| Revision as of 22:02, 25 July 2006 view sourceKyorosuke (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users12,593 editsm Reverted edits by 70.48.250.129 (talk) to last version by Sean Black← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 02:49, 23 December 2024 view source The Midnite Wolf (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users8,215 editsm →Origins, known members and name: link full nameTag: Visual edit | ||
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| {{short description|Defunct internet trolling group}} | |||
| {{Redirect|GNAA}} | |||
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| {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}} | |||
| {{Infobox organization | |||
| | name = Gay Nigger Association of America | |||
| | image = Gnaa logo.svg | |||
| | image_border = | |||
| | size = 150px | |||
| | alt = | |||
| | caption = | |||
| | abbreviation = GNAA | |||
| | type = ]s | |||
| | formation = {{start date and age|2002}}<ref name="about" /> <!-- use {{start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | |||
| | extinction = <!-- use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> <!-- hopefully useful, just saying --> | |||
| | leader_title = <!--President--> | |||
| | leader_name = <!-- paz<ref name="president"/> --> | |||
| | membership = | |||
| | purpose = Trolling | |||
| | affiliations = ]<ref name="ibtimes" /><ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name="rohr" /> | |||
| | website = www.gnaa.eu <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> <!-- vs "Your edit was not saved because it contains a new external link to a site registered on Misplaced Pages's blacklist." --> | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''Gay Nigger Association of America''' ('''GNAA''') was an ] group. They targeted several prominent websites and internet personalities including '']'', ], ], ], ], and prominent members of the ]. They also released software products, and leaked screenshots and information about upcoming operating systems. In addition, they maintained a software repository and a wiki-based site dedicated to internet commentary.<ref name="GLS" /><ref name="punto" /> | |||
| NOTE: This page has been nominated for deletion more times (19) than any other Misplaced Pages article, with a result of keep/no consensus each time. | |||
| Members of the GNAA also founded ], a ] information security group. Members of Goatse Security released information in June 2010 about email addresses on ]'s website from people who had subscribed to mobile data service using the ]. After the vulnerability was disclosed, the then-president of the GNAA, ], and a GNAA member, "JacksonBrown", were arrested.<ref name="Bilton" /> | |||
| Do not disrupt Misplaced Pages to make a point (see WP:POINT). Any spurious AFD nominations will likely result in an immediate, indefinite block | |||
| ==Origins, known members and name== | |||
| --> | |||
| The group was run by a president.<ref name="rohr" /> ] researcher ] stated that it was unclear whether or not there was initially a clearly defined group of GNAA members, or if founding and early members of the GNAA were online troublemakers united under the name in order to disrupt websites.<ref name="nobodies" /> However, professor ] and Ross Cisneros claimed that they were an organized group of anti-blogging trolls.<ref name="GLS" /><ref name="cisneros" /> Reporters also referred to the GNAA as a group.<!--<ref name="rohr" />--><ref name="scotsman" /><ref name="ffbug" /><ref name="netwerk" /> | |||
| {{unreferenced}} <!-- All of the references are to blogs and a comment thread on Slashdot. --> | |||
| In her 2017 book ''Troll Hunting,'' Australian journalist ] identified the president of the GNAA as an individual from ] known as "Meepsheep."<ref name="trollhunting" /> Known former presidents of the GNAA were security researcher Jaime "asshurtmacfags" Cochran, who also co-founded the hacking group "Rustle League,"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/nn4gvk/rustle-league-are-making-sure-trolling-stays-funny |title=Meet the Mysterious Hacking Collective Who Love Trolling Anonymous |publisher=] |date=February 22, 2013 |access-date=January 17, 2022 }}</ref> and "timecop," founder of the anime fansub group "Dattebayo."<ref name="trollhunting" /><ref name="ViceCochran">{{cite news |last1=Eordogh |first1=Fruzsina |title=Meet the Mysterious Hacking Collective Who Love Trolling Anonymous |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/nn4gvk/rustle-league-are-making-sure-trolling-stays-funny |access-date=6 September 2022 |work=www.vice.com |language=en}}</ref> Other members included former president ], Daniel "JacksonBrown" Spitler,<ref name="Bilton" /><ref name="dailytech" /> and former spokesman Leon Kaiser.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytech.com/Interview+Goatse+Security+on+FBI+Charges+Following+ATT+iPad+Breach/article20693.htm |title=DailyTech - Interview: Goatse Security on FBI Charges Following AT&T iPad Breach |access-date=January 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331112332/http://www.dailytech.com/Interview+Goatse+Security+on+FBI+Charges+Following+ATT+iPad+Breach/article20693.htm |archive-date=March 31, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> GNAA has also been documented as having been loosely affiliated with the satirical wiki ].<ref name="trollhunting" /> | |||
| ] | |||
| The '''Gay Nigger Association of America''' (abbreviated '''GNAA''') is a ] that primarily targets ] communities in an effort to cause havoc and disrupt their normal activities. The GNAA designed their name to be ] and it is generally assumed to have been chosen because of the perceived ] that is associated with ] and the impact of the ] "]". Although it is termed "Association of America", the organization has members from all over the world. | |||
| The group's name incited controversy and was described as "causing immediate alarm in anyone with a semblance of good taste," "intentionally offensive,"<ref name="nobodies" /> and "spectacularly offensive."<ref name="scotsman" /> The group denied allegations of racism and homophobia, explaining that the name was intended to ] on the internet and challenge ] (claiming it was derived from the 1992 Danish satirical ] film '']'').<ref name="GLS" /> In an interview on the OfFenzive podcast, president Weev recalled an anecdote where the organization did actually once contain a member that was a homosexual black male.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://podtail.com/en/podcast/offenzive/ep-18-andrew-weev-auernheimer/ | title=Ep 18 Andrew "Weev" Auernheimer – OfFenzive – Podcast | date=January 29, 2021 }}</ref> | |||
| Members engage in such activities as flooding ]s, producing ], ]ing ] telephone lines, and ] disruption such as ]. These actions have occasionally interrupted the normal operation of popular websites such as ], even forcing some websites to shut down temporarily. As such, targeted communities generally consider GNAA members a ] and frequently respond with ] and social anti-trolling measures such as ]s to limit future disruption. | |||
| == |
==Trolling== | ||
| The GNAA used many different methods of trolling. One was to simply "]" a weblog's comment form with text consisting of ].<ref name="GLS" /><ref name="scotsman" /> On Misplaced Pages, members of the group created an article about the group, while adhering to Misplaced Pages's rules and policies, a process Andrew Lih says "essentially the system against itself."<ref name="nobodies" /> Another method included attacking many ] channels and networks using different ] techniques.<ref name="IRC" /> | |||
| ] in front of the Lincoln Center in New York during his ''Drowned Alive'' stunt.]] | |||
| The GNAA first appeared in ], trolling Slashdot using ] ]s representing the organization and ] ]s pertaining to the contents of Slashdot articles. As with other troll organizations, members of the GNAA adopt ]s to preserve their ] and their true identities are generally not known. While its number of members are unknown, the GNAA has listed members "timecop" as the founder and President and "jesuitx" as a co-founder and Vice President. | |||
| The GNAA also produced ]s containing ].<ref name="GLS" /><ref name="porndotcom" /> One such site, "Last Measure," contained embedded malware that opened up "an endless cascade of pop-up windows displaying pornography or horrific medical pictures."<ref name="porndotcom" /><ref name="jones" /> They also performed ] demonstrations.<ref name="IRC" /><ref name="obamabug" /> These actions occasionally interrupted the normal operation of popular websites. | |||
| The GNAA's website features pictures of ] athletes and professionals that appear to originate from stock image archives in an apparent attempt to parody the designs of various corporate websites. It states that the GNAA does not either support or promote ], ], or other kinds of hatred. While their main motivations are difficult to determine, they claim to have targeted websites and blogs that promote "anti Gaynigger and pro-] ]". <ref></ref> | |||
| <!-- last sentence of above paragraph probably belongs somewhere else --> | |||
| ===2000s=== | |||
| GNAA members Rucas and Armorfist created a ] called ], which the GNAA often links or redirects to in their various activities. In order to automate their activities, the GNAA has created many programmatic scripts for uses such as ] sites. The source code of these scripts are usually made available under the revised ]. One such script is ASIAN, The Automated Synchronous IRC Abuse Network, a clone of a popular ] flooding tool called AYSYN (Are you stupid? Yes/No) by mef. It was created by members Rucas and abez due to the many bugs found in AYSYN and the lack of source code. It uses SOCKS proxies and ] to connect numerous drones to an ] server and use them to flood various people and channels. | |||
| In July 2004, two GNAA members submitted leaked screenshots of the upcoming operating system ]<ref name="giga" /> to the popular ] news website ].<ref name="macrumors-tiger" /> | |||
| In June 2005, the GNAA announced that it had created a Mac OS X Tiger release for ] ] processors which caught media attention from various sources.<ref name="macdailynews" /><ref name="wild" /><ref name="cultofmac" /> The next day, the supposed leak was mentioned on the ] television show ''].''<ref name="aots" /> The ] released via ] merely booted a ]<ref name="aots" /><ref name="rubygoldmine" /> instead of the leaked operating system.<ref name="bandwagon" /> | |||
| ==Membership== | |||
| On February 3, 2007, the GNAA successfully managed to convince CNN reporter ] that "one in three Americans" believe that the ] were ].<ref name="CNN3" /> CNN subsequently ran a story erroneously reporting this, involving a round-table discussion regarding antisemitism and an interview with the father of a Jewish 9/11 victim.<ref name="CNN2" /> The GNAA-owned website said that "over 4,000" Jews were absent from work at the World Trade Center on 9/11.<ref name="CNN2" /> | |||
| GNAA encourages people to join by suggesting that potential recruits watch the ] ] ] '']'', from which their name derives. The GNAA's entry requirements also include successfully achieving a "]" on Slashdot consisting of GNAA ] text or registering support by upward ] of GNAA comments. A test on the subject matter in ''Gayniggers From Outer Space'' is then administered by an ]. | |||
| On February 11, 2007, an attack was launched on the website of US presidential candidate (and future US president) ], where the group's name was caused to appear on the website's front page.<ref name="obama" /> | |||
| ] | |||
| ===2010s=== | |||
| The GNAA has a ] which their members use whenever they perform a ] or post a news release. The full "sig", which includes an embedded ] picture depicting the letters "GNAA" on a wall, can be found on their website. It begins: | |||
| In late January 2010, the GNAA used a then-obscure phenomenon known as cross-protocol scripting (a combination of ] and ]) to cause users of the ] IRC network to unknowingly flood IRC channels after visiting websites containing inter-protocol exploits.<ref name="ffbug" /> They also have used a combination of inter-protocol, cross-site, and ] bugs in both the ] and ] web browsers to flood IRC channels.<ref name="netwerk" /> | |||
| On October 30, the GNAA began a trolling campaign in the aftermath of ] on the US East Coast, spreading fake photographs and ] of alleged looters in action. After the GNAA published a press-release detailing the incident,<ref name="SandyLootCrew" /> mainstream media outlets began detailing how the prank was carried out.<ref name="SMH" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Dillon |first=Kit |title=Less Looting, More Trolling: Daily Mail, Drudge Get Pwnd By Twitter Pranksters #SandyLootCrew |url=http://betabeat.com/2012/11/less-looting-more-trolling-daily-mail-drudge-get-pwnd-by-twitter-pranksters/ |publisher=] |access-date=November 2, 2012}}</ref> | |||
| :"GNAA (GAY NIGGER ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA) is the first organization which gathers GAY NIGGERS from all over America and abroad for one common goal - being GAY NIGGERS. | |||
| :*Are you GAY? | |||
| :*Are you a NIGGER? | |||
| :*Are you a GAY NIGGER? | |||
| :If you answered "Yes" to all of the above questions, then GNAA (GAY NIGGER ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA) might be exactly what you've been looking for!" | |||
| <!--- The signature text is significant because it identifies a GNAA attack. ---> | |||
| On December 3, the GNAA was identified as being responsible for a ] attack on ] that resulted in thousands of Tumblr blogs being defaced with a pro-GNAA message.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hepburn |first=Ned |url=http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/191704/tumblr-just-got-massively-hacked/ |title=Tumblr just got massively hacked |work=Deathandtaxesmag.com |date=December 3, 2012 |access-date=March 19, 2013}}</ref> | |||
| All the members of the GNAA act anonymously, though some pseudonyms have become known. One of the most oft-mentioned members in the GNAA is "Gary Niger", a play on the words "Gay Nigger". Gary, a fictional character coined by GNAA vice-president jesuitx, is cited as a press contact in most press releases the GNAA releases, and also frequently appears as the name in their trolling activities. Another member, "rolloffle", also known as "James A.C. Joyce", who has since left the GNAA, participated in many trolling incidents and created many scripts to cause problems for various software programs that are used in internet forums. "Rolloffle" was also the author of the article "Why your Movable Type blog must die", which was published on the website ]. GNAA member "Rucas" is the lead developer of GNAA Last Measure and until recently hosted the largest Last Measure mirror at peoplesprimary.com. He has recently released ''latvianbotnet.pl'', a ] script to ] ] channels. GNAA member "l0de" is the head technician and host of his Internet radio show, the l0de Radio Hour, popular with GNAA members, other internet trolls, and a small number of ] residents. | |||
| In January 2013, the GNAA collaborated with users on the imageboard ] to start a "#cut4bieber" trend on Twitter, encouraging fans of Canadian pop singer ] to practice ].<ref name="cut4bieber" /><ref name="NYDailyNews" /> | |||
| ==Activities== | |||
| ] | |||
| From 2014 into 2015, GNAA members began playing an active role in the ], sabotaging efforts made by pro-Gamergate parties. Several GNAA members were able to gain administrative access to ]'s (an imageboard associated with Gamergate) primary Gamergate board, which they disrupted and ultimately closed. The GNAA also claimed responsibility for releasing private information related to many pro-Gamergate activists.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Joseph |title=GamerGate's Headquarters Has Been Destroyed By Trolls |date=December 4, 2014 |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/gamergates-headquarters-has-been-destroyed-by-trolls |publisher=] |access-date=April 25, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| ===Disruption=== | |||
| One of the aims of the GNAA is to cause disruption on the Internet. They tend to target community webboards and blogs, and have been moderately successful in disrupting both major and minor sites. They first gained notoriety in the ] community when they launched several ] against the site. Slashdot subsequently implemented ]-banning measures in its posting system; GNAA members claim that their crapflooding campaign spurred this change. They also registered many usernames ''en masse'' to mark a Slashdot editor who uses the name "michael" as their foe. <ref>Slashdot – – (] ])</ref> In late ], the GNAA discovered vulnerabilities in weblogging service ]. In a related attack, they launched a ] attack on Slashdot, taking down its ] for a few days. | |||
| <ref>, ] ].</ref> GNAA also causes disruption on IRC as they are known to ] channels. Many IRC servers do not allow the GNAA channel to exist due to this. (see ]). | |||
| On October 13, 2016, GNAA member Meepsheep vandalized Misplaced Pages to cause the entries for ] and ] to be overlapped with pornographic images and a message endorsing Republican presidential candidate ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theslot.jezebel.com/hillary-and-bill-clintons-wikipedia-pages-subject-to-ex-1787755920 |title=Internet Trolls Vandalize Hillary and Bill Clinton's Misplaced Pages Pages in Extremely NSFW Way |last=O'Connor |first=Brendan |date=October 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013192508/http://theslot.jezebel.com/hillary-and-bill-clintons-wikipedia-pages-subject-to-ex-1787755920 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |url-status=unfit |access-date=March 24, 2024}}</ref> | |||
| ===Notable trolls=== | |||
| The two most notable trolls that the GNAA have performed involved Mac OS X users and Harry Potter readers. In ], GNAA member jesuitx and Ron Delsner submitted leaked ]s of the forthcoming ] ] to the popular ] ] news website MacRumors, which read "With ] just days away, the first Tiger information and screenshots appears to have been leaked. According to sources, Apple will reportedly provide developers with a Mac OS X 10.4 Preview copy at WWDC on Monday. The screenshots provided reportedly come from this upcoming developer preview." <ref>MacRumors.com - (] ]) () – (] ])</ref> When people found out the source was the GNAA many declared the screenshots to be fake based on the organization's disreputability in the past. Later, the GNAA released a press release which claimed that the screenshots were genuine (cf. ), and that they trolled the Apple community. <ref>.</ref> | |||
| In August 2017, GNAA was named as having been involved in a feud between employees of the popular dating app ], and tenants of the apartment building in ] where the company was, at the time, illegally headquartered.<ref name="bumble">{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/josephbernstein/austin-luxury-high-rise-tenants-swiped-left-on-bumbles-code|title=Bumble's Former Neighbors Say It Was Using A Luxury Apartment Building As Its Personal Playground|last=Bernstein|first=Joseph|website=]|date=August 1, 2017|access-date=January 17, 2022}}</ref> Joseph Bernstein of ] reported that one of the building's residents contacted GNAA to "fight back" against Bumble after multiple complaints regarding the company's activities were ignored. The dispute resulted in Bumble choosing to relocate from the building, which GNAA claimed credit for in a press release the group spammed across several websites via ].<ref name="bumble"/> | |||
| ] | |||
| In ], the GNAA claimed to have created a ] Tiger release for ] processors which caught media attention from Mac Daily News ]. {{fact}} The next day, the supposed leak made front page news on Slashdot and was mentioned on the ] show '']''. The DVD image released onto ] merely booted an image of hello.jpg (]) instead of the leaked operating system as some had thought, and the remaining several gigabytes of space on the DVD was filled with a repetition of the text "GNAAGNAA...". The same hoax was created again in August of 2005, this time with a fake bootloader that gave generic error messages if the date was before ], and after that date it displayed the content from the shock site ]. | |||
| ==Goatse Security== | |||
| Upon the impending release of the next book in the ] series, '']'', the GNAA claimed to have created a ] file of the book, which contained various ] and released it to ]. In addition, the GNAA also posted various spoilers about the new book onto a Harry Potter fan ] which caused them to temporarily shut down until 1-2 days after the book's release, and a GNAA member by the name of Zeikfried also created a website a few days before the release of the book on which various ] ] of the book were disseminated such as "]". {{fact}} | |||
| {{Main|Goatse Security}} | |||
| ] ].]] | |||
| Several members of the GNAA with expertise in ]<ref name="ipadsec" /> computer security research began releasing information about several software vulnerabilities under the name "Goatse Security." The group chose to publish their work under a separate name because they thought that they would not be taken seriously.<ref name="dailytech" /> | |||
| In June 2010, Goatse Security attracted mainstream media attention for their discovery of at least 114,000 unsecured ]es<ref name="npripad" /> registered to Apple iPad devices for early adopters of Apple's 3G iPad service.<ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name="sapo" /> The data was aggregated from AT&T's own servers by feeding a publicly available script with ]s containing randomly generated ]s, which would then return the associated email address. The ] soon investigated the incident. This investigation led to the arrest of then-GNAA President,<ref name="courtcase" /> Andrew 'weev' Auernheimer, on unrelated ]<ref name="assassination" /> resulting from an FBI search of his home.<ref name="dailytech" /><ref name="cnetdrugs" /> | |||
| Several other notable incidents involved trolling anime fans and ] website administrators. In August 2005, the GNAA released a copy of '']'' onto the ] website ], which was falsely labeled as episode 146 of the ]ese anime show '']''. The film was preceded by the opening credits of the show. This was possible because GNAA president timecop was allegedly a Dattebayo staff member at the time. It should be noted that any attempt to access non-listed torrent files on Dattebayo's server (for example, an upcoming episode of '']'' or '']'') triggers an automatic redirect to the ] website. The ] website incident happened on ], ], following the posting of a "Dremel Pumpkin Carving Kit" on ]. An image of "Goatse Pumpkin" was part of the page. This image happened to be hosted on ] maintainer Sam Hocevar's server, and he proceeded to add the GNAA logo to it, leading visitors to think the GNAA had ] the ] website<ref name="sam">Hocevar, Sam. . Accessed ], ].</ref><ref>Hocevar, Sam. . Accessed ], ].</ref>. | |||
| In January 2011, the Department of Justice announced that Auernheimer would be charged with one count of conspiracy to access a computer without authorization and one count of fraud.<ref name="Charges" /> A co-defendant, Daniel Spitler, was released on bail.<ref name="msnbc" /><ref name="bailtime" /> In June 2011, Spitler pleaded guilty on both counts after reaching a plea agreement with US attorneys.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/23/daniel-spitler-ipad-hack-email-address-theft_n_883240.html |title=Daniel Spitler Pleads Guilty To iPad Hack, Email Address Theft |newspaper=Huffington Post |first=Catharine |last=Smith |date=June 23, 2011}}</ref> On November 20, 2012, Auernheimer was found guilty of one count of identity fraud and one count of conspiracy to access a computer without authorization.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/11/att-hacker-found-guilty/ |title= Hacker Found Guilty of Breaching AT&T Site to Obtain iPad Customer Data |website=Wired.com |first=Kim |last=Zetter |date=November 20, 2012}}</ref> On April 11, 2014, these convictions were overturned by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit on the basis that the New Jersey venue was improper and Auernheimer was subsequently released from prison.<ref name="BBerg" /> | |||
| ] | |||
| In October 2005, ex–GNAA member Grog received "staff" status on the ] IRC network from ] (lilo) by posing as ], developer of ] and ], who happened to have a similar IRC nickname. Grog proceeded to un] #GNAA, ] several of the more popular channels including: #wikipedia, #linux, and #solaris, and overall caused ]. Initial reports claimed a staffer had been ]. However, it was later determined that it had been an act of ]. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| On ], ], GNAA member JacksonBrown ] the wireless network at the San Francisco Apple Store, where ] were recording their 44th podcast; the result: anyone who went to a website was redirected to ]. ] briefly talked about this ordeal in the podcast, around the 05:35-06:30 mark. <ref> Leoporte's podcast.</ref> | |||
| {{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= | |||
| <ref name="BBerg">{{cite news |last=Voreacos |first=David |title=AT&T Hacker 'Weev' Parties and Tweets as Case Still Looms |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-14/at-t-hacker-weev-wants-indictment-tossed-after-prison-release.html |access-date=April 14, 2014 |work=] |date=April 14, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="about">{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.gnaa.fr/about |publisher=GNAA |access-date=June 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720163753/http://www.gnaa.fr/about |archive-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news |first=Niraj |last=Chokshi |title=Meet One of the Hackers Who Exposed the iPad Security Leak |date=June 10, 2010 |publisher=] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/06/meet-one-of-the-hackers-who-exposed-the-ipad-security-leak/57969/ |work=] |access-date=February 25, 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="punto">{{cite news |title=FreeNode, allarme sicurezza |date=June 28, 2006 |url=http://punto-informatico.it/1544690/PI/News/freenode-allarme-sicurezza.aspx |work=PuntoInformatico |access-date=August 26, 2011 |language=it}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="rohr">{{cite news |first=Altieres |last=Rohr |title=Saiba como ocorreu falha que expôs e-mails de 114 mil usuários do iPad |trans-title=Know how failure exposing 114 thousand iPad user email addresses happened |date=June 11, 2010 |url=http://g1.globo.com/tecnologia/noticia/2010/06/entenda-como-foi-falha-que-expos-e-mails-de-114-mil-usuarios-do-ipad.html |work=] |language=pt |access-date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="GLS">{{cite book |first=Jodi |last=Dean |author-link=Jodi Dean |title=Blog Theory: Feedback and Capture in the Circuits of Drive |publisher=Polity Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7456-4970-2 |location=] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qt1oRELvTScC&pg=PA6 |access-date=August 27, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="macrumors-tiger">{{Citation |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2004/06/26/mac-os-x-10-4-tiger-screenshots/ |title=Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger) Screenshots? |newspaper=] |date=June 26, 2004 |access-date=August 27, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="rubygoldmine">{{Citation |url=https://gizmodo.com/107940/macindell-part-quatre-the-ruby-goldmine |title=MacInDell Part Quatre – The Ruby Goldmine |newspaper=] |date=June 15, 2005 |access-date=August 27, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="CNN3">{{cite news |first=Deepthi |last=Welaratna |title=Terror! Conspiracy! Hoax! |date=April 6, 2007 |publisher=] |url=http://www.kqed.org/arts/multimedia/article.jsp?essid=15142 |work=KQED Arts |access-date=March 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922105643/http://www.kqed.org/arts/multimedia/article.jsp?essid=15142 |archive-date=September 22, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="IRC">{{Citation |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/01/30/firefox_interprotocol_attack/ |title=Firefox-based attack wreaks havoc on IRC users |newspaper=] |date=January 30, 2010 |access-date=August 27, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="obama">{{Citation |url=https://techcrunch.com/2007/02/11/very-bad-bug-a-barackobamacom/ |title=Very Ugly Bug at BarackObama.com |date=February 11, 2007 |newspaper=Tech crunch}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="ffbug">{{cite news |first=Lucian |last=Constantin |title=Firefox Bug Used to Harass Entire IRC Network |date=January 30, 2010 |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Firefox-Bug-Used-to-Harass-an-Entire-IRC-Network-133613.shtml |work=] |access-date=March 17, 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="netwerk">{{cite news |first=Sander |last=van der Meijs |title=Bug in Firefox gebruikt tegen IRC netwerk |date=February 1, 2010 |publisher=IDG Netherlands |url=http://webwereld.nl/nieuws/84529/bug-in-firefox-gebruikt-tegen-irc-netwerk.html |work=Webwereld |access-date=March 17, 2011 |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722020857/http://webwereld.nl/nieuws/84529/bug-in-firefox-gebruikt-tegen-irc-netwerk.html |archive-date=July 22, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="nobodies">{{cite book |last1=Lih |first1=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Lih |title=The Misplaced Pages Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia |publisher=Hyperion |date=March 17, 2009 |location=Cambridge, UK |pages= |isbn=978-1-4001-1076-6|title-link=The Misplaced Pages Revolution}}<!--| access-date = July 27, 2010 --></ref> | |||
| <ref name="porndotcom">{{cite book |title=Porn.com: making sense of online pornography |publisher=Peter Lang |access-date=March 20, 2011 |isbn=978-1-4331-0207-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNprMCakFf8C&pg=PA137 |last1=Attwood |first1=Feona |year=2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="giga">{{cite news |title=Wie typisch |date=June 28, 2004 |url=http://www.giga.de/macnews/software/wie-typisch-39507 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802002127/http://www.giga.de/macnews/software/wie-typisch-39507 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 2, 2012 |work=Mac news |publisher=Giga |place=] |language=de |access-date=August 26, 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="macdailynews">{{Citation |date=June 11, 2005 |newspaper=Mac daily news |url=https://macdailynews.com/2005/06/11/report_apple_mac_os_x_1041_for_intel_hits_piracy_sites/ |type=report |title=Apple Mac OS X 10.4.1 for Intel hits piracy sites |access-date=September 6, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="wild">{{Citation |url=https://www.engadget.com/2005/06/12/os-x-for-x86-already-in-the-wild/ |title=OS X for x86 already in the wild? |access-date=September 6, 2010 |newspaper=Engadget |date=June 12, 2005}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="cultofmac">{{Citation |url=https://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/commentary/cultofmac/2005/08/68501 |title=Mac Hacks Allow OS X on PCs |newspaper=Wired |access-date=September 8, 2010 |date=Aug 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727173936/http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/commentary/cultofmac/2005/08/68501 |archive-date=July 27, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="aots">{{Cite episode |title=Attack of the Show! |series=Attack of the Show! |network=] |airdate=June 2005}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="CNN2">{{Cite episode |title=Paula Zahn Now |series=Transcripts|network=] |airdate=February 3, 2007 |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/30/pzn.01.html}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="bandwagon">{{Citation |url=http://www.tuaw.com/2005/08/12/jumping-on-the-bandwagon-os-x-on-x86-omg/ |title=Jumping on the bandwagon: OS X on x86! OMG! |publisher=] |access-date=September 7, 2010 |date=August 12, 2005}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="ipadsec">. '']''. Accessed September 2, 2010.</ref> | |||
| <ref name="sapo">{{cite news |title=Falha de segurança que expõe donos do iPad investigada pelo FBI |trans-title=Security failure exposing iPad owners investigated by the FBI |date=June 11, 2010 |publisher=] |place=] |url=https://tek.sapo.pt/noticias/computadores/falha_de_seguranca_que_expoe_donos_do_ipad_in_1070542.html |work=Tek |access-date=March 17, 2011 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723170251/http://tek.sapo.pt/noticias/computadores/falha_de_seguranca_que_expoe_donos_do_ipad_in_1070542.html |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="npripad">. ]. Accessed September 6, 2010.</ref> | |||
| <ref name="cnetdrugs"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810024549/http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20007827-245.html |date=August 10, 2011 }}. CNET. Accessed September 1, 2010.</ref> | |||
| <ref name="dailytech">{{cite interview |last=Kaiser |first=Leon |interviewer=Mick, Jason |title=Interview: Goatse Security on FBI Charges Following AT&T iPad Breach |url=http://www.dailytech.com/Interview+Goatse+Security+on+FBI+Charges+Following+ATT+iPad+Breach/article20693.htm |type=Interview: transcript |work=] |date=January 19, 2011 |access-date=January 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331112332/http://www.dailytech.com/Interview+Goatse+Security+on+FBI+Charges+Following+ATT+iPad+Breach/article20693.htm |archive-date=March 31, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="ibtimes">{{cite news |first=Jesse |last=Emspak |title=The Case Against The iPad Hackers |date=January 19, 2011 |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/102701/20110119/case-against-ipad-hackers.htm |work=] |access-date=March 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125171737/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/102701/20110119/case-against-ipad-hackers.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="scotsman">{{cite news |first=Stewart |last=Kirkpatrick |title=Lazy Guide to Net Culture: Dark side of the rainbow |date=November 22, 2005 |publisher=] |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/sci-tech/lazy_guide_to_net_culture_dark_side_of_the_rainbow_1_466037 |access-date=March 20, 2011}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="courtcase">United States District Court — District Court of New Jersey, Docket: MAG 11-4022 (CCC). Filed with the court January 13, 2011</ref> | |||
| <ref name="assassination">{{cite book |title=Digital Assassination: Protecting Your Reputation, Brand, Or Business |year=2011 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-61791-2 |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lY4ZmDEA2sC&pg=PA116 |first1=Richard |last1=Torrenzano |first2=Mark W |last2=Davis}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Charges">{{cite news |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9205403/Criminal_charges_filed_against_AT_T_iPad_attackers |title=Criminal charges filed against AT&T iPad attackers |work=Computerworld |date=January 18, 2011 |last1=McMillan |first1=Robert |last2=Jackson |first2=Joab}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="msnbc">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/41196595 |title=No bail for 2nd iPad e-mail address theft suspect |publisher=NBC News |date=January 21, 2011 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=February 15, 2011 |last=Voigt |first=Kurt |newspaper=MSNBC}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="bailtime">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=13023509 |title=Suspect in iPad Data Theft Released on Bail in NJ |date=February 28, 2011 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=March 2, 2011 |last=Porter |first=David |newspaper=ABC News}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="cisneros">{{cite thesis |type=SM |first=Ross B |last=Cisneros |title=Regarding Evil |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |year=2005}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="jones">{{cite web |url=http://www.drstevejones.co.uk/Jones%20Horrorporn_Pornhorror.pdf |title=Horrorporn/Pornhorror: The Problematic Communities and Contexts of Online Shock Imagery |year=2011 |access-date=August 26, 2012 |author=Jones, Dr. Steve |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318001710/http://www.drstevejones.co.uk/Jones%20Horrorporn_Pornhorror.pdf |archive-date=March 18, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="cut4bieber">{{cite web |url=http://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/176727/9 |title=Internet Trolls Start Sick Trend To Encourage Justin Bieber Fans To Self-Harm |work=stereoboard.com |date=January 8, 2013 |access-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="SandyLootCrew">{{cite web |last=Kaiser |first=Leon |title=GNAA Fabricates "Sandy Loot Crew", Media Bites |url=http://www.gnaa.eu/pr/2012-11-01-gnaa-sandy |publisher=GNAA |access-date=November 2, 2012 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103210825/http://www.gnaa.eu/pr/2012-11-01-gnaa-sandy |archive-date=November 3, 2012}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="SMH">{{cite news |last=Grubb |first=Ben |title=Twitter works up a storm over looting images |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/twitter-works-up-a-storm-over-looting-images-20121101-28lqf.html |work=] |access-date=November 2, 2012}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Bilton">{{cite news |last1=Bilton |first1=Nick |last2=Wortham |first2=Jenna |title=Two Are Charged With Fraud in iPad Security Breach |work=The New York Times |page=4 |date=January 19, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/19/technology/19ipad.html}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="NYDailyNews">{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/cut4bieber-trending-topic-draws-shock-outrage-article-1.1235624 |title=Justin Bieber fans draw shock, outrage with gruesome 'Cut4Bieber' trending topic |work=NY Daily News}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="obamabug">. ]. Accessed August 27, 2010.</ref> | |||
| <ref name="trollhunting">{{cite book |last1=Gorman |first1=Ginger |author-link= |title=Troll Hunting: Inside the World of Online Hate and its Human Fallout |publisher=Hardie Grant |date=April 16, 2019 |location= |pages=185–194 |isbn=978-1743794357 |title-link= }}<!--| access-date = Jan 17, 2022 --></ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Hacking in the 2010s}} | |||
| On the night of ], ], GNAA member Jmax somehow acquired ] status on the ] IRC Network, and proceded to cause general mayhem<ref name="liberation">Ad Terras Per Aspera. . Accessed ], ].</ref><ref name="fennec">. Accessed ], ].</ref>. | |||
| On ], ], the GNAA used a flood program to get the 7,777,777th post on the ] imageboard /b/ <ref>A mirror of the post </ref> | |||
| A month later, ], ] the GNAA used the same flood program to get the 8,888,888th post on /b/. {{fact}} | |||
| ===Pranking=== | |||
| ] | |||
| The GNAA runs a ] system which they use to ] various companies such as ]. They produced several ] files<ref>, ] ].</ref>, the most famous of which is "Punjabi Extreme" which combines excerpts from their various prank calls to America Online with the "Hey, everybody! I'm looking at ]!" sample from Last Measure, all set to an Indian beat. | |||
| <ref>, ] ].</ref> | |||
| ===Counter-measures=== | |||
| Because of the activities the GNAA performs online, various websites instituted methods in an effort to stop or curb the amount of ] by the GNAA. Slashdot has a moderation system that is supposed to curb activities such as "First posting", and the website explains that first post comments are usually ''"one of those odd little ]tic hiccups that come out of nowhere and run amok."'' Their system moderates these posts and downgrades them for being off topic and makes them almost unreadable. This Slashdot tool is key, since the GNAA often requires that a user perform a "first post" in order to join the GNAA. Slashdot and other websites also began to ban users for performing GNAA related acts or began to ban ] addresses to prevent ]. Users at different forums also have made fun of the GNAA and their members and have mocked their activities. Slashdot has also called the GNAA, along with ] and ], the "axis of abuse" in a parody of the ]. | |||
| Some of the IRC networks affected by GNAA's presence have taken steps to make GNAA members aware of their aversion to the group. For instance, on ]'s IRC server, the #GNAA channel redirects to #you_have_got_to_be_kidding with a warning message indicating that the network might be inappropriate. This is standard Freenode behavior for ] channels. Similarly, other IRC networks simply jupe #GNAA. ], Associate Professor of Political Science (]) in a presentation on blogging for a Cultural Studies Association meeting in ], noted that when she started blogging she was disturbed by ] attacks and that: | |||
| :''"I've also been unsettled by those I can't place, those who may be satirical, performative in non-PC ways, and those whose comments are just generally disruptive and malicious. For example, one guy posted from the GNAA—which seems to be an anti-blog group with various satirical elements and strategies for irritating bloggers. GNAA stands for Gay Nigger Association of America and apparently gets its name from a short 1992 Danish movie called Gay Niggers from Outerspace, a film that appears to be an actual movie, a porn send up, but I can't be completely sure."''<ref>, ] ]. Jodi's presentation can be found .</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| <div class="references-small"><references/></div> | |||
| == External links == | |||
| * ('''Warning:''' Some of the links on this site can cause undesirable scripts to run, specifically the "members" link, which leads to a well-known ] mirror.) | |||
| * GNAA's ] Branch | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| *{{imdb title|id=0274518|title=Gayniggers from Outer Space}} | |||
| *"James A. C. Joyce" (] ]). . ''Kuro5hin.org''. | |||
| * at ]. | |||
| * in '']'' that refers to the GNAA | |||
| * | |||
| * A Research Paper That Talks About Misplaced Pages And Also Mentions GNAA. | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Gay Nigger Association of America}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 02:49, 23 December 2024
Defunct internet trolling group "GNAA" redirects here. For other uses, see GNAA (disambiguation).
 | |
| Abbreviation | GNAA |
|---|---|
| Formation | 2002; 22 years ago (2002) |
| Type | Internet trolls |
| Purpose | Trolling |
| Affiliations | Goatse Security |
| Website | www.gnaa.eu |
The Gay Nigger Association of America (GNAA) was an internet trolling group. They targeted several prominent websites and internet personalities including Slashdot, Misplaced Pages, CNN, Barack Obama, Alex Jones, and prominent members of the blogosphere. They also released software products, and leaked screenshots and information about upcoming operating systems. In addition, they maintained a software repository and a wiki-based site dedicated to internet commentary.
Members of the GNAA also founded Goatse Security, a grey hat information security group. Members of Goatse Security released information in June 2010 about email addresses on AT&T's website from people who had subscribed to mobile data service using the iPad. After the vulnerability was disclosed, the then-president of the GNAA, weev, and a GNAA member, "JacksonBrown", were arrested.
Origins, known members and name
The group was run by a president. New media researcher Andrew Lih stated that it was unclear whether or not there was initially a clearly defined group of GNAA members, or if founding and early members of the GNAA were online troublemakers united under the name in order to disrupt websites. However, professor Jodi Dean and Ross Cisneros claimed that they were an organized group of anti-blogging trolls. Reporters also referred to the GNAA as a group.
In her 2017 book Troll Hunting, Australian journalist Ginger Gorman identified the president of the GNAA as an individual from Colorado known as "Meepsheep." Known former presidents of the GNAA were security researcher Jaime "asshurtmacfags" Cochran, who also co-founded the hacking group "Rustle League," and "timecop," founder of the anime fansub group "Dattebayo." Other members included former president Andrew "weev" Auernheimer, Daniel "JacksonBrown" Spitler, and former spokesman Leon Kaiser. GNAA has also been documented as having been loosely affiliated with the satirical wiki Encyclopedia Dramatica.
The group's name incited controversy and was described as "causing immediate alarm in anyone with a semblance of good taste," "intentionally offensive," and "spectacularly offensive." The group denied allegations of racism and homophobia, explaining that the name was intended to sow disruption on the internet and challenge social norms (claiming it was derived from the 1992 Danish satirical blaxploitation film Gayniggers from Outer Space). In an interview on the OfFenzive podcast, president Weev recalled an anecdote where the organization did actually once contain a member that was a homosexual black male.
Trolling
The GNAA used many different methods of trolling. One was to simply "crapflood" a weblog's comment form with text consisting of repeated words and phrases. On Misplaced Pages, members of the group created an article about the group, while adhering to Misplaced Pages's rules and policies, a process Andrew Lih says "essentially the system against itself." Another method included attacking many Internet Relay Chat channels and networks using different IRC flooding techniques.
The GNAA also produced shock sites containing malware. One such site, "Last Measure," contained embedded malware that opened up "an endless cascade of pop-up windows displaying pornography or horrific medical pictures." They also performed proof of concept demonstrations. These actions occasionally interrupted the normal operation of popular websites.
2000s
In July 2004, two GNAA members submitted leaked screenshots of the upcoming operating system Mac OS X v10.4 to the popular Macintosh news website MacRumors.
In June 2005, the GNAA announced that it had created a Mac OS X Tiger release for Intel x86 processors which caught media attention from various sources. The next day, the supposed leak was mentioned on the G4 television show Attack of the Show. The ISO image released via BitTorrent merely booted a shock image instead of the leaked operating system.
On February 3, 2007, the GNAA successfully managed to convince CNN reporter Paula Zahn that "one in three Americans" believe that the September 11, 2001, terror attacks were carried out by Israeli agents. CNN subsequently ran a story erroneously reporting this, involving a round-table discussion regarding antisemitism and an interview with the father of a Jewish 9/11 victim. The GNAA-owned website said that "over 4,000" Jews were absent from work at the World Trade Center on 9/11.
On February 11, 2007, an attack was launched on the website of US presidential candidate (and future US president) Barack Obama, where the group's name was caused to appear on the website's front page.
2010s
In late January 2010, the GNAA used a then-obscure phenomenon known as cross-protocol scripting (a combination of cross-site scripting and inter-protocol exploitation) to cause users of the Freenode IRC network to unknowingly flood IRC channels after visiting websites containing inter-protocol exploits. They also have used a combination of inter-protocol, cross-site, and integer overflow bugs in both the Firefox and Safari web browsers to flood IRC channels.
On October 30, the GNAA began a trolling campaign in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy on the US East Coast, spreading fake photographs and tweets of alleged looters in action. After the GNAA published a press-release detailing the incident, mainstream media outlets began detailing how the prank was carried out.
On December 3, the GNAA was identified as being responsible for a cross-site scripting attack on Tumblr that resulted in thousands of Tumblr blogs being defaced with a pro-GNAA message.
In January 2013, the GNAA collaborated with users on the imageboard 4chan to start a "#cut4bieber" trend on Twitter, encouraging fans of Canadian pop singer Justin Bieber to practice self-harm.
From 2014 into 2015, GNAA members began playing an active role in the Gamergate controversy, sabotaging efforts made by pro-Gamergate parties. Several GNAA members were able to gain administrative access to 8chan's (an imageboard associated with Gamergate) primary Gamergate board, which they disrupted and ultimately closed. The GNAA also claimed responsibility for releasing private information related to many pro-Gamergate activists.
On October 13, 2016, GNAA member Meepsheep vandalized Misplaced Pages to cause the entries for Bill and Hillary Clinton to be overlapped with pornographic images and a message endorsing Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump.
In August 2017, GNAA was named as having been involved in a feud between employees of the popular dating app Bumble, and tenants of the apartment building in Austin, Texas where the company was, at the time, illegally headquartered. Joseph Bernstein of BuzzFeed News reported that one of the building's residents contacted GNAA to "fight back" against Bumble after multiple complaints regarding the company's activities were ignored. The dispute resulted in Bumble choosing to relocate from the building, which GNAA claimed credit for in a press release the group spammed across several websites via clickjacking.
Goatse Security
Main article: Goatse Security
Several members of the GNAA with expertise in grey hat computer security research began releasing information about several software vulnerabilities under the name "Goatse Security." The group chose to publish their work under a separate name because they thought that they would not be taken seriously.
In June 2010, Goatse Security attracted mainstream media attention for their discovery of at least 114,000 unsecured email addresses registered to Apple iPad devices for early adopters of Apple's 3G iPad service. The data was aggregated from AT&T's own servers by feeding a publicly available script with HTTP requests containing randomly generated ICC-IDs, which would then return the associated email address. The FBI soon investigated the incident. This investigation led to the arrest of then-GNAA President, Andrew 'weev' Auernheimer, on unrelated drug charges resulting from an FBI search of his home.
In January 2011, the Department of Justice announced that Auernheimer would be charged with one count of conspiracy to access a computer without authorization and one count of fraud. A co-defendant, Daniel Spitler, was released on bail. In June 2011, Spitler pleaded guilty on both counts after reaching a plea agreement with US attorneys. On November 20, 2012, Auernheimer was found guilty of one count of identity fraud and one count of conspiracy to access a computer without authorization. On April 11, 2014, these convictions were overturned by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit on the basis that the New Jersey venue was improper and Auernheimer was subsequently released from prison.
References
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- ^ Dean, Jodi (2010). Blog Theory: Feedback and Capture in the Circuits of Drive. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-4970-2. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
- "FreeNode, allarme sicurezza". PuntoInformatico (in Italian). June 28, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
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- "Meet the Mysterious Hacking Collective Who Love Trolling Anonymous". Vice. February 22, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
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