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{|{{Infobox ship begin |infobox caption=}} <!-- age of sail --><!-- caption: yes, nodab, or <caption text> --> {|{{Infobox ship begin |infobox caption=}} <!-- age of sail --><!-- caption: yes, nodab, or <caption text> -->
{{Infobox ship image {{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=] |Ship image=ARA Heroina.jpg
|Ship caption=Frigate Heroina in ] - 6 November 1820. Painting by ]. Source: Museo Naval de la Nación, ], ], ] |Ship caption=Frigate Heroina in ] - 6 November 1820. Painting by ]. Source: Museo Naval de la Nación, ], ], ]
}} }}
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|Hide header= |Hide header=
|Ship country=Argentina |Ship country=Argentina
|Ship flag= |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Argentina}}
|Ship name=''Heroína'' |Ship name=''Heroína''
|Ship owner=Patricio (Patrick) Lynch |Ship owner=Patricio (Patrick) Lynch
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|Ship captured=20 March 1822 |Ship captured=20 March 1822
|Ship fate=Scrapped in Lisbon following capture |Ship fate=Scrapped in Lisbon following capture
|Ship status=
|Ship notes= |Ship notes=
}} }}
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|Ship notes=Originally the French merchant frigate ''Braque'', purchased in Buenos Aires in 1819 following the delivery of a cargo of timber. |Ship notes=Originally the French merchant frigate ''Braque'', purchased in Buenos Aires in 1819 following the delivery of a cargo of timber.
}} }}
|}The '''Heroína''' (] for "]") was a privately owned ] that was operated as a ] under a license issued by the ] (later ]). It was under the command of American-born ] ] and has become linked with the Argentine ] ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas}}). |}The '''Heroína''' (] for "]") was a privately owned ] that was operated as a ] under a license issued by the ] (later ]). It was under the command of American-born ] ] and has become linked with the Argentine ].


==Privateer== ==Privateer==
The Buenos Aires businessman ] acquired the French ] ''Braque'' at some point in 1819/1820. The exact date is unknown with dates for the transaction ranging from August 1819 until January 1820. Initially it was planned to name the ship ''Tomás Guido'' but that name was considered inappropriate as ], Chief Secretary of the Army, was still alive at the time.<ref name ="Etcheverry">])]'' {{es icon}}, accessed 2007-10-27</ref> He finally settled for ''Heroína''. The Buenos Aires businessman ] acquired the French ] ''Braque'' at some point in 1819/1820. The exact date is unknown with dates for the transaction ranging from August 1819 until January 1820. Initially it was planned to name the ship ''Tomás Guido'' but that name was considered inappropriate as ], Chief Secretary of the Army, was still alive at the time.<ref name ="Etcheverry"> ''(List of Warships of the ])'' {{in lang|es}}, accessed 2007-10-27</ref> He finally settled for ''Heroína''.


After fitting out the ship to act as a ], Lynch obtained a corsair license from the Buenos Aires Supreme Director ]. ] ], an American ] was given command of ''Heroína'' in 1820. After fitting out the ship to act as a ], Lynch obtained a corsair license from the Buenos Aires Supreme Director ]. ] ], an American ] was given command of ''Heroína'' in 1820.
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In July 1820, between ] and Spain, Jewett captured the Portuguese frigate ''Carlota'' that was en route to ].<ref>{{cite book | title=La Saga de David Jewett | publisher=Instituto de Publicaciones Navales | author=Gerding, Eduardo Cesar | year=2006 | page=105 | isbn=950-899-070-8}}</ref> In doing so, Jewett crossed the line between privateer and ], since his corsairs license restricted his activities to Spanish ships (the United Provinces of the River Plate were not at war with Portugal). Jewett continued to capture ships of other flags causing further controversy. In July 1820, between ] and Spain, Jewett captured the Portuguese frigate ''Carlota'' that was en route to ].<ref>{{cite book | title=La Saga de David Jewett | publisher=Instituto de Publicaciones Navales | author=Gerding, Eduardo Cesar | year=2006 | page=105 | isbn=950-899-070-8}}</ref> In doing so, Jewett crossed the line between privateer and ], since his corsairs license restricted his activities to Spanish ships (the United Provinces of the River Plate were not at war with Portugal). Jewett continued to capture ships of other flags causing further controversy.


In August, the crew mutinied and Jewett was only able to restore order with the support of the soldiers on board. The leader of the mutiny, James Thomas, was executed.<ref name ="Etcheverry"/> Following the mutiny there was an outbreak of scurvy at a time when the crew of the ''Heroína'' was depleted by the need to man the prize ''Carlota''. A storm severely damaged the ''Heroína'' and sank the ''Carlota'', just three days before reaching the ].<ref name= "Odonnel">], Pacho {{es icon}}, Accessed 2007-10-27</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=David Jewett; una biografía para la historia de las Malvinas | publisher=Sudamericana-Planeta | author=Da Fonseca Figueira, José Antonio | page=112 | isbn=950-37-0168-6}}</ref> In August, the crew mutinied and Jewett was only able to restore order with the support of the soldiers on board. The leader of the mutiny, James Thomas, was executed.<ref name ="Etcheverry"/> Following the mutiny there was an outbreak of scurvy at a time when the crew of the ''Heroína'' was depleted by the need to man the prize ''Carlota''. A storm severely damaged the ''Heroína'' and sank the ''Carlota'', just three days before reaching the ].<ref name= "Odonnel">], Pacho {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325161839/http://www.odonnell-historia.com.ar/anecdotario/EL%20AGUILA%20GUERRERA%20parte%20II.htm |date=25 March 2008 }} {{in lang|es}}, Accessed 2007-10-27</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=David Jewett; una biografía para la historia de las Malvinas | publisher=Sudamericana-Planeta | author=Da Fonseca Figueira, José Antonio | date=3 November 1985 | page=112 | isbn=950-37-0168-6}}</ref>


==Falkland Islands== ==Falkland Islands==
Some 80 of the ''Heroína''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s crew of 200 were either sick or dead by the time he arrived in October at Puerto Soledad (later renamed ] by Argentine settlers in line with the original French name, it was at one-time Spanish capital of the Falkland Islands). There he found some fifty British and U.S. ] ships at anchor. Captain Jewett chose to rest and recover in the islands seeking assistance from the British explorer ]. Weddell reports only 30 seamen and 40 soldiers out of a crew of 200 fit for duty, and how Jewett slept with pistols over his head following an attempted mutiny. Whilst in the Falkland Islands, there was a further attempt at mutiny with the crew eager to return to ]. Some 80 of the ''Heroína''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s crew of 200 were either sick or dead by the time he arrived in October at Puerto Soledad (later renamed ] by Argentine settlers in line with the original French name, it was at one-time Spanish capital of the Falkland Islands). There he found some fifty British and U.S. ] ships at anchor. Captain Jewett chose to rest and recover in the islands seeking assistance from the British explorer ]. Weddell reports only 30 seamen and 40 soldiers out of a crew of 200 fit for duty, and how Jewett slept with pistols over his head following an attempted mutiny. Whilst in the Falkland Islands, there was a further attempt at mutiny with the crew eager to return to ].


On 6 November 1820, Col Jewett raised the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate and claimed possession of the islands. Weddell reports the letter he received from Jewett as:<ref name="Weddell">Weddell, James, , London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1827</ref> On 6 November 1820, Col Jewett raised the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate and claimed possession of the islands. Weddell reports the letter he received from Jewett as:<ref name="Weddell">Weddell, James, , London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1827</ref>


<blockquote>''Sir, I have the honour to inform you of the circumstance of my arrival at this port, commissioned by the supreme government of the United Provinces of South America to take possession of these islands in the name of the country to which they naturally appertain. In the performance of this duty, it is my desire to act towards all friendly flags with the most distinguished justice and politeness. A principal object is to prevent the wanton destruction of the sources of supply to those whose necessities compel or invite them to visit the islands, and to aid and assist such as require it to obtain a supply with the least trouble and expense. As your views do not enter into contravention or competition with these orders, and as I think mutual advantage may result from a personal interview, I invite you to pay me a visit on board my ship, where I shall be happy to accommodate you during your pleasure. I would also beg you, so far as comes within your sphere, to communicate this information to other British subjects in this vicinity. I have the honour to be, Sir Your most obedient humble Servant,'' Signed, Jewett, Colonel of the Navy of the United Provinces of South America and commander of the frigate''Heroína''.</blockquote> <blockquote>''Sir, I have the honour to inform you of the circumstance of my arrival at this port, commissioned by the supreme government of the United Provinces of South America to take possession of these islands in the name of the country to which they naturally appertain. In the performance of this duty, it is my desire to act towards all friendly flags with the most distinguished justice and politeness. A principal object is to prevent the wanton destruction of the sources of supply to those whose necessities compel or invite them to visit the islands, and to aid and assist such as require it to obtain a supply with the least trouble and expense. As your views do not enter into contravention or competition with these orders, and as I think mutual advantage may result from a personal interview, I invite you to pay me a visit on board my ship, where I shall be happy to accommodate you during your pleasure. I would also beg you, so far as comes within your sphere, to communicate this information to other British subjects in this vicinity. I have the honour to be, Sir Your most obedient humble Servant,'' Signed, Jewett, Colonel of the Navy of the United Provinces of South America and commander of the frigate''Heroína''.</blockquote>


Many modern authors report this letter as the declaration issued by Jewett.<ref name="Destefani">Laurio H. Destéfani, ''The Malvinas, the South Georgias and the South Sandwich Islands, the conflict with Britain'', Buenos Aires, 1982</ref> The ''Heroína'' received Weddell's assistance in obtaining anchorage off of ], and, Weddell describes how Jewett, "In a few days, he took formal possession of these islands for the patriot government of Buenos Ayres, read a declaration under their colours, planted on a port in ruins, and fired a salute of twenty-one guns."<ref name="Weddell"/> Weddell also linked the ceremony to Jewett's claim to the wreck of the ''Uranie'' and that it was calculated to make an impression on the masters of ships in the area.<ref name="Cawkell2001">{{cite book|author=Mary Cawkell|title=The History of the Falkland Islands|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YG8VAAAACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Nelson|isbn=978-0-904614-55-8}}</ref> Some ship-masters were alarmed by Jewett's appearance, fearing being robbed or captured and one contemplated an armed response.<ref name="Cawkell2001"/> Weddell was able to convince him Jewett was no danger and after being introduced to Jewett, he overcame his fears.<ref name="Cawkell2001"/> Many modern authors report this letter as the declaration issued by Jewett.<ref name="Destefani">Laurio H. Destéfani, ''The Malvinas, the South Georgias and the South Sandwich Islands, the conflict with Britain'', Buenos Aires, 1982</ref> The ''Heroína'' received Weddell's assistance in obtaining anchorage off of ], and, Weddell describes how Jewett, "In a few days, he took formal possession of these islands for the patriot government of Buenos Ayres, read a declaration under their colours, planted on a port in ruins, and fired a salute of twenty-one guns."<ref name="Weddell"/> Weddell also linked the ceremony to Jewett's claim to the wreck of the ''Uranie'' and that it was calculated to make an impression on the masters of ships in the area.<ref name="Cawkell2001">{{cite book|author=Mary Cawkell|title=The History of the Falkland Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YG8VAAAACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Nelson|isbn=978-0-904614-55-8}}</ref> Some ship-masters were alarmed by Jewett's appearance, fearing being robbed or captured and one contemplated an armed response.<ref name="Cawkell2001"/> Weddell was able to convince him Jewett was no danger and after being introduced to Jewett, he overcame his fears.<ref name="Cawkell2001"/>


Weddell left the islands on 20 November 1820 noting that Jewett had not completed repairs to the ''Heroína''.<ref name="Weddell"/> On leaving the Islands, Jewett took the American schooner ''Rampart'' as a prize, an incident that had diplomatic repercussions with the ]. Weddell left the islands on 20 November 1820 noting that Jewett had not completed repairs to the ''Heroína''.<ref name="Weddell"/> On leaving the Islands, Jewett took the American schooner ''Rampart'' as a prize, an incident that had diplomatic repercussions with the ].


==Capture== ==Capture==
In February 1821, Jewett was relieved of command being replaced by Guillermo Roberto Mason. On June 14, 1821 ''Heroína'' captured the Spanish ] ''Maipú'', which was incorporated into the flotilla. Mason also attacked and seized the Portuguese ships ''Viscondesa'' and ''Providencia'' before putting into ] for repairs.<ref name="Navales1987">{{cite book|author=Argentina. Departamento de Estudios Históricos Navales|title=Historia marítima argentina|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JnwvAQAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Cuántica Editora|page=503}}</ref> In February 1821, Jewett was relieved of command being replaced by Guillermo Roberto Mason. On June 14, 1821 ''Heroína'' captured the Spanish ] ''Maipú'', which was incorporated into the flotilla. Mason also attacked and seized the Portuguese ships ''Viscondesa'' and ''Providencia'' before putting into ] for repairs.<ref name="Navales1987">{{cite book|author=Argentina. Departamento de Estudios Históricos Navales|title=Historia marítima argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnwvAQAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Cuántica Editora|page=503}}</ref>


On 20 March 1822 the ''Heroína'' was met by the Portuguese 44 gun frigate ''Pérola'' off Gibraltar. The ''Pérola'' managed to approach the ''Heroína'' and fired a broadside at ], ravaging the deck on the ''Heroína'' and forcing Mason to surrender. The ''Heroína'' was taken to Lisbon as a prize. For his action the Portuguese commander, captain Marçal de Ataíde Barahona, was made a knight of the Portuguese ]. The actions of the ''Heroína'' in seizing Portuguese ships led to her being labelled as a pirate ship.<ref>{{cite book|title=Diário do governo: 1822|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PQ4wAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PT132|year=1822|publisher=Impressa Nacional|page=752}}</ref> On 20 March 1822 the ''Heroína'' was met by the Portuguese 44-gun frigate ''Pérola'' off Gibraltar. The ''Pérola'' managed to approach the ''Heroína'' and fired a broadside at ], ravaging the deck on the ''Heroína'' and forcing Mason to surrender. The ''Heroína'' was taken to Lisbon as a prize. For his action the Portuguese commander, captain Marçal de Ataíde Barahona, was made a knight of the Portuguese ]. The actions of the ''Heroína'' in seizing Portuguese ships led to her being labelled as a pirate ship.<ref>{{cite book|title=Diário do governo: 1822|url=https://archive.org/details/A11012616|year=1822|publisher=Impressa Nacional|page=752}}</ref>


Mason was held by Portugal for two years before returning to Buenos Aires. Mason was held by Portugal for two years before returning to Buenos Aires.
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*Pereira, José António R. ''A Marinha Portuguesa na Época de Napoleão - campanhas navais 1807-1823; volume II: A Armada e o Brasil''. Lisbon, Tribuna de História, Edição de Livros e Revistas Lda, 2005, p.&nbsp;79. *Pereira, José António R. ''A Marinha Portuguesa na Época de Napoleão - campanhas navais 1807-1823; volume II: A Armada e o Brasil''. Lisbon, Tribuna de História, Edição de Livros e Revistas Lda, 2005, p.&nbsp;79.
*''Instituto dos Arquivos Nacionais Torre do Tombo'' (National Archives Institute, Portugal) – Mercês de D. Maria II, book V *''Instituto dos Arquivos Nacionais Torre do Tombo'' (National Archives Institute, Portugal) – Mercês de D. Maria II, book V

{{1822 shipwrecks}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Heroina (ship)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Heroina (ship)}}
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Latest revision as of 02:20, 3 November 2023

Frigate Heroina in Puerto Soledad - 6 November 1820. Painting by Emilio Biggeri. Source: Museo Naval de la Nación, Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
History
Argentina
NameHeroína
OwnerPatricio (Patrick) Lynch
Acquired1819
Captured20 March 1822
FateScrapped in Lisbon following capture
General characteristics
Tons burthen475 tons
Length43 m (141 ft)
Beam7 m (23 ft)
Draught3.15 m (10.3 ft)
Propulsionsail
Complement190-200 (42 Marines)
Armament30 × 18-pounder
NotesOriginally the French merchant frigate Braque, purchased in Buenos Aires in 1819 following the delivery of a cargo of timber.

The Heroína (Spanish for "heroine") was a privately owned frigate that was operated as a privateer under a license issued by the United Provinces of the River Plate (later Argentina). It was under the command of American-born Colonel David Jewett and has become linked with the Argentine claim to sovereignty of the Falkland Islands.

Privateer

The Buenos Aires businessman Patrick Lynch acquired the French frigate Braque at some point in 1819/1820. The exact date is unknown with dates for the transaction ranging from August 1819 until January 1820. Initially it was planned to name the ship Tomás Guido but that name was considered inappropriate as Guido, Chief Secretary of the Army, was still alive at the time. He finally settled for Heroína.

After fitting out the ship to act as a privateer, Lynch obtained a corsair license from the Buenos Aires Supreme Director José Rondeau. Colonel David Jewett, an American privateer was given command of Heroína in 1820.

In July 1820, between Cape Verde and Spain, Jewett captured the Portuguese frigate Carlota that was en route to Lisbon. In doing so, Jewett crossed the line between privateer and pirate, since his corsairs license restricted his activities to Spanish ships (the United Provinces of the River Plate were not at war with Portugal). Jewett continued to capture ships of other flags causing further controversy.

In August, the crew mutinied and Jewett was only able to restore order with the support of the soldiers on board. The leader of the mutiny, James Thomas, was executed. Following the mutiny there was an outbreak of scurvy at a time when the crew of the Heroína was depleted by the need to man the prize Carlota. A storm severely damaged the Heroína and sank the Carlota, just three days before reaching the Falkland Islands.

Falkland Islands

Some 80 of the Heroína's crew of 200 were either sick or dead by the time he arrived in October at Puerto Soledad (later renamed Puerto Luis by Argentine settlers in line with the original French name, it was at one-time Spanish capital of the Falkland Islands). There he found some fifty British and U.S. sealing ships at anchor. Captain Jewett chose to rest and recover in the islands seeking assistance from the British explorer James Weddell. Weddell reports only 30 seamen and 40 soldiers out of a crew of 200 fit for duty, and how Jewett slept with pistols over his head following an attempted mutiny. Whilst in the Falkland Islands, there was a further attempt at mutiny with the crew eager to return to Buenos Aires.

On 6 November 1820, Col Jewett raised the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate and claimed possession of the islands. Weddell reports the letter he received from Jewett as:

Sir, I have the honour to inform you of the circumstance of my arrival at this port, commissioned by the supreme government of the United Provinces of South America to take possession of these islands in the name of the country to which they naturally appertain. In the performance of this duty, it is my desire to act towards all friendly flags with the most distinguished justice and politeness. A principal object is to prevent the wanton destruction of the sources of supply to those whose necessities compel or invite them to visit the islands, and to aid and assist such as require it to obtain a supply with the least trouble and expense. As your views do not enter into contravention or competition with these orders, and as I think mutual advantage may result from a personal interview, I invite you to pay me a visit on board my ship, where I shall be happy to accommodate you during your pleasure. I would also beg you, so far as comes within your sphere, to communicate this information to other British subjects in this vicinity. I have the honour to be, Sir Your most obedient humble Servant, Signed, Jewett, Colonel of the Navy of the United Provinces of South America and commander of the frigateHeroína.

Many modern authors report this letter as the declaration issued by Jewett. The Heroína received Weddell's assistance in obtaining anchorage off of Port Louis, and, Weddell describes how Jewett, "In a few days, he took formal possession of these islands for the patriot government of Buenos Ayres, read a declaration under their colours, planted on a port in ruins, and fired a salute of twenty-one guns." Weddell also linked the ceremony to Jewett's claim to the wreck of the Uranie and that it was calculated to make an impression on the masters of ships in the area. Some ship-masters were alarmed by Jewett's appearance, fearing being robbed or captured and one contemplated an armed response. Weddell was able to convince him Jewett was no danger and after being introduced to Jewett, he overcame his fears.

Weddell left the islands on 20 November 1820 noting that Jewett had not completed repairs to the Heroína. On leaving the Islands, Jewett took the American schooner Rampart as a prize, an incident that had diplomatic repercussions with the United States of America.

Capture

In February 1821, Jewett was relieved of command being replaced by Guillermo Roberto Mason. On June 14, 1821 Heroína captured the Spanish brig Maipú, which was incorporated into the flotilla. Mason also attacked and seized the Portuguese ships Viscondesa and Providencia before putting into Gibraltar for repairs.

On 20 March 1822 the Heroína was met by the Portuguese 44-gun frigate Pérola off Gibraltar. The Pérola managed to approach the Heroína and fired a broadside at point-blank range, ravaging the deck on the Heroína and forcing Mason to surrender. The Heroína was taken to Lisbon as a prize. For his action the Portuguese commander, captain Marçal de Ataíde Barahona, was made a knight of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit. The actions of the Heroína in seizing Portuguese ships led to her being labelled as a pirate ship.

Mason was held by Portugal for two years before returning to Buenos Aires.

References

  1. ^ Etcheverry, Gerardo, Listado de buques de guerra a vela de las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata (List of Warships of the United Provinces of the River Plate) (in Spanish), accessed 2007-10-27
  2. Gerding, Eduardo Cesar (2006). La Saga de David Jewett. Instituto de Publicaciones Navales. p. 105. ISBN 950-899-070-8.
  3. O'Donnell, Pacho El Aguila Guerrera Archived 25 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish), Accessed 2007-10-27
  4. Da Fonseca Figueira, José Antonio (3 November 1985). David Jewett; una biografía para la historia de las Malvinas. Sudamericana-Planeta. p. 112. ISBN 950-37-0168-6.
  5. ^ Weddell, James, A Voyage Towards the South Pole, London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1827
  6. Laurio H. Destéfani, The Malvinas, the South Georgias and the South Sandwich Islands, the conflict with Britain, Buenos Aires, 1982
  7. ^ Mary Cawkell (2001). The History of the Falkland Islands. Nelson. ISBN 978-0-904614-55-8.
  8. Argentina. Departamento de Estudios Históricos Navales (1987). Historia marítima argentina. Cuántica Editora. p. 503.
  9. Diário do governo: 1822. Impressa Nacional. 1822. p. 752.

Bibliography

  • Child, Jack. Geopolitics and Conflict in South America: Quarrels Among Neighbors. New York; Praeger, 1985, pp. 112–115.
  • Gough, Barry. The Falkland Islands/Malvinas: The Contest for Empire in the South Atlantic. London: Athlone Press, 1992, pp. 55–59.
  • Strange, Ian J. The Falkland Islands. London: David & Charles Press, 1983, p. 194.
  • Pereira, José António R. A Marinha Portuguesa na Época de Napoleão - campanhas navais 1807-1823; volume II: A Armada e o Brasil. Lisbon, Tribuna de História, Edição de Livros e Revistas Lda, 2005, p. 79.
  • Instituto dos Arquivos Nacionais Torre do Tombo (National Archives Institute, Portugal) – Mercês de D. Maria II, book V
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