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{{Short description|Old Georgian Byzantine mosaic}}
{{Infobox artifact {{Infobox artifact
| name = Bir El Qutt Georgian inscriptions | name= Bir el Qutt inscriptions
| image= ]
| image =
| image2 = | image2=
| image_caption = | image_caption= Inscription 1 at the ]
| material = ] | material= ]
| size= {{convert|98|×|45|cm|abbr=on}} <small>(inscription 1)</small><ref>Tchekhanovets, p. 144</ref>
| size =
| language= ]
| writing = ] inscriptions written in a ]
| writing= ]
| created = 430 AD (two inscriptions)<br> 532 AD (third inscription)
| created= AD {{start date and age|430|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}} <br><small>(inscription 1 & 2)</small><br> AD {{start date and age|532|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}} <br><small>(inscription 3 & 4)</small>
| discovered = 1953 by ]
| discovered= 1952, by ]
| location = ], ]
| location= ], ]
| id =
| id=
}} }}
The '''Bir El Qutt inscriptions''' ({{lang-ka|ბირ ელ ყუტის წარწერები}}) are the three ] inscriptions written in the Georgian '']'' script which were excavated at a Georgian monastery in 1953 by an ] archaeologist ] near Bir El Qutt, 6 km south-east of ] and 2 km north of ]. Georgian inscriptions were found on a mosaic floor.<ref>Gideon Avni, The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach, p. 149, Oxford University Press, 2014</ref><ref>Dairat Al-Athar al-Ammah, Annual of the Department of Antiquities, p. 78</ref><ref>Michael Avi-Yonah, Ephraim Stern, Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, V. 3, pp. 879-882</ref> Two inscriptions are dated 430 AD and the third one 532 AD.


The '''Bir el Qutt inscriptions'''{{cref2|a}} ({{lang-ka|ბირ ელ ქუტის წარწერები|tr}}) are four<ref>Horn, p. 204</ref> ] ] inscriptions in the '']'' script. They were excavated at a ]<ref>Corbo, p. 113</ref><ref>Khurtsilava, p. 26</ref> ] monastery in 1952<ref>Khurtsilava, p. 13</ref><ref>Corbo, p. 110</ref> by Italian archaeologist ]<ref>Khurtsilava, p. 6</ref> near Bir el Qutt,{{cref2|b}} in the ], {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} south-east of ] and {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} north of ].<ref>Tchekhanovets, p. 137</ref>
The monastery where the inscriptions were excavated was founded or rebuilt by the Georgian philosopher and royal prince ]. One of the inscriptions mentions him with his father.<ref>Louis Leloir, Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, p. 71, Secrétariat du Corpus SCO, 1976</ref><ref>Glen Warren Bowersock, Peter Brown, Oleg Grabar, Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World, p. 466</ref> The other inscription mentions ] who is thought to be a possible grandfather of Peter.


The complex was built of reddish ].<ref>Tchekhanovets, p. 138</ref> The excavations has also revealed a monastery which produced wine and olive oil.<ref>Corbo, p. 2</ref> Georgian inscriptions were found on a mosaic floor<ref>Tchekhanovets, p. 140</ref><ref>Corbo, pp. 8-136</ref> decorated with geometrical and floral patterns.<ref>De Gruyter, p. 605</ref> The first two inscriptions are dated AD 430,<ref>Rayfield, p. 41</ref><ref>Khurtsilava, p. 17</ref> while the last two AD 532.<ref>De Gruyter, pp. 605-608</ref> The excavations of Bir el Qutt conditioned discovery of inscriptions where only one has survived completely while others lack parts of the mosaic that suffered significant damage.<ref>Khurtsilava (2017) p. 130</ref> The inscriptions '']'' mention ]<ref>Corbo, p. 130</ref> alongside his father, and also ] who is thought to be a possible maternal great-uncle<ref>Rayfield, p. 39</ref> or grandfather of Peter.<ref>Khurtsilava, p. 24</ref><ref>Tchekhanovets, p. 148</ref> Peter reputedly was the founder<ref>Rayfield, p. 40</ref> or the renovator of the monastery.<ref>Khurtsilava (2017) pp. 140-141</ref> Peter's aristocratic descent would allow him easy access to various persons of power and prestige in ], Jerusalem and other places,<ref>Horn, pp. 1-2</ref> to actively develop Georgian monastic establishments.<ref>Horn, p. 71</ref> At the end of the eighth century the monastery was completely abandoned.<ref>De Gruyter, pp. 605-606</ref>
As of 2014, the first two carvings are the oldest extant Georgian inscriptions. The inscriptions are kept at the museum of the ] in ].<ref> Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</ref>

So far, the first two carvings alongside the ] are the ].<ref>De Gruyter, pp. 605-610</ref><ref>Tchekhanovets, p. 146</ref> The inscriptions are kept at the museum of the ] in Jerusalem.<ref>Tchekhanovets, p. 141</ref> Inscription 2 mentioning Peter the Iberian is currently missing and is deemed to be lost.<ref>Khurtsilava, p. 18</ref>


==Inscriptions== ==Inscriptions==
===Inscription 1=== ===Inscription 1===
{{col-begin}}
], 430 AD]]
{{col-2}}
{{cquote|ႣႠ ႻႭჃႻ<br>
::ႣႠႻႭჃႻ
ႤႭჃႪႬႨ Ⴋ<br>
::ႤႭჃႪႬႨႫ
ႠႧႬႨ ႡႠ<br>
::ႠႧႬႨႡႠ
ႩႭჃႰ ႣႠ<br>
::ႩႭჃႰႣႠ
ႢႰႨ ႭႰႫ<br>
::ႢႰႨႭႰႫ
ႨႦႣ ႣႠ Ⴌ<br>
::ႨႦႣႣႠႬ
ႠႸႭႡႬႨ<br>
::ႠႸႭႡႬႨ
ႫႠႧႬႨ Ⴕ}}
::ႫႠႧႬႨႵ
{{col-2}}
::da dzudz
::eulni m-
::atni ba-
::kʼur da
::gri orm-
::izd da n-
::ashobni
::matni k
{{col-end}}
::'''Translation:''' Jesus Christ, have mercy on ] and Griormizd and their descendants.<ref>Tchekhanovets, pp. 144—145</ref><ref>Khurtsilava, p. 23</ref><ref>Corbo, pp. 137—138</ref>


This inscription was discovered to the west of the colonnade of central yard. The letters were arranged within three squares with black pebbles on white background.<ref>De Gruyter, p. 609</ref> The carving of the inscription also differentiates from the other ones as the letters are comparatively rough.<ref>Khurtsilava (2017) p. 140</ref> The text of the inscription is rather short, but an interesting thing is that out of two persons mentioned in the text the name of one of them repeats the name of prominent possible grandfather of Peter, Bakur the Iberian. The second person "Gri Ormizd" mentioned in the inscription is unknown, although as the inscription explains they were friends or relatives who grew up together.<ref>Khurtsilava (2017) p. 141</ref>
*'''Translation:''' "Jesus Christ, have mercy on ] and Griormizd and their descendants."
*'''Dated:''' 430 AD


===Inscription 2=== ===Inscription 2===
{{col-begin}}
], 430 AD.]]
{{col-2}}
{{cquote|ႼႫႨႣႠႭ ႧႤႭႣႭႰ<br>
::ႼႫႨႣႠႭႧႤႭႣႭႰ
Ⴄ ႫႠႰ Ⴌ ႣႠ ႡႭჃ<br>
::ႤႫႠႰႭჃႠႬႣႠႡႭ
ႰႦ Ⴌ ႤႬ ႠႫႨ}}
::ჃႰႦႬႤႬႠႫႨႤ
{{col-2}}
::tsʼmidao teodor-
::e mar n da bu-
::rz nen amie
{{col-end}}


*'''Translation:''' "Saint Theodore, have mercy on ] and Burzen, ]." ::'''Translation:''' ], have mercy on ] and Burzen, ].<ref>Tchekhanovets, p. 145</ref><ref>Khurtsilava, p. 19</ref><ref>Corbo, p. 138</ref>

*'''Dated:''' 430 AD
Maruan was a secular name of Peter the Iberian. His father is mentioned as Burzen. ] edition of the 6th century ''“]”'' of Peter provides their names as "Nabarnugios" and "Buzmarios", while the 13th century Georgian edition of the ''Vita'' refers them as "Murvanos" and "Varaz-Bakur" respectively. It is assumed that these names in Syriac edition have the Greek ending "-os". Buzmar is the same name as Buzmihr and it is concluded that full name of the father of Peter was to be "Burzen-Mihr".<ref>Khurtsilava (2017) p. 133</ref> The name "Varaz-Bakur" is thought to be the mistake made by the author of Georgian edition.<ref>Khurtsilava (2017) pp. 133-134</ref> "Burzen" represents the ] form and is represented with many various forms in different sources such as Burzin, Burz, Borzin, Barzi, Barzen, Baraz, Barza.<ref>Khurtsilava (2017) p. 134</ref> Syriac edition has secular name of Peter as ] mentions Peter in the text as "Nabarnugios". John being his contemporary and follower, was certainly aware of a real name of his spiritual confessor prior to becoming the monk.<ref>Khurtsilava (2017) p. 135</ref> Peter being referenced under the inscription by his secular name does signify that the inscription itself had been made before Peter entered the monkhood.<ref>Khurtsilava (2017) p. 136</ref>


===Inscription 3=== ===Inscription 3===
] ]
{{col-begin}}
{{cquote|ႸႤႼႤႥႬႨႧႠ Ⴕ ჁႱႨႧႠ ႣႠ Ⴋ<br>
{{col-2}}
ႤႭႾႤႡႨႧႠ ႼႫႨႣႨႱႠ ႣႠ Ⴇ ႤჂႱႨႧႠ<br>
::ႸႤႼႤႥႬႨႧႠႵჁႱႨႧႠႣႠႫ
ႸႬ ႠႬႲႭႬႨ ႠႡႠჂ ႣႠ ႨႭႱႨႠ ႫႭ<br>
::ႤႭႾႤႡႨႧႠႼႫႨႣႨႱႠႣႠႧႤჂႱႨႧႠ
ႫႱႾႫႤႪႨ ႠႫႨႱ ႱႤႴႨႱႠჂ ႣႠ ႫႠ<br>
::ႸႬႠႬႲႭႬႨႠႡႠჂႣႠႨႭႱႨႠႫႭ
ႫႠ ႣႤႣႠჂ ႨႭႱႨႠჂႱႨ ႠႫႤႬ}}
::ႫႱႾႫႤႪႨႠႫႨႱႱႤႴႨႱႠჂႣႠႫႠ
::ႫႠႣႤႣႠჂႨႭႱႨႠჂႱႨႠႫႤႬ
{{col-2}}
::shetsʼevnita k eysita da m-
::eokhebita tsʼmidisa da teysita
::sh n antʼoni abay da iosia mo-
::mskhmeli amis sepisay da ma-
::ma deday iosiaysi amen
{{col-end}}
::'''Translation:''' With the help of Jesus Christ and Saint Theodore, God have mercy on ] Antony and ] the layer of this mosaic and the father and mother of Iosia, Amen.<ref>Tchekhanovets, p. 143</ref><ref>Khurtsilava, p. 16</ref><ref>Corbo, p. 135</ref>


This five-line mosaic inscription (size: {{convert|82|×|212|cm|abbr=on}}) was set in a '']'', placed on the floor of the ] hall of the monastery.<ref>De Gruyter, p. 606</ref> Asomtavruli letters and the frame are made of black '']'' on the white background and the mosaic's state of preservation is excellent.<ref>De Gruyter, p. 607</ref> Iosia (i.e. ]) in the inscription is referenced as "master of mosaics". The name “Josiah” is unknown for Georgian nomenclature of that time. It is the ]ish personal name, represented with the Greek form, a name is not known by other sources. It seems that he was a Christian and is mentioned in the inscription together with his parents. Some scholars consider Josiah to be the person who provided the funds for mosaic in the church.<ref>Khurtsilava (2017) p. 131</ref> Abba Anthony is identified by scholars with the Jerusalemite Georgian<ref>Horn, p. 205</ref> monk and priest Amba Anthony ('']'' 596) who had been mentioned in several Georgian sources,<ref>Khurtsilava (2017) p. 132</ref> who was connected with ]. Per sources he brought to Simeon the relics of the ], later stayed in Syria, where he became a bishop.<ref>De Gruyter, p. 608</ref>
*'''Translation:''' "With the help of Jesus Christ and Saint Theodore, God have mercy on Abba Antoni and Iosia the layer of this mosaic and the mother and father of Iosia, Amen."

*'''Dated:''' 532 AD
===Inscription 4===
::
::Ⴆ
::Ⴈ
::CO
::MCO
::'''Translation:''' ziCOMCO

The fourth mosaic inscription is too fragmentary to propose a reading. It was found at the eastern '']'' of the courtyard.<ref>De Gruyter, p. 612</ref>

==See also==
*]
*]

==Notes==
{{Cnote2 Begin}}
{{Cnote2|a|n=1|In Georgian scholarly works is known as the '''Georgian inscriptions of Palestine''' ({{lang-ka|პალესტინის ქართული წარწერები|tr}}).}}
{{Cnote2|b|n=1|In Arabic '''Bir el Qutt''' ({{langx|ar|بئر القطعة}}) means "the ] of the crag".<ref>Palmer, p. </ref>}}
{{Cnote2 End}}


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist|3}}


==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
*] (1955) Gli scavi di Kh. Siyar el-Ghanam (Campo dei pastori) e i monasteri dei dintorni, Tip. dei PP. Francescani
{{refbegin}}
*Tchekhanovets, Y. (2018) The Caucasian Archaeology of the Holy Land: Armenian, Georgian and Albanian communities between the fourth and eleventh centuries CE, ], {{ISBN|978-90-04-36224-6}}
*Hewitt, B.G. (1995). Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3802-3.
*Khurtsilava, B. (2017) The inscriptions of the Georgian Monastery in Bi’r el-Qutt and their chronology. Journal"Christianity in the Middle East", No 1, Moscow, pp.&nbsp;129–151 https://www.academia.edu/45335011/The_inscriptions_of_the_Georgian_Monastery_in_Bir_el_Qutt_and_their_chronology_CHRISTIANITY_IN_THE_MIDDLE_EAST_No_1_2017_pp_129_151
*], Materials for the study of Georgian monasteries in the Western environs of Antioch on the Orontes, Volume 48; Volume 372, Corpussco, 1976
*Khurtsilava, B. (2018) Traces of the Georgians on the Holy Land, Tbilisi, {{ISBN|978-9941-8-0042-9}}
*], Volume. 7, pp. 651-652, Tbilisi, 1984
* {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=]}}
*], The oldest Georgian inscriptions from Palestine, Tbilisi, 1960
*] (2013) Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia, ], {{ISBN|9781780230702}}
*Le Destin de la Géorgie, Revue de Karthvélologie, 1961, p. 115
*] (2018) Iudaea / Idumaea: 2649–3324, Part 1, LXXIV, {{ISBN|9783110544213}}
*Chachanidze, V., Peter the Iberian and the archaeological excavations of Georgian monastery in Jerusalem, Tbilisi, 1974
*Horn, C. B. (2006) Asceticism and Christological Controversy in Fifth-Century Palestine, The Career of Peter the Iberian, ], {{ISBN|9780199277537}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading ==
*Hewitt, B.G. (1995). Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar. John Benjamins Publishing. {{ISBN|978-90-272-3802-3}}.
*] (1976) Materials for the study of Georgian monasteries in the Western environs of Antioch on the Orontes, Volume 48; Volume 372, Corpussco
*] (1961) The oldest Georgian inscriptions from Palestine, Tbilisi, 1960
*Chachanidze, V. (1977) Peter the Iberian and the archaeological excavations of Georgian monastery in Jerusalem, Tbilisi

==External links==
*Lombardo, S. & Scardigno, C. (2018) Terra Sancta Museum
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: , ]


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Latest revision as of 03:12, 31 October 2024

Old Georgian Byzantine mosaic
Bir el Qutt inscriptions
Inscription 1 at the Terra Sancta Museum
MaterialMosaic
Size98 cm × 45 cm (39 in × 18 in) (inscription 1)
WritingGeorgian script
CreatedAD 430
(1595 years ago) (430)
(inscription 1 & 2)
AD 532
(1493 years ago) (532)
(inscription 3 & 4)
Discovered1952, by Virgilio Canio Corbo
Present locationStudium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem
LanguageOld Georgian

The Bir el Qutt inscriptions (Georgian: ბირ ელ ქუტის წარწერები, romanized: bir el kut'is ts'arts'erebi) are four Old Georgian Byzantine mosaic inscriptions in the Asomtavruli script. They were excavated at a Saint Theodore Tiron Georgian Orthodox monastery in 1952 by Italian archaeologist Virgilio Canio Corbo near Bir el Qutt, in the Judaean Desert, 6 km (3.7 mi) south-east of Jerusalem and 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Bethlehem.

The complex was built of reddish limestone. The excavations has also revealed a monastery which produced wine and olive oil. Georgian inscriptions were found on a mosaic floor decorated with geometrical and floral patterns. The first two inscriptions are dated AD 430, while the last two AD 532. The excavations of Bir el Qutt conditioned discovery of inscriptions where only one has survived completely while others lack parts of the mosaic that suffered significant damage. The inscriptions in memoriam mention Peter the Iberian alongside his father, and also Bacurius the Iberian who is thought to be a possible maternal great-uncle or grandfather of Peter. Peter reputedly was the founder or the renovator of the monastery. Peter's aristocratic descent would allow him easy access to various persons of power and prestige in Constantinople, Jerusalem and other places, to actively develop Georgian monastic establishments. At the end of the eighth century the monastery was completely abandoned.

So far, the first two carvings alongside the Georgian graffiti of Nazareth and Sinai are the oldest extant Georgian inscriptions. The inscriptions are kept at the museum of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum in Jerusalem. Inscription 2 mentioning Peter the Iberian is currently missing and is deemed to be lost.

Inscriptions

Inscription 1

ႣႠႻႭჃႻ
ႤႭჃႪႬႨႫ
ႠႧႬႨႡႠ
ႩႭჃႰႣႠ
ႢႰႨႭႰႫ
ႨႦႣႣႠႬ
ႠႸႭႡႬႨ
ႫႠႧႬႨႵ
da dzudz
eulni m-
atni ba-
kʼur da
gri orm-
izd da n-
ashobni
matni k

Translation: Jesus Christ, have mercy on Bakur and Griormizd and their descendants.

This inscription was discovered to the west of the colonnade of central yard. The letters were arranged within three squares with black pebbles on white background. The carving of the inscription also differentiates from the other ones as the letters are comparatively rough. The text of the inscription is rather short, but an interesting thing is that out of two persons mentioned in the text the name of one of them repeats the name of prominent possible grandfather of Peter, Bakur the Iberian. The second person "Gri Ormizd" mentioned in the inscription is unknown, although as the inscription explains they were friends or relatives who grew up together.

Inscription 2

ႼႫႨႣႠႭႧႤႭႣႭႰ
ႤႫႠႰႭჃႠႬႣႠႡႭ
ჃႰႦႬႤႬႠႫႨႤ
tsʼmidao teodor-
e mar n da bu-
rz nen amie

Translation: Saint Theodore, have mercy on Maruan and Burzen, Amen.

Maruan was a secular name of Peter the Iberian. His father is mentioned as Burzen. Syriac edition of the 6th century “Vita” of Peter provides their names as "Nabarnugios" and "Buzmarios", while the 13th century Georgian edition of the Vita refers them as "Murvanos" and "Varaz-Bakur" respectively. It is assumed that these names in Syriac edition have the Greek ending "-os". Buzmar is the same name as Buzmihr and it is concluded that full name of the father of Peter was to be "Burzen-Mihr". The name "Varaz-Bakur" is thought to be the mistake made by the author of Georgian edition. "Burzen" represents the Parthian form and is represented with many various forms in different sources such as Burzin, Burz, Borzin, Barzi, Barzen, Baraz, Barza. Syriac edition has secular name of Peter as John Rufus mentions Peter in the text as "Nabarnugios". John being his contemporary and follower, was certainly aware of a real name of his spiritual confessor prior to becoming the monk. Peter being referenced under the inscription by his secular name does signify that the inscription itself had been made before Peter entered the monkhood.

Inscription 3

Inscription 3
ႸႤႼႤႥႬႨႧႠႵჁႱႨႧႠႣႠႫ
ႤႭႾႤႡႨႧႠႼႫႨႣႨႱႠႣႠႧႤჂႱႨႧႠ
ႸႬႠႬႲႭႬႨႠႡႠჂႣႠႨႭႱႨႠႫႭ
ႫႱႾႫႤႪႨႠႫႨႱႱႤႴႨႱႠჂႣႠႫႠ
ႫႠႣႤႣႠჂႨႭႱႨႠჂႱႨႠႫႤႬ
shetsʼevnita k eysita da m-
eokhebita tsʼmidisa da teysita
sh n antʼoni abay da iosia mo-
mskhmeli amis sepisay da ma-
ma deday iosiaysi amen

Translation: With the help of Jesus Christ and Saint Theodore, God have mercy on Abba Antony and Iosia the layer of this mosaic and the father and mother of Iosia, Amen.

This five-line mosaic inscription (size: 82 cm × 212 cm (32 in × 83 in)) was set in a tabula ansata, placed on the floor of the refectory hall of the monastery. Asomtavruli letters and the frame are made of black tessera on the white background and the mosaic's state of preservation is excellent. Iosia (i.e. Josiah) in the inscription is referenced as "master of mosaics". The name “Josiah” is unknown for Georgian nomenclature of that time. It is the Jewish personal name, represented with the Greek form, a name is not known by other sources. It seems that he was a Christian and is mentioned in the inscription together with his parents. Some scholars consider Josiah to be the person who provided the funds for mosaic in the church. Abba Anthony is identified by scholars with the Jerusalemite Georgian monk and priest Amba Anthony (fl. 596) who had been mentioned in several Georgian sources, who was connected with Simeon Stylites the Younger. Per sources he brought to Simeon the relics of the True Cross, later stayed in Syria, where he became a bishop.

Inscription 4

Ⴆ
Ⴈ
CO
MCO
Translation: ziCOMCO

The fourth mosaic inscription is too fragmentary to propose a reading. It was found at the eastern portico of the courtyard.

See also

Notes

  1. In Georgian scholarly works is known as the Georgian inscriptions of Palestine (Georgian: პალესტინის ქართული წარწერები, romanized: p'alest'inis kartuli ts'arts'erebi).
  2. In Arabic Bir el Qutt (Arabic: بئر القطعة) means "the well of the crag".

References

  1. Tchekhanovets, p. 144
  2. Horn, p. 204
  3. Corbo, p. 113
  4. Khurtsilava, p. 26
  5. Khurtsilava, p. 13
  6. Corbo, p. 110
  7. Khurtsilava, p. 6
  8. Tchekhanovets, p. 137
  9. Tchekhanovets, p. 138
  10. Corbo, p. 2
  11. Tchekhanovets, p. 140
  12. Corbo, pp. 8-136
  13. De Gruyter, p. 605
  14. Rayfield, p. 41
  15. Khurtsilava, p. 17
  16. De Gruyter, pp. 605-608
  17. Khurtsilava (2017) p. 130
  18. Corbo, p. 130
  19. Rayfield, p. 39
  20. Khurtsilava, p. 24
  21. Tchekhanovets, p. 148
  22. Rayfield, p. 40
  23. Khurtsilava (2017) pp. 140-141
  24. Horn, pp. 1-2
  25. Horn, p. 71
  26. De Gruyter, pp. 605-606
  27. De Gruyter, pp. 605-610
  28. Tchekhanovets, p. 146
  29. Tchekhanovets, p. 141
  30. Khurtsilava, p. 18
  31. Tchekhanovets, pp. 144—145
  32. Khurtsilava, p. 23
  33. Corbo, pp. 137—138
  34. De Gruyter, p. 609
  35. Khurtsilava (2017) p. 140
  36. Khurtsilava (2017) p. 141
  37. Tchekhanovets, p. 145
  38. Khurtsilava, p. 19
  39. Corbo, p. 138
  40. Khurtsilava (2017) p. 133
  41. Khurtsilava (2017) pp. 133-134
  42. Khurtsilava (2017) p. 134
  43. Khurtsilava (2017) p. 135
  44. Khurtsilava (2017) p. 136
  45. Tchekhanovets, p. 143
  46. Khurtsilava, p. 16
  47. Corbo, p. 135
  48. De Gruyter, p. 606
  49. De Gruyter, p. 607
  50. Khurtsilava (2017) p. 131
  51. Horn, p. 205
  52. Khurtsilava (2017) p. 132
  53. De Gruyter, p. 608
  54. De Gruyter, p. 612
  55. Palmer, p. 289

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Hewitt, B.G. (1995). Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3802-3.
  • Djobadze, W. (1976) Materials for the study of Georgian monasteries in the Western environs of Antioch on the Orontes, Volume 48; Volume 372, Corpussco
  • Tsereteli, G. (1961) The oldest Georgian inscriptions from Palestine, Tbilisi, 1960
  • Chachanidze, V. (1977) Peter the Iberian and the archaeological excavations of Georgian monastery in Jerusalem, Tbilisi

External links

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