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{{short description|Self-loading rifle that fires an intermediate-power rifle cartridge}} | |||
{{For|the United States legal and political term|assault weapon}} | |||
{{About|automatic firearms used by many military and law enforcement organizations|semi-automatic firearms restricted by some United States laws|assault weapon}} | |||
], an early German assault rifle, was adopted by the '']'' in 1944. It fires the ] round.]] | |||
{{Pp|small=yes}} | |||
] was first adopted in 1949 by the ]. It fires the ] M43 round.]] | |||
] |
] was adopted by the '']'' in 1944. It fires the ] round.]] | ||
] and the ], the ] was first adopted in 1949 by the ]. It fires the ] M43 round.]] | |||
] was first introduced into service in 1964 with the United States Armed Forces. It fires the ] cartridge, and is the most produced assault rifle in its caliber.]] | |||
An '''assault rifle''' is a ] ] that uses an ] and a ].<ref name=BritanicaDef>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/39165/assault-rifle |title=Assault rifle|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=3 July 2010 |access-date=2012-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124070604/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/39165/assault-rifle |archive-date=24 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">C. Taylor, ''The Fighting Rifle: A Complete Study of the Rifle in Combat'', {{ISBN|0-87947-308-8}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">F.A. Moyer ''Special Forces Foreign Weapons Handbook'', {{ISBN|0-87364-009-8}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated4">R.J. Scroggie, F.A. Moyer ''Special Forces Combat Firing Techniques'', {{ISBN|0-87364-010-1}}</ref><ref name="Musgave, Daniel D. 1967">Musgave, Daniel D., and Thomas B. Nelson, ''The World's Assault Rifles'', vol. II, The Goetz Company, Washington, D.C. (1967): 1</ref> Assault rifles were first put into ] and accepted into widespread service during World War II. The first assault rifle to see major usage was the German ], a development of the earlier ].<ref name="auto">''Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology'', by Roger Pauly. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2004. pp. 145–146</ref><ref name="janesrecog" /><ref name="Shurkin, M."> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330085255/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/06/a-brief-history-of-the-assault-rifle/489428/|date=2017-03-30}} ''The Atlantic''. "A Brief History of the Assault Rifle". (The gun's name may have been coined by Adolf Hitler.) by Michael Shurkin. Jun. 30, 2016</ref> While immediately after World War II, ] countries were equipped with ]s, the development of the ] during the ] prompted the adoption of assault rifles by the rest of NATO. By the end of the 20th century, assault rifles had become the ] in most of the world's armies, replacing ] and ] in most roles.<ref name="Shurkin, M." /> The ] modern assault rifles are the ] and the M16 designs and their derivatives.<ref name="Shurkin, M." /> | |||
An '''assault rifle''' is a ] ] that uses an ] and a ].<ref name=BritanicaDef>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/39165/assault-rifle |title="Assault rifle." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3 July 2010 |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref> Assault rifles are currently the standard ]s in most modern armies. Examples of assault rifles include the ], ], ] and the ]. | |||
==Origin of term== | |||
The Germans were the first to pioneer the assault rifle concept, during World War II, based upon research that showed that most firefights happen within {{convert|400|m}} and that contemporary rifles were over-powered for most small arms combat.<ref name="M16 Rifle Case Study 1970">http://pogoarchives.org/labyrinth/09/02.pdf M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the Presidents Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired)</ref><ref name="janesrecog">Jane's Guns Recognition Guide, Ian Hogg & Terry Gander, HarperCollins Publisher, 2005, p.287</ref><ref name="Lone Sentry">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt07/stg44-assault-rifle.html |title=Machine Carbine Promoted: MP43 Is Now Assault Rifle StG44, WWII Tactical and Technical Trends, No. 57, April 1945 |publisher=Lone Sentry |date=2007-05-10 |accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref><ref name="Century p.243">''Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century'', 7th Edition, 2000 by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks, p.243</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Major Thomas P. Ehrhart . US Army. 2009</ref> They sought to develop a select-fire intermediate powered rifle combining the firepower of a submachine gun with the accuracy and range of a rifle.<ref name="M16 Rifle Case Study 1970"/><ref name="janesrecog"/><ref name="Lone Sentry"/><ref name="Century p.243"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> This was done by shortening the standard ] cartridge to ] and giving it a lighter 125 grain bullet, that limited range but allowed for more controllable automatic fire.<ref name="janesrecog"/><ref name="Lone Sentry"/><ref name="Century p.243"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceC">http://pogoarchives.org/labyrinth/09/02.pdf M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the President's Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired)</ref> A smaller lighter cartridge also allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition "to support the higher consumption rate of automatic fire."<ref name="M16 Rifle Case Study 1970"/> | |||
The term ''assault rifle'' is generally attributed to ], who used the German word ''Sturmgewehr'' (which translates to "assault rifle"<!-- "Storm rifle" is a wrong translation. -->) as the new name for the MP 43 (''])'', subsequently known as the ].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Shurkin, M." /><ref name="Lone Sentry"/><ref>Musgave, Daniel D., and Thomas B. Nelson, ''The World's Assault Rifles'', vol. II, The Goetz Company, Washington, D.C. (1967)</ref><ref>Myatt, Major Frederic, ''Modern Small Arms'', Crescent Books, New York (1978): 169</ref><ref>Hogg, Ivan, and John Weeks, ''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century'', 3rd ed., Hippocrene Books, New York (1977): 159</ref><ref>Chris Bishop, ''The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II'', Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2002, p. 218</ref><ref>''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century'', 7th ed., Ian V. Hogg, p. 243</ref> Allied propaganda suggested that the name was chosen for propaganda purposes, but the main purpose was to differentiate the Sturmgewehr from German submachine guns such as the ].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Rottman|first=Gordon|author-link=Gordon L. Rottman|title=The Big Book of Gun Trivia: Everything You Want to Know, Don't Want to Know, and Don't Know You Need to Know|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2013|page=26}}{{ISBN?}}</ref> | |||
It has been suggested, however, that the '']'' was responsible for the name ''Sturmgewehr'', and Hitler had no input besides signing the ].<ref name="Rottman2011a">{{cite book |last=Rottman |first=Gordon |author-link=Gordon L. Rottman|date= 3 May 2011|title=The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=qK9Nn-2xocUC|page=9 }}|publisher=Osprey Publishing |page=9 |isbn=978-1-84908-835-0}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Furthermore, Hitler was initially opposed to the idea of a new infantry rifle, as Germany lacked the industrial capacity to replace the 12,000,000 ] rifles already in service, only changing his mind once he saw it first-hand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Suciu|first=Peter|date=2020-11-26|title=Meet the Most Influential Gun Designers of the 20th Century|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-most-influential-gun-designers-20th-century-173382|access-date=2021-04-21|website=The National Interest|archive-date=2021-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117103742/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-most-influential-gun-designers-20th-century-173382|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
The result was the ], which the Germans produced in large numbers; approximately half-a-million were made.<ref name="janesrecog"/><ref name="Lone Sentry"/><ref name="Century p.243"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> Unlike previous rifle designs it introduced an over-the-barrel gas system, straight stock and pistol grip to reduce recoil and improve handling characteristics.<ref name="M16 Rifle Case Study 1970"/> "The principle of this weapon...was probably the most important advance in small arms since the invention of smokeless powder."<ref name="ReferenceC"/> | |||
The StG 44 is generally considered the first selective fire military rifle to popularize the assault rifle concept.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Shurkin, M." /> Today, the term ''assault rifle'' is used to define firearms sharing the same basic characteristics as the StG 44.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Shurkin, M." /> | |||
==Definition== | ==Definition== | ||
The ] defines ''assault rifles'' as "short, compact, selective-fire weapons that fire a cartridge intermediate in power between submachine gun and rifle cartridges."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gunfax.com/aw.htm |title=US Army intelligence document FSTC-CW-07-03-70, November 1970 |publisher=Gunfax.com |access-date=2012-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829082633/http://gunfax.com/aw.htm |archive-date=2012-08-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> In this strict definition, a firearm must have at least the following characteristics to be considered an assault rifle:<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref name="autogenerated4"/> | |||
The term "Assault Rifle" is generally attributed to ], who for ] purposes used the German word "Sturmgewehr" (which translates to 'assault rifle'), as the new name for the MP43, subsequently known as the ].<ref name="Lone Sentry">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt07/stg44-assault-rifle.html |title=Machine Carbine Promoted: MP43 Is Now Assault Rifle StG44, WWII Tactical and Technical Trends, No. 57, April 1945 |publisher=Lone Sentry |date=2007-05-10 |accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref><ref>Musgave, Daniel D., and Thomas B. Nelson, ''The World's Assault Rifles,'' vol. II, The Goetz Company, Washington, D.C. (1967)</ref><ref>Myatt, Major Frederic, ''Modern Small Arms'', Cresent Books, New York (1978): 169</ref><ref>Hogg, Ivan, and John Weeks, ''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century'', third ed., Hippocrene Books, New York (1977): 159</ref><ref>Chris Bishop, ''The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II'', Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2002, p. 218</ref><ref>''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century'', 7th Edition, Ian V. Hogg, page 243</ref> Although, some sources dispute that Hitler had much to do with coining the new name besides signing the production order.<ref name="Rottman2011">{{cite book |last=Rottman |first=Gordon |date= |title=The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qK9Nn-2xocUC&pg=PA9 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |page=9 |isbn=978-1-84908-835-0}}</ref> The StG 44 is generally considered the first ] military rifle to popularize the assault rifle concept. Today, the term assault rifle is used to define firearms sharing the same basic characteristics as the StG 44.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}} | |||
* It must be capable of ]. | |||
In a strict definition, a firearm must have at least the following characteristics to be considered an assault rifle:<ref>C. Taylor ''The Fighting Rifle: A Complete Study of the Rifle in Combat'', ISBN 0-87947-308-8</ref><ref>F.A. Moyer ''Special Forces Foreign Weapons Handbook'', ISBN 0-87364-009-8</ref><ref>R.J. Scroggie, F.A. Moyer ''Special Forces Combat Firing Techniques'', ISBN 0-87364-010-1</ref> | |||
* It must have an ]: more power than a ] but less than a standard ] or ]; examples of intermediate cartridges are the ], the ] and ]. | |||
* Its ] must be supplied from a detachable ].<ref name="Musgave, Daniel D. 1967"/> | |||
* It must have an effective range of at least {{convert|300|m|yd|abbr=off}}. | |||
Rifles that meet most of these criteria, but not all, are not ''assault rifles'' according to the U.S. Army's definition. For example: | |||
* It must be an individual weapon | |||
* It must be capable of ] | |||
* It must have an intermediate-power cartridge: more power than a ] but less than a standard ] or ] | |||
* Its ] must be supplied from a detachable ]<ref>Musgave, Daniel D., and Thomas B. Nelson, ''The World's Assault Rifles,'' vol. II, The Goetz Company, Washington, D.C. (1967): 1</ref> | |||
* And it should have an effective range of at least {{convert|300|m|yd|abbr=off}} | |||
* Select-fire rifles such as the ], ], and ] main battle rifles are not assault rifles; they fire full-powered rifle cartridges. | |||
* Semi-automatic-only rifles like the ] are not assault rifles; they do not have select-fire capabilities. | |||
* Semi-automatic-only rifles with fixed magazines like the ] are not assault rifles; they do not have detachable box magazines and are not capable of automatic fire. | |||
=== Distinction from assault weapons === | |||
For example: | |||
{{See|Assault weapon|Assault weapons legislation in the United States}} | |||
* Select-fire ]s are not assault rifles; their effective range is only 200 meters.<ref>''Jane's Gun Recognition Guide''. Ian Hogg & Terry Gander. HarperCollins Publishers. 2005. page 330</ref> | |||
In the United States, selective-fire rifles are legally defined as "]s", and civilian ownership of those has been tightly regulated since 1934 under the ] and since 1986 under the ].<ref name="Koerner040916">{{cite news |last=Koerner |first=Brendan |date=September 16, 2004 |title=What Is an Assault Weapon? At last, you can get a semiautomatic rifle with a bayonet |work=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2004/09/what_is_an_assault_weapon.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913053820/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2004/09/what_is_an_assault_weapon.html |archive-date=September 13, 2014}}</ref> However, the term "assault rifle" is often conflated with "]", a U.S. legal category with varying definitions which includes many semi-automatic weapons. This use has been described as incorrect and a misapplication of the term.<ref name="Poole">{{Cite book |last=Poole |first=Helen |title=Firearms: Global Perspectives on Consequences, Crime and Control |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |pages=21 |chapter=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Debbie |last=Lord |date=May 26, 2022 |url=https://www.wokv.com/news/trending/assault-weapon-vs-assault-rifle-what-is-difference/ERZB7FLQ4F6CTFHZ6SYBBCHERA/ |title=Assault Weapon vs. Assault Rifle: What Is the Difference? |website=] |access-date=June 3, 2022 |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928032053/https://www.wokv.com/news/trending/assault-weapon-vs-assault-rifle-what-is-difference/ERZB7FLQ4F6CTFHZ6SYBBCHERA/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
* Select-fire rifles such as the ] ] are not assault rifles; they fire full-powered rifle cartridges. | |||
* Semi-automatic-only rifles like variants of the ] are not assault rifles; they do not have select-fire capabilities. | |||
* Semi-auto rifles with fixed magazines like the ] are not assault rifles; they do not have detachable box magazines and are not capable of automatic fire. | |||
== History == | |||
The U.S. Army defines assault rifles as "short, compact, selective-fire weapons that fire a cartridge intermediate in power between submachine gun and rifle cartridges."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gunfax.com/aw.htm |title=US Army intelligence document FSTC-CW-07-03-70, November 1970 |publisher=Gunfax.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref> | |||
=== Cei-Rigotti === | |||
{{main|Cei-Rigotti}} | |||
] | |||
The 1890s Cei-Rigotti prototype was built to fire the fully powered ] and the weaker ], it was somewhat of a predecessor.{{whom|date=December 2024}}{{cn|date=December 2024}} However, it had its magazine fixed. | |||
== |
=== WWI designs === | ||
The Germans were the first to pioneer the assault rifle concept, during World War II, based upon research that showed that most firefights happen within 400 meters and that contemporary rifles were over-powered for most small arms combat. The Germans sought to develop a select-fire intermediate powered rifle combining the firepower of a submachine gun with the accuracy and range of a rifle. This was done by shortening the standard ] cartridge to ] and giving it a lighter 125 grain bullet, that limited range but allowed for more controllable automatic fire. The result was the ].<ref name="janesrecog">Jane's Guns Recognition Guide, Ian Hogg & Terry Gander, HarperCollins Publisher, 2005, p.287</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Major Thomas P. Ehrhart . US Army. 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt07/stg44-assault-rifle.html |title=Machine Carbine Promoted: MP43 Is Now Assault Rifle StG44, WWII Tactical and Technical Trends, No. 57, April 1945 |publisher=Lone Sentry |date=2007-05-10 |accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref><ref>''Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century'', 7th Edition, 2000 by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks, p.243</ref> | |||
{{multiple image | |||
Like the Germans, the Soviets were influenced by experience showing most combat happens within 400 meters and that their soldiers were consistently outgunned by heavily armed German troops, especially those armed with the ] assault rifles.<ref>. oneworld-publications.com</ref><ref name="washingtonpost2006">. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved on 2011-11-19.</ref> The Soviets were so impressed with the Sturmgewehr 44, that after World War II, they held a design competition to develop an assault rifle of their own.<ref>. Popular Mechanics (2010-10-12). Retrieved on 2012-02-09.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/jdeere2012/d/77028741-American-Rifle-a-biography |title=Scribd |publisher=Scribd |date= |accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref> The winner was the AK-47 assault rifle.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> It was finalized, adopted and entered widespread service in the Soviet army in the early 1950s.<ref name="washingtonpost2006"/> Its firepower, ease of use, low production costs, and reliability was perfectly suited for the Red Army's new mobile warfare doctrines.<ref name="washingtonpost2006"/> The AK-47 was widely supplied or sold to nations allied with the USSR and the blueprints were shared with several friendly nations (the ] standing out among these with the ]).<ref name="washingtonpost2006"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/13/000016406_20070413145045/Rendered/PDF/wps4202.pdf |title=Worldbank. Post-Conflict Transitions Working Paper No. 10. ''Weaponomics: The Global Market for Assault Rifles''. Phillip Killicoat, Economics, Oxford University. April 2007 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-03}}</ref> | |||
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The Fedorov Avtomat (also anglicized as Federov,<ref name=HOGG>{{cite book |first1=Ian V. |last1=Hogg |first2=John S. |last2=Weeks |name-list-style=amp |date=2000 |title=Military Small Arms of the 20th Century |edition=7th |publisher=Krause Publications |page=267}}</ref><ref name="Westwood2005">{{cite book |first=David |last=Westwood |title=Rifles: An Illustrated History of their Impact |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLBTkNZ8U44C&pg=PA135 |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-401-1 |page=135}}</ref> {{Lang-rus|Автома́т Фёдорова|r=Avtomát Fyódorova|t=Fyodorov's automatic rifle|links=no|p=ɐftɐˈmat ˈfʲɵdərəvə}}) is a select-fire infantry rifle and also one of the world's first operational automatic rifles, designed by ] in 1915 and produced in the ] and later in the ]. A total of 3,200 Fedorov rifles were manufactured between 1915 and 1924 in the city of ]; the vast majority of them were made after 1920. The weapon saw limited combat in ], but was used more substantially in the ] and in the ]. Some consider it to be an "early predecessor" or "ancestor" of the modern assault rifle.<ref name="Westwood2005"/><ref name="Fowler">{{cite book | |||
The U.S. Army was influenced by combat experience with semi-automatic weapons such as the ] and ], which enjoyed a significant advantage over enemies armed primarily with bolt-action rifles.<ref name="pogoarchives.org">Richard R. Hallock, Colonel (retired) of US Army March 16, 1970</ref> Although U.S. Army studies of World War II combat accounts had very similar results to that of the Germans and Soviets, the U.S. Army maintained its traditional views and preference for high-powered semi-automatic rifles.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | |||
| last1 = Fowler | |||
| first1 = William | |||
| author-link = | |||
| last2 = Sweeney | |||
| first2 = Patrick | |||
| author2-link = | |||
| title = The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rifles and Machine Guns: An illustrated historical reference to over 500 military, law enforcement and antique firearms... and automatic machine guns, a comprehensive guide | |||
| place = | |||
| publisher = Lorenz Books | |||
| year = 2008 | |||
| volume = | |||
| edition = | |||
| page =68 | |||
| url = | |||
| doi = | |||
| id = | |||
| isbn = 978-0-7548-1758-1}}</ref><ref name="Walter2003">{{cite book |first=John |last=Walter |title=Military Rifles of Two World Wars |year=2003 |publisher=Greenhill |isbn=978-1-85367-536-2 |page=19}}</ref><ref name="MusgraveNelson1967">{{cite book |first1=Daniel D. |last1=Musgrave |first2=Thomas B. |last2=Nelson |title=The World's Assault Rifles and Automatic Carbines |year=1967 |publisher=T.B.N. Enterprises |page=149; see also discussion on p. 15}}</ref> | |||
===Sturmgewehr 44=== | |||
After World War II, the ] military started looking for a single automatic rifle to replace the ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> However, early experiments with select-fire versions of the M1 Garand proved disappointing.<ref>http://www.nramuseum.com/media/940585/m14.pdf |CUT DOWN in its Youth, Arguably Americas Best Service Rifle, the M14 Never Had the Chance to Prove Itself. By Philip Schreier, SSUSA, September 2001, p 24–29 & 46</ref> During the ], the select-fire ] largely replaced ]s in US service.<ref name="Rottman2011">{{cite book|author=Gordon Rottman|title=The M16|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oRhIaYrN3sYC&pg=PA6|year=2011|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84908-690-5|page=6}}</ref> Although, combat experience suggested that the ] round was underpowered.<ref>. Americanrifleman.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.</ref> American weapons designers reached the same conclusion as the Germans and Soviets: an intermediate round was necessary, and recommended a small caliber, high velocity cartridge.<ref>Donald L. Hall (PDF). Report No. 593. Ballistic Research Laboratories. Maryland. March 1952 (released March 29, 1973)</ref> | |||
{{main|StG 44}} | |||
]]] | |||
The Germans were the first to pioneer the assault rifle concept during World War II, based upon research that showed that most firefights happen within {{convert|400|m}} and that contemporary rifles were overpowered for most small arms combat.<ref name="janesrecog">''Jane's Guns Recognition Guide'', Ian Hogg & Terry Gander, HarperCollins Publisher, 2005, p. 287 Sturmgewehr 44 "This is the father of all assault rifles, developed in Germany in 1941–42 a using a new short cartridge. Originally known as the MP 43 (Machine Pistol) for Nazi political reasons, it was renamed the "Sturmgewehr 44" after its successful introduction into battle on the Eastern Front. It introduced the concept of using a short cartridge with limited range in order to permit controllable automatic fire and a compact weapon, and because experience showed that most rifle fire was conducted at ranges under {{convert|400|m}}. After the war, it was examined and dissected by almost every major gun-making nation and led, in one way and another, to the present-day 5.56mm assault rifles."</ref><ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="Lone Sentry">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt07/stg44-assault-rifle.html |title=Machine Carbine Promoted: MP43 Is Now Assault Rifle StG44, WWII Tactical and Technical Trends, No. 57, April 1945 |publisher=Lone Sentry |date=2007-05-10 |access-date=2012-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921233948/http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt07/stg44-assault-rifle.html |archive-date=2012-09-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="M16 Rifle Case Study 1970"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906090843/http://pogoarchives.org/labyrinth/09/02.pdf|date=2015-09-06}} M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the Presidents Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired)</ref><ref name="Century p.243">''Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century'', 7th ed., 2000 by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks, p. 243</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Major Thomas P. Ehrhart "" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719043744/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA512331&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |date=2013-07-19 }}. U.S. Army. 2009</ref> They would soon develop a select-fire intermediate powered rifle combining the firepower of a submachine gun with the range and accuracy of a rifle.<ref name="janesrecog"/><ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="Lone Sentry"/><ref name="M16 Rifle Case Study 1970"/><ref name="Century p.243"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> | |||
The result was the Sturmgewehr 44, an improvement of the earlier ], and approximately half a million Sturmgewehrs were produced by the war's end.<ref name="janesrecog"/><ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="Lone Sentry"/><ref name="Century p.243"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> It fired a new and revolutionary intermediate powered cartridge, the 7.92×33mm Kurz.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="janesrecog"/><ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="Lone Sentry"/><ref name="Century p.243"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="auto1"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906090843/http://pogoarchives.org/labyrinth/09/02.pdf|date=2015-09-06}} M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the President's Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired)</ref> This new cartridge was developed by shortening the standard ] round and giving it a lighter 125-grain bullet, which limited range but allowed for more controllable automatic fire.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="janesrecog"/><ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="Lone Sentry"/><ref name="Century p.243"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="auto1"/> A smaller, lighter cartridge also allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition "to support the higher consumption rate of automatic fire".<ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="M16 Rifle Case Study 1970"/> | |||
However, senior American commanders having faced fanatical enemies and experienced major logistical problems during WWII and the Korean War,<ref>''Fanaticism And Conflict In The Modern Age'', by Matthew Hughes & Gaynor Johnson, Frank Cass & Co, 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pacificwar.org.au/JapWarCrimes/Explaining_JapWarCrimes.html |title=An Attempt To Explain Japanese War Crimes |publisher=Pacificwar.org.au |date= |accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm |title=South to the Naktong - North to the Yalu |publisher=History.army.mil |date= |accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref><ref>. Ibiblio.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-24.</ref><ref>. Almc.army.mil. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.</ref> insisted that a single powerful .30 caliber cartridge be developed, that could not only be used by the new automatic rifle, but by the new ] (GPMG) in concurrent development.<ref name="independencearmory1">Col. E. H. Harrison (NRA Technical Staff) (PDF). June 1957</ref><ref>Anthony G Williams | |||
. Quarry.nildram.co.uk (revised 3 February 2012). Retrieved on 2011-11-23.</ref> This culminated in the development of the ] cartridge and the ]<ref name="independencearmory1"/> which was basically an improved select-fire M1 Garand with a 20-round magazine.<ref>. Globalsecurity.org (1945-09-20). Retrieved on 2011-11-23.</ref> The U.S. also adopted the ].<ref name="independencearmory1"/> Its NATO partners adopted the ] and ] battle rifles, as well as the ] and ] GPMGs. | |||
The Sturmgewehr 44 features an inexpensive, easy-to-make, stamped steel design and a 30-round detachable box magazine.<ref>''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century''. 7th ed., Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. pp. 242–243</ref> This weapon was the prototype of all successful automatic rifles. Characteristically (and unlike previous rifles) it had a straight stock with the barrel under the gas cylinder to reduce the turning moment of recoil of the rifle in the shoulder and thus help reduce the tendency of shots to climb in automatic fire. The barrel and overall length were shorter than a traditional rifle and it had a ] to hold the weapon more securely in automatic fire. "The principle of this weapon—the reduction of muzzle impulse to get usable automatic fire within the actual ranges of combat—was probably the most important advance in small arms since the invention of ]."<ref name="auto1"/> | |||
The first confrontations between the AK-47 and the M14 (assault rifle vs ]) came in the early part of the ]. Battlefield reports indicated that the M14 was uncontrollable in full-auto and that soldiers could not carry enough ammo to maintain fire superiority over the AK-47.<ref>Lee Emerson . October 10, 2006</ref> A replacement was needed: A medium between the traditional preference for high-powered rifles such as the M14, and the lightweight firepower of the M2 Carbine. | |||
As a result, the Army was forced to reconsider a 1957 request by General Willard G. Wyman, commander of the U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC) to develop a .223 caliber (5.56 mm) select-fire rifle weighing 6 lbs (2.7 kg) when loaded with a 20-round magazine.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The 5.56mm round had to penetrate a standard U.S. ] at 500 yards (460 meters) and retain a velocity in excess of the speed of sound, while matching or exceeding the wounding ability of the .30 Carbine cartridge.<ref>Hutton, Robert (ed.), ''The .223'', Guns & Ammo Annual Edition, 1971.</ref> | |||
===AK-47=== | |||
This request ultimately resulted in the development of a scaled-down version of the ] ], called AR-15 rifle.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ezell |first=Edward Clinton |title=Small Arms of the World|year=1983|publisher=Stackpole Books|location=New York |isbn=978-0-88029-601-4|pages=46–47}}</ref><ref name="nodakspud.com">Peter G. Kokalis . nodakspud.com</ref><ref name="m-14parts.com">Danford Allan Kern . m-14parts.com. A thesis presented to the Faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE, Military History. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2006</ref> However, despite overwhelming evidence that the AR-15 could bring more firepower to bear than the M14, the Army opposed the adoption of the new rifle.<ref name="m-14parts.com"/> In January 1963, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara concluded that the AR-15 was the superior weapon system and ordered a halt to M14 production.<ref name="m-14parts.com"/> At the time, the AR-15 was the only rifle available that could fulfill the requirement of a universal infantry weapon for issue to all services. After modifications (Most notably: the charging handle was re-located from under the carrying handle like AR-10 to the rear of the receiver),<ref name="nodakspud.com"/> the new redesigned assault rifle was subsequently adopted as the M16 rifle.<ref name="m-14parts.com"/><ref name="autogenerated5">. Department of the Army. dtic.mil. 1 June 1968</ref> | |||
{{Main|AK-47}} | |||
] | |||
Like the Germans, the Soviets were influenced by experience showing that most combat engagements occur within {{convert|400|m}} and that their soldiers were consistently outgunned by heavily armed German troops, especially those armed with Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifles.<ref name="washingtonpost2006"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927195809/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/24/AR2006112400788.html |date=2011-09-27 }}. Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-19.</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite web |title=AK-47 Inventor Doesn't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention. |publisher=] |date=6 July 2007 |location=USA |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/ak-47-inventor-doesnt-lose-sleep-over-havoc-wrought-with-his-invention |access-date=3 April 2010 |oclc=36334372 |quote="It was before he started designing the gun that he slept badly, worried about the superior weapons that Nazi soldiers were using with grisly effectiveness against the Red Army in World War II. He saw them at close range himself while fighting on the front lines. While hospitalized with wounds after a Nazi shell hit his tank in the 1941 battle of Bryansk, Kalashnikov decided to design an automatic rifle combining the best features of the American M1 and the German StG44. "Blame the Nazi Germans for making me become a gun designer", said Kalashnikov, frail but sharp at age 87. "I always wanted to construct agriculture machinery." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603232941/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,288456,00.html |archive-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldpress.org/cover5.htm |title="Born in November 1919 – one of 18 children, of whom only six survived – Mikhail Kalashnikov was a Soviet T-38 tank commander in 1941, wounded in the shoulder and back when a German shell smashed part of the tank's armor into his body. "I was in the hospital, and a soldier in the bed beside me asked: 'Why do our soldiers have only one rifle for two or three of our men, when the Germans have automatics?' So I designed one. I was a soldier, and I created a machine gun for a soldier. It was called an Avtomat Kalashnikova, the automatic weapon of Kalashnikov{{snd}}AK{{snd}}and it carried the date of its first manufacture, 1947." An interview with Mikhail Kalashnikov, Robert Fisk, The Independent (centrist), London, England. April 22, 2001. |access-date=July 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001104001/http://www.worldpress.org/cover5.htm |archive-date=October 1, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="armedforcesmuseum.com"> {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130616011454/http://armedforcesmuseum.com/ak-47-assault-rifle/|date=2013-06-16}} | Armed Forces History Museum, AK-47 assault rifle</ref><ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616193104/http://www.oneworld-publications.com/pdfs/Small%20Arms%20Trade_ch1_22%20Nov.pdf |date=June 16, 2012 }}. oneworld-publications.com</ref><ref name="ReferenceC"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906090843/http://pogoarchives.org/labyrinth/09/02.pdf|date=2015-09-06}} M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the President's Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired) "Used in quantity against the Soviets at Stalingrad, the German Sturmgewehr made a deep impression on the Russians. They copied the ballistics of the cartridge while improving the configuration and improving the weapon. They standardized the weapon in 1947 as the AK-47 rifle."</ref> On July 15, 1943, a Sturmgewehr was demonstrated before the ].<ref name="english.pravda.ru"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015195847/http://english.pravda.ru/history/02-08-2003/3461-kalashnikov-0/|date=2015-10-15}} "The history of the world-known gun started on July 15th, 1943, when a captured complex—an MP-43 gun and a cartridge—were demonstrated at a meeting of the arms committee. Chief designer Nikolay Elizarov and chief engineer Pavel Ryazanov created the Soviet "interim cartridge " within a very short period of time. The technological support was provided by Boris Syomin. After that, scientists started working on a new fire arms system for that cartridge." The History of Kalashnikov Gun. ''Pravda''. 02.08.2003</ref> The Soviets were so impressed with the Sturmgewehr that they immediately set about developing an intermediate caliber automatic rifle of their own to replace the badly outdated ] bolt-action rifles and ] submachine guns that armed most of the Red Army.<ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="armedforcesmuseum.com"/><ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="english.pravda.ru"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fieldandstream.com/articles/guns/2006/02/father-100-million-rifles |title="Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Kalashnikov, by then a sergeant, was injured within months when a shell stopped his T-34 tank and sent shrapnel through his shoulder. As Soviet history tells it, while Sgt. Kalashnikov recuperated, he began tinkering with infantry weapons, eventually setting his mind on designing a lightweight automatic assault rifle that would expel the better-armed Nazis from Russian soil. Soviet infantry fought World War II with two basic small arms: one was the badly outdated Mosin–Nagant Model 1891 bolt-action rifle. The other was the PPSh series of submachine guns, reliable arms that were effective but only at short range. Something better was needed, and that something was in the hands of the Nazi Wehrmacht. It was called the MP44 Sturmgewehr (assault rifle), and it could fire in full or semiautomatic mode. Chambered for a revolutionary new cartridge, a short 7.92mm round that was less powerful than a full-size rifle cartridge, yet far more powerful than the pistol cartridges for which submachine guns were chambered, the Sturmgewehr made a deep impression on the Soviets who faced it." The Father of 100 Million Rifles Mikhail Kalashnikov was a poor Russian farm boy who happened to be a mechanical genius, and for better or for worse, the rifle he designed has changed history. Article by C.J. Chivers. Uploaded on February 28, 2006 |date=25 December 2013 |access-date=July 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815145427/http://www.fieldandstream.com/articles/guns/2006/02/father-100-million-rifles |archive-date=August 15, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803184020/http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/weapons/ak-47-questions-about-most-important-gun-ever |date=2014-08-03 }}. Popular Mechanics (2010-10-12). Retrieved on 2012-02-09.</ref> | |||
In March 1970, the U.S. recommended that all ] forces adopt the ] cartridge.<ref name="autogenerated3">Per G. Arvidsson . NATO Army Armaments Group</ref> This shift represented a change in the philosophy of the military's long-held position about caliber size. By the middle of the 1970s, other armies were looking at assault rifle type weapons. A NATO standardization effort soon started and tests of various rounds were carried out starting in 1977.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> The U.S. offered the 5.56x45mm M193 round, but there were concerns about its penetration in the face of the wider introduction of ].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the end the Belgian 5.56x45mm SS109 round was chosen (] 4172) in October 1980.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> The SS109 round was based on the U.S. cartridge but included a new stronger, heavier, 62 grain bullet design, with better long range performance and improved penetration (specifically, to consistently penetrate the side of a steel helmet at 600 meters).<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | |||
The Soviets soon developed the ] cartridge, which was first used in the semi-automatic ] and the ] ].<ref name="virginia1774.org">{{usurped|1=}} Small Arms Identification and Operations Guide-Eurasain Communist Countries. by Harold E. Johnson. September 1973. U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center of the U.S. Army Materiel Command.</ref> ], the designer of the Sturmgewehr, was captured after World War II, and, likely, helped develop the AK-47 assault rifle,<ref name=":0" /> which would quickly replace the SKS and Mosin in Soviet service.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510215042/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/10/russia.nickpatonwalsh|date=2017-05-10}} Interview with AK-47 rifle inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov. 'I sleep soundly' Shamed by his parents' exile, he was determined to do his bit for the Soviet cause. And so Mikhail Kalashnikov invented what was to become the world's most prolific killing machine. Nick Paton Walsh tracks down the 83-year-old at his tranquil lakeside. by Nick Paton Walsh. ''The Guardian'', Thursday 9 October 2003</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/rbth/6453703/Russia-celebrates-Mikhail-Kalashnikovs-90th-birthday-the-designer-who-armed-the-world.html |title=Interview with AK-47 rifle inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov. Russia celebrates Mikhail Kalashnikov's 90th birthday – the designer who armed the world. This online supplement is produced and published by ''Rossiyskaya Gazeta'' (Russia), which takes sole responsibility for the content. |access-date=2018-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209005458/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/rbth/6453703/Russia-celebrates-Mikhail-Kalashnikovs-90th-birthday-the-designer-who-armed-the-world.html |archive-date=2015-12-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The AK-47 was finalized, adopted and entered widespread service in the Soviet army in the early 1950s.<ref name="washingtonpost2006" /> Its firepower, ease of use, low production costs, and reliability were perfectly suited for the Red Army's new ] doctrines.<ref name="washingtonpost2006" /> In the 1960s, the Soviets introduced the ], itself an AK-47 type weapon with a ], a stronger receiver, and a longer, heavier barrel that would eventually replace the RPD light machine gun.<ref name="virginia1774.org" /> | |||
During the 1970s, the USSR developed the ] assault rifle and the ] cartridge, which has similar physical characteristics to the U.S. 5.56×45mm cartridge.<ref>''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century''. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications 2000. page 271</ref> Also during the 1970s, Finland, Israel, South Africa and Sweden introduced AK type assault rifles in 5.56x45mm.<ref>''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century''. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications 2000. pages 235, 258, 274, 278</ref> During the 1990s, the Russians developed the ] in 5.56x45mm NATO for the world export market.<ref name="ReferenceB">. izhmash.ru</ref><ref>http://www.militaryfactory.com/smallarms/detail.asp?smallarms_id=256 |The Kalashnikov AK-101 is an export assault rifle in operational service withat least nine nations worldwide</ref> In addition, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia (i.e., Serbia) have also rechambered their locally produced AK variants to 5.56mm NATO.<ref>''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century''. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications 2000. pages 233, 257, 266, 296</ref><ref>http://www.arsenal-bg.com/defense_police/5.56_arsenal_assault_rifle_ar-m1_ar-m1f.htm | Arsenal AR-M1 5.56mm assault rifle</ref> The adoption these cartridges cemented the world-wide trend toward small caliber, high velocity cartridges. | |||
]]] | |||
In 1977, Austria introduced the 5.56×45mm ] bullpup rifle, often cited as the first successful ], finding service with the armed forces of over twenty countries. It was highly advanced for the 1970s, combining in the same weapon the bullpup configuration, a polymer housing, dual vertical grips, an optical sight as standard, and a modular design. Highly reliable, light, and accurate, the Steyr AUG showed clearly the potential of the bullpup layout. In 1978, France introduced the 5.56×45mm ] bullpup rifle. In 1985, the British introduced the 5.56×45mm ] bullpup rifle. In the late 1990s, Israel introduced the ] and China's ]'s adopted ]. By the turn of the century, the bullpup assault rifle design had achieved world-wide acceptance. | |||
], based on the Polish licensed version of AK-47]] | |||
The AK-47 was widely supplied or sold to nations allied with the USSR, and the blueprints were shared with several friendly nations (the ] standing out among these with the ]).<ref name="washingtonpost2006"/> As a result, more AK-type weapons have been produced than all other assault rifles combined.<ref name="Killicoat">{{cite web |last=Killicoat |first=Phillip |title=Weaponomics: The Global Market for Assault Rifles |work=World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4202 (Post-Conflict Transitions Working Paper No. 10) |publisher=] |date=April 2007 |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/13/000016406_20070413145045/Rendered/PDF/wps4202.pdf |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112121512/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/13/000016406_20070413145045/Rendered/PDF/wps4202.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2004, "of the estimated 500 million firearms worldwide, approximately 100 million belong to the Kalashnikov family, three-quarters of which are AK-47s."<ref name="Killicoat"/> | |||
==Assault rifle gallery== | |||
<gallery class="center"> | |||
===Post-StG battle rifles=== | |||
File:MP44.jpg|The German ], the first assault rifle manufactured in significant numbers | |||
{{main|Battle rifle}} | |||
File:AK-47 type II Part DM-ST-89-01131.jpg|A Russian ] with machined receiver | |||
] (top) and ]]] | |||
File:M16A1 brimob.jpg|American 5.56x45mm ] | |||
The U.S. Army was influenced by combat experience with semi-automatic weapons such as the ] and ], which enjoyed a significant advantage over enemies armed primarily with bolt-action rifles.<ref name="M16 Rifle Case Study 1970" /> Although U.S. Army studies of World War II combat accounts had very similar results to that of the Germans and Soviets, the U.S. Army failed to recognize the importance of the assault rifle concept,<ref name="M16 Rifle Case Study 1970"/> and instead maintained its traditional views and preference for high-powered semi-automatic rifles.<ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="M16 Rifle Case Study 1970"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="american_rifle">{{cite book|last=Rose|first=Alexander|title=American Rifle: A Biography|year=2009|publisher=Delta|isbn=978-0-553-38438-3|pages=403–405}}</ref> At the time, the U.S. Army believed that the Sturmgewehr 44 was "intended in a general way to serve the same purpose as the U.S. carbine" and was in many ways inferior to the M1 carbine,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt07/stg44-assault-rifle.html |title=Machine Carbine Promoted, M.P. 43 Is Now "Assault Rifle 44", ''Tactical and Technical Trends'', No. 57, April 1945, U.S. Military Intelligence Service, U.S. War Department publication |access-date=2008-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116105454/http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt07/stg44-assault-rifle.html |archive-date=2008-01-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was of "little importance".<ref name="M16 Rifle Case Study 1970"/> | |||
File:Ak74l.jpg|Russian 5.45x39mm ] rifle | |||
File:AUG A1 508mm 04.jpg|The Austrian ] was one of the first bullpup rifles to enter widespread use. | |||
After World War II, the United States military started looking for a single automatic rifle to replace the M1 Garand, M1/M2 Carbines, ], ] and ].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>The M16. By Gordon Rottman. Osprey Publishing, 2011. p. 6</ref> Early experiments with select-fire versions of the M1 Garand proved disappointing.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204025725/http://www.nramuseum.com/media/940585/m14.pdf|date=2013-12-04}} |CUT DOWN in its Youth, Arguably Americas Best Service Rifle, the M14 Never Had the Chance to Prove Itself. By Philip Schreier, SSUSA, September 2001, pp. 24–29, 46</ref> During the ], the select-fire M2 Carbine largely replaced the submachine gun in U.S. service<ref name="Rottman2011">{{cite book|author=Gordon Rottman|title=The M16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRhIaYrN3sYC&pg=PA6|year=2011|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84908-690-5|page=6|access-date=2015-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124235408/https://books.google.com/books?id=oRhIaYrN3sYC&pg=PA6|archive-date=2016-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> and became the most widely used Carbine variant.<ref>Leroy Thompson (2011). ''The M1 Carbine''. Osprey Publishing. p. 35. {{ISBN|978-1-84908-907-4}}.</ref> Combat experience suggested that the ] round was under-powered.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205205918/http://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/arms-chosin-few |date=2013-12-05 }}. Americanrifleman.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.</ref> American weapons designers reached the same conclusion as the German and Soviet ones: an intermediate round was necessary, and recommended a small-caliber, high-velocity cartridge.<ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref>Donald L. Hall {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051902/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/377335.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} (PDF). Report No. 593. Ballistic Research Laboratories. Maryland. March 1952 (released March 29, 1973)</ref> | |||
File:FAMAS-G2-IMG 8894-white.jpg|French ] with bayonet | |||
File:SA-80 rifle 1996.jpg|British ] (L85A1) rifle in 1996. | |||
]]] | |||
File:IWI-Tavor-TAR-21w1.jpg|the Israeli ] TAR-21 with Holographic Weapon Sight | |||
Senior American commanders had faced fanatical enemies and experienced major logistical problems during World War II and the Korean War,<ref>''Fanaticism And Conflict In The Modern Age'', by Matthew Hughes & Gaynor Johnson, Frank Cass & Co, 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm |title=South to the Naktong – North to the Yalu |publisher=History.army.mil |access-date=2012-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102112322/http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm |archive-date=2013-11-02 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004311/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/BigL/index.html#contents |date=2013-12-03 }}. Ibiblio.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-24.</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622011454/http://www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/NovDec03/Logistics_of_Invasion.htm |date=2015-06-22 }}. Almc.army.mil. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.</ref> and insisted that a single powerful .30 caliber cartridge be developed, that could be used by the new automatic rifle, and also by the new ] (GPMG) in concurrent development.<ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="independencearmory1">Col. E. H. Harrison (NRA Technical Staff) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107045353/http://independencearmory.com/downloads/M14_Articles/American%20Rifleman%20-%20New%20Service%20Rifle_%20Amer.%20Rifleman%20June%2C%201957.pdf |date=2015-11-07 }} (PDF). June 1957</ref><ref>Anthony G Williams | |||
File:Rifle Type 95.jpg|China's People's Liberation Army's ] | |||
{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602021550/http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/Assault.htm |date=June 2, 2014 }}. Quarry.nildram.co.uk (revised 3 February 2012). Retrieved on 2011-11-23.</ref> This culminated in the development of the ] cartridge and the ]<ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="independencearmory1"/> which was basically an improved select-fire M1 Garand with a 20-round magazine.<ref name="smallarmsreview.com"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422004206/http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2434|date=2016-04-22}} ''Small Arms Review'', "M14 Vs. M16 In Vietnam", By Robert Bruce</ref><ref>''Jane's International Defence Review''. Vol. 36. Jane's Information Group, 2003. p. 43. "The M14 is basically an improved M1 with a modified gas system and detachable 20-round magazine."</ref> The U.S. also adopted the ], which replaced the ] in major combat roles.<ref name="independencearmory1"/> Its NATO partners adopted the ] and ] rifles, as well as the ] and ] GPMGs. | |||
File:INSAS Black.JPG|Indian Army's ] | |||
]]] | |||
The FN FAL is a 7.62×51mm, selective fire, automatic rifle produced by the Belgian armaments manufacturer ] (FN). During the ] it was adopted by many ] (NATO) countries, most notably with the ] as the semi-automatic ]. It is one of the most widely used rifles in history, having been used by more than 90 countries.<ref>''Jane's Guns Recognition Guide''. Ian Hogg & Terry Gander. HarperCollins Publishers. 2005 p. 275</ref> The FAL was predominantly chambered for the 7.62mm NATO round, and because of its prevalence and widespread use among the armed forces of many western nations during the Cold War, it was nicknamed "The right arm of the ]".<ref>Bishop, Chris. ''Guns in Combat''. Chartwell Books, Inc. (1998). {{ISBN|0-7858-0844-2}}.</ref> | |||
]]] | |||
The Heckler & Koch G3 is a 7.62×51mm, selective fire, automatic rifle produced by the German armament manufacturer ] (H&K) in collaboration with the Spanish state-owned design and development agency ] (''Centro de Estudios Técnicos de Materiales Especiales'').<ref>Woźniak, Ryszard: ''Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej—tom 2 G-Ł'', p. 7. Bellona, 2001.</ref> The rifle proved successful in the export market, being adopted by the armed forces of over 60 countries.<ref>''Jane's Guns Recognition Guide''. Ian Hogg & Terry Gander. HarperCollins Publishers. 2005 p. 288</ref> After World War II, German technicians involved in developing the ], continued their research in France at CEAM. The StG 45 mechanism was modified by Ludwig Vorgrimler and Theodor Löffler at the Mulhouse facility between 1946 and 1949. Vorgrimler later went to work at CETME in Spain and developed the line of CETME automatic rifles based on his improved StG 45 design. Germany eventually purchased the license for the CETME design and manufactured the Heckler & Koch G3 as well as an entire line of weapons built on the same system, one of the most famous being the ]. | |||
===M16=== | |||
{{main|M16 rifle}} | |||
The first confrontations between the AK-47 and the M14 ("assault rifle" vs "battle rifle") came in the early part of the ]. Battlefield reports indicated that the M14 was uncontrollable in full-auto and that soldiers could not carry enough ammunition to maintain fire superiority over the AK-47.<ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="smallarmsreview.com"/><ref>Lee Emerson {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215062553/http://www.imageseek.com/m1a/M14_RHAD_Online_Edition_061010.pdf |date=2017-12-15 }}. October 10, 2006</ref> And, while the M2 Carbine offered a high rate of fire, it was under-powered and ultimately outclassed by the AK-47.<ref>''Green Beret in Vietnam: 1957–73''. Gordon Rottman. Osprey Publishing, 2002. p. 41</ref> A replacement was needed: A medium between the traditional preference for high-powered rifles such as the M14, and the lightweight firepower of the M2 Carbine. | |||
As a result, the Army was forced to reconsider a 1957 request by General Willard G. Wyman, commander of the U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC) to develop a .223 caliber (5.56 mm) select-fire rifle weighing {{cvt|6|lb|order=flip}} when loaded with a 20-round magazine.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The 5.56 mm round had to penetrate a standard U.S. ] at {{convert|500|yd|order=flip}} and retain a velocity in excess of the speed of sound, while matching or exceeding the wounding ability of the .30 Carbine cartridge.<ref>Hutton, Robert (ed.), ''The .223'', ''Guns & Ammo'' Annual Edition, 1971.</ref> | |||
This request ultimately resulted in the development of a scaled-down version of the ], called the ] rifle.<ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="m-14parts.com">Danford Allan Kern {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105215841/http://www.m-14parts.com/M14toM16.pdf |date=2013-11-05 }}. m-14parts.com. A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE, Military History. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2006</ref><ref name="nodakspud.com">Peter G. Kokalis {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202308/http://www.nodakspud.com/RetroAR15.pdf |date=2013-10-29 }}. nodakspud.com</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ezell |first=Edward Clinton |title= Small Arms of the World|year=1983|publisher=Stackpole Books|location=New York |isbn=978-0-88029-601-4|pages=46–47 }}</ref> However, despite overwhelming evidence that the AR-15 could bring more firepower to bear than the M14, the Army opposed the adoption of the new rifle.<ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="smallarmsreview.com"/><ref name="m-14parts.com"/> In January 1963, Secretary of Defense ] concluded that the AR-15 was the superior weapon system and ordered a halt to M14 production.<ref name="smallarmsreview.com"/><ref name="m-14parts.com"/><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827111511/https://looserounds.com/2015/01/30/the-m14-not-much-for-fighting-a-case-against-the-m14-legend/|date=2016-08-27}} The M14 not much for fighting (A case against the M14 legend)</ref> At the time, the AR-15 was the only rifle available that could fulfill the requirement of a universal infantry weapon for issue to all services. | |||
After modifications (most notably, the charging handle was re-located from under the carrying handle like it was on AR-10 to the rear of the receiver),<ref name="nodakspud.com"/> the newly redesigned rifle was subsequently adopted as the M16 Rifle.<ref name="Shurkin, M."/><ref name="smallarmsreview.com"/><ref name="m-14parts.com"/><ref name="autogenerated5"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123134/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a953110.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}. Department of the Army. dtic.mil. 1 June 1968</ref> "(The M16) was much lighter compared to the M14 it replaced, ultimately allowing soldiers to carry more ammunition. The air-cooled, gas-operated, magazine-fed assault rifle was made of steel, aluminum alloy and composite plastics, truly cutting-edge for the time. Designed with full and semi-automatic capabilities, the weapon initially did not respond well to wet and dirty conditions, sometimes even jamming in combat. After a few minor modifications, the weapon gained in popularity among troops on the battlefield."<ref name="smallarmsreview.com"/><ref>GX. The Guard Experience. The Pride of the Guard. by Major Darrin Haas. Volume 10. Issue 3. 2013. p. 67. "Nicknamed a 'Mattel toy' because of its small caliber and lightweight design, the M16 became the standard service rifle for U.S. forces in Vietnam in 1967. The weapon was much lighter compared to the M14 it replaced, ultimately allowing Soldiers to carry more ammunition. The air-cooled, gas-operated, magazine-fed assault rifle was made of steel, aluminum alloy and composite plastics, truly cutting-edge for the time. Designed with full and semi-automatic capabilities, the weapon initially did not respond well to wet and dirty conditions, sometimes even jamming in combat. After a few minor modifications, the weapon gained popularity among troops on the battlefield. Still in service today, the M16 is being phased out by the M4 carbine.</ref><ref name="a953117">{{citation |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a953117.pdf |title=Report of the M16 Review Panel |date=1 June 1968 |series=M16 Surveys in the Republic of Vietnam |publisher=Department of the Army |author=((Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Research, Development, Acquisition)) |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023922/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a953117.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Despite its early failures, the M16 proved to be a revolutionary design and stands as the longest continuously serving rifle in American military history.<ref name="m-14parts.com"/><ref name="autogenerated5"/> It has been adopted by many U.S. allies and the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge has become not only the NATO standard but "the standard assault-rifle cartridge in much of the world".<ref name="m-14parts.com"/><ref>''Small Arms''. By Martin J. Dougherty. The Rosen Publishing Group, Dec 15, 2012. p. 26</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">Per G. Arvidsson {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904065211/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2009infantrysmallarms/wednesdaysessionvArvidsson.pdf |date=2012-09-04 }}. NATO Army Armaments Group</ref> It also led to the development of small-caliber high-velocity service rifles by every major army in the world, including the USSR and People's Republic of China.<ref name="m-14parts.com"/> Today, many small arms experts consider the M16 the standard by which all other assault rifles are judged.<ref name="m-14parts.com"/><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023022/http://www.vsms.org/Forum/Seite_69_tactical_stuff/120500_Sights_Accessories_Compendium.pdf|date=2013-12-03}} Compendium Special Operations by Armada. Assault Rifles. by Paolo Valpolini 2/2012 "Among western armies the M4 with its 356-mm-long barrel remains the benchmark type, although reports from the field have shown some criticism regarding its reliability in sand and dusty environments due to the direct impingement or 'gas-tube' system that tends to bring carbon blow-back into the chamber, while hot gases used to cycle the weapon generate heat problems."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2008/7/Documents/SA_0708.pdf |title="Colt literature notes that the fourth generation of the M16 "still represents the world standard by which all other weapons of this class are judged. Its combat-proven performance is verified by the fact that over eight million M16 weapon systems have been produced and placed in military service throughout the world." Soldier Armed. M16A4 Rifle. By Scott R. Gourley. ''Army Magazine''. July 2008 p. 75. |access-date=2016-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180252/http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2008/7/Documents/SA_0708.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
<gallery widths="250" heights="110"> | |||
File:AR-10 in the National Firearms Museum.jpg|] | |||
File:ArmaLite AR-15 SPAR 3240 DEC. 17. 2004.png|] | |||
File:M16A1 brimob.jpg|] | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
===HK33=== | |||
==Assault rifles vs. assault weapons== | |||
{{ |
{{main|Heckler & Koch HK33}} | ||
]]] | |||
The term assault rifle when used in its proper context, militarily or by its specific functionality, has a generally accepted definition with the firearm manufacturing community.<ref name=BritanicaDef/> In more casual usage, the term "assault weapon" is sometimes ] or confused with the term assault rifle.<ref name="intentional_confusion">{{cite web|url=http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/Tartaro1.htm |title=The Great Assault Weapon Hoax|publisher=University of Dayton Law Review Symposium, Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, vol. 20, no. 2, 1995: 557. |author=Joseph P. Tartaro| year=1995 |accessdate=2013-01-03 |quote=One of the key elements of the anti-gun strategy to gull the public into supporting bans on the so-called "assault weapons" is to foster confusion. As stated previously, '''"the public does not know the difference between a full automatic and a semi-automatic firearm."''' They have been further hoodwinked by the television charades of people like New York's former Governor Mario Cuomo talking about semi-automatic firearms while the camera shows a full automatic firing. Fully automatic weapons have been strictly regulated and registered since 1934. Real assault weapons are controlled by the 1934 law and by laws in most states. There is no need for a new law on semi-automatic firearms. However, the anti-gunners responsible for the hoax have continued to perpetuate it by exploiting public confusion.}}</ref> | |||
During the 1960s other countries would follow the Americans' lead and begin to develop 5.56×45mm assault rifles, most notably Germany with the ]. The HK33 was essentially a smaller 5.56mm version of the 7.62×51mm Heckler & Koch G3 rifle. As one of the first 5.56mm assault rifles on the market, it would go on to become one of the most widely distributed assault rifles. The HK33 featured a modular design with a wide range of accessories (telescoping butt-stocks, optics, bi-pods, etc.) that could be easily removed and arranged in a variety of configurations. | |||
===5.56mm NATO=== | |||
In the United States "]s" are usually defined in legislation as ]s that have certain features generally associated with military firearms, including assault rifles. The 1994 ], which expired on September 13, 2004, codified a definition of an assault weapon. It defined the rifle type of assault weapon as a semiautomatic firearm with the ability to accept a ] and two or more of the following: | |||
{{main|5.56×45mm NATO}} | |||
] and 5.56×45mm NATO cartridges compared to an ].]] | |||
The adoption of the M16, the H&K33, and the 5.56×45mm cartridge inspired an international trend towards relatively small-sized, lightweight, high-velocity military service cartridges that allow a soldier to carry more ammunition for the same weight compared to the larger and heavier 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. The 5.56mm cartridge is also much easier to shoot.<ref name="quarry.nildram.co.uk"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602021550/http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/Assault.htm |date=2014-06-02 }}</ref><ref name="ar15.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ar15.com/content/page.html?id=599 |title=An Improved Battlesight Zero for the M4 Carbine and M16A2 Rifle |access-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025051753/http://www.ar15.com/content/page.html?id=599 |archive-date=2011-10-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated48">{{cite web|url=https://www.ar15.com/content/webPDF/TM9-1005-319-10.pdf|title=TM 9-1005-319-10 (2010) – Operator's Manual for Rifle, 5.56mm, M16A2/M16A3/M4 (Battlesight Zero pp. 48–55)|access-date=2014-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208061346/http://www.ar15.com/content/webPDF/TM9-1005-319-10.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-08|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1961 marksmanship testing, the U.S. Army found that 43% of AR-15 shooters achieved Expert, while only 22% of M-14 rifle shooters did so. Also, a lower ] impulse, allows for more controllable automatic weapons fire.<ref name="quarry.nildram.co.uk" /><ref name="ar15.com"/><ref name="autogenerated48"/> | |||
In March 1970, the U.S. recommended that all NATO forces adopt the 5.56×45mm cartridge.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> This shift represented a change in the philosophy of the military's long-held position about caliber size. By the middle of the 1970s, other armies were looking at assault rifle-type weapons. A NATO standardization effort soon started and tests of various rounds were carried out starting in 1977.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> The U.S. offered the 5.56×45mm M193 round, but there were concerns about its penetration in the face of the wider introduction of ].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the end the Belgian 5.56×45mm SS109 round was chosen (] 4172) in October 1980.<ref name="autogenerated3"/> The SS109 round was based on the U.S. cartridge but included a new stronger, heavier, 62-grain bullet design, with better long-range performance and improved penetration (specifically, to consistently penetrate the side of a steel helmet at {{convert|600|m|abbr=off|disp=or}}).<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | |||
* a folding or telescoping ] | |||
* a ] that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon | |||
* a bayonet mount | |||
* a ] or threaded barrel designed to accommodate a flash suppressor | |||
* a grenade launcher | |||
Also during the 1970s, Finland, Israel, and South Africa introduced AK type assault rifles in 5.56×45mm.<ref>''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century''. 7th ed. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications 2000. pp. 235, 258, 274, 278</ref> Sweden began the transition with trails in 1981 and full adaptation in 1986. During the 1990s, Russia developed the ] in 5.56×45mm NATO for the world export market.<ref name="ReferenceB">. izhmash.ru</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701143021/http://militaryfactory.com/smallarms/detail.asp?smallarms_id=256|date=2014-07-01}} |The Kalashnikov AK-101 is an export assault rifle in operational service with at least nine nations worldwide</ref> In addition, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia (i.e., Serbia) have also rechambered their locally produced assault rifles to 5.56mm NATO.<ref>''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century''. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications 2000. pp. 233, 257, 266, 296</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arsenal-bg.com/defense_police/5.56_arsenal_assault_rifle_ar-m1_ar-m1f.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618165043/http://www.arsenal-bg.com/defense_police/5.56_arsenal_assault_rifle_ar-m1_ar-m1f.htm|url-status=dead|title=Arsenal AR-M1 5.56mm assault rifle|archivedate=June 18, 2014}}</ref> | |||
] does not further restrict weapons capable of fully automatic fire, such as assault rifles and ]s, which have been continuously and heavily regulated since the ] of 1934 was passed. Subsequent laws such as the ] and the ] of 1986 also affected the importation and civilian ownership of fully automatic firearms, the latter fully prohibiting sales of newly manufactured machine guns to non-law enforcement or SOT (special occupational taxpayer) dealers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/hr1022/text |title=Full Text of H.R. 1022 (110th): Assault Weapons Ban and Law Enforcement Protection Act of 2007 |publisher=GovTrack.us |date=2007-02-13 |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref> | |||
===AK-74=== | |||
{{main|AK-74}} | |||
] rifle]] | |||
] family: ], ] and ] (left) as well as rare ], ], and ]]] | |||
The AK-74 assault rifle was a Soviet answer to the U.S. M16.<ref name="military-today.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/firearms/ak_74.htm|title=AK-74 Assault Rifle – Military-Today.com|access-date=2016-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109211538/http://www.military-today.com/firearms/ak_74.htm|archive-date=2015-01-09|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/bulgarian-ak-74-5-45x39mm/#bulgarian-ak-74-main |title=Tactical Life. Bulgarian AK-74 5.45x39mm. The AK-74 signified the Soviets' response to the West's M16. By Michael Humphreis October 15, 2013 |date=16 October 2013 |access-date=July 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801132832/http://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/bulgarian-ak-74-5-45x39mm/#bulgarian-ak-74-main |archive-date=August 1, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''Gun Digest Shooter's Guide to AKs''. by Marco Vorobiev. F+W Media, Inc. Jun 15, 2016. p. 107</ref> The Soviet military realized that the M16 had better range and accuracy over the AKM, and that its lighter cartridge allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition. Therefore, in 1967, the USSR issued an official requirement to replace the AKM and the 7.62×39mm cartridge.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/arc/021205.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629045720/http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/arc/021205.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-06-29|title=IZHMASH JSC official site|date=June 29, 2011}}</ref> They soon began to develop the AK-74 and the ] cartridge.<ref name="m-14parts.com"/><ref>''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century''. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications 2000. p. 271</ref><ref name="Dockery 2007 70">{{cite book|last=Dockery|first=Kevin|title=Future Weapons|year=2007|page=70|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-425-21750-4}}</ref> AK-74 production began in 1974,<ref name="web.archive.org"/> and it was unveiled in 1977, when it was carried by Soviet ] during the annual ].<ref name="Century p.271">''Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century'', 7th Edition, 2000 by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks, p. 271</ref> It would soon replace the AKM and become the standard Soviet infantry rifle.<ref name="Century p.271"/> In 1979, the AK-74 saw combat for the first time in ],<ref>''The AK-47: Kalashnikov-Series Assault Rifles''. by Gordon L Rottman. Osprey Publishing, Jan 1, 2012. p. 32</ref> where the lethality of the 5.45mm rounds led to the ] dubbing them "poison bullets".<ref>Mark Urban, ''War in Afghanistan'', p. 133, Springer, 27 Jul 2016</ref> | |||
The adoption of the 5.56mm NATO and the Russian 5.45×39mm cartridges cemented the worldwide trend toward small caliber, high-velocity cartridges.<ref name="m-14parts.com"/> | |||
===Compact assault rifles=== | |||
] during a live-fire demonstration, part of Operation Desert Shield. Note the large flash hider.]] | |||
Following the adoption of the M16, carbine variants were also adopted for close quarters operations. The AR-15 family of weapons served through the Vietnam War. However, these compact assault rifles had design issues, as "the barrel length was halved" to {{convert|10|in}} which "upset the ballistics", reducing its range and accuracy and leading "to considerable muzzle flash and blast, so that a large flash suppressor had to be fitted".<ref name="Century p.166">''Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century'', 7th ed., 2000 by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks, p. 166</ref> "Nevertheless, as a short-range weapon it is quite adequate and thus, its caliber, ]] is classed as a submachine gun."<ref name="Century p.166"/> Other compact assault rifles, such as the ], ] and the ], have been made and they have also been called submachine guns.<ref>''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century''. 7th ed. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. pp. 125 & 166–167.</ref> | |||
===Bullpups=== | |||
{{Main|Bullpup}} | |||
]]] | |||
In 1977, Austria introduced the 5.56×45mm ] bullpup rifle, often cited as the first successful ], finding service with the armed forces of over twenty countries. It was highly advanced for the 1970s, combining in the same weapon the bullpup configuration, a polymer housing, dual vertical grips, an optical sight as standard, and a modular design. Highly reliable, light, and accurate, the Steyr AUG showed clearly the potential of the bullpup layout. In 1978, France introduced the 5.56×45mm ] bullpup rifle. In 1985, the British introduced the 5.56×45mm ] bullpup rifle. In the late 1990s, Israel introduced the 5.56mm NATO ]. In 1997, China adopted the ] in the new ] cartridge, which they claim is superior to both the 5.56×45mm and the 5.45×39mm. By the turn of the century, the bullpup assault rifle design had achieved worldwide acceptance. | |||
===Heckler & Koch G36=== | |||
{{Main|Heckler & Koch G36}} | |||
] with a loaded 30-round magazine]] | |||
The Heckler & Koch G36 is a 5.56×45mm assault rifle, designed in the early 1990s by Heckler & Koch in Germany as a replacement for the heavier G3. It was accepted into service with the {{lang|de|]}} in 1997, replacing the G3.<ref name="woźniak">Woźniak, Ryszard. ''Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej'' – tom 2 G-Ł. Bellona. 2001. pp. 17–21.</ref> The G36 is ] and feeds from a 30-round detachable ] or 100-round ] ].{{Cn|date=January 2023}} The G36 was made with the extensive use of lightweight, corrosion-resistant synthetic materials in its design; the receiver housing, stock, trigger group (including the fire control selector and firing mechanism parts), magazine well, handguard and carrying handle are all made of a ]-reinforced ]. The receiver has an integrated ] barrel trunnion (with locking recesses) and a nylon 66 steel reinforced receiver.<ref>. Google.com. Retrieved 2015-7-15.</ref> The standard ''Bundeswehr'' versions of the G36 are equipped with a unique ZF 3×4° dual optical sight that combines a 3× magnified telescopic sight and an unmagnified ] mounted on top of the telescopic sight.<ref name="woźniak"/> Widely distributed, it has been adopted by over 40 countries and prompted other nations to develop similar composite designs, such as the ]. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
{{Portal|History}} | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | * ] | ||
* ] | * ] | ||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
== |
==Citations== | ||
{{Reflist|30em}} | |||
* Rose, Alexander. ''American Rifle, A Biography.'' 2008, Bantam Dell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-553-80517-8. | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|group=nb}} | |||
* Rose, Alexander (2008). ''American Rifle: A Biography''. Bantam Dell Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-553-80517-8}}. | |||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
* Crawford, S. (2003). ''Twenty-First Century Small Arms''. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN |
* Crawford, S. (2003). ''Twenty-First Century Small Arms''. MBI Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-7603-1503-5}}. | ||
* Cutshaw, C. (2006). ''Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century''. Gun Digest Books. ISBN |
* Cutshaw, C. (2006). ''Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century''. Gun Digest Books. {{ISBN|0-87349-914-X}}. | ||
* Halls, Chris |
* Halls, Chris (1974). ''Guns in Australia''. Sydney: Paul Hamlyn. {{ISBN|0-600-07291-6}}. | ||
* Lewis, J. (2004). ''Assault Weapons: An In-Depth Look at the Hottest Weapons Around''. Krause Publications. ISBN |
* Lewis, J. (2004). ''Assault Weapons: An In-Depth Look at the Hottest Weapons Around''. Krause Publications. {{ISBN|0-87349-658-2}}. | ||
* Popenker, M. et al. (2004). ''Assault Rifle: |
* Popenker, M., et al. (2004). ''Assault Rifle: The Development of the Modern Military Rifle and Its Ammunition''. Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press Ltd. {{ISBN|1-86126-700-2}}. | ||
* Senich, P. (1987). ''German Assault Rifle: 1935–1945''. Paladin Press. ISBN |
* Senich, P. (1987). ''German Assault Rifle: 1935–1945''. Paladin Press. {{ISBN|0-87364-400-X}}. | ||
* Salo, Pauli (2008) ''Rynnäkkökivääri (assault rifle)7,62x39''. 2. edition. ISBN 978-952-92-1328-3 | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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* —''Infantry'' magazine, May–June 2006 | |||
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* {{snd}}The Firearm Blog | |||
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Latest revision as of 09:05, 24 December 2024
Self-loading rifle that fires an intermediate-power rifle cartridge This article is about automatic firearms used by many military and law enforcement organizations. For semi-automatic firearms restricted by some United States laws, see assault weapon.
An assault rifle is a select fire rifle that uses an intermediate-rifle cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles were first put into mass production and accepted into widespread service during World War II. The first assault rifle to see major usage was the German StG 44, a development of the earlier Mkb 42. While immediately after World War II, NATO countries were equipped with battle rifles, the development of the M16 rifle during the Vietnam War prompted the adoption of assault rifles by the rest of NATO. By the end of the 20th century, assault rifles had become the standard weapon in most of the world's armies, replacing full-powered rifles and submachine guns in most roles. The two most successful modern assault rifles are the AK-47 and the M16 designs and their derivatives.
Origin of term
The term assault rifle is generally attributed to Adolf Hitler, who used the German word Sturmgewehr (which translates to "assault rifle") as the new name for the MP 43 (Maschinenpistole), subsequently known as the Sturmgewehr 44. Allied propaganda suggested that the name was chosen for propaganda purposes, but the main purpose was to differentiate the Sturmgewehr from German submachine guns such as the MP 40.
It has been suggested, however, that the Heereswaffenamt was responsible for the name Sturmgewehr, and Hitler had no input besides signing the production order. Furthermore, Hitler was initially opposed to the idea of a new infantry rifle, as Germany lacked the industrial capacity to replace the 12,000,000 Karabiner 98k rifles already in service, only changing his mind once he saw it first-hand.
The StG 44 is generally considered the first selective fire military rifle to popularize the assault rifle concept. Today, the term assault rifle is used to define firearms sharing the same basic characteristics as the StG 44.
Definition
The U.S. Army defines assault rifles as "short, compact, selective-fire weapons that fire a cartridge intermediate in power between submachine gun and rifle cartridges." In this strict definition, a firearm must have at least the following characteristics to be considered an assault rifle:
- It must be capable of selective fire.
- It must have an intermediate-power cartridge: more power than a pistol but less than a standard rifle or battle rifle; examples of intermediate cartridges are the 7.92×33mm Kurz, the 7.62×39mm and 5.56×45mm NATO.
- Its ammunition must be supplied from a detachable box magazine.
- It must have an effective range of at least 300 metres (330 yards).
Rifles that meet most of these criteria, but not all, are not assault rifles according to the U.S. Army's definition. For example:
- Select-fire rifles such as the FN FAL, M14, and H&K G3 main battle rifles are not assault rifles; they fire full-powered rifle cartridges.
- Semi-automatic-only rifles like the Colt AR-15 are not assault rifles; they do not have select-fire capabilities.
- Semi-automatic-only rifles with fixed magazines like the SKS are not assault rifles; they do not have detachable box magazines and are not capable of automatic fire.
Distinction from assault weapons
Further information: Assault weapon and Assault weapons legislation in the United StatesIn the United States, selective-fire rifles are legally defined as "machine guns", and civilian ownership of those has been tightly regulated since 1934 under the National Firearms Act and since 1986 under the Firearm Owners Protection Act. However, the term "assault rifle" is often conflated with "assault weapon", a U.S. legal category with varying definitions which includes many semi-automatic weapons. This use has been described as incorrect and a misapplication of the term.
History
Cei-Rigotti
Main article: Cei-RigottiThe 1890s Cei-Rigotti prototype was built to fire the fully powered 7.65×53mm Mauser and the weaker 6.5×52mm Carcano, it was somewhat of a predecessor. However, it had its magazine fixed.
WWI designs
Fedorov AvtomatRibeyrolles 1918 automatic carbineThe Fedorov Avtomat (also anglicized as Federov, Russian: Автома́т Фёдорова, romanized: Avtomát Fyódorova, IPA: [ɐftɐˈmat ˈfʲɵdərəvə], lit. 'Fyodorov's automatic rifle') is a select-fire infantry rifle and also one of the world's first operational automatic rifles, designed by Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov in 1915 and produced in the Russian Empire and later in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. A total of 3,200 Fedorov rifles were manufactured between 1915 and 1924 in the city of Kovrov; the vast majority of them were made after 1920. The weapon saw limited combat in World War I, but was used more substantially in the Russian Civil War and in the Winter War. Some consider it to be an "early predecessor" or "ancestor" of the modern assault rifle.
Sturmgewehr 44
Main article: StG 44The Germans were the first to pioneer the assault rifle concept during World War II, based upon research that showed that most firefights happen within 400 metres (1,300 ft) and that contemporary rifles were overpowered for most small arms combat. They would soon develop a select-fire intermediate powered rifle combining the firepower of a submachine gun with the range and accuracy of a rifle.
The result was the Sturmgewehr 44, an improvement of the earlier Maschinenkarabiner 42(H), and approximately half a million Sturmgewehrs were produced by the war's end. It fired a new and revolutionary intermediate powered cartridge, the 7.92×33mm Kurz. This new cartridge was developed by shortening the standard 7.92×57mm Mauser round and giving it a lighter 125-grain bullet, which limited range but allowed for more controllable automatic fire. A smaller, lighter cartridge also allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition "to support the higher consumption rate of automatic fire".
The Sturmgewehr 44 features an inexpensive, easy-to-make, stamped steel design and a 30-round detachable box magazine. This weapon was the prototype of all successful automatic rifles. Characteristically (and unlike previous rifles) it had a straight stock with the barrel under the gas cylinder to reduce the turning moment of recoil of the rifle in the shoulder and thus help reduce the tendency of shots to climb in automatic fire. The barrel and overall length were shorter than a traditional rifle and it had a pistol grip to hold the weapon more securely in automatic fire. "The principle of this weapon—the reduction of muzzle impulse to get usable automatic fire within the actual ranges of combat—was probably the most important advance in small arms since the invention of smokeless powder."
AK-47
Main article: AK-47Like the Germans, the Soviets were influenced by experience showing that most combat engagements occur within 400 metres (1,300 ft) and that their soldiers were consistently outgunned by heavily armed German troops, especially those armed with Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifles. On July 15, 1943, a Sturmgewehr was demonstrated before the People's Commissariat of Arms of the USSR. The Soviets were so impressed with the Sturmgewehr that they immediately set about developing an intermediate caliber automatic rifle of their own to replace the badly outdated Mosin–Nagant bolt-action rifles and PPSh-41 submachine guns that armed most of the Red Army.
The Soviets soon developed the 7.62×39mm M43 cartridge, which was first used in the semi-automatic SKS carbine and the RPD light machine gun. Hugo Schmeisser, the designer of the Sturmgewehr, was captured after World War II, and, likely, helped develop the AK-47 assault rifle, which would quickly replace the SKS and Mosin in Soviet service. The AK-47 was finalized, adopted and entered widespread service in the Soviet army in the early 1950s. Its firepower, ease of use, low production costs, and reliability were perfectly suited for the Red Army's new mobile warfare doctrines. In the 1960s, the Soviets introduced the RPK light machine gun, itself an AK-47 type weapon with a bipod, a stronger receiver, and a longer, heavier barrel that would eventually replace the RPD light machine gun.
The AK-47 was widely supplied or sold to nations allied with the USSR, and the blueprints were shared with several friendly nations (the People's Republic of China standing out among these with the Type 56). As a result, more AK-type weapons have been produced than all other assault rifles combined. As of 2004, "of the estimated 500 million firearms worldwide, approximately 100 million belong to the Kalashnikov family, three-quarters of which are AK-47s."
Post-StG battle rifles
Main article: Battle rifleThe U.S. Army was influenced by combat experience with semi-automatic weapons such as the M1 Garand and M1 Carbine, which enjoyed a significant advantage over enemies armed primarily with bolt-action rifles. Although U.S. Army studies of World War II combat accounts had very similar results to that of the Germans and Soviets, the U.S. Army failed to recognize the importance of the assault rifle concept, and instead maintained its traditional views and preference for high-powered semi-automatic rifles. At the time, the U.S. Army believed that the Sturmgewehr 44 was "intended in a general way to serve the same purpose as the U.S. carbine" and was in many ways inferior to the M1 carbine, and was of "little importance".
After World War II, the United States military started looking for a single automatic rifle to replace the M1 Garand, M1/M2 Carbines, M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, M3 "Grease Gun" and Thompson submachine gun. Early experiments with select-fire versions of the M1 Garand proved disappointing. During the Korean War, the select-fire M2 Carbine largely replaced the submachine gun in U.S. service and became the most widely used Carbine variant. Combat experience suggested that the .30 Carbine round was under-powered. American weapons designers reached the same conclusion as the German and Soviet ones: an intermediate round was necessary, and recommended a small-caliber, high-velocity cartridge.
Senior American commanders had faced fanatical enemies and experienced major logistical problems during World War II and the Korean War, and insisted that a single powerful .30 caliber cartridge be developed, that could be used by the new automatic rifle, and also by the new general-purpose machine gun (GPMG) in concurrent development. This culminated in the development of the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge and the M14 rifle which was basically an improved select-fire M1 Garand with a 20-round magazine. The U.S. also adopted the M60 GPMG, which replaced the M1919 Browning machine gun in major combat roles. Its NATO partners adopted the FN FAL and Heckler & Koch G3 rifles, as well as the FN MAG and Rheinmetall MG3 GPMGs.
The FN FAL is a 7.62×51mm, selective fire, automatic rifle produced by the Belgian armaments manufacturer Fabrique Nationale de Herstal (FN). During the Cold War it was adopted by many North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries, most notably with the British Commonwealth as the semi-automatic L1A1. It is one of the most widely used rifles in history, having been used by more than 90 countries. The FAL was predominantly chambered for the 7.62mm NATO round, and because of its prevalence and widespread use among the armed forces of many western nations during the Cold War, it was nicknamed "The right arm of the Free World".
The Heckler & Koch G3 is a 7.62×51mm, selective fire, automatic rifle produced by the German armament manufacturer Heckler & Koch GmbH (H&K) in collaboration with the Spanish state-owned design and development agency CETME (Centro de Estudios Técnicos de Materiales Especiales). The rifle proved successful in the export market, being adopted by the armed forces of over 60 countries. After World War II, German technicians involved in developing the Sturmgewehr 45, continued their research in France at CEAM. The StG 45 mechanism was modified by Ludwig Vorgrimler and Theodor Löffler at the Mulhouse facility between 1946 and 1949. Vorgrimler later went to work at CETME in Spain and developed the line of CETME automatic rifles based on his improved StG 45 design. Germany eventually purchased the license for the CETME design and manufactured the Heckler & Koch G3 as well as an entire line of weapons built on the same system, one of the most famous being the MP5 SMG.
M16
Main article: M16 rifleThe first confrontations between the AK-47 and the M14 ("assault rifle" vs "battle rifle") came in the early part of the Vietnam War. Battlefield reports indicated that the M14 was uncontrollable in full-auto and that soldiers could not carry enough ammunition to maintain fire superiority over the AK-47. And, while the M2 Carbine offered a high rate of fire, it was under-powered and ultimately outclassed by the AK-47. A replacement was needed: A medium between the traditional preference for high-powered rifles such as the M14, and the lightweight firepower of the M2 Carbine.
As a result, the Army was forced to reconsider a 1957 request by General Willard G. Wyman, commander of the U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC) to develop a .223 caliber (5.56 mm) select-fire rifle weighing 2.7 kg (6 lb) when loaded with a 20-round magazine. The 5.56 mm round had to penetrate a standard U.S. helmet at 460 metres (500 yd) and retain a velocity in excess of the speed of sound, while matching or exceeding the wounding ability of the .30 Carbine cartridge.
This request ultimately resulted in the development of a scaled-down version of the ArmaLite AR-10, called the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle. However, despite overwhelming evidence that the AR-15 could bring more firepower to bear than the M14, the Army opposed the adoption of the new rifle. In January 1963, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara concluded that the AR-15 was the superior weapon system and ordered a halt to M14 production. At the time, the AR-15 was the only rifle available that could fulfill the requirement of a universal infantry weapon for issue to all services.
After modifications (most notably, the charging handle was re-located from under the carrying handle like it was on AR-10 to the rear of the receiver), the newly redesigned rifle was subsequently adopted as the M16 Rifle. "(The M16) was much lighter compared to the M14 it replaced, ultimately allowing soldiers to carry more ammunition. The air-cooled, gas-operated, magazine-fed assault rifle was made of steel, aluminum alloy and composite plastics, truly cutting-edge for the time. Designed with full and semi-automatic capabilities, the weapon initially did not respond well to wet and dirty conditions, sometimes even jamming in combat. After a few minor modifications, the weapon gained in popularity among troops on the battlefield."
Despite its early failures, the M16 proved to be a revolutionary design and stands as the longest continuously serving rifle in American military history. It has been adopted by many U.S. allies and the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge has become not only the NATO standard but "the standard assault-rifle cartridge in much of the world". It also led to the development of small-caliber high-velocity service rifles by every major army in the world, including the USSR and People's Republic of China. Today, many small arms experts consider the M16 the standard by which all other assault rifles are judged.
HK33
Main article: Heckler & Koch HK33During the 1960s other countries would follow the Americans' lead and begin to develop 5.56×45mm assault rifles, most notably Germany with the Heckler & Koch HK33. The HK33 was essentially a smaller 5.56mm version of the 7.62×51mm Heckler & Koch G3 rifle. As one of the first 5.56mm assault rifles on the market, it would go on to become one of the most widely distributed assault rifles. The HK33 featured a modular design with a wide range of accessories (telescoping butt-stocks, optics, bi-pods, etc.) that could be easily removed and arranged in a variety of configurations.
5.56mm NATO
Main article: 5.56×45mm NATOThe adoption of the M16, the H&K33, and the 5.56×45mm cartridge inspired an international trend towards relatively small-sized, lightweight, high-velocity military service cartridges that allow a soldier to carry more ammunition for the same weight compared to the larger and heavier 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. The 5.56mm cartridge is also much easier to shoot. In 1961 marksmanship testing, the U.S. Army found that 43% of AR-15 shooters achieved Expert, while only 22% of M-14 rifle shooters did so. Also, a lower recoil impulse, allows for more controllable automatic weapons fire.
In March 1970, the U.S. recommended that all NATO forces adopt the 5.56×45mm cartridge. This shift represented a change in the philosophy of the military's long-held position about caliber size. By the middle of the 1970s, other armies were looking at assault rifle-type weapons. A NATO standardization effort soon started and tests of various rounds were carried out starting in 1977. The U.S. offered the 5.56×45mm M193 round, but there were concerns about its penetration in the face of the wider introduction of body armor. In the end the Belgian 5.56×45mm SS109 round was chosen (STANAG 4172) in October 1980. The SS109 round was based on the U.S. cartridge but included a new stronger, heavier, 62-grain bullet design, with better long-range performance and improved penetration (specifically, to consistently penetrate the side of a steel helmet at 600 metres or 2,000 feet).
Also during the 1970s, Finland, Israel, and South Africa introduced AK type assault rifles in 5.56×45mm. Sweden began the transition with trails in 1981 and full adaptation in 1986. During the 1990s, Russia developed the AK-101 in 5.56×45mm NATO for the world export market. In addition, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia (i.e., Serbia) have also rechambered their locally produced assault rifles to 5.56mm NATO.
AK-74
Main article: AK-74The AK-74 assault rifle was a Soviet answer to the U.S. M16. The Soviet military realized that the M16 had better range and accuracy over the AKM, and that its lighter cartridge allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition. Therefore, in 1967, the USSR issued an official requirement to replace the AKM and the 7.62×39mm cartridge. They soon began to develop the AK-74 and the 5.45×39mm cartridge. AK-74 production began in 1974, and it was unveiled in 1977, when it was carried by Soviet parachute troops during the annual Red Square parade. It would soon replace the AKM and become the standard Soviet infantry rifle. In 1979, the AK-74 saw combat for the first time in Afghanistan, where the lethality of the 5.45mm rounds led to the Mujahadeen dubbing them "poison bullets". The adoption of the 5.56mm NATO and the Russian 5.45×39mm cartridges cemented the worldwide trend toward small caliber, high-velocity cartridges.
Compact assault rifles
Following the adoption of the M16, carbine variants were also adopted for close quarters operations. The AR-15 family of weapons served through the Vietnam War. However, these compact assault rifles had design issues, as "the barrel length was halved" to 10 inches (250 mm) which "upset the ballistics", reducing its range and accuracy and leading "to considerable muzzle flash and blast, so that a large flash suppressor had to be fitted". "Nevertheless, as a short-range weapon it is quite adequate and thus, its caliber, is classed as a submachine gun." Other compact assault rifles, such as the HK53, AKS-74U and the Daewoo K1, have been made and they have also been called submachine guns.
Bullpups
Main article: BullpupIn 1977, Austria introduced the 5.56×45mm Steyr AUG bullpup rifle, often cited as the first successful bullpup rifle, finding service with the armed forces of over twenty countries. It was highly advanced for the 1970s, combining in the same weapon the bullpup configuration, a polymer housing, dual vertical grips, an optical sight as standard, and a modular design. Highly reliable, light, and accurate, the Steyr AUG showed clearly the potential of the bullpup layout. In 1978, France introduced the 5.56×45mm FAMAS bullpup rifle. In 1985, the British introduced the 5.56×45mm L85 bullpup rifle. In the late 1990s, Israel introduced the 5.56mm NATO Tavor TAR-21. In 1997, China adopted the QBZ-95 in the new 5.8×42mm cartridge, which they claim is superior to both the 5.56×45mm and the 5.45×39mm. By the turn of the century, the bullpup assault rifle design had achieved worldwide acceptance.
Heckler & Koch G36
Main article: Heckler & Koch G36The Heckler & Koch G36 is a 5.56×45mm assault rifle, designed in the early 1990s by Heckler & Koch in Germany as a replacement for the heavier G3. It was accepted into service with the Bundeswehr in 1997, replacing the G3. The G36 is gas-operated and feeds from a 30-round detachable box magazine or 100-round C-Mag drum magazine. The G36 was made with the extensive use of lightweight, corrosion-resistant synthetic materials in its design; the receiver housing, stock, trigger group (including the fire control selector and firing mechanism parts), magazine well, handguard and carrying handle are all made of a carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide. The receiver has an integrated steel barrel trunnion (with locking recesses) and a nylon 66 steel reinforced receiver. The standard Bundeswehr versions of the G36 are equipped with a unique ZF 3×4° dual optical sight that combines a 3× magnified telescopic sight and an unmagnified reflex sight mounted on top of the telescopic sight. Widely distributed, it has been adopted by over 40 countries and prompted other nations to develop similar composite designs, such as the FX-05 Xiuhcoatl.
See also
Citations
- "Assault rifle". Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
- ^ C. Taylor, The Fighting Rifle: A Complete Study of the Rifle in Combat, ISBN 0-87947-308-8
- ^ F.A. Moyer Special Forces Foreign Weapons Handbook, ISBN 0-87364-009-8
- ^ R.J. Scroggie, F.A. Moyer Special Forces Combat Firing Techniques, ISBN 0-87364-010-1
- ^ Musgave, Daniel D., and Thomas B. Nelson, The World's Assault Rifles, vol. II, The Goetz Company, Washington, D.C. (1967): 1
- ^ Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology, by Roger Pauly. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2004. pp. 145–146
- ^ Jane's Guns Recognition Guide, Ian Hogg & Terry Gander, HarperCollins Publisher, 2005, p. 287 Sturmgewehr 44 "This is the father of all assault rifles, developed in Germany in 1941–42 a using a new short cartridge. Originally known as the MP 43 (Machine Pistol) for Nazi political reasons, it was renamed the "Sturmgewehr 44" after its successful introduction into battle on the Eastern Front. It introduced the concept of using a short cartridge with limited range in order to permit controllable automatic fire and a compact weapon, and because experience showed that most rifle fire was conducted at ranges under 400 metres (1,300 ft). After the war, it was examined and dissected by almost every major gun-making nation and led, in one way and another, to the present-day 5.56mm assault rifles."
- ^ Archived 2017-03-30 at the Wayback Machine The Atlantic. "A Brief History of the Assault Rifle". (The gun's name may have been coined by Adolf Hitler.) by Michael Shurkin. Jun. 30, 2016
- ^ "Machine Carbine Promoted: MP43 Is Now Assault Rifle StG44, WWII Tactical and Technical Trends, No. 57, April 1945". Lone Sentry. 2007-05-10. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
- Musgave, Daniel D., and Thomas B. Nelson, The World's Assault Rifles, vol. II, The Goetz Company, Washington, D.C. (1967)
- Myatt, Major Frederic, Modern Small Arms, Crescent Books, New York (1978): 169
- Hogg, Ivan, and John Weeks, Military Small Arms of the 20th Century, 3rd ed., Hippocrene Books, New York (1977): 159
- Chris Bishop, The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2002, p. 218
- Military Small Arms of the 20th Century, 7th ed., Ian V. Hogg, p. 243
- ^ Rottman, Gordon (2013). The Big Book of Gun Trivia: Everything You Want to Know, Don't Want to Know, and Don't Know You Need to Know. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 26.
- Rottman, Gordon (3 May 2011). The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles. Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-84908-835-0.
- ^ Suciu, Peter (2020-11-26). "Meet the Most Influential Gun Designers of the 20th Century". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
- "US Army intelligence document FSTC-CW-07-03-70, November 1970". Gunfax.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-29. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
- Koerner, Brendan (September 16, 2004). "What Is an Assault Weapon? At last, you can get a semiautomatic rifle with a bayonet". Slate. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
- Poole, Helen (2021). "2". Firearms: Global Perspectives on Consequences, Crime and Control. Routledge. p. 21.
- Lord, Debbie (May 26, 2022). "Assault Weapon vs. Assault Rifle: What Is the Difference?". WOKV-FM. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
- Hogg, Ian V. & Weeks, John S. (2000). Military Small Arms of the 20th Century (7th ed.). Krause Publications. p. 267.
- ^ Westwood, David (2005). Rifles: An Illustrated History of their Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-85109-401-1.
- Fowler, William; Sweeney, Patrick (2008). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rifles and Machine Guns: An illustrated historical reference to over 500 military, law enforcement and antique firearms... and automatic machine guns, a comprehensive guide. Lorenz Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-7548-1758-1.
- Walter, John (2003). Military Rifles of Two World Wars. Greenhill. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-85367-536-2.
- Musgrave, Daniel D.; Nelson, Thomas B. (1967). The World's Assault Rifles and Automatic Carbines. T.B.N. Enterprises. p. 149; see also discussion on p. 15.
- ^ Archived 2015-09-06 at the Wayback Machine M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the Presidents Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired)
- ^ Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century, 7th ed., 2000 by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks, p. 243
- ^ Major Thomas P. Ehrhart "Increasing Small Arms Lethality in Afghanistan: Taking Back the Infantry Half-Kilometer" Archived 2013-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Army. 2009
- ^ Archived 2015-09-06 at the Wayback Machine M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the President's Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired)
- Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th ed., Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. pp. 242–243
- ^ Weapon Of Mass Destruction Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-19.
- "AK-47 Inventor Doesn't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention". USA: FoxNews.com. 6 July 2007. OCLC 36334372. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
It was before he started designing the gun that he slept badly, worried about the superior weapons that Nazi soldiers were using with grisly effectiveness against the Red Army in World War II. He saw them at close range himself while fighting on the front lines. While hospitalized with wounds after a Nazi shell hit his tank in the 1941 battle of Bryansk, Kalashnikov decided to design an automatic rifle combining the best features of the American M1 and the German StG44. "Blame the Nazi Germans for making me become a gun designer", said Kalashnikov, frail but sharp at age 87. "I always wanted to construct agriculture machinery.
- ""Born in November 1919 – one of 18 children, of whom only six survived – Mikhail Kalashnikov was a Soviet T-38 tank commander in 1941, wounded in the shoulder and back when a German shell smashed part of the tank's armor into his body. "I was in the hospital, and a soldier in the bed beside me asked: 'Why do our soldiers have only one rifle for two or three of our men, when the Germans have automatics?' So I designed one. I was a soldier, and I created a machine gun for a soldier. It was called an Avtomat Kalashnikova, the automatic weapon of Kalashnikov – AK – and it carried the date of its first manufacture, 1947." An interview with Mikhail Kalashnikov, Robert Fisk, The Independent (centrist), London, England. April 22, 2001". Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
- ^ Archived 2013-06-16 at archive.today | Armed Forces History Museum, AK-47 assault rifle
- Chapter 1. Symbol of violence, war and culture Archived June 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. oneworld-publications.com
- ^ Archived 2015-09-06 at the Wayback Machine M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the President's Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired) "Used in quantity against the Soviets at Stalingrad, the German Sturmgewehr made a deep impression on the Russians. They copied the ballistics of the cartridge while improving the configuration and improving the weapon. They standardized the weapon in 1947 as the AK-47 rifle."
- ^ Archived 2015-10-15 at the Wayback Machine "The history of the world-known gun started on July 15th, 1943, when a captured complex—an MP-43 gun and a cartridge—were demonstrated at a meeting of the arms committee. Chief designer Nikolay Elizarov and chief engineer Pavel Ryazanov created the Soviet "interim cartridge " within a very short period of time. The technological support was provided by Boris Syomin. After that, scientists started working on a new fire arms system for that cartridge." The History of Kalashnikov Gun. Pravda. 02.08.2003
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References
- Rose, Alexander (2008). American Rifle: A Biography. Bantam Dell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-553-80517-8.
Further reading
- Crawford, S. (2003). Twenty-First Century Small Arms. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-1503-5.
- Cutshaw, C. (2006). Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century. Gun Digest Books. ISBN 0-87349-914-X.
- Halls, Chris (1974). Guns in Australia. Sydney: Paul Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-07291-6.
- Lewis, J. (2004). Assault Weapons: An In-Depth Look at the Hottest Weapons Around. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-658-2.
- Popenker, M., et al. (2004). Assault Rifle: The Development of the Modern Military Rifle and Its Ammunition. Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 1-86126-700-2.
- Senich, P. (1987). German Assault Rifle: 1935–1945. Paladin Press. ISBN 0-87364-400-X.
External links
- Assault Rifles and Their Ammunition: History and Prospects
- "Small Arms Ammunition for the 21st Century: High-Performance Alternatives to the 5.56 NATO Round"—Infantry magazine, May–June 2006
- Before the Sturmgewehr: Assault Rifle Developments Prior to 1942 – The Firearm Blog