooper began teaching shotgun and rifle classes to both law enforcement and military personnel, as well as civilians, and conducted on-site training for individuals and groups from around the world. He sold the firm in 1992 but continued living on the Paulden ranch. He was known for his advocacy of large-caliber handguns, especially the ] and the ] cartridge.<ref name=latimes/>


Cooper, along with Michael Dixon and Thomas Dornaus, worked on the design of the ] pistol around the ], based on the Czech ] design. The cartridge was larger than ] and faster than .45 ACP rounds.<ref name="sweeney">{{cite book |last=Sweeney |first=Patrick |title=The Gun Digest Book of the 1911, Volume 2 |publisher=Gun Digest Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-87349-281-2 |location=Iola, WI |page=56 |author-link=Patrick Sweeney (gunsmith)}}</ref>
Cooper died at his home on the afternoon of Monday, September 25, 2006 at the age of 86.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://prescottdailycourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=41279 | title= Cooper, firearms expert, dead at 86 |work=] |location = Prescott, AZ |date=September 26, 2006 |accessdate= 2011-03-09}}</ref>


===The Modern Technique===<!-- This section is linked from ] --> === The modern technique of the pistol ===<!-- This section is linked from ] -->
Cooper's ] defines pragmatic use of the ] for personal protection. The modern technique emphasizes two-handed shooting using the ], competing with and eventually supplanting the once-prevalent one-handed shooting. The five elements of the modern technique are: Cooper's ] defines pragmatic use of the ] for personal protection. The modern technique emphasizes two-handed shooting using the ], competing with and eventually supplanting the once-prevalent one-handed shooting style. The five elements of the modern technique are:
*A large caliber pistol, preferably a semi-auto *A large caliber pistol, preferably a semi-automatic
*The ] *The Weaver stance
*The presentation *The draw stroke
*The flash sight picture *The flash sight picture
*The compressed surprise trigger break<ref name="Morrison">Morrison, G. and Cooper, J., "The Modern Technique of the Pistol", Paulden: Gunsite Press, 1991.</ref> *The compressed surprise trigger break<ref name="Morrison">Morrison, G. and Cooper, J., "The Modern Technique of the Pistol", Paulden: Gunsite Press, 1991.</ref>


==== Firearm conditions of readiness ====
Cooper favored the ] and its variants. There are several conditions of readiness in which such a weapon can be carried. Cooper promulgated most of the following terms:
<!-- This section is redirected from ] -->
*Condition 4: Chamber empty, empty magazine, hammer down.
There are several conditions of readiness in which such a weapon can be carried. Cooper promulgated most of the following terms:
*Condition 3: Chamber empty, full magazine in place, hammer down.

*Condition 2: A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer down.
*Condition 1: A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer cocked, safety on. *Clear and Safe: Slide locked to the rear, chamber empty, no magazine in the gun, hammer down, safety on (if applicable).
*Condition 4: Chamber empty, no magazine in the gun, hammer down, safety on.
*Condition 3: Chamber empty, full magazine in place, hammer down, safety on.
*Condition 2: A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer down, safety on.
*Condition 1: A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer cocked, safety on. Also referred to as "cocked and locked."
*Condition 0: A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer cocked, safety off. *Condition 0: A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer cocked, safety off.


Condition 0 is considered "ready to fire"; as a result, there is a risk of accidental or ] carrying in Condition 0.
Some of these configurations are safer than others, while others are quicker to fire the gun (Condition 1). In the interest of consistent training, most agencies that issue the 1911 specify the condition in which it is to be carried as a matter of local doctrine.


=== {{anchor|mindset}} Combat mindset and the Cooper color code ===
Condition 1 is widely referred to as "cocked and locked" and Condition 3 is known as "Israeli carry".
The most important means of surviving a lethal confrontation, according to Cooper, is neither the weapon nor the martial skills. The primary tool is the combat mindset, set forth in his book, ''Principles of Personal Defense''.<ref name="principle">Cooper, Jeff, ''Principles of Personal Defense'', Paladin Press, {{ISBN|978-0-87364-497-6}}</ref>


Cooper came up with a color code, consisting of four colors including white, yellow, orange, and red:
This firearm condition system can also be used to refer to other firearm actions, particularly when illustrating the differences between carry modes considered to be safe for various actions. For example, a ] firearm is designed to be carried in Condition 2, which is not safe for 1911s without a ].


{{blockquote|{{color box|white}} In '''White''' you are unprepared and unready to take lethal action. If you are attacked in White you will probably die unless your adversary is totally inept.
====Bren Ten====
Cooper conceived and designed the ] pistol around the ], based on the Czech ] design. The cartridge was more powerful than both the ] and the .45 ACP round.<ref name = sweeney>{{cite book | last = Sweeney| first = Patrick | authorlink= Patrick Sweeney (gunsmith)|title = The Gun Digest Book of the 1911, Volume 2 | publisher = Gun Digest Books| year = 2001| location =Iola, WI | page =56 | isbn = 978-0-87349-281-2 }}</ref>


{{color box|yellow}} In '''Yellow''' you bring yourself to the understanding that your life may be in danger and that you may have to do something about it.
===Combat Mindset and the Cooper Color Code===
The most important means of surviving a lethal confrontation, according to Cooper, is neither the weapon nor the martial skills. The primary tool is the combat mindset, set forth in his book, ''Principles of Personal Defense''.<ref name="principle">Cooper, Jeff, ''Principles of Personal Defense'', Paladin Press, ISBN 978-0-87364-497-6</ref>


{{color box|orange}} In '''Orange''' you have determined upon a specific adversary and are prepared to take action which may result in his death, but you are not in a lethal mode.
The color code, as originally introduced by Jeff Cooper, had nothing to do with tactical situations or alertness levels, but rather with one's state of mind. As taught by Cooper, it relates to the degree of peril you are willing to do something about and which allows you to move from one level of mindset to another to enable you to properly handle a given situation. Cooper did not claim to have invented anything in particular with the color code, but he was apparently the first to use it as an indication of mental state.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}


{{color box|red}} In '''Red''' you are in a lethal mode and will shoot if circumstances warrant.<ref>Jeff Cooper, CC Vol. 13, No. 7, July, 2005, GG Vol. 25, No. 7, GGG3, pg. 526-7.</ref>}}
*'''White''': Unaware and unprepared. If attacked in Condition White, the only thing that may save you is the inadequacy or ineptitude of your attacker. When confronted by something nasty, your reaction will probably be "Oh my God! This can't be happening to me."
*'''Yellow''': Relaxed alert. No specific threat situation. Your mindset is that "today could be the day I may have to defend myself". You are simply aware that the world is a potentially unfriendly place and that you are prepared to defend yourself, if necessary. You use your eyes and ears, and realize that "I may have to ] today". You don't have to be armed in this state, but if you are armed you should be in Condition Yellow. You should always be in Yellow whenever you are in unfamiliar surroundings or among people you don't know. You can remain in Yellow for long periods, as long as you are able to "Watch your six." (In aviation 12 o'clock refers to the direction in front of the aircraft's nose. Six o'clock is the ] behind the pilot.) In Yellow, you are "taking in" surrounding information in a relaxed but alert manner, like a continuous 360 degree radar sweep. As Cooper put it, "I might have to shoot."
*'''Orange''': Specific alert. Something is not quite right and has your attention. Your radar has picked up a specific alert. You shift your primary focus to determine if there is a threat (but you do not drop your six). Your mindset shifts to "I may have to shoot that person today", focusing on the specific target which has caused the escalation in alert status. In Condition Orange, you set a mental trigger: "If that person does "X", I will need to stop them". Your pistol usually remains holstered in this state. Staying in Orange can be a bit of a mental strain, but you can stay in it for as long as you need to. If the threat proves to be nothing, you shift back to Condition Yellow.
*'''Red''': Condition Red is fight. Your mental trigger (established back in Condition Orange) has been tripped. "If 'X' happens I will shoot that person" - 'X' has happened, the fight is on.


The color code, as originally introduced by Cooper, had nothing to do with tactical situations or alertness levels, but rather with one's state of mind. Cooper did not claim to have invented anything in particular with the color code, but he was apparently the first to use it as an indication of mental state.<ref name="Ahern2010">{{cite book |last=Ahern |first=Jerry |year=2010 |title=Gun Digest Buyer's Guide to Concealed-Carry Handguns |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LyoEmeSwGwgC&pg=PA60 |publisher=Gun Digest Books |page=60 |isbn=9781440217432 |access-date=March 10, 2015 |quote=The late Colonel Jeff Cooper wrote about color-coded conditions of readiness. ... }}</ref>
The USMC uses condition Black, although it was not originally part of Cooper's Color Code.<ref></ref> '''Condition Black:''' Catastrophic breakdown of mental and physical performance. Usually over 175 heartbeats per minute, increased heart rate becomes counter productive. May have stopped thinking correctly. This can happen when going from Condition White or Yellow immediately to Condition Red.


The USMC uses "Condition Black," although it was not originally part of Cooper's color code.<ref>Jeff Cooper, CC Vol. 4, No. 2, January 1996, GG Vol. 16, No. 2, GGG2, pg. 637.</ref> According to ], "Condition Black," in Cooper's youth, meant "combat in progress."<ref name=Ayoob2011>{{cite book |last=Ayoob |first=Massad |year=2011 |title=Combat Shooting with Massad Ayoob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSDMGxsuWBMC&pg=PA11 |publisher=Gun Digest Books |page=11 |isbn=9781440218590 }}</ref> "Condition Black" is also used to mean "immobilized by panic" or "overwhelmed by fear".<ref>{{cite web |last1=McKay |first1=Brett |title=Arousal and Performance: How Stress and Fear Affect Tactical Performance |url=https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/managing-stress-arousal-for-optimal-performance-a-guide-to-the-warrior-color-code/ |website=The Art of Manliness |access-date=June 7, 2019 |date=August 16, 2013}}</ref>
In short, the Color Code helps you "think" in a fight. As the level of danger increases, your willingness to take certain actions increases. If you ever do go to Condition Red, the decision to use lethal force has already been made (your "mental trigger" has been tripped).


{{anchor|4rules}}
The following are some of Cooper's additional comments on the subject.


===Rifle concepts===
<blockquote>Considering the principles of personal defense, we have long since come up with the Color Code. This has met with surprising success in debriefings throughout the world. The Color Code, as we preach it, runs white, yellow, orange, and red, and is a means of setting one’s mind into the proper condition when exercising lethal violence, and is not as easy as I had thought at first.
Cooper is best known for his work in pistol training,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Combat Triad: A Training Tool For Personal Defense|url=https://www.shootingillustrated.com/articles/2012/4/27/the-combat-triad-a-training-tool-for-personal-defense/|access-date=February 28, 2021|website=www.shootingillustrated.com|language=en}}</ref> but he favored the rifle for tactical shooting. He often described the handgun as a convenient-to-carry stopgap weapon, allowing someone the opportunity to get to a rifle:


{{blockquote|Personal weapons are what raised mankind out of the mud, and the rifle is the queen of personal weapons.
There is a problem in that some students insist upon confusing the appropriate color with the amount of danger evident in the situation. As I have long taught, you are not in any color state because of the specific amount of danger you may be in, but rather in a mental state which enables you to take a difficult psychological step. Now, however, the government has gone into this and is handing out color codes nationwide based upon the apparent nature of a peril. It has always been difficult to teach the Gunsite Color Code, and now it is more so.


The rifle is a weapon. Let there be no mistake about that. It is a tool of power, and thus dependent completely upon the moral stature of its user. It is equally useful in securing meat for the table, destroying group enemies on the battlefield, and resisting tyranny. In fact, it is the only means of resisting tyranny, since a citizenry armed with rifles simply cannot be tyrannized.
We cannot say that the government’s ideas about colors are wrong, but that they are different from what we have long taught here. The problem is this: your combat mind-set is not dictated by the amount of danger to which you are exposed at the time. Your combat mind-set is properly dictated by the state of mind you think appropriate to the situation. You may be in deadly danger at all times, regardless of what the Defense Department tells you. The color code which influences you does depend upon the willingness you have to jump a psychological barrier against taking irrevocable action. That decision is less hard to make since the jihadis have already made it.</blockquote>


The rifle itself has no moral stature, since it has no will of its own. Naturally, it may be used by evil men for evil purposes, but there are more good men than evil, and while the latter cannot be persuaded to the path of righteousness by propaganda, they can certainly be corrected by good men with rifles.|Jeff Cooper, '']''}}
He further simplified things in Vol. 13 #7 of his Commentaries.


====Scout rifle====
:"In White you are unprepared and unready to take lethal action. If you are attacked in White you will probably die unless your adversary is totally inept.
Greatly influenced by the life and writings of ], Cooper published an article in the 1980s describing his ideal of a general-purpose rifle: "a short, light, handy, versatile, utility rifle", which he dubbed a '']''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Scout Rifle Shangri-La – Happy Birthday Jeff Cooper|journal=Empty Cases |url=http://empty-cases.com/blog/scout-rifle-shangri-la-happy-birthday-jeff-cooper|access-date=May 12, 2016|author=Richard Mann|date=May 10, 2016}}</ref> This was a ] ] chambered in ], less than 1 meter in length, less than 3 kilograms in weight, with ], a forward-mounted optical sight (long ] scope), and fitted with a ]. Cooper defined his goal: a general-purpose rifle is a conveniently portable, individually operated firearm, capable of striking a single decisive blow on a live target of up to 200 kilos in weight at any distance at which the operator can shoot with the precision necessary to place a shot in a vital area of the target. Cooper felt the scout rifle should be suited to a man operating like the scout Burnham, either alone or in a two- or three-man team.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Can an AR be a Scout?|url=https://www.shootingillustrated.com/articles/2016/6/6/can-an-ar-be-a-scout|journal=Shooting Illustrated|date=June 6, 2016|access-date=June 6, 2016|author=Richard Mann}}</ref>
:In Yellow you bring yourself to the understanding that your life may be in danger and that you may have to do something about it.
:In Orange you have determined upon a specific adversary and are prepared to take action which may result in his death, but you are not in a lethal mode.
:In Red you are in a lethal mode and will shoot if circumstances warrant."{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}


In late 1997, with Cooper's oversight, ] produced a rifle to his "scout" specifications. Cooper considered the ] "perfect." Riflemen regard Cooper's development of the scout rifle concept and his subsequent work on the evolution of the Steyr-Mannlicher Scout rifle as his most significant and enduring contributions to riflecraft. ] ], ], ], and Mossberg have made versions of the scout rifle as well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Richard |date=2016-09-26 |title=Jeff Cooper's Greatest Legacy? The Ultimate Scout Rifle—Full Review |url=https://www.gunsamerica.com/digest/jeff-coopers-greatest-legacy-the-ultimate-scout-rifle-full-review/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Gun Reviews and News {{!}} GunsAmerica.com/Digest |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sillars |first=Jordan |title=Your Next Deer Gun Should be a "Scout" Rifle |url=https://www.themeateater.com/hunt/firearm-hunting/your-next-deer-gun-should-be-a-scout-rifle |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.themeateater.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Dave |date=2019-08-16 |title=The Scout Rifle |url=https://gunsmagazine.com/guns/rifles/the-scout-rifle/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=GUNS Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=National Rifle |title=An Official Journal Of The NRA {{!}} Jeff Cooper Scout Rifle Package |url=https://www.americanhunter.org/content/jeff-cooper-scout-rifle-package/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=An Official Journal Of The NRA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=National Rifle |title=An Official Journal Of The NRA {{!}} The Scout Rifle Concept |url=https://www.shootingillustrated.com/content/the-scout-rifle-concept/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=An Official Journal Of The NRA |language=en}}</ref>
===Firearms safety===
Cooper advocated four basic rules of ]:
#''All guns are always loaded.'' Even if they are not, treat them as if they are.
#''Never let the muzzle cover anything you are not willing to destroy.'' (For those who insist that this particular gun is unloaded, see ''Rule 1''.)
#''Keep your finger off the trigger till your sights are on the target.'' This is the ''Golden Rule''. Its violation is directly responsible for about 60 percent of inadvertent discharges.
#''Identify your target, and what is behind it.'' Never shoot at anything that you have not positively identified.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.havegunwilltraincolorado.com/jeff-coopers-commentaries-volume-two-1994/ | title=Jeff Cooper’s Commentaries Volume Two 1994 | publisher=Have Gun Will Train Colorado | date=1994 | accessdate=29 January 2015 | author=Cooper, Jeff | pages=43}}</ref>


===Rifle concepts=== ===Ammunition concepts===
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2021}}
Cooper is best known{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} for his work in pistol training, but he favored the rifle for tactical shooting. He often described the handgun as a convenient-to-carry stopgap weapon, allowing someone the opportunity to get to a rifle. (Cooper's training methods are taught at ].)
Cooper was dissatisfied with the small-diameter ] (]) of the ] and envisioned a need for a large-bore (.44 caliber or greater) cartridge in a ] to provide increased stopping power and one-shot kills on ] animals at 250 yards. The so-called '''Thumper concept''' inspired the development of the ], ], ], ], and the ], among other ], all suitable for integration into the ]/]/] or ]/] platforms.


Along the lines of the Thumper concept, Tim LeGendre of LeMag Firearms developed .45 Professional, the predecessor of the .450 Bushmaster cartridge, and later built and delivered an AR-15 in .45 Professional to Cooper.<ref name="Barnes2012">{{cite book|author=Frank C. Barnes|title=Cartridges of the World: A Complete Illustrated Reference for More Than 1,500 Cartridges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjhy8uv196IC&pg=PA97|date=October 5, 2012|publisher=Gun Digest Books|isbn=978-1-4402-3059-2|pages=97–}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<blockquote>"Personal weapons are what raised mankind out of the mud, and the rifle is the queen of personal weapons."


===Writing===
"The rifle is a weapon. Let there be no mistake about that. It is a tool of power, and thus dependent completely upon the moral stature of its user. It is equally useful in securing meat for the table, destroying group enemies on the battlefield, and resisting tyranny. In fact, it is the only means of resisting tyranny, since a citizenry armed with rifles simply cannot be tyrannized."
In 1997, Cooper wrote that he coined the term ] in 1962 "in response to a perceived need for a word to describe a mental aberration consisting of an unreasoning terror of gadgetry, specifically, weapons."<ref name=Baump308>{{cite book |last=Baum |first=Dan |year=2013 |title=Gun Guys: A Road Trip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wY54BO2J1QYC&pg=PA308 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |page=308 |isbn=9780307962218 }}</ref>


"The rifle itself has no moral stature, since it has no will of its own. Naturally, it may be used by evil men for evil purposes, but there are more good men than evil, and while the latter cannot be persuaded to the path of righteousness by propaganda, they can certainly be corrected by good men with rifles."
:— Jeff Cooper, '']''</blockquote>

====Scout Rifle====
In the early 1980s, Cooper published an article describing his ideal of a general-purpose ], which he dubbed a ]. This was a bolt-action carbine chambered in .30 caliber (7.62&nbsp;mm), less than 1 meter in length, less than 3 kilograms in weight, with ]s, a forward mounted optical sight (long ] scope), and fitted with a practical sling (such as ]). Cooper defined his goal: "...a general-purpose rifle is a conveniently portable, individually operated firearm, capable of striking a single decisive blow, on a live target of up to 200 kilos in weight, at any distance at which the operator can shoot with the precision necessary to place a shot in a vital area of the target".

In late 1997, ] produced a rifle to his "Scout" specifications, with Cooper's oversight during the engineering and manufacturing process. While not a spectacular sales success, these rifles nevertheless sold quite well and are still being produced. Cooper considered the ] "perfect" and often made the point that "I've got mine!" Riflemen regard Cooper's development of the Scout Rifle concept, and his subsequent work on the evolution of the Steyr-Mannlicher Scout rifle, as his most significant and enduring contributions to riflecraft. ] ], ], and ] have made versions of the Scout Rifle as well.

===Writing===
In the 1960s he coined the term ] to describe what he called a "mental aberration consisting of an unreasoning terror of gadgetry, specifically, weapons."
In addition to his books on firearms and self-defense, Cooper wrote several books recounting his life adventures plus essays and short stories, including ''Fire Works'' (1980); ''Another Country: Personal Adventures of the Twentieth Century'' (1992); ''To Ride, Shoot Straight and Speak the Truth'' (1988); and ''C Stories'' (2004). His daughter Lindy Wisdom published a biography, ''Jeff Cooper: the Soul and the Spirit'' (1996). In addition to his books on firearms and self-defense, Cooper wrote several books recounting his life adventures plus essays and short stories, including ''Fire Works'' (1980); ''Another Country: Personal Adventures of the Twentieth Century'' (1992); ''To Ride, Shoot Straight and Speak the Truth'' (1988); and ''C Stories'' (2004). His daughter Lindy Wisdom published a biography, ''Jeff Cooper: the Soul and the Spirit'' (1996).


Some of the comments from his "Gunsite Gossip" newsletter were printed in '']'' magazine as "Cooper's Corner" and later were compiled into ''The Gargantuan Gunsite Gossip.'' These were his thoughts on firearms interleaved with his wide-ranging musings on many other subjects and acquired a large U.S. and international following from the 1980s up to his death. Cooper wrote extensively in defense of firearms rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mull |first=Teresa |title=Get to Know Jeff Cooper |url=https://gunpowdermagazine.com/get-to-know-jeff-cooper/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Gunpowder Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
Cooper was regarded{{who|date=February 2013}} as one of the world's foremost authorities on ].

Some of the comments from his "Gunsite Gossip" newsletter were printed in '']'' magazine as "Cooper's Corner" and later were compiled into ''The Gargantuan Gunsite Gossip.'' These were his thoughts on firearms interleavened with his wide-ranging musings on many other subjects, and acquired a large US and international following from the 1980s up to his death. The firearms guru famous quotes became known as "Cooperism" and reflects on his philosophy and doctrine that has shaped the modern firearms world. Additionally Cooper wrote extensively and advocated firearms rights.


A complete bibliography of Jeff Cooper's writings from 1947 onwards is available at the Jeff Cooper Bibliography Project.<ref></ref> A complete bibliography of Jeff Cooper's writings from 1947 onwards is available at the Jeff Cooper Bibliography Project.<ref></ref>


==Personal life==
Cooper was the Founding President and Honorary Lifetime Chairman of the ]. However, he was critical of the way he believed IPSC departed from the original focus on practical weapons toward what he called '']'' highly-modified pistols that he believed were not appropriate for practical daily service.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} Numerous of his "Gunsite Gossip / Cooper's Corner" articles dealt with this issue and the "gamesmen" who he believed had caused IPSC to deteriorate.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}
Cooper was married to his wife Janelle for 64 years. They had three daughters.<ref name=latimes/> He died at his home on September 25, 2006, at the age of 86.<ref>{{cite news | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514041649/http://prescottdailycourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=41279 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 | url=http://prescottdailycourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=41279 |title=Cooper, firearms expert, dead at 86 |newspaper=] |location=Prescott, AZ |date=September 26, 2006 |access-date= March 9, 2016}}</ref> He and Janelle are buried at the Arizona Pioneer's Home Cemetery in Prescott, Arizona.


==Personal life== ==Political views==
In 1991, Cooper wrote in '']'' magazine that "no more than five to ten people in a hundred who die by gunfire in Los Angeles are any loss to society. These people fight small wars amongst themselves. It would seem a valid social service to keep them well-supplied with ammunition."<ref name="ag">Grossman, Arnold. ''One Nation Under Guns: An Essay on an American Epidemic'', Fulcrum Publishing, 2006 {{ISBN|9781555915575}} (p. 65).</ref><ref>Vinzant, Carol. ''Lawyers, Guns, and Money: One Man's Battle with the Gun Industry'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 {{ISBN|9781403966278}} (p.21).</ref> In 1994, Cooper said "Los Angeles and ] have declared themselves sister cities. It makes sense: they are both ] metropolises formerly occupied by Americans."<ref>''Crime, Justice, and Society: An Introduction to Criminology'' Berger, Ronald J., Free, Marvin D., Searles, Patricia. Lynne Rienner Publishing, 2009. {{ISBN|9781588266859}} (p. 174).</ref>
Cooper was married to his wife Janelle for 64 years. They had three daughters.<ref name=latimes />
===Political views===
Cooper held strongly ] political opinions.<ref name="ag">Grossman, Arnold.
''One Nation Under Guns: An Essay on an American Epidemic'', Fulcrum Publishing, 2006
ISBN 9781555915575 (p. 65).</ref> In 1991, Cooper wrote in ]
magazine that "no more than five to ten people in a hundred who die by gunfire in Los Angeles are any loss to society. These people fight small wars amongst themselves. It would seem a valid social service to keep them well-supplied with ammunition."<ref name="ag" /><ref>Vinzant, Carol.
''Lawyers, Guns, and Money:One Man's Battle with the Gun Industry'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2005
ISBN 9781403966278 (p.21) .</ref>
In 1994, Cooper stated "] and ] have declared themselves sister cities. It makes sense: they are both Third World metropolises formerly occupied by Americans."<ref>
''Crime, Justice, and Society: An Introduction to Criminology''
Berger, Ronald J., Free, Marvin D., Searles, Patricia. Lynne Rienner Publishing, 2009.
ISBN 9781588266859 (p. 174).</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|World War II|United States Marine Corps|Biography}} {{Portal|Biography}}
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==References== ==References==
Abbreviations:
{{Reflist}}
* CC: ''Cooper's Commentaries''
* GG: ''Gunsite Gossip''
* GGG1: ''The Gargantuan Gunsite Gossip'', Gunsite Press, Paulden, Arizona, USA, 1990, {{ISBN|0962134228}}, contains ''Gunsite Gossip'' Volumes 1 to 9, 1981 to 1989.
* GGG2: ''Gargantuan Gunsite Gossip 2'', Gunsite Press, Paulden, Arizona, USA, 2001, {{ISBN|0962134252}}, contains ''Gunsite Gossip'' Volumes 10 to 20, 1990 to 2000.
* GGG3: ''Gargantuan Gunsite Gossip 3'', Wisdom Publishing, Tempe, Arizona, USA, 2010, {{ISBN|0965540987}}, contains ''Gunsite Gossip'' Volumes 21 to 26, 2001 to 2006.

''Cooper's Commentaries'' is an unedited superset of ''Gunsite Gossip'', with CC Vol. 1, No. 1 corresponding to GG Vol. XIII, No. 9, and an edited version of these were published as "Cooper's Corner" in '']'' magazine starting in 1986.<ref>CC, Vol. I, No. 1, 1993, "With this issue, I am abandoning the editorial 'we' along with reference to Gunsite in the title since I no longer exercise control over the output of the Gunsite Press. What may henceforth appear as 'Gunsite Gossip' will be a censored and abbreviated version of my periodical commentary. ... "</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Robert K. |year=2011 |title=Gun Digest Shooter's Guide to the 1911 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dltfyqFaA68C&pg=PA60 |publisher=Gun Digest Books |page=60 |isbn=9781440218880 |access-date=March 10, 2015}}
*"Shooting to Kill", Peter A. Lake, '']'', February 1981, p.&nbsp;79–83
*{{cite journal |last=Lake |first=Peter A. |date=February 1981 |title=Shooting to Kill |journal=Esquire |pages=79–83 }}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt = no| b = no | q = Jeff Cooper | s = no | commons = no | n = no | v = no | species = no | display = Jeff Cooper | author = no }}
{{external links|date=May 2013}}
{{Sister project links| wikt = no| b = no | q = Jeff Cooper | s = no | commons = no | n = no | v = no | species = no | display = Jeff Cooper | author = no }}
* *
* at The Gun Zone
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* * official site of Jeff Cooper and Wisdom Publishing (per Lindy Cooper Wisdom)
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*{{Find a Grave|29439791|Col Jeff Cooper|date=Aug 31, 2008|accessdate=Jun 27, 2011}}


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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->
| NAME = Cooper, Jeff
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Cooper, John Dean
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American journalist
| DATE OF BIRTH = May 10, 1920
| PLACE OF BIRTH = ] ], ], ]
| DATE OF DEATH = September 25, 2006
| PLACE OF DEATH = ] ], ], ]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cooper, Jeff}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cooper, Jeff}}
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Latest revision as of 12:18, 6 December 2024

American firearms expert (1920–2006) For those of a similar name, see Jeffrey Cooper (disambiguation).

Jeff Cooper
Born(1920-05-10)May 10, 1920
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
DiedSeptember 25, 2006(2006-09-25) (aged 86)
Paulden, Arizona, U.S.
Education
Occupation(s)U.S. Marine, firearms instructor, writer
SpouseJanelle Cooper
Children3

John Dean "Jeff" Cooper (May 10, 1920 – September 25, 2006) was a United States Marine, the creator of the "modern technique" of handgun shooting, and an expert on the use and history of small arms.

Early life and education

Jeff Cooper was born in Los Angeles where he enrolled in the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps at Los Angeles High School. Cooper then enrolled at Stanford University, where he lettered in fencing, and he graduated from Stanford in 1941 with a bachelor's degree in political science. He received a regular commission in the United States Marine Corps (USMC) in September 1941. During World War II he served in the Pacific theater with the Marine Detachment aboard USS Pennsylvania. By the end of the war he had been promoted to major. He resigned his commission in 1949 but returned to active duty during the Korean War, where he claimed to be involved in irregular warfare in Southeast Asia, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. After the Korean War he left active duty. In the mid-1960s he received a master's degree in history from the University of California, Riverside. From the late 1950s through the early 1970s he was a part-time high school and community college history teacher.

Career

In 1976 Cooper founded the American Pistol Institute (API) in Paulden, Arizona (later the Gunsite Academy). Cooper began teaching shotgun and rifle classes to both law enforcement and military personnel, as well as civilians, and conducted on-site training for individuals and groups from around the world. He sold the firm in 1992 but continued living on the Paulden ranch. He was known for his advocacy of large-caliber handguns, especially the Colt 1911 and the .45 ACP cartridge.

Cooper, along with Michael Dixon and Thomas Dornaus, worked on the design of the Bren Ten pistol around the 10mm Auto, based on the Czech CZ 75 design. The cartridge was larger than 9×19mm Parabellum and faster than .45 ACP rounds.

The modern technique of the pistol

Cooper's modern technique defines pragmatic use of the pistol for personal protection. The modern technique emphasizes two-handed shooting using the Weaver stance, competing with and eventually supplanting the once-prevalent one-handed shooting style. The five elements of the modern technique are:

  • A large caliber pistol, preferably a semi-automatic
  • The Weaver stance
  • The draw stroke
  • The flash sight picture
  • The compressed surprise trigger break

Firearm conditions of readiness

There are several conditions of readiness in which such a weapon can be carried. Cooper promulgated most of the following terms:

  • Clear and Safe: Slide locked to the rear, chamber empty, no magazine in the gun, hammer down, safety on (if applicable).
  • Condition 4: Chamber empty, no magazine in the gun, hammer down, safety on.
  • Condition 3: Chamber empty, full magazine in place, hammer down, safety on.
  • Condition 2: A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer down, safety on.
  • Condition 1: A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer cocked, safety on. Also referred to as "cocked and locked."
  • Condition 0: A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer cocked, safety off.

Condition 0 is considered "ready to fire"; as a result, there is a risk of accidental or negligent discharge carrying in Condition 0.

Combat mindset and the Cooper color code

The most important means of surviving a lethal confrontation, according to Cooper, is neither the weapon nor the martial skills. The primary tool is the combat mindset, set forth in his book, Principles of Personal Defense.

Cooper came up with a color code, consisting of four colors including white, yellow, orange, and red:

  In White you are unprepared and unready to take lethal action. If you are attacked in White you will probably die unless your adversary is totally inept.

  In Yellow you bring yourself to the understanding that your life may be in danger and that you may have to do something about it.

  In Orange you have determined upon a specific adversary and are prepared to take action which may result in his death, but you are not in a lethal mode.

  In Red you are in a lethal mode and will shoot if circumstances warrant.

The color code, as originally introduced by Cooper, had nothing to do with tactical situations or alertness levels, but rather with one's state of mind. Cooper did not claim to have invented anything in particular with the color code, but he was apparently the first to use it as an indication of mental state.

The USMC uses "Condition Black," although it was not originally part of Cooper's color code. According to Massad Ayoob, "Condition Black," in Cooper's youth, meant "combat in progress." "Condition Black" is also used to mean "immobilized by panic" or "overwhelmed by fear".

Rifle concepts

Cooper is best known for his work in pistol training, but he favored the rifle for tactical shooting. He often described the handgun as a convenient-to-carry stopgap weapon, allowing someone the opportunity to get to a rifle:

Personal weapons are what raised mankind out of the mud, and the rifle is the queen of personal weapons.

The rifle is a weapon. Let there be no mistake about that. It is a tool of power, and thus dependent completely upon the moral stature of its user. It is equally useful in securing meat for the table, destroying group enemies on the battlefield, and resisting tyranny. In fact, it is the only means of resisting tyranny, since a citizenry armed with rifles simply cannot be tyrannized.

The rifle itself has no moral stature, since it has no will of its own. Naturally, it may be used by evil men for evil purposes, but there are more good men than evil, and while the latter cannot be persuaded to the path of righteousness by propaganda, they can certainly be corrected by good men with rifles.

— Jeff Cooper, The Art of the Rifle

Scout rifle

Greatly influenced by the life and writings of Frederick Russell Burnham, Cooper published an article in the 1980s describing his ideal of a general-purpose rifle: "a short, light, handy, versatile, utility rifle", which he dubbed a scout rifle. This was a bolt-action carbine chambered in .308 Winchester, less than 1 meter in length, less than 3 kilograms in weight, with iron sights, a forward-mounted optical sight (long eye relief scope), and fitted with a practical sling. Cooper defined his goal: a general-purpose rifle is a conveniently portable, individually operated firearm, capable of striking a single decisive blow on a live target of up to 200 kilos in weight at any distance at which the operator can shoot with the precision necessary to place a shot in a vital area of the target. Cooper felt the scout rifle should be suited to a man operating like the scout Burnham, either alone or in a two- or three-man team.

In late 1997, with Cooper's oversight, Steyr Mannlicher produced a rifle to his "scout" specifications. Cooper considered the Steyr Scout "perfect." Riflemen regard Cooper's development of the scout rifle concept and his subsequent work on the evolution of the Steyr-Mannlicher Scout rifle as his most significant and enduring contributions to riflecraft. Ruger (Gunsite Scout Rifle), Savage Arms, Springfield Armory, and Mossberg have made versions of the scout rifle as well.

Ammunition concepts

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Cooper was dissatisfied with the small-diameter 5.56×45mm NATO (.223 Remington) of the AR-15 and envisioned a need for a large-bore (.44 caliber or greater) cartridge in a semi-automatic rifle to provide increased stopping power and one-shot kills on big-game animals at 250 yards. The so-called Thumper concept inspired the development of the .450 Bushmaster, .458 SOCOM, .458 HAM'R, .499 LWR, and the .50 Beowulf, among other cartridges, all suitable for integration into the AR-15/M16 rifle/M4 carbine or AR-10/M14 rifle platforms.

Along the lines of the Thumper concept, Tim LeGendre of LeMag Firearms developed .45 Professional, the predecessor of the .450 Bushmaster cartridge, and later built and delivered an AR-15 in .45 Professional to Cooper.

Writing

In 1997, Cooper wrote that he coined the term hoplophobia in 1962 "in response to a perceived need for a word to describe a mental aberration consisting of an unreasoning terror of gadgetry, specifically, weapons."

In addition to his books on firearms and self-defense, Cooper wrote several books recounting his life adventures plus essays and short stories, including Fire Works (1980); Another Country: Personal Adventures of the Twentieth Century (1992); To Ride, Shoot Straight and Speak the Truth (1988); and C Stories (2004). His daughter Lindy Wisdom published a biography, Jeff Cooper: the Soul and the Spirit (1996).

Some of the comments from his "Gunsite Gossip" newsletter were printed in Guns & Ammo magazine as "Cooper's Corner" and later were compiled into The Gargantuan Gunsite Gossip. These were his thoughts on firearms interleaved with his wide-ranging musings on many other subjects and acquired a large U.S. and international following from the 1980s up to his death. Cooper wrote extensively in defense of firearms rights.

A complete bibliography of Jeff Cooper's writings from 1947 onwards is available at the Jeff Cooper Bibliography Project.

Personal life

Cooper was married to his wife Janelle for 64 years. They had three daughters. He died at his home on September 25, 2006, at the age of 86. He and Janelle are buried at the Arizona Pioneer's Home Cemetery in Prescott, Arizona.

Political views

In 1991, Cooper wrote in Guns & Ammo magazine that "no more than five to ten people in a hundred who die by gunfire in Los Angeles are any loss to society. These people fight small wars amongst themselves. It would seem a valid social service to keep them well-supplied with ammunition." In 1994, Cooper said "Los Angeles and Ho Chi Minh City have declared themselves sister cities. It makes sense: they are both Third World metropolises formerly occupied by Americans."

See also

References

Abbreviations:

  • CC: Cooper's Commentaries
  • GG: Gunsite Gossip
  • GGG1: The Gargantuan Gunsite Gossip, Gunsite Press, Paulden, Arizona, USA, 1990, ISBN 0962134228, contains Gunsite Gossip Volumes 1 to 9, 1981 to 1989.
  • GGG2: Gargantuan Gunsite Gossip 2, Gunsite Press, Paulden, Arizona, USA, 2001, ISBN 0962134252, contains Gunsite Gossip Volumes 10 to 20, 1990 to 2000.
  • GGG3: Gargantuan Gunsite Gossip 3, Wisdom Publishing, Tempe, Arizona, USA, 2010, ISBN 0965540987, contains Gunsite Gossip Volumes 21 to 26, 2001 to 2006.

Cooper's Commentaries is an unedited superset of Gunsite Gossip, with CC Vol. 1, No. 1 corresponding to GG Vol. XIII, No. 9, and an edited version of these were published as "Cooper's Corner" in Guns & Ammo magazine starting in 1986.

  1. ^ McLellan, Dennis (October 1, 2006). "Jeff Cooper, 86; Firearms Expert Set Standard for Pistol Technique". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
  2. Wiley, Clapp (2007). "The Jeff Cooper Legacy". American Rifleman. 155 (6). National Rifle Association of America: 44, 45, 58&60.
  3. Los Angeles High School Blue & White Summer Yearbook (1937)
  4. "About Jeff Cooper – Jeff Cooper Legacy Foundation". jeffcooperfoundation.org. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
  5. Wisdom, Lindy Cooper (2002), Jeff Cooper the Soul and the Spirit, Wolfe, p. 179
  6. Sweeney, Patrick (2001). The Gun Digest Book of the 1911, Volume 2. Iola, WI: Gun Digest Books. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-87349-281-2.
  7. Morrison, G. and Cooper, J., "The Modern Technique of the Pistol", Paulden: Gunsite Press, 1991.
  8. Cooper, Jeff, Principles of Personal Defense, Paladin Press, ISBN 978-0-87364-497-6
  9. Jeff Cooper, CC Vol. 13, No. 7, July, 2005, GG Vol. 25, No. 7, GGG3, pg. 526-7.
  10. Ahern, Jerry (2010). Gun Digest Buyer's Guide to Concealed-Carry Handguns. Gun Digest Books. p. 60. ISBN 9781440217432. Retrieved March 10, 2015. The late Colonel Jeff Cooper wrote about color-coded conditions of readiness. ...
  11. Jeff Cooper, CC Vol. 4, No. 2, January 1996, GG Vol. 16, No. 2, GGG2, pg. 637.
  12. Ayoob, Massad (2011). Combat Shooting with Massad Ayoob. Gun Digest Books. p. 11. ISBN 9781440218590.
  13. McKay, Brett (August 16, 2013). "Arousal and Performance: How Stress and Fear Affect Tactical Performance". The Art of Manliness. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  14. "The Combat Triad: A Training Tool For Personal Defense". www.shootingillustrated.com. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
  15. Richard Mann (May 10, 2016). "Scout Rifle Shangri-La – Happy Birthday Jeff Cooper". Empty Cases. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  16. Richard Mann (June 6, 2016). "Can an AR be a Scout?". Shooting Illustrated. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  17. Mann, Richard (September 26, 2016). "Jeff Cooper's Greatest Legacy? The Ultimate Scout Rifle—Full Review". Gun Reviews and News | GunsAmerica.com/Digest. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  18. Sillars, Jordan. "Your Next Deer Gun Should be a "Scout" Rifle". www.themeateater.com. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  19. Anderson, Dave (August 16, 2019). "The Scout Rifle". GUNS Magazine. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  20. Association, National Rifle. "An Official Journal Of The NRA | Jeff Cooper Scout Rifle Package". An Official Journal Of The NRA. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  21. Association, National Rifle. "An Official Journal Of The NRA | The Scout Rifle Concept". An Official Journal Of The NRA. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  22. Frank C. Barnes (October 5, 2012). Cartridges of the World: A Complete Illustrated Reference for More Than 1,500 Cartridges. Gun Digest Books. pp. 97–. ISBN 978-1-4402-3059-2.
  23. Baum, Dan (2013). Gun Guys: A Road Trip. Knopf Doubleday. p. 308. ISBN 9780307962218.
  24. Mull, Teresa. "Get to Know Jeff Cooper". Gunpowder Magazine. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  25. The Jeff Cooper Bibliography Project
  26. "Cooper, firearms expert, dead at 86". The Daily Courier. Prescott, AZ. September 26, 2006. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  27. Grossman, Arnold. One Nation Under Guns: An Essay on an American Epidemic, Fulcrum Publishing, 2006 ISBN 9781555915575 (p. 65).
  28. Vinzant, Carol. Lawyers, Guns, and Money: One Man's Battle with the Gun Industry Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 ISBN 9781403966278 (p.21).
  29. Crime, Justice, and Society: An Introduction to Criminology Berger, Ronald J., Free, Marvin D., Searles, Patricia. Lynne Rienner Publishing, 2009. ISBN 9781588266859 (p. 174).
  30. CC, Vol. I, No. 1, 1993, "With this issue, I am abandoning the editorial 'we' along with reference to Gunsite in the title since I no longer exercise control over the output of the Gunsite Press. What may henceforth appear as 'Gunsite Gossip' will be a censored and abbreviated version of my periodical commentary. ... "

Further reading

External links

Categories: