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{{Short description|Somali clan}}
{{About|the Somali clan|the Sultanate|Majeerteen Sultanate}} {{About|the Somali clan|the Sultanate|Majeerteen Sultanate}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
{{Infobox tribe
|group = Majeerteen <br> ماجرتين
| name = Majeerteen<br>ماجرتين
|image =
| image = File:Ahmed Taajir, ruler of Bosaso in 1889.jpg
|region1 = {{flagcountry|Somalia}}
| caption = Ahmed Taajir, ruler of Bosaso in 1889
|region2 = {{flagcountry|Yemen}}
| type = ]
|region3 = {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
| ethnicity = {{flagicon|Somalia}}]
|region4 = {{flagcountry|Kenya}}
| location = {{flagicon|Somalia}}]<br>{{flagicon|Ethiopia}}]<br>{{flagicon|Kenya}}]<br>{{flagicon|Yemen}}]<br> {{flagicon|Oman}}]<br>
|langs = ] and ]
| descended = ]
|rels = ]
| language = {{flagicon|Somalia}}]<br>{{flagicon|Arab League}}]
|related-c = ], ], ] and other ] and ] groups.
| religion = ] ]
| branches = *]
*Siwaaqroon
*Amaanle
*Bicidyahan
*Ali Saleebaan
*]
*Maxamuud Saleebaan
**]
**]
**Nuux Maxamuud
**]
| parent_tribe = ]
| image_size = 250px
}} }}


The '''Majeerteen,''' ({{langx|so|Majeerteen}}, {{langx|ar|ماجرتين}}; also spelled '''Majerteen''', '''Macherten''', '''Majertain''', or '''Mijurtin''')<ref>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2002 |title=Ethnic Groups |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530145554/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |archive-date=30 May 2010 |access-date=18 May 2010 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=]}}</ref> alternately known as '''Mohammed''' '''Harti''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunt |first=John Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ&dq=mohamme+harti&pg=PA140 |title=A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484 |date=1951 |publisher=To be purchased from the Chief Secretary |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref> are a prominent Somali sub-clan of the ], which falls under the ] conglomerate of clans.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C44dAQAAMAAJ |title=Africa |date=1982 |publisher=Africa Journal Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1994-07-01 |title=Caselaw and Decisions |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/13.2-3.198 |journal=Refugee Survey Quarterly |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=198–219 |doi=10.1093/rsq/13.2-3.198 |issn=1020-4067}}</ref> Traditionally, they inhabit extensive territories in the ], ], and ] regions of Somalia, spanning from ] to ], mainly in ] state. Additionally, Majeerteen populations are present in southern towns such as ].<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book |last=Humphrey |first=James Harry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OneDq8BbtuUC&q=majeerteen+ogade&pg=RA1-PA25 |title=Issues in Contemporary Athletics |date=6 May 2018 |publisher=Nova Publishers |isbn=9781594545955 |access-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230230/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OneDq8BbtuUC&pg=RA1-PA25&lpg=RA1-PA25&dq=majeerteen+ogade&source=bl&ots=0TVRDrrKzH&sig=jf7uzWwbQfXXH9n8y0yJVYRw2VI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsx7Dn47HYAhVrJ8AKHYnwAjAQ6AEIUDAG#v=onepage&q=majeerteen+ogade&f=false |archive-date=30 December 2017 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref>
The '''Majeerteen''' ({{lang-so|''Majeerteen''}}, {{lang-ar|ماجرتين}}, ''Muhammad Harti Amaleh Abdi Muhammad Abdirahman Jaberti''; also spelled '''Majerteen''', '''Macherten''', or '''Majertain''')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |title=Ethnic Groups |author=] |year=2002 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=] |accessdate=18 May 2010}}</ref> is a ]. Its members form a part of the ] confederation of ] sub-clans, and primarily inhabit the ] region in northeastern ].


==Overview==
The ] played an important role in the pre-independence era. The clan has produced two presidents, five prime ministers, and first speaker of parliament, as well as two ]s and a ] ('']''). Majeerteens also held many other important government posts in the 1960s and early 1970s, and continue to play a key role in Puntland.
The ] played an important role in the pre-independence era of Somalia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/195658/314288_de.html |title=Information on the Majerteen Clan and the Democratic Front for the Salvation of Somalia (DFSS), Somalia &#91;SOM1546&#93; |date=24 July 1989 |access-date=2017-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230157/https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/195658/314288_de.html |archive-date=2017-12-30 }}</ref> The Majeerteen also held many other significant government posts in the 1960s and 1970s, and continue to play a key role in Puntland state and Somalia as a whole.


For the treaty between the Majeerteen and colonial powers, see "treaties".
==Territory==
Majeerteen members traditionally inhabit the northeastern ], ] and ] regions in Puntland.<ref name="Ras">Royal African Society, ''African Affairs'', Volume 101, (Oxford University Press: 2002) p.101.</ref> Others can also be found in the ] and ] regions of Somalia and Ethiopia, respectively.


==Distribution==
==Majeerteen Sultanates==
The Majeerteen are traditionally settled in Somalia's northern regions of ], ] and ].<ref name="Ras">Royal African Society, ''African Affairs'', Volume 101, (Oxford University Press: 2002) p.101.</ref> They can also be found in ] in southern Somalia due to migrations starting in the 19th century along with their fellow members of the larger ] subclan, the ], ] and ].

The Majeerteen are traditionally settled in the land in-between ], Bandar Siyad an ancient port town facing the ], and ] a coastal port town, facing the ] and all the land in between which corresponds to the area encompassing the Horn of Africa.<ref name="fragilestates.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.fragilestates.org/2012/01/10/somalias-complex-clan-dynamics/|title=Somalia's Complex Clan Dynamics|date=10 January 2012|website=fragilestates.org|access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231211853/https://www.fragilestates.org/2012/01/10/somalias-complex-clan-dynamics/|archive-date=31 December 2017}}</ref> Therefore, the Majerteen are settled in what is literally considered to be 'the Horn of Africa'.

Some Majeerteen people are also found in the ] in ], specifically in the ] near the Somalia border.<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/>

The Majeerteen are part of Darod subclans within Somalia.<ref name="fragilestates.org"/>

The Majeerteen are more commonly found in the cities of ], ] and ] which are all regional capitals of ], ] and ] respectively.

The ] (Cismaan Maxamuud), Omar Mahmud (Cumar Maxamuud), and Isse Mahmoud (Ciise Maxamuud) comprise the Maxamuud Saleebaan, along with Ali Saleebaan and Ugaar Saleebaan{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} which all forms the major subclan of Saleebaan Maxamed (Majeerteen)<ref name="SciPo">{{Cite web | first=Roland | last=Marchal | title=The Puntland State of Somalia: A Tentative Social Analysis | url=http://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/The_Puntland_State_of_Somalia.pdf | date=May 2010 | publisher=] | access-date=2015-08-15 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100144/http://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/The_Puntland_State_of_Somalia.pdf | archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> which a 2010 study identifies as both the main division of Majeerteen and a central and unifying entity in Puntland. During the 1960s, the ], Ali Saleebaan (or Cali Saleebaan), Wadalmoge and Ciise

{{Somali clans}}

Maxamuud formed a powerful business class in ],<ref name="SciPo" /> while ] exploited a rivalry between the Cali Saleebaan and Cumar Maxamuud in an effort to weaken the Majeerteen in general.<ref name="SciPo" /> Historically, the Majeerteen formed part of a coastal trading network around the ] and the ], along with other subclans.<ref name="SciPo" />

==History==
{{main|Majeerteen Sultanate|Sultanate of Hobyo|Somali aristocratic and court titles}} {{main|Majeerteen Sultanate|Sultanate of Hobyo|Somali aristocratic and court titles}}
] ], founder of the ].]]
The ] was founded in the mid-18th century. It rose to prominence the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) ].<ref name="Metz">Helen Chapin Metz, ''Somalia: a country study'', (The Division: 1993), p.10.</ref> It controlled much of northern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.<ref name="HOA">''Horn of Africa'', Volume 15, Issues 1-4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.</ref><ref name="WSP">''Transformation towards a regulated economy'', (WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p.62.</ref>
], the second Sultan of the Sultanate of Hobyo.]]
Osman Mahamuud's Sultanate was nearly destroyed in the mid-1800s by a power struggle between himself and his ambitious cousin, ]. After almost five years of battle, the young upstart was finally forced into exile in ]. A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the ] with a band of ] ]s and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local ] clans and establish the ] in 1878.<ref name="Metz"/><ref name="Cassanelli">Lee V. Cassanelli, ''The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900'', (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.75.</ref>


=== Majeerteen Sultanates ===
In late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with the ], making his realm an Italian ]. His rival Sultan Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the year before. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over the Majeerteen Sultanate. Boqor Osman and Sultan Kenadid also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force.<ref name="Majsult">The Majeerteen Sultanates</ref>
] castle in ]]]
Before the famous ] there was the Sultanate of Amaanle (Abdirahman Awe) which was overthrown and overtaken by ] who became the subsequent King and Sultan. The ] was founded in the early-16th century and came to prominence in the 19th century, under the reign of the resourceful ] ('']'') ].<ref name="Metz">], ed., ''Somalia: a country study'', (The Division: 1993), p.10.</ref> His Sultanate controlled Bari Karkaar, ] and also central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.<ref name="HOA">''Horn of Africa'', Volume 15, Issues 1-4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.</ref><ref name="WSP">''Transformation towards a regulated economy'', (WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p.62.</ref>


Osman Mahamuud's Sultanate was nearly destroyed in the late-1800s by a power struggle between himself and his ambitious cousin, ] who founded the ] in 1878. Initially he wanted to seize control of the neighbouring Majeerteen Sultanate, ruled by his cousin '']'' ]. However, ] was unsuccessful in his endeavour, and was eventually forced into exile in ]. A decade later, in the 1870s, Yusuf Ali Kenadid returned from the ] with a band of ] ]s and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local ] clans and establish the Kingdom of Hobyo in 1878.<ref name="Metz" /><ref name="Cassanelli">Lee V. Cassanelli, ''The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900'', (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.75.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lea |first1=David |last2=Rowe |first2=Annamarie |date=2001 |title=A Political Chronology of Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROR1xreEJTsC&q=hobyo |publisher=Europa Publications |page=378 |isbn=1857431162}}</ref>
With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of Italian colonial rule, both Kingdoms were eventually annexed to ] in the early 20th century.<ref name="Majsult"/> Much of the two Majeerteen Sultanates' former domain is today coextensive with the autonomous ] region in northeastern Somalia.<ref name="IIA">Istituto italo-africano, ''Africa: rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione'', Volume 56, (Edizioni africane: 2001), p.591.</ref>
], 2nd Sultan of the ].]]
As with the Majeerteen Sultanate, the Sultanate of Hobyo exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag, as well as a professional army.<ref name="HOA"/><ref name="NEAS">Michigan State University. African Studies Center, Northeast African studies, Volumes 11-12, (Michigan State University Press: 1989), p.32.</ref> Both sultanates also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.<ref name="Ssarif">{{cite book|title=Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 57-67|year=1986|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FlEAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>


==Clan tree== === Colonial Era ===
In the late 19th century, all extant northern Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Abyssinia, Britain or Italy, except for the Dhulbahante.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jardine |first1=Douglas |date=1923 |title= Mad Mullah of Somaliland |quote=Early in 1885 Great Britain concluded separate protective treaties with all the Somali tribes now living under her protection, except the Warsangeli, who concluded a treaty in 1886, and the Dolbahanta, with whom no treaty has been made.}}</ref> Likewise, in late 1889, ] entered into a treaty with the ], making his realm an Italian ]. His rival Sultan Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the year before. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over the Majeerteen Sultanate. Boqor Osman and Sultan Kenadid also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force.<ref name="Majsult">The Majeerteen Sultanates{{full citation needed|date=December 2023}}</ref>
There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the ]'s ''Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics'' from 2005 and the ]'s ] publication, ''Somalia Assessment 2001''.<ref name="worldbank55">Worldbank, '''', January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1</ref><ref name="ind01b_somalia_ca">, p. 43</ref>


The relationship between the ] and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow a ] contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against ]'s ].<ref name="Majsult"/> Viewed as too much of a threat by the Italians, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to ] in Yemen and then to ], as was his son ], the heir apparent to his throne.<ref name="Sheik-ʻAbdi129">{{cite book |last=Sheik-ʻAbdi |first=ʻAbdi ʻAbdulqadir |title=Divine madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920) |publisher=Zed Books |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOhyAAAAMAAJ |isbn=0-86232-444-0 |page=129}}</ref>
* Darod (Daarood)

** ]
], the son of the first Sultan ], was a famous poet and scholar. ] was the inventor of the first phonetically standard script for the Somali language in the 1920s, the ] Script.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://puntite.com/2017/08/yasin-osman-kenadid/|title=Yasin Osman Kenadid • Puntite|date=1 August 2017|website=puntite.com|access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051532/https://puntite.com/2017/08/yasin-osman-kenadid/|archive-date=31 December 2017}}</ref>

Following a two year resistance by ] and Majeerteen rebels, Italian Somaliland came under the full authority of Rome by late 1927. Long-lasting Italian ] on urban settlements and ] were utilized by colonial forces to suppress the rebels.{{Sfn|Carpanelli|Scovazzi|2020|p=16}}

==Lineage==
There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the ]'s ''Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics'' from 2005 and the ]'s ] publication, ''Somalia Assessment 2001''.<ref name="worldbank55">Worldbank, '' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616164535/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf |date=2018-06-16 }}'', January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1</ref><ref name="ind01b_somalia_ca"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081350/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf |date=2011-07-16 }}, p. 43</ref>

* Shiekh Darod (Daarood bin Ismaciil)
** Marehan
*** Red Dini *** Red Dini
*** Rer Hassan *** Reer Hassan
*** Eli Dheere *** Cali Dheere
** Kabalah ** Kabalah
*** ] *** Absame
**** ] **** Ogaden
***** Makabul ***** Makabul
*****Tolomoge
***** Mohamed Zubeir ***** Mohamed Zubeir
***** ] ***** Aulihan
**** Jidwaq *****Bah-geri
**** Jidwaaq
*** ]
***** Abaskuul
**** ] (Dolbahante)
***** Bartire
**** ] (Warsengeli)
***** Yabaree
**** '''Majeerteen''' ('''Mijerteen''')
***** Omar Mahmud *** Koombe
***** Issa Mahmud **** Geri
***** ] ***** ]
**** ]
***** Dhulbahante (Dolbahante)
***** Dishiishe (Dishishe)
***** Warsangali (Warsengeli)
***** '''Majeerteen''' ('''Mijerteen''')
*****]
*****Idigfale (Muuse Noleys)
*****Danweyne (Abdalle Noleys)
*****Amaanle
*****Guddoonwaaq
*****Filkucaag
*****Amartiwaaq
*****Tabale
*****Ali Jibraahiil
*****Nuux Jibrahiil
*****Cabdirixiin Ibraahim
*****Cabdale Ibrahim
*****Adan Ibrahim
*****Reer Maxamud
*****Wadalmoge
******Maxamed Muuse
*******Ismail Maxamed
*******Cali Maxamed
*******Abokor Maxamed
*******Nuux Maxamed
*******Baraale Maxamed
******Idiris Muuse
*******Reer Faahiye
*******Reer Ciise
*******Rooble Cawlyahan
*******Ilka Dheer
*****Reer Umar
*****Reer Maxamuud
******Abukar Maxamuud
*******Faarax Ismacil
*******Ciise Ismacil
*******Maxamed Ismacil
******Qaasin Maxamuud
*******Maxamed Qaasin
*******Axmed Qaasin
*******Aadan Qaasin
*******Bare Qaasin
*******Ibraahim Qaasin
*****]
*****Siwaaqroon
******Abdirahman
*******Adan Abdiraxman
********Ibrahim Abdisamad
********Yoonis Abdisamad
********Mohamud Abdisamad
*******Cawlyahan (Obokor Abdiraxman)
********Ciise Cawlyahan
********Jibriil Cawlyahan
********Hashim Cawlyahan
******Mohammed
*****]
****** Ibrahim Aadan
****** Hussein Aadan
*****Ismail Saleebaan
*****Ali Saleebaan
******Bicidyahan Ali
******Auliyahan Ali
******Omar Ali
******Adam Ali
******Ismail Ali
*****Maxamuud Saleebaan
******]
******]
****** Nuux Maxamuud
******]


==Groups==
==Prominent figures==
*], an exclusively Majeerteen Darawiish administrative division and disbanded in 1910 when its constituents became mutinous<ref name="samatar">{{cite book |last1=Samatar |first1=Said |title=Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism |url=https://archive.org/details/oralpoetrysomali00sama |url-access=limited |date=1982 |page= |isbn=9780511735370 |quote='Abdalla Qoriyow, the prestigious Islamic magistrate of the Dervish capital, who took part in the conspiracy. 108 Ahmad Fiqi, also a conspirator, was the Dervish expert on Qur'anic exegesis. 109 Reference to the Sayyid's brother-in-law, Faarah Mahamuud Sugulle, whose involvement in the conspiracy was particularly bad news for the Sayyid ... After a week of intense fighting, the Sayyid emerged victorious, but not before several Dervish clans, like the Reer Samatar Khalaf Majeerteen, were decimated}}</ref>
* ], former President of Puntland
*The '']'' (SSDF) was a predominantly Majeerteen political group from the 1980s to 1990s
* ], first Prime Minister of Somalia, second President of Somalia (10 June 1967 until 16 October 1969)

* ], former Prime Minister of Somalia (1964–1967), and former Secretary General of the Somali Youth League.
== Notable people ==
* ], former ] of Somalia, President of Puntland.

* ], Sultan of the Ugaar Saleebaan of Majeerteen
=== Actors ===
* ], Somali General, founded the National Academy for Strategy.

* ], former ], President of ] and leader/co-founder of the ].
* ], actor known for his role as ] in the film ]
* ], lawyer and judge at the International Court of Justice.

* ], banker and entrepreneur.
===Royalty===
* ], sociologist and educationist, professor of education and international development, and Co-director, Centre for Global Citizenship Education and Research (CGCER) at the ].
* ], last sultan of the ]
* ], former Puntland State Minister of the Presidency for International relations and Social Affairs.
* ], king of the ]
* ], founder of the Sultanate of Hobyo

===Military===
* ], Somali general, founded the National Academy for Strategy
* ], colonel in the ] and former ]
* ], first commander of the ]
* ], Colonel in the ]

===Enterprisers===
* ], sociologist, professor of education and international development at the ].
* ], entrepreneur, former Chief Executive Officer of Golis Telecom Somalia * ], entrepreneur, former Chief Executive Officer of Golis Telecom Somalia
* ], Somali American elite ], actress, entrepreneur and philanthropist. She is the widow of English rock musician ].
* ], last Sultan of the ]
* ], novelist, playwright, journalist and ]
* ], former Minister of Women Development and Family Affairs of Puntland; founder and Executive Director of TAG Foundation
* ], the first Somali-born member of parliament of a European country, author and political activist<ref>http://www.asiantribune.com/node/175</ref>
* ], former Minister of Finance of Puntland
* ], first President of ]; Minister of Health and Labor of Somalia (1966–67)
* ], entrepreneur, and Somalia and Puntland presidential candidate
* ], former ] mayor, Somalia ambassador to Japan and later to Germany, interior minister of Puntland, Prime Minister of ] from Arta, and a former TFG Minister of Fishing and Marine Resources.
* ], first Minister of Education of the ]; former Chairman of the ] (SSDF).
* ], Business mogul and industrialist.
* ], scholar and revolutionary leader with the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF).
* ], Colonel in the Somali military and former President of Puntland
* ], novelist, playwright, journalist and scholar
* ], Somali Finance Minister 2004–2006, and former mayor of ]
* ], Puntland judge and member of Supreme Judicial Council.
* ], designed the ] * ], designed the ]
* Gen. ], son-in-law of ] and minister of defense of Somalia
* Gen. ] first commander of the Somali Police Force
* ], third ]
* ], entrepreneur, accountant, financial consultant, philanthropist, and leading specialist on Islamic finance. * ], entrepreneur, accountant, financial consultant, philanthropist, and leading specialist on Islamic finance.
* ], Prime Minister of Somalia, and son of Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke
* ], King of the ] (mid-1800s-early 1900s)
* ], inventor of the ] writing script
* ], former Finance Vice-Minister in the TNG (2000-2004)
* ], entrepreneur, and Executive Committee Member of the Somali Business Council * ], entrepreneur, and Executive Committee Member of the Somali Business Council
* ], traditional Somali linguist * ], traditional Somali linguist
* ], leader and co-founder of the ] * ], leader and co-founder of the ]
* ], founder of the Sultanate of Hobyo * ], inventor of the ] writing script

* ], former Ambassador of Somalia to the United Nations Human Rights Office in Geneva
===Politicians===

* ], first ], second ] (1967–1969)
* ], former prime minister of Somalia (1964–1967), and former secretary general of the Somali Youth League
* ], former president of Somalia, ] and co-founder of the ]
* ], former ] and senator of ]
* ], former ], current minister of interior of Puntland
* ], current ]
* ], former Somali minister of foreign affairs
* ], lawyer and judge at the ]
* ], former president of Puntland
* ], former prime minister of Somalia, and former president of Puntland
* ], former ]
* ], former Puntland state minister
* ], former minister of Puntland; founder and executive director of TAG Foundation
* ], Dutch politician, the first Somali-born member of parliament of a European country, ] and ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/175|title=Controversial Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Muslim turned atheist, to resign from Dutch Parliament - Asian Tribune|website=www.asiantribune.com|access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707174839/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/175|archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref>
* ], former minister of finance of Puntland
* ], first president of the ]; former minister of health and labor of Somalia
* ], former ] mayor, Somali ambassador to Japan and later Germany, interior minister of Puntland
* ], first minister of education of the ]; former chairman of the ].
* ], scholar and revolutionary leader with the Somali Salvation Democratic Front.
* ], ] politician, member of the ] for ] since 2019
* ], former ], and former mayor of ]
* ], Puntland judge and member of the Supreme Judicial Council of Puntland.
* ], son-in-law of ] and ]
* ], former Somali minister of foreign affairs
* ], third president of Puntland
* ], former ], current president of Puntland
* ], former Somali finance vice-minister in the ] (2000–2004)
* ], fought against Italian occupation of ] after the surrender of the Sultan of Hobyo
* ], former ] and son of ]
* ], former ambassador of ] to the ] in ]
* ], politician

== See also ==

* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last1=Carpanelli |first1=Elena |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1150848404 |title=Political and legal aspects of Italian colonialism in Somalia |last2=Scovazzi |first2=Tullio |publisher=G. Giappichelli editore |year=2020 |isbn=978-88-921-8346-9 |oclc=1150848404}}


==External links== ==External links==
* *

{{Majeerteen clans}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 21:28, 6 December 2024

Somali clan This article is about the Somali clan. For the Sultanate, see Majeerteen Sultanate.
Majeerteen
ماجرتين
Darod Somali clan
Ahmed Taajir, ruler of Bosaso in 1889
EthnicitySomaliaSomali
LocationSomaliaSomalia
EthiopiaEthiopia
KenyaKenya
YemenYemen
OmanOman
Descended fromAbdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti
Parent tribeHarti
Branches
LanguageSomaliaSomali
Arab LeagueArabic
ReligionSunni Islam

The Majeerteen, (Somali: Majeerteen, Arabic: ماجرتين; also spelled Majerteen, Macherten, Majertain, or Mijurtin) alternately known as Mohammed Harti, are a prominent Somali sub-clan of the Harti, which falls under the Darod conglomerate of clans. Traditionally, they inhabit extensive territories in the Bari, Nugaal, and Mudug regions of Somalia, spanning from Bosaso to Garacad, mainly in Puntland state. Additionally, Majeerteen populations are present in southern towns such as Kismayo.

Overview

The Majeerteen Sultanates played an important role in the pre-independence era of Somalia. The Majeerteen also held many other significant government posts in the 1960s and 1970s, and continue to play a key role in Puntland state and Somalia as a whole.

For the treaty between the Majeerteen and colonial powers, see "treaties".

Distribution

The Majeerteen are traditionally settled in Somalia's northern regions of Bari, Nugal and Mudug. They can also be found in Kismayo in southern Somalia due to migrations starting in the 19th century along with their fellow members of the larger Harti subclan, the Dhulbahante, Dishiishe and Warsangeli.

The Majeerteen are traditionally settled in the land in-between Murcanyo, Bandar Siyad an ancient port town facing the Gulf of Aden, and Garacad a coastal port town, facing the Indian Ocean and all the land in between which corresponds to the area encompassing the Horn of Africa. Therefore, the Majerteen are settled in what is literally considered to be 'the Horn of Africa'.

Some Majeerteen people are also found in the Somali Region in Ethiopia, specifically in the Dollo Zone near the Somalia border.

The Majeerteen are part of Darod subclans within Somalia.

The Majeerteen are more commonly found in the cities of Bosaso, Garowe and Galkacyo which are all regional capitals of Bari, Somalia, Nugal, Somalia and Mudug respectively.

The Osman Mahmud (Cismaan Maxamuud), Omar Mahmud (Cumar Maxamuud), and Isse Mahmoud (Ciise Maxamuud) comprise the Maxamuud Saleebaan, along with Ali Saleebaan and Ugaar Saleebaan which all forms the major subclan of Saleebaan Maxamed (Majeerteen) which a 2010 study identifies as both the main division of Majeerteen and a central and unifying entity in Puntland. During the 1960s, the Osman Mahamud, Ali Saleebaan (or Cali Saleebaan), Wadalmoge and Ciise

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Somali clans
Darod
Isaaq
Dir
Hawiye
Rahanweyn
Benadiri

Maxamuud formed a powerful business class in Kismayo, while Siad Barre exploited a rivalry between the Cali Saleebaan and Cumar Maxamuud in an effort to weaken the Majeerteen in general. Historically, the Majeerteen formed part of a coastal trading network around the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, along with other subclans.

History

Main articles: Majeerteen Sultanate, Sultanate of Hobyo, and Somali aristocratic and court titles

Majeerteen Sultanates

Ruins of a Majeerteen Sultanate castle in Bargal

Before the famous Majeerteen Sultanate there was the Sultanate of Amaanle (Abdirahman Awe) which was overthrown and overtaken by Osman Mahamuud who became the subsequent King and Sultan. The Majeerteen Sultanate was founded in the early-16th century and came to prominence in the 19th century, under the reign of the resourceful King (Boqor) Osman Mahamuud. His Sultanate controlled Bari Karkaar, Nugaal and also central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.

Osman Mahamuud's Sultanate was nearly destroyed in the late-1800s by a power struggle between himself and his ambitious cousin, Yusuf Ali Kenadid who founded the Sultanate of Hobyo in 1878. Initially he wanted to seize control of the neighbouring Majeerteen Sultanate, ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamud. However, Yusuf Ali Kenadid was unsuccessful in his endeavour, and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen. A decade later, in the 1870s, Yusuf Ali Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local Hawiye clans and establish the Kingdom of Hobyo in 1878.

Majeerteen ruler Ali Yusuf Kenadid, 2nd Sultan of the Sultanate of Hobyo.

As with the Majeerteen Sultanate, the Sultanate of Hobyo exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag, as well as a professional army. Both sultanates also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.

Colonial Era

In the late 19th century, all extant northern Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Abyssinia, Britain or Italy, except for the Dhulbahante. Likewise, in late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with the Italians, making his realm an Italian protectorate. His rival Sultan Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the year before. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over the Majeerteen Sultanate. Boqor Osman and Sultan Kenadid also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force.

The relationship between the Sultanate of Hobyo and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow a British contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's Dervish forces. Viewed as too much of a threat by the Italians, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to Aden in Yemen and then to Eritrea, as was his son Ali Yusuf, the heir apparent to his throne.

Osman Yusuf Kenadid, the son of the first Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid, was a famous poet and scholar. Osman Yusuf Kenadid was the inventor of the first phonetically standard script for the Somali language in the 1920s, the Osmanya Script.

Following a two year resistance by Boqor Osman and Majeerteen rebels, Italian Somaliland came under the full authority of Rome by late 1927. Long-lasting Italian costal bombardments on urban settlements and naval blockades were utilized by colonial forces to suppress the rebels.

Lineage

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.

  • Shiekh Darod (Daarood bin Ismaciil)
    • Marehan
      • Red Dini
      • Reer Hassan
      • Cali Dheere
    • Kabalah
      • Absame
        • Ogaden
          • Makabul
          • Tolomoge
          • Mohamed Zubeir
          • Aulihan
          • Bah-geri
        • Jidwaaq
          • Abaskuul
          • Bartire
          • Yabaree
      • Koombe
        • Geri
        • Harti
          • Dhulbahante (Dolbahante)
          • Dishiishe (Dishishe)
          • Warsangali (Warsengeli)
          • Majeerteen (Mijerteen)
          • Wabeeneeye
          • Idigfale (Muuse Noleys)
          • Danweyne (Abdalle Noleys)
          • Amaanle
          • Guddoonwaaq
          • Filkucaag
          • Amartiwaaq
          • Tabale
          • Ali Jibraahiil
          • Nuux Jibrahiil
          • Cabdirixiin Ibraahim
          • Cabdale Ibrahim
          • Adan Ibrahim
          • Reer Maxamud
          • Wadalmoge
            • Maxamed Muuse
              • Ismail Maxamed
              • Cali Maxamed
              • Abokor Maxamed
              • Nuux Maxamed
              • Baraale Maxamed
            • Idiris Muuse
              • Reer Faahiye
              • Reer Ciise
              • Rooble Cawlyahan
              • Ilka Dheer
          • Reer Umar
          • Reer Maxamuud
            • Abukar Maxamuud
              • Faarax Ismacil
              • Ciise Ismacil
              • Maxamed Ismacil
            • Qaasin Maxamuud
              • Maxamed Qaasin
              • Axmed Qaasin
              • Aadan Qaasin
              • Bare Qaasin
              • Ibraahim Qaasin
          • Reer Bicidyahan
          • Siwaaqroon
            • Abdirahman
              • Adan Abdiraxman
                • Ibrahim Abdisamad
                • Yoonis Abdisamad
                • Mohamud Abdisamad
              • Cawlyahan (Obokor Abdiraxman)
                • Ciise Cawlyahan
                • Jibriil Cawlyahan
                • Hashim Cawlyahan
            • Mohammed
          • Ugaar Saleebaan
            • Ibrahim Aadan
            • Hussein Aadan
          • Ismail Saleebaan
          • Ali Saleebaan
            • Bicidyahan Ali
            • Auliyahan Ali
            • Omar Ali
            • Adam Ali
            • Ismail Ali
          • Maxamuud Saleebaan

Groups

  • Taargooye, an exclusively Majeerteen Darawiish administrative division and disbanded in 1910 when its constituents became mutinous
  • The Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF) was a predominantly Majeerteen political group from the 1980s to 1990s

Notable people

Actors

Royalty

Military

Enterprisers

Politicians

See also

References

  1. Central Intelligence Agency (2002). "Ethnic Groups". Somalia Summary Map. Perry–Castañeda Library. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  2. Hunt, John Anthony (1951). A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484. To be purchased from the Chief Secretary. p. 140.
  3. Africa. Africa Journal Limited. 1982.
  4. "Caselaw and Decisions". Refugee Survey Quarterly. 13 (2–3): 198–219. 1994-07-01. doi:10.1093/rsq/13.2-3.198. ISSN 1020-4067.
  5. ^ Humphrey, James Harry (6 May 2018). Issues in Contemporary Athletics. Nova Publishers. ISBN 9781594545955. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2018 – via Google Books.
  6. "Information on the Majerteen Clan and the Democratic Front for the Salvation of Somalia (DFSS), Somalia [SOM1546]". 24 July 1989. Archived from the original on 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
  7. Royal African Society, African Affairs, Volume 101, (Oxford University Press: 2002) p.101.
  8. ^ "Somalia's Complex Clan Dynamics". fragilestates.org. 10 January 2012. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  9. ^ Marchal, Roland (May 2010). "The Puntland State of Somalia: A Tentative Social Analysis" (PDF). Sciences Po. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
  10. ^ Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Somalia: a country study, (The Division: 1993), p.10.
  11. ^ Horn of Africa, Volume 15, Issues 1-4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.
  12. Transformation towards a regulated economy, (WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p.62.
  13. Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.75.
  14. Lea, David; Rowe, Annamarie (2001). A Political Chronology of Africa. Europa Publications. p. 378. ISBN 1857431162.
  15. Michigan State University. African Studies Center, Northeast African studies, Volumes 11-12, (Michigan State University Press: 1989), p.32.
  16. Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 57-67. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1986. p. 34.
  17. Jardine, Douglas (1923). Mad Mullah of Somaliland. Early in 1885 Great Britain concluded separate protective treaties with all the Somali tribes now living under her protection, except the Warsangeli, who concluded a treaty in 1886, and the Dolbahanta, with whom no treaty has been made.
  18. ^ The Majeerteen Sultanates
  19. Sheik-ʻAbdi, ʻAbdi ʻAbdulqadir (1993). Divine madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920). Zed Books. p. 129. ISBN 0-86232-444-0.
  20. "Yasin Osman Kenadid • Puntite". puntite.com. 1 August 2017. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  21. Carpanelli & Scovazzi 2020, p. 16.
  22. Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics Archived 2018-06-16 at the Wayback Machine, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1
  23. Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, p. 43
  24. Samatar, Said (1982). Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism. p. 214. ISBN 9780511735370. 'Abdalla Qoriyow, the prestigious Islamic magistrate of the Dervish capital, who took part in the conspiracy. 108 Ahmad Fiqi, also a conspirator, was the Dervish expert on Qur'anic exegesis. 109 Reference to the Sayyid's brother-in-law, Faarah Mahamuud Sugulle, whose involvement in the conspiracy was particularly bad news for the Sayyid ... After a week of intense fighting, the Sayyid emerged victorious, but not before several Dervish clans, like the Reer Samatar Khalaf Majeerteen, were decimated
  25. "Controversial Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Muslim turned atheist, to resign from Dutch Parliament - Asian Tribune". www.asiantribune.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2018.

Bibliography

External links

Majeerteen sub-clans
Awe
    • Omar "Sorore / Nabidor" Awe Mohamed
      • Ismail Omar Awe
      • Ammanle
      • Nuh Omar (Reer Nuux)
      • Halmog Omar
      • Nolays Omar
        • Cabdi Kariin (Tiiftiif)
        • Oga Ade Nolays Omar
        • Hantile Nolays Omar
        • Danweyne (Abdalle Noleys)
        • Mohamed "Walal Yabare" Nolays Omar
        • Idigfale (Muuse Noleys)
        • Hijijle
          • Allamagan (Amartiwaq)
          • Gumasor
          • Dudmariye
          • Yusuf Hijijle
          • Reer-waarag
          • Ali Hijijle
          • Nurki Qabe Hijijle
          • Filkuag Hijijle
          • Talareir
            • Wadalmogge
            • Hussein (Siwaqron)
            • Hassan (Himidor)
              • Guddonwak
              • Tol-jele
                • Rer-Omar
                • Ali
                • Umad-Nebi
                  • Jibrahil
                    • Nuh Jibrahil
                    • Ali Jibrahil
                    • Omar Jibrahil
                    • Salah Jibrahil
                    • Ismail Jibrahil
                    • Eise Jibrahil
                    • Adam Jibrahil
                    • Yusuf Jibrahil
                    • Ibrahim Jibrahil
Wabeineye
    • Ali Mahamud Mahamed
    • Ahmed Mahamud Mahamed
Tabale
    • Tabale Mahamed Salah
Warwaksame
    • Abdinabi Warwaqsame Mahamed
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