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⚫ {{See also|List of battalions and locations of the Ulster Defence Regiment}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit {{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 2nd Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment |unit_name= 2nd Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment
|image= ] |image=Crest of the Ulster Defence Regiment.svg
|caption= Regimental Insignia |caption= Ulster Defence Regiment crest
|dates= 1970–1992 |dates= 1970–1992
|country={{flag|United Kingdom}} |country={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch= {{flagicon image|BritishArmyFlag2.svg}}] |branch= {{flagicon image|Flag of the British Army (1938-present).svg}}]
|type= ] |type= ]
|role= Internal Security |role= Internal Security
|size= 456 |size= 456
|current_commander= |current_commander=
|Regimental Headquarters= Lisburn (1992) |garrison=] (1992)
|garrison_label=Regimental Headquarters
|identification_symbol= |identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label= |identification_symbol_label=
Line 18: Line 22:
|anniversaries= |anniversaries=
|motto= ''"]"'' ({{small|Latin}})<br>''"Who Shall Separate Us?"'' |motto= ''"]"'' ({{small|Latin}})<br>''"Who Shall Separate Us?"''
|commander1= First: ]. <br /> |commander1= First: ] <br> Last: ]
Last: ]
|commander1_label= Colonel Commandant |commander1_label= Colonel Commandant
|commander2=Colonel Sir ] CBE |commander2=Colonel Sir ] CBE
|commander2_label=Colonel of the Regiment |commander2_label=Colonel of the Regiment
}} }}
⚫ '''2nd (County Armagh) Battalion, ] (2 UDR)''' was formed in 1970 as part of the seven original ]s specified in the Ulster Defence Regiment Act 1969, which received ] on 18 December 1969<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=44996|page=129747|date=29 December 1969}}</ref> and was brought into force on 1 January 1970.<ref>], 1969 No. 1860 (C. 58), The Ulster Defence Regiment Act 1969 (Commencement) Order 1969</ref><ref>The New Law Journal, Volume 120, Part 1</ref> It was, along with the rest of the regiment, amalgamated with the ] in 1992 to form the ]. It had previously been amalgamated in 1991 with the ] to form the ].


⚫ ==History==
{{See also|Ulster Defence Regiment}}
The raising of citizen militias has a history in Ireland stretching back to the creation of the ] in 1793. The raising of UDR battalions on a county basis followed the pattern of raising militias.
⚫ {{See also|List of battalions and locations of the Ulster Defence Regiment}}


⚫ '''2nd (County Armagh) Battalion, ] (2 UDR)''' was formed in 1970 as part of the seven original ]s specified in The Ulster Defence Regiment Act 1969, which received ] on 18 December 1969<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=44996|startpage=129747|date=29 December 1969|accessdate=5 March 2009}}</ref> and was brought into force on 1 January 1970.<ref>], 1969 No. 1860 (C. 58), The Ulster Defence Regiment Act 1969 (Commencement) Order 1969</ref><ref>The New Law Journal, Volume 120, Part 1</ref> It was, along with the rest of the regiment, amalgamated with the ] in 1992 to form the ].
was amalgamated in 1991 with the ] to form the 2nd/11th Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment.

⚫ ==History==
Along with the other six original battalions, 2 UDR commenced ] on 1 April 1970. Along with the other six original battalions, 2 UDR commenced ] on 1 April 1970.


Headquarters was originally in the ancient ] in ] City, formerly home to the Depot, ],<ref name=autogenerated3>Potter p27</ref> but was later moved to purpose built accommodation on a new site on the ] Road called ]<ref></ref> which was shared with the regular army and also later served as an HQ for ]. At various times the battalion had companies in Armagh,<ref>Potter p101</ref>],<ref>Potter p159</ref> Glenanne,<ref>Potter p102</ref> and ],<ref>Potter p87</ref> plus platoons in ] and ].<ref>Potter p153</ref> Headquarters was originally in the ancient ] in ] City, formerly home to the Depot, ],<ref name=autogenerated3>Potter p27</ref> but was later moved to purpose-built accommodation on a new site on the ] Road called ]<ref></ref> which was shared with the regular army and also later served as an HQ for ]. At various times the battalion had companies in Armagh,<ref>Potter p101</ref> ],<ref>Potter p159</ref> Glenanne,<ref>Potter p102</ref> and ],<ref>Potter p87</ref> plus platoons in ] and ].<ref>Potter p153</ref>


] ] previously ] for County Armagh of the ] (B Specials) was the first ] and served from 1970 to 1972. ] ], previously ] for County Armagh of the ], (B Specials) was the first ] and served from 1970 to 1972.


] P.R. Adair, ], was the first training major (TISO).<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Part of his job was to find accommodation for the new companies of the battalion. Where possible accommodation was sought in army bases although the old ] platoon huts were vacant and available. To have used those would have attracted criticism from those who were already claiming that the UDR was the B Specials under a new name.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> ] P.R. Adair, ], was the first training major (TISO).<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Part of his job was to find accommodation for the new companies of the battalion. Where possible accommodation was sought in army bases and although the old Ulster Special Constabulary platoon huts were vacant and available, to have used those would have highlighted further the links between the UDR and the disbanded USC.<ref name=autogenerated3 />


Due to its location and patrol territory in the ]. This was one of the most heavily engaged battalions of the Ulster Defence Regiment and had the longest list of casualties.<ref name="Ryder p191">Ryder p191</ref> The battalion was always under strength as a result so the decision was taken in 1982, when the permanent cadre had dropped to 184, to transfer an entire platoon from ] (who were patrolling one of the quietest areas in the province) into the 2nd battalion.<ref name=autogenerated1>Potter p252</ref> This wasn't as straight forward as transferring soldiers from regular units as UDR soldiers lived at home and their barracks had very limited accommodation but it was effected successfully.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Due to its location and patrol territory in the ], this was one of the most heavily engaged battalions of the ] and had the longest list of casualties.<ref name="Ryder p191">Ryder p191</ref> The battalion was always understrength as a result the decision was taken in 1982 when the permanent cadre had dropped to 184, to transfer an entire ] from ] (who were patrolling one of the quietest areas in the province) into the 2nd battalion.<ref name=autogenerated1>Potter p252</ref> This wasn't as straightforward as transferring soldiers from regular units as UDR soldiers lived at home and their barracks had very limited accommodation, but it was effected successfully.<ref name=autogenerated1 />


2 UDR was responsible for 650 square kilometres of ], the smallest UDR battalion area but probably the most violent area during ].<ref name="Ryder p191" /> 2 UDR was responsible for {{convert|650|km2|mi2}} of ], the smallest UDR battalion area but the most dangerous area during ] for British military personnel.<ref name="Ryder p191" />


The battalion provided the station guard for the ] barracks at ].<ref name="Ryder p75">Ryder p75</ref> On one occasion when a ] arrived at the barracks they had to clear the area and carry several children to safety before the 30&nbsp;lb device exploded.<ref name="Ryder p75"/> The battalion provided the station guard for the ] barracks at ].<ref name="Ryder p75">Ryder p75</ref> On one occasion when a ] arrived at the barracks, they had to clear the area and carry several children to safety before the {{convert|30|lb|kg}} device exploded.<ref name="Ryder p75"/>


===Appointment of NCOs=== ===Appointment of NCOs===
The appointment of Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) was carried out by the men themselves, choosing who they felt would make the best ]s and ]s etc. The filling of senior NCO posts in this manner did have a drawback in that many men of comparatively young ages who had considerable years of service before retirement or promotion created a "promotion block" <ref>Potter p43</ref> The appointment of ]s (NCOs) was carried out by the enlisted men, choosing who they felt would make the best ]s and ]s. The filling of senior NCO posts in this manner had a drawback, in that many men of comparatively young ages who had considerable years of service before retirement or promotion created a "promotion block".<ref>Potter p43</ref>

== Notable members ==
* ''']''' — a 2nd Battalion UDR corporal. The '']'' lists him as one of the suspects in the ]. He had alleged links to ] and the ], and it was claimed he was controlled before and after the bombings by ].<ref>The Barron Report (2003), p. 136</ref> McConnell was named by both Lily Shields and Laurence McClure as being involved in the 1975 Donnelly's Bar killings. ] states McConnell took part in the ] shooting, along with ] and ].<ref name="The Barron Report 2003">''The Barron Report'' (2003)</ref> He was named by Weir as the leading gunman in the ].<ref>"Seeing Red", John Weir affidavit, 3 February 1999.</ref> McConnell was killed by the IRA on 5 April 1976.<ref name="Casselp111">{{cite web|url=http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sarmagh/collusion.pdf |title=Report of the Independent International Panel on Alleged Collusion in Sectarian Killings in Northern Ireland |publisher=Center for Civil and Human Rights, Notre Dame Law School |date=October 2006 |page=111 |accessdate=2011-02-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610155220/http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sarmagh/collusion.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-10 }}</ref>


==Intimidation== ==Intimidation==
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==Uniform, armament & equipment== ==Uniform, armament & equipment==
⚫ See: Ulster Defence Regiment ]

⚫ See: Ulster Defence Regiment ]


==Greenfinches== ==Greenfinches==

{{See also|Ulster_Defence_Regiment#Women.27s_UDR_.28Greenfinches.29|l1=Women's UDR}} {{See also|Ulster_Defence_Regiment#Women.27s_UDR_.28Greenfinches.29|l1=Women's UDR}}


The first Greenfinch (female soldier) was enlisted at the battalion's ] (HQ) in Armagh on 16 September 1973. By 1991 she had risen to the rank of ].<ref name="Ryder p191"/> The first Greenfinch (female soldier) was enlisted at the battalion's ] (HQ) in Armagh on 16 September 1973. By 1991 she had risen to the rank of ].<ref name="Ryder p191"/>


==Destruction of Glenanne Barracks== ==Destruction of Glenanne Barracks==
⚫ See also: ] and ]


⚫ Two companies of the 2nd Battalion were based at the border outpost of Glenanne Barracks which had been built in 1972. Prior to the attack, seven had already been killed while serving.<ref>Potter p351</ref>
⚫ See also: ] & ]


⚫ At 11:30 PM on 31 May 1991, a truck loaded with {{convert|2000|lb|kg}} of a new type of ] was rolled (driverless) down a hill at the rear of the barracks and crashed through the perimeter fence, coming to rest against a corner of the main building.<ref name="Oppenheimer">{{cite book |title= IRA: The Bombs and the Bullets |last= Oppenheimer |first= A.R. |year= 2009 |publisher= Irish Academic Press |location= Dublin |isbn=978-0-7165-2895-1 |page= 123}}</ref><ref name="NYT">Whitney, Craig. . ''The New York Times'', 2 June 1991.</ref> According to a witness, in addition to the truck, there was a ] van carrying at least two men acting as a support vehicle. They were seen outside the parked van, masked and armed; one with a handgun, the other with a ].<ref name=":2">Ryder, Chris (2005). A special kind of courage: 321 EOD Squadron -- battling the bombers. Methuen, p. 249. {{ISBN|0413772233}}</ref> Automatic fire was heard by other witnesses just before the main blast. It was later determined that the lorry had been stolen the day before in ], in the ].<ref name="Potter p354">Potter p354</ref>
⚫ Two companies of the 2nd Battalion were based at the border outpost of Glenanne Barracks which had been built in 1972. Prior to the attack seven had already been killed whilst serving.<ref>Potter p351</ref>


⚫ The bomb crater was {{convert|200|ft|m}} deep; the blast threw debris and shrapnel as far as {{convert|300|yd|m}}.<ref name="Oppenheimer" /> The explosion was heard over {{convert|30|miles|km}} away in ].<ref name="NYT"/> It was the largest bomb detonated by the IRA until that point in time. Most of the base was destroyed by the blast and the fire that followed.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="UDR">{{Cite web |url=http://www.udr.talktalk.net/glenanne.html |title=Glenanne Ulster Defence Regiment Base |access-date=2013-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727021315/http://www.udr.talktalk.net/glenanne.html |archive-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There was also substantial damage to local dwelling houses and other buildings.<ref name="Potter, p354">Potter, p354</ref>
⚫ At 11:30&nbsp;PM on the 31 May 1991 a truck loaded with 2,000&nbsp;lb (1,100&nbsp;kg) of a new type of ] was rolled (driverless) down a hill at the rear of the barracks and crashed through the perimeter fence, coming to rest against a corner of the main building.<ref name="Oppenheimer">{{cite book |title= IRA: The Bombs and the Bullets |last= Oppenheimer |first= A.R. |year= 2009 |publisher= Irish Academic Press |location= Dublin |isbn=978-0-7165-2895-1 |page= 123}}</ref><ref name="NYT">Whitney, Craig. . ''The New York Times'', 2 June 1991.</ref> According to a witness, in addition to the truck there was a ] van carrying at least two men acting as a support vehicle. They were seen outside the parked van, masked and armed; one with a handgun, the other with a ].<ref name=":2">Ryder, Chris (2005). A special kind of courage: 321 EOD Squadron -- battling the bombers. Methuen, p. 249. ISBN 0413772233</ref> Automatic fire was heard by other witnesses just before the main blast. It was later determined that the lorry had been stolen the day before in ], in the ].<ref name="Potter p354">Potter p354</ref>


⚫ The barracks guard was usually eight soldiers, but that night there were 40 people in the barracks, attending a social event.<ref name=":2" /> Three soldiers: ] Robert Crozier age 46, ] Sydney Hamilton age 44 and Private Paul Blakely age 30, died instantly<ref name="Potter p354"/> and ten were wounded.<ref name="NYT"/> Four civilians were also wounded.<ref name="NYT"/>
⚫ The bomb crater was 200&nbsp;ft deep; the blast threw debris and shrapnel as far as 300&nbsp;yards.<ref name="Oppenheimer" /> The explosion was heard over 30&nbsp;miles away in ].<ref name="NYT"/> It was the largest bomb detonated by the IRA until that point in time. Most of the base was destroyed by the blast and the fire that followed.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="UDR"></ref> There was also substantial damage to local dwelling houses and other buildings.<ref name="Potter, p354">Potter, p354</ref>

⚫ The barracks guard was usually eight soldiers, but that night there were 40 people in the barracks, attending a social event.<ref name=":2" /> Three soldiers: ] Robert Crozier age 46, ] Sydney Hamilton age 44 and Private Paul Blakely age 30, died of horrific injuries <ref name="Potter p354"/> and ten were wounded.<ref name="NYT"/> Four civilians were also wounded.<ref name="NYT"/>


The Provisional IRA claimed responsibility two days later.<ref name="NYT"/> The Provisional IRA claimed responsibility two days later.<ref name="NYT"/>
Line 79: Line 79:


==Casualties== ==Casualties==
2 UDR had the highest casualty rate of all the UDR battalions losing 65 men and women on active duty. 2 UDR had the highest casualty rate of all the UDR battalions, losing 65 men and women on active duty.


The first recorded use of the ]'s ] fired horizontally was against a mobile patrol from 2 UDR on 1 March 1991.<ref>McKittrick p565</ref><ref name="Potter-p350">Potter p350</ref> Two soldiers died as a result of the attack. The funeral of one, Private Paul Sutcliffe, an Englishman, was held in ], ] - the only UDR funeral to be held outside Northern Ireland.<ref name="Potter-p350" /> The second casualty, Private Roger Love, from ], died after three days. His kidneys were donated to the ].<ref name="Potter-p350" /> The first recorded use of the ]'s ] fired horizontally was against a mobile patrol from 2 UDR on 1 March 1991.<ref>McKittrick p565</ref><ref name="Potter-p350">Potter p350</ref> Two soldiers died as a result of the attack. The funeral of one of them, Private Paul Sutcliffe, an Englishman, was held in ], ] - the only UDR funeral to be held outside Northern Ireland.<ref name="Potter-p350" /> The second casualty, Private Roger Love, from ], died after three days. His kidneys were donated to the ].<ref name="Potter-p350" />


==Amalgamation== ==Amalgamation==
Line 92: Line 92:


==See also== ==See also==
⚫ *]
*] *]


==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
⚫ *''A Testimony to Courage – the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969–1992'', John Potter, ] Ltd, 2001, {{ISBN|0-85052-819-4}}

⚫ *''The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?'', Chris Ryder 1991 {{ISBN|0-413-64800-1}}
⚫ *''A Testimony to Courage – the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969–1992'', John Potter, ] Ltd, 2001, ISBN 0-85052-819-4
⚫ *'' Lost Lives'', David McKittrick, Mainstream, 2004, {{ISBN|184018504X}}
⚫ *''The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?'', Chris Ryder 1991 ISBN 0-413-64800-1
⚫ *'' Lost Lives'', David McKittrick, Mainstream, 2004, ISBN 184018504X


{{Campaignbox Northern Ireland Troubles}} {{Campaignbox Northern Ireland Troubles}}
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==References== ==References==
{{reflist {{reflist| 30em}}
| colwidth = 15em
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⚫ ]
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Latest revision as of 18:16, 16 December 2023

See also: List of battalions and locations of the Ulster Defence Regiment

2nd Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment
Ulster Defence Regiment crest
Active1970–1992
Country United Kingdom
BranchBritish Army
TypeInfantry battalion
RoleInternal Security
Size456
Regimental HeadquartersLisburn (1992)
Motto(s)"Quis Separabit" (Latin)
"Who Shall Separate Us?"
March(Quick) Garryowen & Sprig of Shillelagh.
(Slow) Oft in the Stilly Night
Commanders
Colonel CommandantFirst: General Sir John Anderson GBE, KCB, DSO
Last: General Sir Charles Huxtable, KCB, CBE, DL
Colonel of the RegimentColonel Sir Dennis Faulkner CBE
Military unit

2nd (County Armagh) Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment (2 UDR) was formed in 1970 as part of the seven original battalions specified in the Ulster Defence Regiment Act 1969, which received royal assent on 18 December 1969 and was brought into force on 1 January 1970. It was, along with the rest of the regiment, amalgamated with the Royal Irish Rangers in 1992 to form the Royal Irish Regiment. It had previously been amalgamated in 1991 with the 11th Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment to form the 2nd/11th Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment.

History

The raising of citizen militias has a history in Ireland stretching back to the creation of the Irish Militia in 1793. The raising of UDR battalions on a county basis followed the pattern of raising militias.

Along with the other six original battalions, 2 UDR commenced operational duties on 1 April 1970.

Headquarters was originally in the ancient Gough Barracks in Armagh City, formerly home to the Depot, Royal Irish Fusiliers, but was later moved to purpose-built accommodation on a new site on the Hamiltonsbawn Road called Drumadd Barracks which was shared with the regular army and also later served as an HQ for 3 Infantry Brigade. At various times the battalion had companies in Armagh, Loughgall, Glenanne, and Lurgan, plus platoons in Keady and Newtownhamilton.

Lieutenant Colonel Michael Torrens-Spence, previously County Commandant for County Armagh of the Ulster Special Constabulary, (B Specials) was the first Commanding Officer and served from 1970 to 1972.

Major P.R. Adair, Coldstream Guards, was the first training major (TISO). Part of his job was to find accommodation for the new companies of the battalion. Where possible accommodation was sought in army bases and although the old Ulster Special Constabulary platoon huts were vacant and available, to have used those would have highlighted further the links between the UDR and the disbanded USC.

Due to its location and patrol territory in the "bandit country" of South Armagh, this was one of the most heavily engaged battalions of the Ulster Defence Regiment and had the longest list of casualties. The battalion was always understrength as a result the decision was taken in 1982 when the permanent cadre had dropped to 184, to transfer an entire platoon from 9 UDR (who were patrolling one of the quietest areas in the province) into the 2nd battalion. This wasn't as straightforward as transferring soldiers from regular units as UDR soldiers lived at home and their barracks had very limited accommodation, but it was effected successfully.

2 UDR was responsible for 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi) of County Armagh, the smallest UDR battalion area but the most dangerous area during the Troubles for British military personnel.

The battalion provided the station guard for the Royal Ulster Constabulary barracks at Bessbrook. On one occasion when a proxy bomb arrived at the barracks, they had to clear the area and carry several children to safety before the 30 pounds (14 kg) device exploded.

Appointment of NCOs

The appointment of non-commissioned officers (NCOs) was carried out by the enlisted men, choosing who they felt would make the best corporals and sergeants. The filling of senior NCO posts in this manner had a drawback, in that many men of comparatively young ages who had considerable years of service before retirement or promotion created a "promotion block".

Notable members

Intimidation

Protestant and Catholic soldiers were both intimidated out of the regiment. Following the introduction of internment however more Catholic soldiers found themselves the subject of intimidation from within their own community. A corporal from 2 UDR was threatened that his mother would be burnt out if he did not leave the regiment.

Uniform, armament & equipment

See: Ulster Defence Regiment Uniform, armament & equipment

Greenfinches

See also: Women's UDR

The first Greenfinch (female soldier) was enlisted at the battalion's Headquarters (HQ) in Armagh on 16 September 1973. By 1991 she had risen to the rank of Warrant Officer.

Destruction of Glenanne Barracks

See also: Glenanne barracks bombing and Ulster Defence Regiment

Two companies of the 2nd Battalion were based at the border outpost of Glenanne Barracks which had been built in 1972. Prior to the attack, seven had already been killed while serving.

At 11:30 PM on 31 May 1991, a truck loaded with 2,000 pounds (910 kg) of a new type of home made explosive was rolled (driverless) down a hill at the rear of the barracks and crashed through the perimeter fence, coming to rest against a corner of the main building. According to a witness, in addition to the truck, there was a Toyota Hiace van carrying at least two men acting as a support vehicle. They were seen outside the parked van, masked and armed; one with a handgun, the other with a submachine gun. Automatic fire was heard by other witnesses just before the main blast. It was later determined that the lorry had been stolen the day before in Kingscourt, in the Republic of Ireland.

The bomb crater was 200 feet (61 m) deep; the blast threw debris and shrapnel as far as 300 yards (270 m). The explosion was heard over 30 miles (48 km) away in Dundalk. It was the largest bomb detonated by the IRA until that point in time. Most of the base was destroyed by the blast and the fire that followed. There was also substantial damage to local dwelling houses and other buildings.

The barracks guard was usually eight soldiers, but that night there were 40 people in the barracks, attending a social event. Three soldiers: Lance Corporal Robert Crozier age 46, Private Sydney Hamilton age 44 and Private Paul Blakely age 30, died instantly and ten were wounded. Four civilians were also wounded.

The Provisional IRA claimed responsibility two days later.

The base was never rebuilt. All that remains is a line of trees marking where the main gate stood and a memorial by the main road inscribed with the names of all the UDR soldiers from the base who were killed whilst serving there.

Casualties

2 UDR had the highest casualty rate of all the UDR battalions, losing 65 men and women on active duty.

The first recorded use of the Provisional Irish Republican Army's Mk12 device fired horizontally was against a mobile patrol from 2 UDR on 1 March 1991. Two soldiers died as a result of the attack. The funeral of one of them, Private Paul Sutcliffe, an Englishman, was held in Barrowford, Lancashire - the only UDR funeral to be held outside Northern Ireland. The second casualty, Private Roger Love, from Portadown, died after three days. His kidneys were donated to the NHS.

Amalgamation

The numbers in the battalion fell so low that it was decided, under the "Project Infancy" Options for Change recommendations, to amalgamate it with the 11th (Craigavon) Battalion. This took place on 30 September 1991, forming 2nd/11th (County Armagh) Battalion, based at Mahon Road Barracks, Portadown but retaining companies in Drumadd Barracks, Armagh.

Notable personnel

See also

Bibliography

The Troubles
in Ireland
1960s and 1970s

1980s

1990s

See also: The Troubles in Britain & Europe, Assassinations during the Troubles, and Loyalist feud
The Troubles
Participants
State security forces
United Kingdom
Ireland
Irish republican paramilitaries
Vigilantes
Ulster loyalist paramilitaries
Vigilantes
Major events
Political parties
Irish republican parties
Ulster loyalist parties
Other parties

Category

References

  1. "No. 44996". The London Gazette. 29 December 1969. p. 129747.
  2. Statutory Instrument, 1969 No. 1860 (C. 58), The Ulster Defence Regiment Act 1969 (Commencement) Order 1969
  3. The New Law Journal, Volume 120, Part 1
  4. ^ Potter p27
  5. Armed Forces: Drumadd Barracks: 3 Oct 2011: Hansard Written Answers and Statements - TheyWorkForYou
  6. Potter p101
  7. Potter p159
  8. Potter p102
  9. Potter p87
  10. Potter p153
  11. ^ Ryder p191
  12. ^ Potter p252
  13. ^ Ryder p75
  14. Potter p43
  15. The Barron Report (2003), p. 136
  16. The Barron Report (2003)
  17. "Seeing Red", John Weir affidavit, 3 February 1999.
  18. "Report of the Independent International Panel on Alleged Collusion in Sectarian Killings in Northern Ireland [The Cassel Report]" (PDF). Center for Civil and Human Rights, Notre Dame Law School. October 2006. p. 111. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  19. ^ Potter p58
  20. Potter p351
  21. ^ Oppenheimer, A.R. (2009). IRA: The Bombs and the Bullets. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-7165-2895-1.
  22. ^ Whitney, Craig. "I.R.A. Says It Planted Truck Bomb That Killed 3". The New York Times, 2 June 1991.
  23. ^ Ryder, Chris (2005). A special kind of courage: 321 EOD Squadron -- battling the bombers. Methuen, p. 249. ISBN 0413772233
  24. ^ Potter p354
  25. "Glenanne Ulster Defence Regiment Base". Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  26. ^ Potter, p354
  27. McKittrick p565
  28. ^ Potter p350
  29. Potter p362-363
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