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{{About |the U.S. state of Indiana}} {{short description|U.S. state}}
{{about|the U.S. state}}
{{Redirect |Hoosier State|the passenger train|Hoosier State (train)}}
{{redirect|Hoosier State|the passenger train|Hoosier State (train){{!}}''Hoosier State'' (train)}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox U.S. state {{Infobox U.S. state
|Name = Indiana | name = Indiana
| official_name = State of Indiana
|ElectoralVotes = 12
|Fullname = State of Indiana | image_flag = Flag of Indiana.svg
|Flag = Flag of Indiana.svg | flag_link = Flag of Indiana
| anthem = "]"<br/>]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/indiana-state-song/ |title=Indiana State Song |website=in.gov |date=December 7, 2020 |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau |access-date=November 6, 2022 |quote=The song entitled, "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away," words and music by Paul Dresser, be and is hereby established as the state song of Indiana. (Ind. Code § 1-2-6-1)}}</ref>
|Flaglink = ]
|Seal = Indiana-StateSeal.svg | image_seal = Indiana-StateSeal.svg
|Map = Indiana in United States.svg | image_map = Indiana in United States.svg
|Nickname = The ] State, Lincoln's Boyhood Home | nickname = "The ] State"
|Former = Indiana Territory | Former = Indiana Territory
| population_demonym = ]
|Demonym = ]<ref>{{cite news| title=What to Call Elsewherians and why|publisher=CNN |url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/LIVING/wayoflife/11/07/mf.nicknames/ |accessdate=October 4, 2008 | date= November 7, 2007}}</ref>
|Motto = The Crossroads of America | motto = "]"
|Capital = ] | seat = ]
|LargestCity = capital | LargestCity = capital
| LargestCounty = ]
|LargestMetro = ]
| LargestMetro = ]
|Governor = ] (])
|Lieutenant Governor = ] (R) | Governor = ] (])
| Lieutenant Governor = ] (R)
|Legislature = ]
|Upperhouse = ] | Legislature = ]
|Lowerhouse = ] | Upperhouse = ]
| Lowerhouse = ]
|Senators = ] (R)<br />] (])
| Judiciary = ]
|Representative = 7 Republicans,<br />2 Democrats
| Senators = {{ubl|{{nowrap|] (R)}}|{{nowrap|] (R)}}}}
|PostalAbbreviation = IN
| Representative = {{ubl|7 Republicans|2 ]}}
|TradAbbreviation = Ind.
| postal_code = IN
|OfficialLang = English
| TradAbbreviation = Ind.
|Languages = English, Spanish, other languages<!--]; ] and <br /> ] ]s, other languages-->
| OfficialLang = ]
|AreaRank = 38th
| area_rank = 38th
|TotalAreaUS = 36,418
| area_total_sq_mi = 36,418
|TotalArea = 94,321
| area_total_km2 = 94,321
|LandAreaUS = 35,868
| area_land_sq_mi = 35,868
|LandArea = 92,897
| area_land_km2 = 92,897
|WaterAreaUS = 550
| area_water_sq_mi = 550
|WaterArea = 1,424
| area_water_km2 = 1,424
|PCWater = 1.5
| area_water_percent = 1.5
|PopRank = 16th
| population_as_of = 2020
|2010Pop = 6,596,855 (2014 est)<ref name=PopEstUS />
| population_rank = 17th
|DensityRank = 16th
| 2010Pop = 6,785,528<ref name="2020 U.S. Census">{{cite web |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf |publisher=] |author=Resident Population Data |title=Resident Population Data – 2020 Census}}</ref>
|2000DensityUS = 182
| population_density_rank = 16th
|2000Density = 70.2
| 2020DensityUS = 189
|Total GDP Rank = 16th
| 2020Density = 73.1
|Total GDP = 248,915 (2006)
| MedianHouseholdIncome = $62,743 (2<span>0</span>21)<ref name=kff>{{cite web |url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0 |website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation |title=Median Annual Household Income |date=November 17, 2022 |access-date=April 8, 2023}}</ref>
|Per Capita GDP Rank = 33rd
| IncomeRank = ]
|Per capita GDP = 38,037 (2005)
|AdmittanceOrder = 19th | AdmittanceOrder = 19th
|AdmittanceDate = December 11, 1816 | AdmittanceDate = December 11, 1816
|TimeZone = ]: ] ]/] | timezone1 = ]
| utc_offset1 = −05:00
|TZ1Where = ]
| timezone1_DST = ]
|TimeZone2 = ]: ] ]/]
| utc_offset1_DST = −04:00
|TZ2Where = ] in <br /> ] Metro Area, <br /> ] <br /> <small>''For more information, <br /> see ]''</small>
| timezone1_location = 80 counties
|Latitude = 37° 46′ N to 41° 46′ N
| timezone2 = ]
|Longitude = 84° 47′ W to 88° 6′ W
| utc_offset2 = −06:00
|WidthUS = 140
| timezone2_DST = ]
|Width = 225
| utc_offset2_DST = −05:00
|LengthUS = 270
| timezone2_location = 12 counties
|Length = 435
| Latitude = 37° 46′ N to 41° 46′ N
|HighestPoint = ]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/Elevations-Distances/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=]|year=2001|accessdate=October 21, 2011}}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to ].</ref>
| Longitude = 84° 47′ W to 88° 6′ W
|HighestElevUS = 1,257
| width_mi = 149
|HighestElev = 383
| width_km = 232
|MeanElevUS = 700
| length_mi = 278
|MeanElev = 210
| length_km = 432
|LowestPoint = Confluence of ] and ]<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/>
| elevation_max_point = ]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/Elevations-Distances/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|name=NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to ].}}
|LowestElevUS = 320
| elevation_max_ft = 1,257
|LowestElev = 97
| elevation_max_m = 383
|ISOCode = US-IN
| elevation_ft = 700
|Website = www.in.gov
| elevation_m = 210
| elevation_min_point = Confluence of ] and ]<ref name=USGS/>{{efn|name=NAVD88}}
| elevation_min_ft = 320
| elevation_min_m = 97
| iso_code = US-IN
| website = https://in.gov
| Capital =
| Representatives =
}}{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States
|state = Indiana
|image_flag = Flag of Indiana.svg
|image_seal = Indiana-StateSeal.svg
|amphibian =
|bird = ]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/indiana-state-bird/ |title=Indiana State Bird |website=in.gov |date=December 7, 2020 |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau |access-date=November 6, 2022 |quote=The bird commonly known as the Red Bird or Cardinal (''Richmondena Cardinalis Cardinalis'') is hereby adopted and designated as the official state bird of the state of Indiana. (Ind. Code § 1-2-8-1)}}</ref><br/>(''Cardinalis cardinalis'')
|butterfly =
|crustacean =
|fish =
|flower = ]<ref name="Ind. Code 1-2-8-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/indiana-state-tree-and-flower/ |title=Indiana State Tree and Flower |website=in.gov |date=December 7, 2020 |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau |access-date=November 6, 2022 |quote=The tulip tree (''liriodendron tulipifera'') is hereby adopted and designated as the official state tree, and the flower of the peony (''Paeonie'') is hereby adopted and designated as the official state flower of the state of Indiana. (Ind. Code § 1-2-8-1)}}</ref><br/>(''Paeonia'')
|grass =
|insect = ]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://secure.in.gov/dnr/entomology/resources-and-links/says-firefly/ |title=Say's Firefly |website=in.gov |date=January 26, 2021 |publisher=Indiana Department of Natural Resources |access-date=November 6, 2022 |quote=Say's Firefly became Indiana's state insect when legislation proclaiming it as such was signed by Gov. Eric Holcomb on March 23, 2018.}}</ref><br/>(''Pyractomena angulata'')
|mammal =
|reptile =
|tree = ]<ref name="Ind. Code 1-2-8-1"/><br/>(''Liriodendron tulipifera'')
|beverage =
|colors = ] and ]
|dance =
|dinosaur =
|firearm = ]<ref>{{cite web |last=Evans |first=Tim |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2016/02/16/replica-william-henry-harrisons-grouseland-rifle-commissioned-bicentennial/80402246/ |title=Replica of Grouseland Rifle, the official state gun, commissioned for bicentennial |publisher=The Indianapolis Star |date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref>
|food = ] (state snack)<ref>{{cite web |last=Mills |first=Wes |url=https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/articles/its-official-popcorn-is-state-snack |title=It's Official: Popcorn is Indiana's State Snack |publisher=Inside Indiana Business |date=July 2, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref>
|fossil = ]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whas11.com/article/news/local/indiana/mastodons-indiana-first-official-fossil/417-cd2d6a5f-6a90-4fd2-a182-3d2bf1175f1f |title=Indiana lawmakers name mastodon as first state fossil |date=February 19, 2022 |website=WHAS-TV}}</ref><br/>(''Mammut americanum'')
|gemstone =
|instrument =
|mineral =
|poem = "Indiana"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/indiana-state-poem/ |title=Indiana State Poem |website=in.gov |date=December 7, 2020 |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau |access-date=November 6, 2022 |quote=The poem of Arthur Franklin Mapes, Kendallville, Indiana, the title and text of which are set forth in full as a part of this section, is hereby adopted as Indiana's official poem. (Ind. Code § 1-2-5-1)}}</ref>
|rock = ]<ref name="State River and Stone">{{cite web |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/indiana-state-river-and-stone/ |title=Indiana State River and Stone |website=in.gov |date=December 7, 2020 |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau |access-date=November 6, 2022 |quote=The river commonly known as the Wabash River is adopted and designated as the official river of the state of Indiana. (Ind. Code § 1-2-11-1) (...) The regal type rock 'Limestone' which is found and quarried in south and central Indiana from the geologic formation named the Salem Limestone, is hereby adopted as the official stone of the State of Indiana. (Ind. Code § 1-2-9-1)}}</ref>
|shell =
|ship =
|slogan = "IN Indiana"<ref>{{cite web |last=Kane |first=Lizzie |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2022/06/08/indiana-launches-tourism-marketing-campaign-in-indiana/7555601001/ |title='IN Indiana': State launches tourism campaign following height of COVID-19 pandemic |publisher=The Indianapolis Star |date=June 8, 2022 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref>
|soil =
|sport =
|tartan =
|toy =
|other = ] (state river)<ref name="State River and Stone"/><br/>] ''Hoosier Spirit II'' (state aircraft)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tristatehomepage.com/news/new-look-unveiled-for-evansvilles-p-47-hoosier-spirit-ii/ |title=New look unveiled for Evansville's P-47, Hoosier Spirit II |website=tristatehomepage.com |publisher=] |date=May 7, 2021 |access-date=November 7, 2022}}</ref>
|image_route = Indiana 13.svg
|image_quarter = 2002 IN Proof.png
|quarter_release_date = 2002
}} }}
'''Indiana''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Indiana.ogg|ˌ|ɪ|n|d|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}} {{respell|IN|dee|AN|ə}})<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Indiana|accessdate=2024-03-08}}</ref> is a ] in the ] region of the ]. It borders ] to the northwest, ] to the north and northeast, ] to the east, the ] and ] to the south and southeast, and the ] and ] to the west. Nicknamed "the ] State",<ref>{{Cite web |last=IHB |date=2020-12-07 |title=What is a Hoosier |url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/what-is-a-hoosier/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=IHB |language=en}}</ref> Indiana is the ] and the ] of the ]. Its capital and largest city is ]. Indiana was admitted to the Union as the 19th state on December 11, 1816.
{{Infobox U.S. state symbols
|Name = Indiana
|Flag = Flag of Indiana.svg
|Seal = Indiana state seal.png
|Amphibian =
|Bird = ]
|Butterfly =
|Crustacean =
|Fish = ]
|Flower = ]
|Grass =
|Insect =
|Mammal =
|Reptile =
|Tree = ]
|Beverage = Water
|Colors = ] and ]
|Dance =
|Dinosaur =
|Firearm = ]
|Food = Sugar cream pie
|Fossil =
|Gemstone =
|Instrument =
|Mineral = Coal
|Motto = ''The Crossroads of America''
|Poem = "Indiana"
|Rock = ]
|Shell =
|Ships = ] (4), ] (4)
|Slogan(s) = ''Restart Your Engines''
|Soil = ]
|Song = ''official'' "]" ''unofficial'' "]"
|Sport = Basketball
|Tartan =
|Toy =
|Other =
|Route Marker = Indiana 67.svg
|Quarter = 2002 IN Proof.png
|QuarterReleaseDate = 2002
}}

'''Indiana''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Indiana.ogg|ɪ|n|d|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}} is a ] located in the ] and ] regions of North America. Indiana is the ] and the ] of the ]. Its capital and largest city is ]. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11, 1816.


Before becoming a territory, varying cultures of ] and historic ] inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Since its founding as a territory, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York, Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio, and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states, particularly Kentucky and Tennessee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286017/Indiana/279873/Settlement-patterns-and-demographic-trends|title=Indiana – Settlement patterns and demographic trends|publisher=eb.com|author=William Vincent D'Antonio & Robert L. Beck|accessdate=January 3, 2012}}</ref> Various ] inhabited what would become Indiana for thousands of years, some of whom the U.S. government expelled between 1800 and 1836. Indiana received its name because the state was largely possessed by native tribes even after it was granted statehood. Since then, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the ]; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from ] and ], Central Indiana by migrants from the ] states and adjacent Ohio, and ] by settlers from the ], particularly Kentucky and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286017/Indiana/279873/Settlement-patterns-and-demographic-trends |title=Indiana – Settlement patterns and demographic trends |publisher=eb.com |author1=William Vincent D'Antonio |author2=Robert L. Beck |access-date=January 3, 2012}}</ref>


] with a gross state product of $298&nbsp;billion in 2012.<ref name="bea.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTableHtml.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7007=2012&7036=-1&7003=200&7035=-1&7006=18000&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7004=naics&7005=-1&7093=levels|title=Gross Domestic Product by State|publisher=U. S. Bureau of Economic Analysis|accessdate=April 17, 2014}}</ref> Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns. Indiana is home to several major sports teams and athletic events including the ] ], the ]'s ], the ]'s ], the ] ], and the ] and ] ] ]. Indiana has ] with a gross state product of $352.62{{spaces}}billion in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. federal state of Indiana - real GDP 2000-2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/187866/gdp-of-the-us-federal-state-of-indiana-since-1997/ |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> It has several ]s with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller cities and towns. Indiana is home to professional sports teams, including the ]'s ] and the ]'s ]. The state also hosts several notable competitive events, such as the ], held at ].


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
Indiana's name means "Land of the ]", or simply "Indian Land".{{efn|An earlier use of the name dates to the 1760s, when it referenced a tract of land under control of the Commonwealth of Virginia, but the area's name was discarded when it became a part of that state. See {{cite journal |last=Hodgin |first=Cyrus |year=1903 |title=The Naming of Indiana |journal=Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |format=PDF transcription |url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm |access-date=January 23, 2014}}}} It also stems from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the ] passed legislation to divide the ] into two areas and named the western section the ]. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a part of this territorial land became the geographic area for the new state.{{efn|A portion of the Northwest Territory's eastern section became the state of ] in 1803. The ] was established in 1805 from part of the Indiana Territory's northern lands and four years later, in 1809, the Illinois counties were separated from the Indiana Territory to create the ]. See {{cite book |author1=John D. Barnhart |author2=Dorothy L. Riker |title=Indiana to 1816: The Colonial Period |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society |series=The History of Indiana |volume=I |year=1971 |location=Indianapolis |pages=311–13, 337, 353, 355, 432 }}}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=George R. |author-link=George R. Stewart |title=Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/namesonlandhisto0000stew |url-access=registration |orig-year=1945 |edition=Sentry edition (3rd) |year=1967 |publisher=] |page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hodgin |first=Cyrus |year=1903 |url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm |title=The Naming of Indiana |journal=Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |format=PDF transcription |access-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref>
]]]
The state's name means "Land of the ]", or simply "Indian Land".<ref>An earlier use of the name dates to the 1760s, when it referenced a tract of land under control of the Commonwealth of Virginia, but the area's name was discarded when it became a part of that state. See {{cite journal | last= Hodgin | first= Cyrus | year=1903| title= The Naming of Indiana |journal= Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society| volume=1| issue=1 | pages=3–11| publisher=Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society| location= | format =pdf transcription| url =http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm| accessdate =January 23, 2014}}</ref> It also stems from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the ] passed legislation to divide the ] into two areas and named the western section the ]. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a part of this territorial land became the geographic area for the new state.<ref>A portion of the Northwest Territory's eastern section became the state of ] in 1803. The ] was established in 1805 from part of the Indiana Territory's northern lands and four years later, in 1809, the Illinois counties were separated from the Indiana Territory to create the ]. See {{cite book| author =John D. Barnhart and Dorothy L. Riker| title =Indiana to 1816: The Colonial Period | publisher =Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society | series =The History of Indiana | volume =I | edition = | year =1971 | location =Indianapolis | pages =311–13,337, 353, 355, and 432 | url = | isbn =}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Stewart |first= George R. |authorlink= George R. Stewart |title= Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |origyear= 1945 |edition= Sentry edition (3rd) |year= 1967 |publisher=] |page= 191}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last= Hodgin | first= Cyrus | year=1903
|url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm|title=The Naming of Indiana|publisher=Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society| journal= Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society| volume=1| issue=1 | pages=3–11 | location= | format =pdf transcriptionaccessdate=2014-1-16}}</ref>


Formal use of the word ''Indiana'' dates from 1768, when a ]-based trading company gave its land claim in present-day ] the name "Indiana" in honor of its previous owners, the ]. Later, ownership of the claim was transferred to the ], the first recorded use of the word ''Indiana''. But the ] colony argued that it was the rightful owner of the land because it fell within its geographic boundaries. The ] denied the land company's right to the claim in 1798.<ref name="IHBNI">Cyrus Hodgin, {{cite journal|url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm |title=The Naming of Indiana
A resident of Indiana is known as a ]. The etymology of this word is disputed, but the leading theory, as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society, has "Hoosier" originating from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Tennessee (a part of the upland South region of the United States) as a term for a backwoodsman, a rough countryman, or a country bumpkin.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haller |first=Steve |date=Fall 2008 |title=The Meanings of Hoosier: 175 Years and Counting |journal=Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=5 and 6 | publisher=] |location=] |issn=1040-788X | url =http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/reference/Hoosier.pdf| accessdate =January 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The Word Hoosier | author=Graf, Jeffery | publisher=Indiana University – Bloomington | url=http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/internet/extra/hoosier.html | accessdate=February 27, 2012}}</ref>
| volume =1 |issue=1 | year =1903 | pages =3–11
|access-date=July 23, 2018 |journal=Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana Historical Society}}</ref>

=== Hoosier ===
{{Anchor|Etymology of Hoosier}}A native or resident of Indiana is known as a ].<ref>{{cite web |first=Maureen |last=Groppe |title=Finally, the federal government agrees: We're Hoosiers |website=] |url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/12/finally-federal-government-agrees-were-hoosiers/96461534/ |access-date=January 12, 2016}}</ref> The etymology of this word is disputed, but the leading theory, advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society, has its origin in Virginia, Kentucky, the Carolinas, and Tennessee (the ]) as a term for a backwoodsman, a rough countryman, or a country bumpkin.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haller |first=Steve |date=Fall 2008 |title=The Meanings of Hoosier: 175 Years and Counting |journal=Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=5, 6 |issn=1040-788X |url=http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/reference/Hoosier.pdf |access-date=January 23, 2014 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221011316/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/reference/Hoosier.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Word Hoosier |author=Graf, Jeffery |publisher=] |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/internet/extra/hoosier.html |access-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref>


==History== ==History==

{{Main|History of Indiana}} {{Main|History of Indiana}}
{{See also|Outline of Indiana#History}} {{See also|Outline of Indiana#History}}


===Aboriginal inhabitants=== ===Indigenous inhabitants===

The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the ], who arrived about 8000&nbsp;] after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the ]. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were ]s who hunted large ] such as ]. They created stone tools made out of ] by chipping, ] and ].<ref name="HIS">{{cite web| title =Prehistoric Indians of Indiana| publisher=State of Indiana| url =http://in.gov/dnr/historic/files/prehisindians.pdf| accessdate =July 5, 2009 }}</ref> The ], which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, an important step in civilization. Such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of ]. They made ground-stone tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding stones. During the latter part of the period, they built earthwork ]s and ]s, which showed that settlements were becoming more permanent. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC.<ref name="HIS"/> Afterward, the ] took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, and extended their cultivation of plants. An early Woodland period group named the ] had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the ] began developing long-range trade of ]. Nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as ] and ]. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD.<ref name="HIS"/> The ] emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with large mounds and plazas defining ceremonial and public spaces. The concentrated settlements depended on the agricultural surpluses. One such complex was the ]. They had large public areas such as plazas and platform mounds, where leaders lived or conducted rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-1400s for reasons that remain unclear.<ref name="HIS"/> The historic Native American tribes in the area at the time of European encounter spoke different languages of the ] family. They included the ], ], and ]. Later they were joined by refugee tribes from eastern regions including the Delaware who settled in the White and Whitewater River Valleys.
] in ''Stories of Indiana''.]] ] was one of the northernmost ] settlements, occupied from 1100 to 1450.]]

The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the ], who arrived about 8000 BC after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the ]. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were ]s who hunted large ] such as ]. They created stone tools made out of ] by chipping, ] and ].<ref name="HIS">{{cite web| title =Prehistoric Indians of Indiana| publisher =State of Indiana| url =http://in.gov/dnr/historic/files/prehisindians.pdf| access-date =July 5, 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084154/http://in.gov/dnr/historic/files/prehisindians.pdf| archive-date =January 17, 2013| url-status =dead}}</ref>

The ], which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, an important step in civilization. These new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of ]. They made ground-stone tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding stones. During the latter part of the period, they built earthwork ]s and ]s, which showed settlements were becoming more permanent. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC.<ref name="HIS"/>

The ] began around 1500 BC when new cultural attributes appeared. The people created ceramics and pottery and extended their cultivation of plants. An early Woodland period group named the ] had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle of the Woodland period, the ] began to develop long-range trade of ]. Nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as ] and ]. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD.<ref name="HIS"/>

The ] emerged, lasting from 1000 AD until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their ], with large mounds and plazas defining ceremonial and public spaces. The concentrated settlements depended on the agricultural surpluses. One such complex was the ]. They had large public areas such as plazas and platform mounds, where leaders lived or conducted rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-15th century for reasons that remain unclear.<ref name="HIS"/>

The historic Native American tribes in the area at the time of European encounter spoke different languages of the ] family. They included the ], ], and ]. Refugee tribes from eastern regions, including the ] who settled in the White and Whitewater River Valleys, later joined them.


===European exploration and sovereignty=== ===European exploration and sovereignty===
In 1679 the French explorer ] was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day ] at the ].<ref>Allison, p. 17.</ref> He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-Canadian ]rs soon arrived, bringing blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans. By 1702, ] established the first trading post near ]. In 1715, ] built ] at ], now ]. In 1717, another Canadian, ], built ] on the ], to try to control Native American trade routes from ] to the ]. In 1732, Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. French Canadian settlers, who had left the earlier post because of hostilities, returned in larger numbers. In a period of a few years, British colonists arrived from the East and contended against the Canadians for control of the lucrative fur trade. Fighting between the French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as a result.


{{See also|New France|Louisiana (New France)|Illinois Country|Province of Quebec (1763–1791)}}
The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the ] (also known as the ]). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the ] to the British crown.
] in ''Stories of Indiana'']]


In 1679, French explorer ] was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day ] at the ].<ref>Allison, p. 17.</ref> He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-Canadian ]rs soon arrived, bringing blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans.
The tribes in Indiana did not give up; they destroyed ] and ] during ]. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the land west of the Appalachians for Indian use, and excluded British colonists from the area, which the Crown called Indian Territory. In 1775, the ] began as the colonists sought for more self-government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer ] called for an army to help fight the British in the west.<ref>Brill, p. 31–32.</ref> Clark's army won significant battles and took over ] and ] on February 25, 1779.<ref name="NO">{{cite web| title =Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | publisher=State of Indiana| url =http://www.in.gov/history/2695.htm#events| accessdate =July 24, 2009 }}</ref> During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops who were attacking the eastern colonists from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War.<ref>Brill, p. 33.</ref> At the end of the war, through the ], the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States, including American Indian lands.

By 1702, ] established the first trading post near ]. In 1715, ] built ] at ], now ]. In 1717, another Canadian, ], built ] on the ], to try to control Native American trade routes from ] to the ].

In 1732, Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. French Canadian settlers, who had left the earlier post because of hostilities, returned in larger numbers. In a period of a few years, British colonists arrived from the East and contended against the Canadians for control of the lucrative fur trade. Fighting between the French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as a result.

The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the ] (also known as the ]). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede to the British crown all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the ].

The tribes in Indiana did not give up: they captured ] and ] during ]. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the land west of the ] for Native American use, and excluded British colonists from the area, which the Crown called "Indian Territory".

In 1775, the ] began as the colonists sought self-government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer ] called for an army to help fight the British in the west.<ref>Brill, p. 31–32.</ref> Clark's army won significant battles and took over ] and ] on February 25, 1779.<ref name="NO">{{cite web |title=Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |url=https://www.in.gov/history/2695.htm#events |access-date=July 24, 2009 |publisher=State of Indiana}}</ref>

During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops, who were attacking the eastern colonists from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War.<ref>Brill, p. 33.</ref> At the end of the war, through the ], the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States, including Native American lands.


===The frontier=== ===The frontier===
In 1787 the US defined present-day Indiana as part of its ]. In 1800, Congress separated ] from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the ].<ref name="GAC"/> President ] chose ] as the governor of the territory and ] was established as the capital.<ref>Brill, p. 35.</ref> After ] was separated and the ] was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.<ref name="GAC">{{cite web| title =Government at Crossroads: An Indiana chronology|work=]| date =January 5, 2008| url =http://www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/government-at-crossroads-an-indiana-chronology/article_3a07aa44-1cd4-5028-82e7-96b907121b31.html?mode=jqm| accessdate =July 22, 2009 }}</ref>
]


{{Main|Northwest Ordinance|Northwest Territory|Organic act#List of organic acts|Indiana Territory}}
Starting with the ] in 1794 and ], 1795, Indian titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation, purchase, or war and treaty. About half the state was acquired in the St. Mary's Purchase from the Miami in 1818. Purchases weren't complete until the ] in 1826 acquired the last of the reserved Indian lands in the northeast.
{{multiple image | direction = horizontal | width = 210
|image1=Indiana Indian treaties.svg
|alt1=A colorful map of Indiana with treaty names
|image2=Indiana, 1817.jpg
|alt2=A crude map of Indiana with only a handful of southern counties delineated
|caption2
|footer=Left: A map showing extent of the treaty lands. Right: One of the first maps of Indiana (made 1816, published 1817) showing territories prior to the Treaty of St. Mary's which greatly expanded the region. Note the inaccurate placement of ].
}}


In 1787, the U.S. defined the ] which included the area of present-day Indiana. In 1800, Congress separated ] from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the ].<ref name="GAC"/> President ] chose ] as the governor of the territory, and ] was established as the capital.<ref>Brill, p. 35.</ref> After the ] was separated and the ] was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.<ref name="GAC">{{cite web| title =Government at Crossroads: An Indiana chronology|website=]| date =January 5, 2008| url =http://www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/government-at-crossroads-an-indiana-chronology/article_3a07aa44-1cd4-5028-82e7-96b907121b31.html?mode=jqm| access-date =July 22, 2009 }}</ref>
A portrait of the Indiana frontier about 1810: The frontier was defined by the treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, adding much of southwestern lands around Vincinnes and southeastern lands adjacent to Cincinnati, to areas along the Ohio River as part of U.S. territory. Settlements were military outposts, Fort Ouiatenon in the northwest and Fort Miami (later Fort Wayne) in the northeast, Fort Knox and Vincinnes settlement on the lower Wabash, Clarksville (across from Louisville), Vevay, and Corydon along the Ohio River, the Quaker Colony in Richmond on the eastern border, and Conner's Post (later Connersville) on the east central frontier. Indianapolis wouldn't be a populated place for 15 more years, and central and northern Indiana Territory remained savage wilderness. Indian presence was waning, but still a threat to settlement. Only two counties, Clark and Dearborn in the extreme southeast, had been organized. Land titles issued out of Cincinnati were sparse. Migration was chiefly by flatboat on the Ohio River westerly, and wagon trails up the Wabash/White River Valleys (west) and Whitewater River Valleys (east).


Starting with the ] in 1794 and the ] in 1795, Native American titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation, purchase, or war and treaty. About half the state was acquired in the ] from the Miami in 1818. Purchases were not complete until the ] in 1826 acquired the last of the reserved Native American lands in the northeast.
In 1810, the ] ] ] and his brother ] encouraged other tribes in the territory to resist European settlement. Tensions rose and the US authorized Harrison to launch a preemptive expedition against ]; the US gained victory at the ] on November 7, 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813&nbsp;during the ]. After his death, armed resistance to United States control ended in the region. Most Native American tribes in the state were later ] to west of the ] in the 1820s and 1830s after US negotiations and purchase of their lands.<ref>Brill, pp. 36–37.</ref>

A portrait of the Indiana frontier about 1810: The frontier was defined by the ] in 1809, adding much of the southwestern lands around Vincennes and southeastern lands adjacent to Cincinnati, to areas along the Ohio River as part of U.S. territory. Settlements were military outposts such as Fort Ouiatenon in the northwest and Fort Miami (later Fort Wayne) in the northeast, Fort Knox and Vincennes settlement on the lower Wabash. Other settlements included Clarksville (across from Louisville), Vevay, and Corydon along the Ohio River, the Quaker Colony in Richmond on the eastern border, and Conner's Post (later Connersville) on the east central frontier. Indianapolis would not be populated for 15 more years, and central and northern Indiana Territory remained wilderness populated primarily by Indigenous communities. Only two counties in the extreme southeast, Clark and Dearborn, had been organized by European settlers. Land titles issued out of Cincinnati were sparse. Settler migration was chiefly via flatboat on the Ohio River westerly, and by wagon trails up the Wabash/White River Valleys (west) and Whitewater River Valleys (east).

In 1810, the ] tribal chief ] and his brother ] encouraged other indigenous tribes in the territory to resist European settlement. Tensions rose and the U.S. authorized Harrison to launch a preemptive expedition against ]; the U.S. gained victory at the ] on November 7, 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the ]. After his death, armed resistance to United States control ended in the region. Most Native American tribes in the state were later ] to west of the ] in the 1820s and 1830s after U.S. negotiations and the purchase of their lands.<ref>Brill, pp. 36–37.</ref>


===Statehood and settlement=== ===Statehood and settlement===
In order to decrease the threat of Indian raids following the Battle of Tippecanoe, ], a town in the far southern part of Indiana, was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory in December 1813.<ref name="GAC"/> Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. An ] was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a ]. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. President ] approved Indiana's ] as the nineteenth state on December 11, 1816.<ref name="NO"/> In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to ].<ref name="GAC"/>


], a town in the far southern part of Indiana, was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory in May 1813 in order to decrease the threat of Native American raids following the Battle of Tippecanoe.<ref name="GAC"/> Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. An ] was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a ]. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. ] was elected the fledgling state's first governor in August 1816. President ] approved Indiana's ] as the ] on December 11, 1816.<ref name="NO"/> In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to ].<ref name="GAC"/>
Many ] went west to settle in Indiana in the early nineteenth century. The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were ], as well as numerous immigrants from Ireland and England. Americans who were primarily ] migrated from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as the mid-Atlantic state of Pennsylvania.<ref name="The History of Indiana">{{cite web| title =The History of Indiana| publisher=]| url =http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/indiana| accessdate =July 26, 2009 }}</ref><ref></ref> The arrival of steamboats on the Ohio River in 1811, and the ] at Richmond in 1829 greatly facilitated settlement of northern and western Indiana.

{| style="margin:auto"
| ] served as the state's seat of government from 1816 until 1825.<ref>{{cite web|title=Corydon Capitol State Historic Site|publisher=Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites|url=https://www.indianamuseum.org/corydon-capitol-state-historic-site|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>]]
| ]
|}
Many European ] went west to settle in Indiana in the early 19th century. The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were ], as well as many immigrants from ] and ]. Americans who were primarily ] migrated from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as from the mid-Atlantic state of Pennsylvania.<ref name="The H">{{cite web |title=The History of Indiana |url=https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/indiana |access-date=July 26, 2009 |publisher=]}}</ref><ref> {{dead link|date=July 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The arrival of steamboats on the Ohio River in 1811, and the ] at Richmond in 1829, greatly facilitated settlement of northern and western Indiana.


Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a ] into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. The state's founders initiated a program, Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act, that led to the construction of roads, ]s, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans bankrupted the state and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold.<ref>{{cite web| last =Vanderstel| first =David G| title =The 1851 Indiana Constitution by David G. Vanderstel| publisher=State of Indiana| url =http://www.in.gov/history/2689.htm| accessdate =July 24, 2009 }}</ref> In response to the crisis and in order to avert another, in 1851, a second constitution was adopted. Among its provisions were a prohibition on public debt and extension of suffrage to blacks. Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a ] into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. In 1836, the state's founders initiated a program, the ], that led to the construction of roads, ]s, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans bankrupted the state and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vanderstel |first=David G |title=The 1851 Indiana Constitution by David G. Vanderstel |url=https://www.in.gov/history/2689.htm |access-date=July 24, 2009 |publisher=State of Indiana}}</ref> In response to the crisis and in order to avert another, in 1851, a second constitution was adopted. Among its provisions were a prohibition on public debt, as well as the extension of ] to African-Americans.


===Civil War=== ===Civil War and late 19th-century industry===
{{Main|Indiana in the American Civil War}} {{Main|Indiana in the American Civil War}}
During the ], Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. As the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, Indiana had soldiers participating in all of the major engagements. The state provided 126&nbsp;infantry regiments, 26&nbsp;batteries of artillery and 13&nbsp;regiments of cavalry to the cause of the Union.<ref>Funk, pp. 23–24, 163.</ref> In 1861, Indiana was assigned a quota of 7,500&nbsp;men to join the Union Army.<ref>Gray 1995, p. 156.</ref> So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana contributed 208,367&nbsp;men to fight and serve in the war. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416&nbsp;lost their lives in the conflict and over 50,000&nbsp;more were wounded.<ref>Funk, pp. 3–4.</ref> The only Civil War battle fought in Indiana was the ], which occurred during ]. The battle left 15&nbsp;dead, 40&nbsp;wounded, and 355&nbsp;captured.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Civil War; a Narrative, Red River to Appomattox|author=Foote, Shelby|publisher=Random House|year=1974|pages =343–344}}</ref> During the ], Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. Indiana was the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, and soldiers from Indiana participated in all the war's major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the ].<ref>Funk, pp. 23–24, 163.</ref>
In 1861, Indiana was assigned a ] of 7,500 soldiers to join the ].<ref>Gray 1995, p. 156.</ref> So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana had contributed 208,367 men. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives and over 50,000 more were wounded.<ref>Funk, pp. 3–4.</ref> The only Civil War conflicts fought in Indiana were the ], a bloodless capture of the city; and the ], which occurred during ] leaving 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Civil War; a Narrative, Red River to Appomattox|author=Foote, Shelby|publisher=Random House|year=1974|pages =343–344}}</ref>

{{missing information|Civil War legacy and late 19th century industry|date=January 2015}}
Indiana remained a largely agricultural state; post-war industries included food processing, such as milling grain, distilling it into alcohol, and meatpacking; building of wagons, buggies, farm machinery, and hardware. After the war, Indiana remained a largely agricultural state. Post-war industries included mining, including limestone extraction; meatpacking; food processing, such as milling grain, distilling it into alcohol; and the building of ]s, ], farm machinery, and hardware.<ref name="INdustry">{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main8.html |title=Indiana History Part 8 – Indiana Industrialization |website=centerforhistory.org |access-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707154815/http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main8.html
|archive-date=July 7, 2010}}</ref> However, the ] in the 1880s in northern Indiana led to an economic boom: the abundant and cheap fuel attracted ]; the availability of jobs, in turn, attracted new settlers from other parts of the country as well as from Europe.<ref name="Gray 1995, p. 202">Gray 1995, p. 202.</ref> This led to the rapid expansion of cities such as ], Indianapolis, and ].<ref name="INdustry"/>


===Early 20th century=== ===Early 20th century===
]. Indiana, August 1908.]]
With the onset of the industrial revolution, Indiana industry began to grow at an accelerated rate across the northern part of the state. With industrialization, workers developed labor unions and suffrage movements arose in relation to the progress of women.<ref>Gray 1995, p. 202.</ref> The ] led to rapid industrialization during the late 19th&nbsp;century by providing cheap fuel to the region.<ref>Gray 1995, p. 13.</ref> In the early 20th century, Indiana developed into a strong ] with ties to the new auto industry.<ref name="The History of Indiana"/> ], the nation's first commercially successful auto company, operated in ] until 1925. The construction of the ] and the start of auto-related industries were also related to the auto industry boom.<ref>Brill, p. 47.</ref>


The early decades of the 20th century saw Indiana develop into a leading ] with heavy industry concentrating in the north.<ref name="The H" /> In 1906 the ] created a new industrial city on Lake Michigan, ], named after ], its founding chairman. With industrialization, workers developed labor unions (their strike activities induced governor ] to declare martial law in Gary in 1919)<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Hara|first=S. Paul|title=Gary, the most American of all American cities|date=2011|publisher=Indiana Univ. Press|isbn=9780253222886|location=Bloomington, Ind. }}</ref> and a ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=John Barlow|title=Indiana: an Interpretation|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780253207548|location=Bloomington|pages=133–158}}</ref> Railroader ] of ], the Socialist candidate received 901,551 votes (6.0% of the national vote) in the 1912 presidential election.<ref name="Election1912"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406022749/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1912&f=0|date=April 6, 2019}}, ''U.S. Election Atlas'', David Leip. Retrieved January 5, 2019.</ref> Suffrage movements also arose to enfranchise women.<ref name="Gray 1995, p. 202"/>
During the 1930s, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the ]. The economic downturn had a wide-ranging negative impact on Indiana, such as the decline of urbanization. The ] further to the west resulted in many migrants fleeing into the more industrialized Midwest. Governor ]'s administration struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help the overwhelmed private charities. During his administration, spending and taxes were both cut drastically in response to the Depression, and the state government was completely reorganized. McNutt ended ] in the state and enacted the state's first income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/037.htm|title= Paul V. McNutt|publisher=County History Preservation Society|last=Branson|first=Ronald|accessdate=July 26, 2009}}</ref> World War II helped lift the economy in Indiana, as the war required steel, food and other goods that were produced in the state.<ref name="TO">Pell, p. 31.</ref> Roughly 10&nbsp;percent of Indiana's population joined the armed forces, while hundreds of industries earned war production contracts and began making war material.<ref>Gray 1995, p. 350.</ref> Indiana manufactured 4.5 percent of total United States military armaments produced during ], ranking eighth among the 48 states.<ref>] & ] ''The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis'' (1962) ] p.111</ref> The expansion of industry to meet war demands helped end the Great Depression.<ref name="TO"/>

In its earlier years, Indiana was a leader in the automobile boom. Beginning its production in ] in 1896, ] was the nation's first commercially successful auto company.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Madden|first=W. C.|title=Haynes-Apperson and America's First Practical Automobile: A History|publisher=McFarland & Co|year=2006|isbn=0786426756|location=Jefferson, N.C.}}</ref> The importance of vehicle and parts manufacture to the state was symbolized by the construction in 1909 of the ].<ref name="history">{{cite web|date=May 14, 2010|title=Indy 500: Indianapolis Motor Speedway History|url=http://www.indystar.com/article/99999999/SPORTS0107/90429082/Indy-500-Indianapolis-Motor-Speedway-history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003200022/http://www.indystar.com/article/99999999/SPORTS0107/90429082/Indy-500-Indianapolis-Motor-Speedway-history|archive-date=October 3, 2013|access-date=November 23, 2010|publisher=Indystar.com}}</ref>

In the 1920s, state politics was heavily influenced by the rise of the ]. First organized in 1915 as a branch of the ], it appealed to white Protestants alarmed by social and economic trends, including changes induced by immigration from southern and central Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Madison|first=James H.|title=The Indiana Way: A State History|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1990|isbn=9780253206091|location=Bloomington|page=292}}</ref> In the name of defending "hundred-per-cent Americanism", the Klan sought exclude from public life "], ], ], ]es, ], ], ], foreigners, and all persons it considered immoral".<ref>Martin (1992), p.190</ref>

By 1925 the Klan had 250,000 members, an estimated 30% of native-born white men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main7.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018105327/http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main7.html |publisher=Northern Indiana Center for History |title=Indiana History Part 7 |archive-date=October 18, 2008}}</ref><ref>Bodenhamer, David (1994) ''The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis,'' Indiana University Press, Bloomington, p. 879</ref> By 1925 over half the elected members of the ], the ], and many other high-ranking officials in local and state government were members of the Klan. Politicians had also learned they needed Klan endorsement to win office.<ref>{{cite book | last=Moore | first=Leonard Joseph | title=Citizen klansmen : the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928 | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | publication-place=Chapel Hill | date=1991 | isbn=0-8078-6349-1 | oclc=45727836}}</ref> That year, "Grand Dragon" ], who had begun to brag "I am the law in Indiana",<ref>{{cite book | last=Lutholtz | first=M. William | title=Grand dragon : D.C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana | publisher=Purdue University Press | publication-place=West Lafayette, Ind. | date=1991 | isbn=1-55753-010-6 | oclc=22629874}}</ref> was charged and convicted for the rape and murder of ], a young schoolteacher. Denied pardon, in 1927 Stephenson gave the '']'' lists of people the Klan had paid. Partly as a result of compounded scandal, membership collapsed.<ref name="Lutholtz2">{{cite book|last=Lutholtz|first=M. William|title=Grand Dragon: D. C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana|publisher=Purdue University Press|year=1991|isbn=1-55753-046-7|location=West Lafayette, Indiana}}</ref>

Throughout the 1930s, ] were in power and "the Klan was political poison".<ref>Martin (1992), p. 199</ref> During those years, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the ]. The economic downturn had a wide-ranging negative impact on Indiana, such as the decline of urbanization. The ] to the west led many migrants to flee to the more industrialized Midwest. Governor ]'s administration struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help overwhelmed private charities. During his administration, spending and taxes were both cut drastically in response to the Depression, and the state government was completely reorganized. McNutt ended ] in the state and enacted the state's first income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/037.htm |title=Paul V. McNutt |publisher=County History Preservation Society |last=Branson |first=Ronald |access-date=July 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204172820/http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/037.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2008 }}</ref>

] helped lift Indiana's economy, as the war required steel, food and other goods the state produced.<ref name="TO">Pell, p. 31.</ref> Roughly 10% of Indiana's population joined the armed forces, while hundreds of industries earned war production contracts and began making war material.<ref>Gray 1995, p. 350.</ref> Indiana manufactured 4.5% of total U.S. military armaments during World War{{spaces}}II, ranking eighth among the 48 states.<ref>] & ] ''The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis'' (1962) ] p.111</ref> The expansion of industry to meet war demands helped end the Great Depression.<ref name="TO" />


===Modern era=== ===Modern era===
With the conclusion of World War II, Indiana rebounded to levels of production prior to the Great Depression. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the state's cities. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow during the years after the war, exceeding five million by the 1970&nbsp;census.<ref>{{cite book|title=Economic Geography|author=Haynes, Kingsley E. & Machunda, Zachary B|year=1987|pages =319–333}}</ref> In the 1960s, the administration of ] adopted its first sales tax of two percent.<ref>Gray 1995, p. 382.</ref> Indiana schools were ] in 1949. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as 95.5% white and 4.4% black.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|accessdate=December 28, 2012}}</ref> Governor Welsh also worked with the General Assembly to pass the Indiana ] Bill, granting equal protection to minorities in seeking employment.<ref>Gray 1995, pp. 391–392.</ref>


With the conclusion of World War{{spaces}}II, Indiana rebounded to pre-Depression levels of production. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the state's cities. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow after the war, exceeding five million by the 1970 census.<ref>{{cite book|title=Economic Geography|author1=Haynes, Kingsley E. |author2=Machunda, Zachary B|year=1987|pages =319–333}}</ref> In the 1960s the administration of ] adopted its first sales tax of 2%.<ref>Gray 1995, p. 382.</ref> Indiana schools were ] in 1949. In 1950, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as 95.5% white and 4.4% black.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 25, 2008 |access-date=December 28, 2012 }}</ref> Governor Welsh also worked with the General Assembly to pass the Indiana ] Bill, granting equal protection to minorities in seeking employment.<ref>Gray 1995, pp. 391–392.</ref>
Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed. With adoption, the ] was created and the procedure of appointing justices on the courts was adjusted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/2366.htm|title=History and Origins|author=Indiana Historical Bureau| publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|accessdate=July 28, 2009}}</ref>


On December 8, 1964, a ] carrying ]s slid off an icy runway on ] in ] and caught fire during a training drill. The five nuclear weapons on board were burned, including one 9-megaton ], causing ] of the crash area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indiana's 'broken arrow' – that time 5 nuclear bombs caught on fire |url=https://eu.indystar.com/story/entertainment/2018/12/13/indianas-broken-arrow-time-5-nuclear-bombs-caught-fire/1831690002/ |work=] |date=December 13, 2018}}</ref>
The ] created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in Indiana. Companies such as ] and ] began a long series of downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in ], ], and ]. The restructuring and deindustrialization trend continued until the 1980s, when the national and state economy began to diversify and recover.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1992/02/art2full.pdf|title=Auto industry jobs in the 1980s: a decade of transition|last=Singleton|first=Christopher J.|publisher=United States Bureau of Labor Statistics|accessdate=July 28, 2009}}</ref>

Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed. With adoption, the ] was created and the procedure of appointing justices on the courts was adjusted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/2366.htm|title=History and Origins|author=Indiana Historical Bureau|publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|access-date=July 28, 2009|archive-date=May 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505101830/http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/2366.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The ] created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in Indiana. Companies such as ] and ] began a long series of downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in ], ], and ]. The restructuring and deindustrialization trend continued until the 1980s when the national and state economy began to diversify and recover.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1992/02/art2full.pdf|title=Auto industry jobs in the 1980s: a decade of transition|last=Singleton|first=Christopher J.|publisher=United States Bureau of Labor Statistics|access-date=July 28, 2009}}</ref>


==Geography== ==Geography==

{{Main|Geography of Indiana}} {{Main|Geography of Indiana}}
]<!--] "Not every image ..."-->


With a total area (land and water) of {{convert|36418|sqmi|km2}}, Indiana ranks as the 38th largest state in size.<ref name="NatAtlasProfile">{{cite web|title=Profile of the People and Land of the United States|publisher=]|url=http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html|access-date=August 17, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915153709/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html|archive-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref> The state has a maximum dimension north to south of {{convert|250|mi|km}} and a maximum east to west dimension of {{convert|145|mi|km}}.<ref>Moore, p. 11.</ref> The state's geographic center (39° 53.7'N, 86° 16.0W) is in ].<ref name=Netstate/>
] of farmland cover central Indiana.]]
], emblematic of the southern Indiana landscape.]]
] in ].]]
] near ].]]


Located in the ], Indiana is one of eight states that make up the ].<ref>{{cite web|title =NOAA's Great Lakes Region|publisher=]|date=April 25, 2007|url=http://www.regions.noaa.gov/great-lakes/|access-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> Indiana is bordered on the north by ], on the east by ], and on the west by ], partially separated by the ].<ref name="FW"/> ] borders Indiana on the northwest and the ] separates Indiana from ] on the south.<ref name=Netstate>{{cite web|title=The Geography of Indiana|publisher=Netstate|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/in_geography.htm|access-date=August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Meredith|first=Robyn|title=Big-Shouldered River Swamps Indiana Town|work=The New York Times|date=March 7, 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/07/us/big-shouldered-river-swamps-indiana-town.html|access-date=August 19, 2009}}</ref>
With a total area (land and water) of {{convert|36418|sqmi|km2}}, Indiana ranks as the 38th largest state in size.<ref name="NatAtlasProfile">{{cite web| title =Profile of the People and Land of the United States| publisher=]| url = http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html| accessdate =August 17, 2012}}</ref> The state has a maximum dimension north to south of {{convert|250|mi|km}} and a maximum east to west dimension of {{convert|145|mi|km}}.<ref>Moore, p. 11.</ref> The state's geographic center (39° 53.7'N, 86° 16.0W) is in ].<ref name=Netstate/>


===Geology and terrain===
Located in the midwestern United States, Indiana is one of eight states that make up the ].<ref>{{cite web| title =NOAA's Great Lakes Region| publisher=]| date =April 25, 2007| url =http://www.regions.noaa.gov/great-lakes/| accessdate =September 29, 2009 }}</ref> Indiana is bordered on the north by ], on the east by ], and on the west by ],<ref name="FW"/> while ] borders Indiana on the northwest and the ] separates Indiana from ] on the south.<ref name=Netstate>{{cite web |title=The Geography of Indiana |publisher=Netstate
|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/in_geography.htm |accessdate=August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last =Meredith| first =Robyn| title =Big-Shouldered River Swamps Indiana Town|work=The New York Times| date =March 7, 1997| url =http://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/07/us/big-shouldered-river-swamps-indiana-town.html| accessdate =August 19, 2009 }}</ref>


{{See also|Paleontology in Indiana|List of ecoregions in Indiana|List of wildflowers in Indiana}}
The average altitude of Indiana is about {{convert|760|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 82</ref> The highest point in the state is ] in ] at {{convert|1257|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name=NatAtlasProfile/><ref>Pell, p. 56.</ref> The lowest point at {{convert|320|ft|m}} above sea level is located in ], where the Wabash River flows into the Ohio River.<ref name= NatAtlasProfile/><ref name=Netstate/> Only {{convert|2850|sqmi|km2}} have an altitude greater than {{convert|1000|ft|m}} and this area is enclosed within 14&nbsp;counties. About {{convert|4700|sqmi|km2}} have an elevation of less than {{convert|500|ft|m}}.<ref>Moore, p. 13.</ref>
] of ], in the ]]]


The average altitude of Indiana is about {{convert|760|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 82</ref> The highest point in the state is ] in ] at {{convert|1257|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name=NatAtlasProfile/><ref>Pell, p. 56.</ref> The lowest point at {{convert|320|ft|m}} above sea level is in ], where the ] meets the ].<ref name= NatAtlasProfile/><ref name=Netstate/> The resulting ], {{convert|937|ft|m}}, is the narrowest of any non-coastal U.S. state. Only {{convert|2850|sqmi|km2}} have an altitude greater than {{convert|1000|ft|m}} and this area is enclosed within 14 counties. About {{convert|4700|sqmi|km2}} have an elevation of less than {{convert|500|ft|m}}, mostly concentrated along the Ohio and lower Wabash Valleys, from ] and ] to ] and ].<ref>Moore, p. 13.</ref>
The state includes two natural regions of the United States, the Central Lowlands and the ].<ref>Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 70</ref> The ]s make up the northern and central allotment of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by glaciers. Central Indiana is mainly flat with some low rolling hills (except where rivers cut deep valleys through the plain, like at the Wabash River and Sugar Creek) and soil composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results in exceptional farmland.<ref name="FW"/> Northern Indiana is also very similar except for the presence of higher and hillier ]s and many ]s in some regions. In ], there are various sand ridges and dunes, some reaching near 200 feet in height. These are located along the Lake Michigan shoreline and also inland to the ]. The unglaciated southern segment of the state carries a different and off-balance surface, characterized in places by profound valleys and rugged, hilly terrain much different from the rest of the state. Here, bedrock is exposed at the surface and isn't buried in glacial till like further north. There are numerous caves in the area. The soil is fertile in the valleys of southern Indiana.

The state includes two natural regions of the United States: the Central Lowlands and the ].<ref>Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 70</ref>
The ]s make up the northern and central regions of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by ]s. Central Indiana is mainly flat with some low rolling hills (except where rivers cut deep valleys through the plain, like at the Wabash River and Sugar Creek) and soil composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results in exceptional farmland.<ref name="FW"/> Northern Indiana is similar, except for the presence of higher and hillier ]s and hundreds of ]s. In ] there are various sand ridges and dunes, some reaching nearly 200 feet in height; most of them are at ]. These are along the Lake Michigan shoreline and also inland to the ].

Southern Indiana is characterized by valleys and rugged, hilly terrain, contrasting with much of the state. Here, bedrock is exposed at the surface. Because of the prevalent ], the area has many caves, caverns, and quarries.


===Hydrology=== ===Hydrology===

{{See also|List of Indiana rivers|List of dams and reservoirs in Indiana|List of lakes in Indiana|Watersheds of Indiana}} {{See also|List of Indiana rivers|List of dams and reservoirs in Indiana|List of lakes in Indiana|Watersheds of Indiana}}
] converges with the ] at ].]]


Major river systems in Indiana include the Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St. Joseph, and Maumee rivers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Indiana Geology| last=Logan |first= William N. |author2=Edgar Roscoe Cumings |author3=Clyde Arnett Malott |author4=Stephen Sargent Visher |author5=et al. | year=1922|publisher=Indiana Department of Concervation/|page=257}}</ref> According to the Indiana Department of National Resources, in 2007 there were 65 rivers, streams, and creeks of environmental interest or scenic beauty, which included only a portion of an estimated 24,000 total river miles within the state.<ref>{{cite web| title = Information Bulletin #4 (Second Amendment), Outstanding Rivers List for Indiana | publisher = Natural Resources Commission | date =May 30, 2007 | url = http://www.in.gov/legislative/register/20070530-IR-312070287NRA.xml.pdf | accessdate =August 15, 2012}}</ref> Major river systems in Indiana include the Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St. Joseph, and Maumee rivers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Indiana Geology|last=Logan|first=William N.|author2=Edgar Roscoe Cumings|author3=Clyde Arnett Malott|author4=Stephen Sargent Visher|year=1922|publisher=Indiana Department of Conservation|page=257|display-authors=etal}}</ref> According to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, as of 2007, there were 65 rivers, streams, and creeks of environmental interest or scenic beauty, which included only a portion of an estimated 24,000 total river miles within the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Information Bulletin #4 (Second Amendment), Outstanding Rivers List for Indiana|publisher=Natural Resources Commission|date=May 30, 2007|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/register/20070530-IR-312070287NRA.xml.pdf|access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref>


The ], which is the longest free-flowing river east of the ], is the official river of Indiana.<ref>{{cite news|first=Brian|last=Boyce|title=Terre Haute's Top 40: From a trickle in Ohio to the Valley's signature waterway, the Wabash River is forever a part of Terre Haute|work=Tribune-Star|date=August 29, 2009|access-date=September 24, 2009|url=http://www.tribstar.com/local/x46868269/Terre-Hautes-Top-40-From-a-trickle-in-Ohio-to-the-Valley-s-signature-waterway-the-Wabash-River-is-forever-a-part-of-Terre-Haute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jerse|first=Dorothy|title=Looking Back: Gov. Bayh signs bill making Wabash the official state river in 1996|website=Tribune-Star|date=March 4, 2006|url=http://www.tribstar.com/history/x681765834/Looking-Back-Gov-Bayh-signs-bill-making-Wabash-the-official-state-river-in-1996|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140504130549/http://www.tribstar.com/history/x681765834/Looking-Back-Gov-Bayh-signs-bill-making-Wabash-the-official-state-river-in-1996|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 4, 2014|access-date=September 7, 2009}}</ref> At {{convert|475|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest, forming part of the state's border with Illinois, before converging with the ]. The river has been the subject of several songs, such as "]", "]", and "]".<ref>{{cite news|first=Cynthia|last=Ozick|title=Miracle on Grub street; Stockholm|work=The New York Times|date=November 9, 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Hans|last=Fantel|title=Sound; CDs make their mark on the Wabash Valley|work=The New York Times|date=October 14, 1984}}</ref>
The ] forms Indiana's southern border with Kentucky. The major cities of New Albany and Evansville are located on the river.


There are about 900 lakes listed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIANA LAKES LISTING|url=http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/Indiana_Lakes_Listing_By_County_March_2007.pdf|access-date=January 26, 2015|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042424/http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/Indiana_Lakes_Listing_By_County_March_2007.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> To the northwest, Indiana borders ], one of five lakes comprising the ], the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. ], the deepest lake in the state, reaches depths at nearly {{convert|120|ft|m}}, while ] is the largest natural lake in Indiana.<ref>{{cite web |last=Leider |first=Polly |title=A Town With Backbone: Warsaw, Ind |publisher=CBS News |date=January 26, 2006 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-town-with-backbone-warsaw-ind/ |access-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> At 10,750 acres (summer pool level), ] is the largest lake in Indiana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianastateparks.reserveamerica.com/camping/monroe-lake/r/campgroundDetails.do?contractCode=IN&parkId=570050|title=Monroe Lake, IN - Indiana Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=October 25, 2022}}</ref>
The ], which is the longest free-flowing river east of the ], is the official river of Indiana.<ref>{{cite news |first=Brian M |last=Boyce |title=Terre Haute's Top 40: From a trickle in Ohio to the Valley's signature waterway, the Wabash River is forever a part of Terre Haute |work=Tribune-Star | date=August 29, 2009 | accessdate=September 24, 2009|url=http://www.tribstar.com/local/x46868269/Terre-Hautes-Top-40-From-a-trickle-in-Ohio-to-the-Valley-s-signature-waterway-the-Wabash-River-is-forever-a-part-of-Terre-Haute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last =Jerse| first =Dorothy| title =Looking Back: Gov. Bayh signs bill making Wabash the official state river in 1996|work=]| date =March 4, 2006| url =http://www.tribstar.com/history/x681765834/Looking-Back-Gov-Bayh-signs-bill-making-Wabash-the-official-state-river-in-1996| accessdate =September 7, 2009 }}</ref> At 475 miles (764&nbsp;km) in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest before flowing south, mostly along the Indiana-Illinois border. The river has been the subject of several songs, such as ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |first=Cynthia |last=Ozick |title=Miracle on Grub street; Stockholm |work=The New York Times | date=November 9, 1986 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Hans |last=Fantel |title=Sound; CDs make their mark on the Wabash Valley |work=The New York Times | date=October 14, 1984 }}</ref>

There are about 900 lakes listed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIANA LAKES LISTING|url=http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/Indiana_Lakes_Listing_By_County_March_2007.pdf|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref> To the northwest, Indiana borders Lake Michigan, where the ] operates the state's largest shipping port. ], the deepest lake in the state, reaches depths at nearly {{convert|120|ft|m}}, while ] is the largest natural lake in Indiana.<ref>{{cite web| last =Leider| first =Polly| title =A Town With Backbone: Warsaw, Ind.| publisher=]| date =January 26, 2006| url =http://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-town-with-backbone-warsaw-ind/| accessdate =September 29, 2009 }}</ref> At 10,750 acres (summer pool level), Lake Monroe Reservoir is the largest lake in Indiana.


===Climate=== ===Climate===
{{See also|List of ecoregions in Indiana}} {{further|Climate change in Indiana}}
] of Indiana, using 1991–2020 ]]]
] (2010).]]
In the past, almost all of Indiana had a ] (]), with cold winters and hot, wet summers;<ref> {{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> only the extreme southern portion of the state lay within the ] (]), which receives more precipitation than other parts of Indiana.<ref name="FW">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Indiana |encyclopedia=Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia |publisher=]}}</ref> But as of the 2016 update, about half the state is now classified as humid subtropical. Temperatures generally diverge from the north and south sections of the state. In midwinter, average high/low temperatures range from around 30{{spaces}}°F/15{{spaces}}°F (−1{{spaces}}°C/−10{{spaces}}°C) in the far north to 41{{spaces}}°F/24{{spaces}}°F (5{{spaces}}°C/−4{{spaces}}°C) in the far south.<ref name="weather.gov">{{cite web |title=NWS Climate Data |publisher=NWS |url=http://www.weather.gov/climate/ |access-date=December 23, 2010}}</ref>
] (2010).]]
Indiana has a ], with cold winters and warm, wet summers.<ref>{{cite news| last =Bridges| first =David| title =Life in Indiana&nbsp;— Telegraph Mentor|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London | date =November 28, 2007| url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/mentorsforexpats/4211551/Life-in-Indiana---Telegraph-Mentor.html| accessdate =July 4, 2009 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The extreme southern portion of the state is within the ] area and receives more precipitation than other parts of Indiana.<ref name="FW">{{cite encyclopedia| title =Indiana| encyclopedia =''Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia''| publisher=] }}</ref> Temperatures generally diverge from the north and south sections of the state. In the middle of the winter, average high/low temperatures range from around 30&nbsp;°F/15&nbsp;°F (−1&nbsp;°C/-10&nbsp;°C) in the far north to 39&nbsp;°F/22&nbsp;°F (4&nbsp;°C/-6&nbsp;°C) in the far south.<ref name="weather.gov">{{cite web| title =NWS Climate Data| publisher=NWS | url =http://www.weather.gov/climate/| accessdate =December 23, 2010 }}</ref>


In the middle of summer there is generally a little less variation across the state, as average high/low temperatures range from around 84&nbsp;°F/64&nbsp;°F (29&nbsp;°C/18&nbsp;°C) in the far north to 90&nbsp;°F/69&nbsp;°F (32&nbsp;°C/21&nbsp;°C) in the far south.<ref name="weather.gov"/> The record high temperature for the state was 116&nbsp;°F (47&nbsp;°C) set on July 14, 1936 at ]. The record low was −36&nbsp;°F (−38&nbsp;°C) on ] at ]. The ] typically spans from 155&nbsp;days in the north to 185&nbsp;days in the south.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} In midsummer there is generally a little less variation across the state, as average high/low temperatures range from around 84{{spaces}}°F/64{{spaces}}°F (29{{spaces}}°C/18{{spaces}}°C) in the far north to 90{{spaces}}°F/69{{spaces}}°F (32{{spaces}}°C/21{{spaces}}°C) in the far south.<ref name="weather.gov"/> Indiana's record high temperature was 116{{spaces}}°F (47{{spaces}}°C) set on July 14, 1936, at ]. The record low was −36{{spaces}}°F (−38{{spaces}}°C) on ] at ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stacker.com/indiana/see-most-extreme-temperatures-indiana-history|title=See the Most Extreme Temperatures in Indiana History|accessdate=November 10, 2022}}</ref> The ] typically spans from 155 days in the north to 185 days in the south.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}


While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are distributed relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from {{convert|35|in|cm}} near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to {{convert|45|in|cm}} along the Ohio River in the south, while the state's average is {{convert|40|in|cm}}. Annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from {{convert|80|in|cm}} in the northwest along Lake Michigan to {{convert|14|in|cm}} in the far south. ] accounts for roughly half of the snowfall in northwest and north central Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind. The mean wind speed is {{convert|8|mph|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web| title =Indiana&nbsp;— Climate| publisher=City-Data.com| url =http://www.city-data.com/states/Indiana-Climate.html| accessdate =July 4, 2009 }}</ref> While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are distributed relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from {{convert|35|in|cm}} near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to {{convert|45|in|cm}} along the Ohio River in the south, while the state's average is {{convert|40|in|cm}}. Annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from {{convert|80|in|cm}} in the northwest along Lake Michigan to {{convert|14|in|cm}} in the far south. ] accounts for roughly half the snowfall in northwest and north central Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind. The mean wind speed is {{convert|8|mph|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indiana – Climate |publisher=City-Data.com |url=http://www.city-data.com/states/Indiana-Climate.html |access-date=July 4, 2009}}</ref>


In a 2012 report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone states based on ] data from 1950 through 2011.<ref>{{cite web| author =Engineering Analysis Inc. | title = Mississippi Remains #1 Among Top Twenty Tornado-Prone States| publisher=mindspring.com| date =April 12, 2012| url = http://eai.home.mindspring.com/EAIprs94.html | accessdate =August 13, 2012 }}</ref> A 2011 report ranked ] 15th among the top 20 tornado-prone cities in the United States,<ref>{{cite web| author =Engineering Analysis Inc. | title = Six States Contain Twelve of the Top Twenty Tornado-Prone Cities (revised version)| publisher=mindspring.com| date =October 28, 2011| url = http://www.mindspring.com/~eai/EAIprs01.html | accessdate =August 13, 2012 }}</ref> while another report from 2011 ranked ] eighth.<ref>{{cite web| last=Kellogg | first=Becky | title = Tornado Expert Ranks Top Tornado Cities | publisher=The Weather Channel| date =March 8, 2011 | url = http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/severe-weather/articles/top-tornado-cities_2011-03-08?page=2 | accessdate =August 13, 2012 }}</ref><ref>In an earlier 2008 report, Indiana was listed as one of the most tornado-prone states in the United States, ranking sixth, while South Bend was ranked the 14th most tornado-prone city in the country, ahead of cities such as ], Texas, and ]. See {{cite web| last =Mecklenburg| first =Rick| title =Is Indiana the new Tornado Alley?| publisher=SouthBendTribune.com | date =May 1, 2008| url =http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2008-05-01/news/26911876_1_tornado-track-damaging-winds-and-tornadoes-indiana| accessdate =August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>In a published list of the most tornado-prone states and cities in April 2008, Indiana came in first and South Bend ranked 16th. See {{cite web| last =Henderson| first =Mark| title =Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced| publisher=]| date =May 2, 2008| url =http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html| accessdate =August 17, 2009 }}</ref> Despite its vulnerability, Indiana is not a part of ].<ref>{{cite web| last =Henderson| first =Mark| title =Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced| publisher=]| date =May 2, 2008| url =http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html| accessdate =August 17, 2009 }}</ref> In a 2012 report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone states based on ] data from 1950 through 2011.<ref>{{cite web |author=Engineering Analysis Inc. |title=Mississippi Remains #1 Among Top Twenty Tornado-Prone States |publisher=mindspring.com |date=April 12, 2012 |url=http://eai.home.mindspring.com/EAIprs94.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084151/http://eai.home.mindspring.com/EAIprs94.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> A 2011 report ranked ] 15th among the top 20 tornado-prone U.S. cities,<ref>{{cite web|author=Engineering Analysis Inc. |title=Six States Contain Twelve of the Top Twenty Tornado-Prone Cities (revised version) |publisher=mindspring.com |date=October 28, 2011 |url=http://www.mindspring.com/~eai/EAIprs01.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084146/http://www.mindspring.com/~eai/EAIprs01.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> while another report from 2011 ranked ] eighth.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kellogg |first=Becky |title=Tornado Expert Ranks Top Tornado Cities |publisher=The Weather Channel |date=March 8, 2011 |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/severe-weather/articles/top-tornado-cities_2011-03-08?page=2 |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108002946/http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/severe-weather/articles/top-tornado-cities_2011-03-08?page=2 |archive-date=November 8, 2012}}</ref>{{efn|In a 2008 report, Indiana was listed as one of the most tornado-prone states, ranking sixth, while South Bend was ranked the 14th most tornado-prone U.S. city, ahead of cities such as ], Texas, and ]. See {{cite web |last=Mecklenburg |first=Rick |title=Is Indiana the new Tornado Alley? |publisher=SouthBendTribune.com |date=May 1, 2008 |url=http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2008-05-01/news/26911876_1_tornado-track-damaging-winds-and-tornadoes-indiana |access-date=August 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084147/http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2008-05-01/news/26911876_1_tornado-track-damaging-winds-and-tornadoes-indiana |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=dead }}}}{{efn|In a published list of the most tornado-prone states and cities in April 2008, Indiana came in first and South Bend ranked 16th. See {{cite web |last=Henderson |first=Mark |title=Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced |publisher=] |date=May 2, 2008 |url=http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |access-date=August 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109034652/http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |archive-date=November 9, 2008}}}}Despite its vulnerability, Indiana is not part of ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Henderson |first=Mark |title=Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced |publisher=] |date=May 2, 2008 |url=http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |access-date=August 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109034652/http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |archive-date=November 9, 2008}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"| {| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"|Average Precipitation in Indiana<ref name="Indiana Climate Norms">{{cite web|url=http://www.agry.purdue.edu/climate/facts.aspgif|publisher=Indiana State Climate Office|title=Climate Facts|accessdate=May 29, 2009}}</ref> | colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"|Average precipitation in Indiana<ref name="Indiana Climate Norms">{{cite web |url=http://www.agry.purdue.edu/climate/facts.aspgif |publisher=Indiana State Climate Office |title=Climate Facts |access-date=May 29, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609122559/http://www.agry.purdue.edu/climate/facts.aspgif |archive-date=June 9, 2011 }}</ref>
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Jan ! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Jan
Line 245: Line 309:
| 3.13 | 3.13
|41.49 |41.49
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Indiana<ref name="Indiana climate averages">{{cite web |title=Indiana climate averages |url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=IN&statename=Indiana-United-States-of-America |access-date=November 12, 2015 |publisher=Weatherbase}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°F)
!July (°C)
!January (°F)
!January (°C)
|-
|] || 85/66 || 29/19 || 35/20 || 2/−6
|-
|] || 84/62 || 29/17 || 32/17 || 0/−8
|-
|] || 88/67 || 31/19 || 41/24 || 5/−4
|-
|] || 83/63 || 28/17 || 32/18 || 0/−8
|-
|] || 87/65 || 30/18 || 39/21 || 4/−6
|-
|] || 84/62 || 29/17 || 31/14 || 0/−10
|-
|] || 85/64 || 29/18 || 34/19 || 1/−7
|} |}


===Time zones=== ===Time zones===

]
{{Main|Time in Indiana}} {{Main|Time in Indiana}}
Indiana is one of thirteen U.S. states that is divided into more than one time zone. Indiana's ]s have fluctuated over the past century. At present most of the state observes ]; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville observe ]. Debate continues on the matter.


Indiana is one of 13 U.S. states that are divided into more than one time zone. Indiana's ]s have fluctuated over the past century. At present most of the state observes ]; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville observe ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timetemperature.com/tzus/indiana_time_zone.shtml|title=Indiana Time Zone|website=www.timetemperature.com}}</ref> Debate continues on the matter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/usa/indiana|title=Time Zones in Indiana, United States|website=www.timeanddate.com}}</ref>
Before 2006, most of Indiana did not observe ] (DST). Some counties within this area, particularly ], ], and ] counties near ], and ] and ] counties near ], Ohio, unofficially observed DST by local custom. Since April 2006 the entire state observes DST.

Before 2006, most of Indiana did not observe ] (DST). Some counties within this area, particularly ], ], and ] counties near ], and ] and ] counties near ], Ohio, unofficially observed DST by local custom. Since April 2006 the entire state observes DST.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/usa/indiana|title=Daylight Saving Time 2022 in Indiana, United States|accessdate=November 11, 2022}}</ref>


==Indiana counties and statistical areas== === Indiana counties and statistical areas ===
{{See also|List of counties in Indiana|Indiana statistical areas}} {{See also|List of counties in Indiana|Indiana statistical areas}}
Indiana is divided into 92 ]. As of 2010, the state includes 16 ] and 25 ]s, 117 incorporated cities, 450 towns, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas.<ref name=GeoCensus/><ref>A 2008 news report indicated there were 13&nbsp;metropolitan areas in Indiana. See {{cite web| last =Dresang| first =Joel| title =Automaking down, unemployment up|work=]| date =July 30, 2008| url =http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/business/52021282.html| accessdate =August 14, 2009 }}</ref> ] and Indianapolis have a ].<ref name=GeoCensus/>


Indiana is divided into 92 ]. {{as of|2010}}, the state includes 16 ] and 25 ]s, 117 incorporated cities, 450 towns, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas.<ref name=GeoCensus/>{{efn|A 2008 news report indicated there were 13 metropolitan areas in Indiana. See {{cite web| last =Dresang| first =Joel| title =Automaking down, unemployment up|website=]| date =July 30, 2008| url =http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/business/52021282.html| access-date =August 14, 2009 }}}} ] and Indianapolis have a ].<ref name=GeoCensus/>
===Major cities===
{{See also|List of cities in Indiana|List of towns in Indiana}}
Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana and its largest city.<ref name=GeoCensus>{{cite web|title=Guide to 2010 Census State and Local Geography - Indiana | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | date =April 21, 2014 | url=http://www.census.gov/geo/reference/guidestloc/st18_in.html | accessdate=August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>Indiana's territorial capitals were ] and later ], which also became Indiana's first ] when it became a state.</ref> Indiana's four largest metropolitan areas are Indianapolis, ], ], and South Bend.<ref name=STATSIN>{{cite web|title=Indiana | publisher = Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business | url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_changer=18000&button1=Get+Profile&id=2&page_path=Area+Profiles&path_id=11&panel_number=1 | accessdate=August 14, 2012}}</ref> The table below lists the ten largest municipalities in the state based on the 2012 United States Census Estimate.<ref name="census.gov">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/main.html|title=American FactFinder|work=census.gov|accessdate=February 24, 2015}}</ref>


{{Largest cities ==== Major cities ====
{{See also|List of municipalities in Indiana}}
| name = Indiana's largest cities
| country = Indiana (U.S. state){{!}}Indiana
| stat_ref = http://factfinder2.census.gov/main.html Factfinder2.census.gov
| list_by_pop =
| class = nav
| div_name =
| div_link = Counties of Indiana{{!}}County


Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana and its largest city.<ref name=GeoCensus>{{cite web|title=Guide to 2010 Census State and Local Geography – Indiana | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | date =April 21, 2014 | url=https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/guidestloc/st18_in.html | access-date=August 13, 2012}}</ref>{{efn|Indiana's territorial capitals were ] and later ], which also became Indiana's first ] when it became a state.}} Indiana's four largest metropolitan areas are ], ], ], and ].<ref name=STATSIN>{{cite web|title=Indiana | publisher = Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business | url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_changer=18000&button1=Get+Profile&id=2&page_path=Area+Profiles&path_id=11&panel_number=1 | access-date=August 14, 2012}}</ref> The table below lists the state's twenty largest municipalities based on the 2020 United States census.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.indiana.edu/index.asp|title=Census in Indiana|website=www.census.indiana.edu}}</ref>

{{Largest cities
| country = Indiana
| stat_ref = Source: 2020 United States census<ref name="auto"/>
| list_by_pop =
| div_name =
| div_link = Counties of Indiana{{!}}County
| city_1 = Indianapolis, Indiana{{!}}Indianapolis | city_1 = Indianapolis, Indiana{{!}}Indianapolis
| div_1 = Marion County, Indiana{{!}}Marion | div_1 = Marion County, Indiana{{!}}Marion
| pop_1 = 834,852 | pop_1 = 887,642
| img_1 = Downtown indy from crown hill.JPG | img_1 = Indianapolis-1872528.jpg

| city_2 = Fort Wayne, Indiana{{!}}Fort Wayne | city_2 = Fort Wayne, Indiana{{!}}Fort Wayne
| div_2 = Allen County, Indiana{{!}}Allen | div_2 = Allen County, Indiana{{!}}Allen
| pop_2 = 254,555 | pop_2 = 263,886
| img_2 = Downtown Fort Wayne, Indiana Skyline from Old Fort, May 2014.jpg | img_2 = Downtown Fort Wayne, Indiana Skyline from Old Fort, May 2014.jpg

| city_3 = Evansville, Indiana{{!}}Evansville | city_3 = Evansville, Indiana{{!}}Evansville
| div_3 = Vanderburgh County, Indiana{{!}}Vanderburgh | div_3 = Vanderburgh County, Indiana{{!}}Vanderburgh
| pop_3 = 120,235 | pop_3 = 117,298
| img_3 = Evansvilleskyline.jpg | img_3 = Evilleriverfront.jpg

| city_4 = South Bend, Indiana{{!}}South Bend | city_4 = South Bend, Indiana{{!}}South Bend
| div_4 = St. Joseph County, Indiana{{!}}St. Joseph | div_4 = St. Joseph County, Indiana{{!}}St. Joseph
| pop_4 = 100,800 | pop_4 = 103,453
| img_4 = South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg | img_4 = South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg
| city_5 = Carmel, Indiana{{!}}Carmel

| city_5 = Bloomington, Indiana{{!}}Bloomington | div_5 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton
| pop_5 = 99,757
| div_5 = Monroe County, Indiana{{!}}Monroe
| pop_5 = 83,565
| img_5 = | img_5 =

| city_6 = Fishers, Indiana{{!}}Fishers | city_6 = Fishers, Indiana{{!}}Fishers
| div_6 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton | div_6 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton
| pop_6 = 81,833 | pop_6 = 98,977
| img_6 = | img_6 =
| city_7 = Bloomington, Indiana{{!}}Bloomington

| city_7 = Carmel, Indiana{{!}}Carmel | div_7 = Monroe County, Indiana{{!}}Monroe
| pop_7 = 79,168
| div_7 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton
| pop_7 = 81,564 | img_7 =
| img_7 =

| city_8 = Hammond, Indiana{{!}}Hammond | city_8 = Hammond, Indiana{{!}}Hammond
| div_8 = Lake County, Indiana{{!}}Lake | div_8 = Lake County, Indiana{{!}}Lake
| pop_8 = 79,686 | pop_8 = 77,879
| img_8 = | img_8 =
| city_9 = Lafayette, Indiana{{!}}Lafayette

| city_9 = Gary, Indiana{{!}}Gary | div_9 = Tippecanoe County, Indiana{{!}}Tippecanoe
| pop_9 = 70,783
| div_9 = Lake County, Indiana{{!}}Lake
| pop_9 = 79,170 | img_9 =
| city_10 = Noblesville, Indiana{{!}}Noblesville
| img_9 =
| div_10 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton

| pop_10 = 69,604
| city_10 = Muncie, Indiana{{!}}Muncie
| div_10 = Delaware County, Indiana{{!}}Delaware
| pop_10 = 70,087
| img_10 = | img_10 =
| city_11 = Gary, Indiana{{!}}Gary
| div_11 = Lake County, Indiana{{!}}Lake
| pop_11 = 69,093
| img_11 =
| city_12 = Muncie, Indiana{{!}}Muncie
| div_12 = Delaware County, Indiana{{!}}Delaware
| pop_12 = 65,194
| img_12 =
| city_13 = Greenwood, Indiana{{!}}Greenwood
| div_13 = Johnson County, Indiana{{!}}Johnson
| pop_13 = 63,830
| img_13 =
| city_14 = Kokomo, Indiana{{!}}Kokomo
| div_14 = Howard County, Indiana{{!}}Howard
| pop_14 = 59,604
| img_14 =
| city_15 = Terre Haute, Indiana{{!}}Terre Haute
| div_15 = Vigo County, Indiana{{!}}Vigo
| pop_15 = 58,389
| img_15 =
| city_16 = Anderson, Indiana{{!}}Anderson
| div_16 = Madison County, Indiana{{!}}Madison
| pop_16 = 54,788
| img_16 =
| city_17 = Elkhart, Indiana{{!}}Elkhart
| div_17 = Elkhart County, Indiana{{!}}Elkhart
| pop_17 = 53,923
| img_17 =
| city_18 = Mishawaka, Indiana{{!}}Mishawaka
| div_18 = St. Joseph County, Indiana{{!}}St. Joseph
| pop_18 = 51,063
| img_18 =
| city_19 = Columbus, Indiana{{!}}Columbus
| div_19 = Bartholomew County, Indiana{{!}}Bartholomew
| pop_19 = 50,474
| img_19 =
| city_20 = Jeffersonville, Indiana{{!}}Jeffersonville
| div_20 = Clark County, Indiana{{!}}Clark
| pop_20 = 49,447
| img_20 =
}} }}


==Demographics== ==Demographics==

===Population=== ===Population===

]
]
{{US Census population {{US Census population
|1800= 2632 | 1800 = 2632
|1810= 24520 | 1810 = 24520
|1820= 147178 | 1820 = 147178
|1830= 343031 | 1830 = 343031
|1840= 685866 | 1840 = 685866
|1850= 988416 | 1850 = 988416
|1860= 1350428 | 1860 = 1350428
|1870= 1680637 | 1870 = 1680637
|1880= 1978301 | 1880 = 1978301
|1890= 2192404 | 1890 = 2192404
|1900= 2516462 | 1900 = 2516462
|1910= 2700876 | 1910 = 2700876
|1920= 2930390 | 1920 = 2930390
|1930= 3238503 | 1930 = 3238503
|1940= 3427796 | 1940 = 3427796
|1950= 3934224 | 1950 = 3934224
|1960= 4662498 | 1960 = 4662498
|1970= 5193669 | 1970 = 5193669
|1980= 5490224 | 1980 = 5490224
|1990= 5544159 | 1990 = 5544159
|2000= 6080485 | 2000 = 6080485
|2010= 6483802 | 2010 = 6483802
| 2020 = 6785528
|estimate= 6596855
|estyear= 2014 | estyear = 2024
| estimate = 6924275
|align-fn=center
|footnote=Source: 1910–2010<ref>{{cite web|author=Resident Population Data |url=http://www.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=Resident Population Data – 2010 Census |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=December 23, 2012}}{{dead link|date=January 2013}}</ref><br />2014 estimate<ref name=PopEstUS/> | estref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=QuickFacts: Indiana |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/IN | website=Census.gov | publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 20, 2024}}</ref>
| align-fn = center
| footnote = Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}} }}


Indiana recorded a population of 6,785,528 in the ], a 4.65% increase since the ].<ref name="2020 U.S. Census"/>
The ] estimates that the population of Indiana was 6,596,855 on July 1, 2014, a 1.74% increase since the ].<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2014/tables/NST-EST2014-01.csv|format=CSV|title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|date=January 2, 2015|publisher=]|accessdate=January 2, 2015}}</ref>


The state's population density was 181.0&nbsp;persons per square mile, the 16th highest in the United States.<ref name="GeoCensus"/> As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana's population center is located northwest of Sheridan, in ] (+40.149246, -086.259514).<ref name=GeoCensus/><ref>{{cite web| title = 2010 Census Centers of Population by state | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | url = http://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt | accessdate =August 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>Over the previous decade, Indiana's population center has shifted slightly to the northwest. In the 2000 U.S. Census, Indiana's ] was located in ], in the town of ]. See {{cite web | title=Population and Population Centers by State | publisher=United States Census Bureau | url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt | accessdate=November 21, 2006}}</ref> The state's population density was 181.0 persons per square mile, the 16th-highest in the United States.<ref name="GeoCensus"/> As of the 2010 U.S. census, Indiana's population center is northwest of Sheridan, in ] (+40.149246, −086.259514).<ref name=GeoCensus/><ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Census Centers of Population by state |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt |access-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025307/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|Over the previous decade, Indiana's population center has shifted slightly to the northwest. In the 2000 U.S. Census, Indiana's ] was located in ], in the town of ]. See {{cite web |title=Population and Population Centers by State |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |access-date=November 21, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508041813/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=May 8, 2013}}}}


In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties.<ref>{{cite web| title =Metro and Nonmetro Counties in Indiana| publisher=Rural Policy Research Institute| url =http://www.rupri.org/Forms/Indiana.pdf| accessdate =October 10, 2009 }}</ref> In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metro and Nonmetro Counties in Indiana |publisher=Rural Policy Research Institute |url=http://www.rupri.org/Forms/Indiana.pdf |access-date=October 10, 2009 |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304144932/http://www.rupri.org/Forms/Indiana.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


According to ]'s 2022 ], there were an estimated 5,449 ] people in Indiana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}</ref>
===Racial and ethnic diversity===
The racial makeup of the state (based on the 2011 population estimate) was:
* 86.8% ] (81.3% ], 5.5% ])
* 9.4% ]
* 1.7% ]
* 1.7% biracial or multi-racial
* 0.4% ]
* 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders.<ref name="CAT"/>


In 2018, the top countries of origin for Indiana's immigrants were ], ], ], ], and the ].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_indiana.pdf|title=Immigrants in Indiana}}</ref>
] or ] of any race made up 6.2% of the population.<ref name="CAT">{{cite web| title =Indiana QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau| publisher=United States Census Bureau| url =http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html| accessdate =August 13, 2012}}</ref> The Hispanic population is Indiana's fastest growing ethnic minority.<ref name="POP">{{cite web| last =Greninger| first =Howard| title =Vigo County's population on the rise|work=Tribune-Star| date =May 19, 2007| url =http://www.tribstar.com/local/local_story_139235811.html| accessdate =October 10, 2009 }}</ref> 28.2% of Indiana's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups (note: children born to ]s are counted as minority group).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot|last=Exner|first=Rich|date=June 3, 2012|work=]}}</ref>


===Ancestry===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
]
|+ '''Indiana Racial Breakdown of Population'''
{| font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Ethnic composition as of the ]
|- |-
! Race and ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census
! Racial composition !! 1990<ref></ref> !! 2000<ref></ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/2010census/data/|title=2010 Census Data|work=census.gov|accessdate=February 24, 2015}}</ref>
|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 26, 2021}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Alone
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|- |-
| ]
| ] || 90.6% || 87.5% || 84.3%
|align=right| {{bartable|75.5|%|2||background:gray}}
|align=right| {{bartable|79.1|%|2||background:gray}}
|- |-
| ] || 7.8% || 8.4% || 9.1% | ]
|align=right| {{bartable|9.4|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|align=right| {{bartable|10.8|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|- |-
| ]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}}
| ] || 0.7% || 1.0% || 1.6%
|align=right| {{bartable}}
|align=right| {{bartable|8.2|%|2||background:green}}
|- |-
| ] || 0.2% || 0.3% || 0.3% | ]
|align=right| {{bartable|2.5|%|2||background:purple}}
|align=right| {{bartable|3.1|%|2||background:purple}}
|- |-
| ] and <br />] || - || - || - | ]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.2|%|2||background:gold}}
|align=right| {{bartable|1.6|%|2||background:gold}}
|- |-
| ]
| ] || 0.7% || 1.6% || 2.7%
|align=right| {{bartable|0.04|%|2||background:pink}}
|align=right| {{bartable|0.2|%|2||background:pink}}
|- |-
| Other
| ] || - || 1.2% || 2.0%
|align=right| {{bartable|0.4|%|2||background:brown}}
|align=right| {{bartable|1.1|%|2||background:brown}}
|} |}


{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
===Age and gender===
|+ '''Indiana racial breakdown of population'''
Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the state's population is under the age of five, 24.5% is under the age of 18, and 13.2% is 65 years of age or older.<ref name="CAT"/> From the 2010 U.S. Census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is 37.0&nbsp;years.<ref name=AmFacts>{{cite web| title =Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010; 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1) for Indiana | publisher=United States Census Bureau| url =http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html| accessdate =August 13, 2012 }}</ref>

===Ancestry===
] is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 22.7% of the population reporting that ancestry in the Census. Persons citing ] (12.0%) and ] ancestry (8.9%) are also numerous, as are ] (10.8%) and ] (3.0%).<ref>{{cite web| title =DP-2. Profile of Selected Social Characteristics: 2000| publisher=United States Census Bureau| url =http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US18&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP2&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-redoLog=false | accessdate =October 17, 2009 }}</ref> Most of those citing American ancestry are actually of ] descent, but have family that has been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early ], that they identify simply as American.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&pg=PA57 |title=Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America |first=Dominic J. |last=Pulera |year=2004 |location=New York |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0-8264-1643-8 |page=57 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Reynolds |last=Farley |title=The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us? |journal=Demography |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=1991 |pages=411–429 |doi=10.2307/2061465 |pmid=1936376 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Stanley |last=Lieberson |first2=Lawrence |last2=Santi |title=The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns |journal=Social Science Research |volume=14 |issue=1 |year=1985 |pages=31–56 |doi=10.1016/0049-089X(85)90011-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Stanley |last=Lieberson |first2=Mary C. |last2=Waters |title=Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=487 |issue=79 |year=1986 |pages=79–91 |doi=10.1177/0002716286487001004 }}</ref> In the 1980 census 1,776,144 people claimed German ancestry, 1,356,135 claimed English ancestry and 1,017,944 claimed Irish ancestry out of a total population of 4,241,975 making the state 42% German, 32% English and 24% Irish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3 |format=PDF |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}</ref>

===Population growth and decline===
Population growth since 1990&nbsp;has been concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the top five fastest-growing counties in that area: ], ], ], and ]. The other county is ], which is near ], ]. Hamilton County has also been the fastest growing county in the area consisting of Indiana and its bordering states of ], ], ] and ], and is the 20th fastest growing county in the country.<ref>{{cite web| last =Rainey| first =Joan P| title =Hamilton and Other Suburban Counties Lead the State in Population Growth| publisher=Indiana University| year =2000| url =http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2000/summer00/01.pdf| accessdate =October 17, 2009 }}</ref>

====Cities and towns====
] is the state capital and largest city in Indiana.]]

With a population of 829,817, ] is by far the largest city in Indiana and 12th largest in the United States, according to the 2010 Census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: ] (253,617), ] (117,429) and ] (101,168).{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} Since 2000, ] has seen the largest population rise amongst the state's 20&nbsp;largest cities with an increase of 100&nbsp;percent.<ref name="Nevers">{{cite web| last =Nevers| first =Kevin| title =Duneland population growth rate slows a bit in 2007 Census estimates|work=Chesterton Tribune| date =July 11, 2008| url =http://chestertontribune.com/Duneland%20Community%20News/7112%20duneland_population_growth_rate.htm| accessdate =August 5, 2009 }}</ref>

] and ] have seen the largest population declines regarding the top 20&nbsp;largest cities since 2000, with a decrease of 6.8&nbsp;and 21.0&nbsp;percent respectively.<ref name="Nevers"/> Other cities that have seen extensive growth since 2000&nbsp;are ] (39.4&nbsp;percent), ] (81&nbsp;percent), ] (21.4&nbsp;percent) and ] (9.3&nbsp;percent). Meanwhile, ] (−4.2&nbsp;percent), ] (−4&nbsp;percent) and ] (−3.9&nbsp;percent) are cities that have seen the steepest decline in population in the state.<ref>{{cite press release| title =Indiana sees big gains in population among certain cities and towns| publisher=Indiana University| date =July 10, 2008| url =http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/8512.html| accessdate =August 15, 2009 }}</ref>

Indianapolis has largest population of the state's ]s and ] in the country.<ref>{{cite web| title =Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas| publisher=]| url =http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-01.csv| accessdate =August 14, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> The ] encompasses ] and nine surrounding counties in central Indiana.

===Median household income in Indiana===
{{See also|Indiana locations by per capita income}}
As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana's median household income was $44,616, ranking it 36th among the United States and the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |title = Overview for Indiana | publisher=Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business |date =August 1, 2012 |url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/uspr/a/us_profile_frame.html |accessdate =August 14, 2012}}</ref> In 2005, the median household income for Indiana residents was $43,993. Nearly 498,700&nbsp;Indiana households had incomes from $50,000&nbsp;to $74,999, accounting for 20% of all households.<ref name="Justis 2006">{{cite web| last =Justis| first =Rachel M| title =Household Income Varies by Region and Race| publisher=Indiana University| year =2006| url =http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2006/fall/article2.html| accessdate =October 29, 2009 }}</ref>

Hamilton County's median household income is nearly $35,000&nbsp;higher than the Indiana average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with less than 250,000&nbsp;people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson County at $56,251.<ref name="Justis 2006"/>

===Religion===
{| class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" style="margin-left:1em; float:right"
|+ style="font-size:100%" | Religious affiliation in Indiana (2008)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf|work=Pew Forum |title= Religious Affiliation by State in the Midwest | type=PDF |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>
|- |-
! Racial composition !! 1990<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |date=July 25, 2008 |access-date=September 2, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=July 25, 2008}}</ref> !! 2000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusviewer.com/state/IN |title=Population of Indiana – Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts – CensusViewer |website=censusviewer.com |access-date=September 2, 2017 |archive-date=August 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817204641/http://censusviewer.com/state/IN |url-status=dead }}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=2010 Census Data |website=census.gov |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref>!! 2020<ref name="2020DP1">{{Cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US18 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Indiana |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 2, 2024}}</ref>
! Affiliation
! colspan="2"|% of Indiana population
|- |-
| ] || 90.6% || 87.5% || 84.3% || 77.2%
| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|80||2||background:darkblue}}
|- |-
| ] || 7.8% || 8.4% || 9.1% || 9.6%
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|34||2||background:mediumblue}}
|- |-
| ] || 0.7% || 1.0% || 1.6% || 2.5%
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|22||2||background:mediumblue}}
|- |-
| ] || 0.2% || 0.3% || 0.3% || 0.4%
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|18||2||background:mediumblue}}
|- |-
| ] and{{break}}] || – || – || – || –
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|6||2||background:mediumblue}}
|- |-
| ] || 0.7% || 1.6% || 2.7% || 3.9%
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|- |-
| ] || – || 1.2% || 2.0% || 6.4%
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Other Christianity
|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| Other Faiths
|align=right| '''{{bartable|1||2||background:darkgreen}}
|-
| ]
|align=right| '''{{bartable|16||2||background:purple}}
|-
| Don't Know/No Answer
|align=right| '''{{bartable|0.5||2||background:darkorange}}
|-
| '''Total''' || '''{{bartable|100||2||background:grey}}'''
|} |}
Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Catholic (747,706&nbsp;members), most of the population are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2010&nbsp;was the ] with 355,043.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/18/rcms2010_18_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |accessdate=November 12, 2013}}</ref> A study by the Graduate Center found that 20&nbsp;percent are Roman Catholic, 14&nbsp;percent belong to different ] churches, 10&nbsp;percent are other Christians, nine percent are ], and six percent are ]. The study found that 16% of Indiana is affiliated with ].<ref>{{cite web | title=American Religious Identification Survey | publisher=] | url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm | accessdate=December 25, 2006}}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref>


] is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 18.8% of the population reporting that ancestry in the census. Persons listing themselves as ] (7.2%) and those of ] ancestry (11.1%) are also numerous, as are ] (9.8%) and ] (2.6%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B04006 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=04000US18&primary_geo_id=04000US18 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref> Most of those citing American ancestry are actually of European descent, including many of ] descent, but have family that has been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early ], that they identify simply as American.<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books|SVoAXh-dNuYC|page=PA57|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America |first=Dominic J. |last=Pulera |year=2004 |location=New York |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-1643-8 |page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Reynolds |last=Farley |title=The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us? |journal=Demography |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=1991 |pages=411–429 |doi=10.2307/2061465 |pmid=1936376 |jstor=2061465|s2cid=41503995 |doi-access=free |issn=0070-3370 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Stanley |last1=Lieberson |first2=Lawrence |last2=Santi |title=The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns |journal=Social Science Research |volume=14 |issue=1 |year=1985 |pages=31–56 |doi=10.1016/0049-089X(85)90011-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Stanley |last1=Lieberson |first2=Mary C. |last2=Waters |title=Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=487 |issue=79 |year=1986 |pages=79–91 |doi=10.1177/0002716286487001004|s2cid=60711423 }}</ref> In the 1980 census 1,776,144 people claimed German ancestry, 1,356,135 claimed English ancestry and 1,017,944 claimed Irish ancestry out of a total population of 4,241,975 making the state 42% German, 32% English and 24% Irish.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3 |access-date=December 10, 2011}}</ref>
Indiana is home to the ], one of two ]s in the United States and one of 11&nbsp;in the world. The ] has one of its two seminaries in Fort Wayne. Two conservative denominations, the ] and the ], have their headquarters in Indianapolis as does the ].<ref>Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 696</ref><ref>Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 416.</ref>


The state is home to a growing Hispanic population, making up 7.8% of the total population. The largest Hispanic ancestry in the state is Mexican (5.3%), making up a large majority of the Hispanic population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B03001 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03001&geo_ids=04000US18&primary_geo_id=04000US18 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}</ref>
The ] maintains offices and publishing work in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LC&p_theme=lc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10307DEBAC918D95&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Forever Young: Lititz pastor retires after 33 years at Grace Brethren|date=June 4, 2004|publisher='']''|accessdate=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref> ] serves as the home to the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FW&s_site=fortwayne&p_multi=FW&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10547EC7A86111BF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Future of the faith, Area church weighs merger as a way to aid denomination|date=September 22, 2004|work=]|accessdate=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref> ] is home to the headquarters of the ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neff|first=David|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/marchweb-only/113-12.0.html|title=Holiness Without the Legalism|date=March 27, 2006|work=]|accessdate=August 15, 2009}}</ref> The headquarters of the ] is located in Fort Wayne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FW&s_site=fortwayne&p_multi=FW&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FE07B25E8E7E2E5&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Volunteers add to church, They construct buildings for the Missionary Church.|date=October 6, 2003|work=The News-Sentinel|accessdate=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref>


The majority (62%) of the state's ] population is concentrated in Marion and Lake counties, in and around the cities of ] and ].<ref></ref>
The ] of the ], the largest branch of American Quakerism, is based in ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earlham.edu/Q/brochure1/#did_you_know|title=Quakers of Richmond and Wayne County, Indiana|publisher=]|accessdate=August 15, 2009}}</ref> which also houses the oldest Quaker seminary in the United States, the ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Amy Lyles|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7780491|title=The Guts to Keep Going|publisher=]|accessdate=August 15, 2009}}</ref> The ] is headquartered in ].<ref>{{cite news|author=Associated Press|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-02-02-muslims-obama_N.htm|title=Are American Muslims 'under more scrutiny' with Obama?|work=USA Today|date=February 2, 2009|accessdate=August 15, 2009}}</ref>
Indiana has 100,000 Muslims and 17,000 Jews.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}


===Population growth===
==Law and government==
]
{{Main|Government of Indiana}}
[[File:Indiana counties by race.svg|thumb|Map of counties in Indiana by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census
{{See also|United States congressional delegations from Indiana|Indiana's congressional districts}}
{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}


'''Non-Hispanic White'''
], ].]]
] in Indianapolis has been the seat of state government since 1888.]]
Indiana has a constitutional democratic republican form of government with three branches: the executive, including an elected governor and lieutenant governor; the legislative, consisting of an elected two-house General Assembly; and the judicial, the Supreme Court of Indiana, the Indiana Court of Appeals and circuit courts.
The ] serves as the chief executive of the state and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the ] are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrent with United States presidential elections (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, etc.).<ref name="ST"/> The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The governor works with the ] and the ] to govern the state and has the authority to adjust the other branches. Special sessions of the General Assembly can be called upon by the governor as well as have the power to select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the ] or the ] in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority.<ref name="ST">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.in.us/portal/files/WebPageFactsBooklet.pdf|title=Indiana Facts|publisher=State of Indiana|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}</ref><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 10.</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 5| date =February 25, 1999| publisher=Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-5.html|accessdate =August 3, 2009 }}</ref> The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate and is responsible for ensuring that the senate rules are acted in accordance with by its constituents. The lieutenant governor can only vote to break ties. If the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor.<ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 13.</ref>


{{legend|#cc4125|50–60%}}
The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member ] and 100-member ]. The Senate is the ] of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the ].<ref name="ST"/> The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and House of Representatives can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but must be passed by both houses before they can be submitted to the Governor.<ref name="For">{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 4| date =February 25, 1999| publisher=Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-4.html|accessdate =August 3, 2009 }}</ref> The legislature can nullify a veto from the governor with a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and House of Representatives.<ref name="ST"/> Each law passed by the General Assembly must be used without exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets only a particular community.<ref name="For"/><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 11</ref> The General Assembly can manage the state's judiciary system by arranging the size of the courts and the bounds of their districts. It also can oversee the activities of the executive branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to alter the Indiana Constitution.<ref name="For"/><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 14.</ref>


{{legend|#a61c00|60–70%}}
The ] is made up of five judges with a ] composed of 15&nbsp;judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeal courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-year term.<ref name="ST"/> In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have ] and can only hear cases that are petitioned to the court following being heard in lower courts. Local circuit courts are where the majority of cases begin with a trial and the consequence decided by the jury. The Supreme Court does have original and sole jurisdiction in certain specific areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.<ref name="Fur">{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 7| date =February 25, 1999| publisher=Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-7.html|accessdate =August 3, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/appellate.html|title=Appellate Process|publisher=State of Indiana|date=February 4, 2009|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref>


{{legend|#85200c|70–80%}}
The state is divided into 92&nbsp;], which are led by a board of county commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own ] with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate ]s in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts varies greatly from county to county. There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered ]. County officials that are elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board.<ref name="ST"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/2674.htm|title=Indiana Trial Courts: Types of Courts|publisher=State of Indiana|accessdate=May 4, 2014}}</ref>


{{legend|#5b0f00|80–90%}}
===Politics===
{{main|Politics of Indiana}}
{{See also|Political party strength in Indiana}}
From 1880&nbsp;to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Indiana Representative ] was nominated for Vice-President and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the ].<ref>Gray 1977, p. 23.</ref> In 1884, former Indiana Governor ] was elected Vice-President of the United States. He served until his death on November 25, 1885, under President ].<ref>Gray 1977, p. 82.</ref> In 1888, Indiana Senator ] was elected President of the United States and served one term. He remains the only U.S. President from Indiana. Indiana Senator ] was elected Vice-President in 1904, serving under President ] until 1909.<ref>Gray 1977, p. 118.</ref> Fairbanks made another run for Vice-President with ] in 1912, but they both lost to ] and Indiana Governor ], who served as Vice-President from 1913&nbsp;until 1921.<ref>Gray 1977, p. 162.</ref> Not until 1988&nbsp;did another presidential election involved a native of Indiana, when Senator ] was elected Vice-President and served one term with ].<ref name="FW"/>


{{legend|#410b00|90%+}}
Indiana has long been considered to be a ] stronghold,<ref>{{cite news | agency=Associated Press | title=Indiana poll shows tight race with McCain, Obama |publisher=Fox News Channel | url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Oct01/0,4670,Poll2008Indiana,00.html | date=October 1, 2008 | accessdate=August 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Purnick | first=Joyce | title=The 2006 Campaign: Struggle for the House; In a G.O.P. Stronghold, 3 Districts in Indiana Are Now Battlegrounds |work=The New York Times | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFDA163FF932A15753C1A9609C8B63 | date=October 21, 2006 | accessdate=August 10, 2009}}</ref> particularly in Presidential races, but the ] (CPVI) now rates Indiana as only R+5, a smaller Republican edge than is assigned to 20 of the 28 "red" states. Indiana was one of only ten states to support Republican ] in 1940.<ref name="FW"/> On 14 occasions has the Republican candidate defeated the Democrat by a double digit margin in the state, including six times where a Republican won the state by more than 20%.<ref name="Atlas"/> In 2000&nbsp;and 2004, ] won the state by a wide margin while the election was much closer overall. The state has only supported a ] for president five times since 1900. In 1912, ] became the first Democrat to win the state with 43% of the vote. 20&nbsp;years later, ] won the state with 55% of the vote over incumbent Republican ]. Roosevelt won the state again in 1936. In 1964, 56% of voters supported Democrat ] over Republican ]. 44&nbsp;years later, Democrat ] narrowly won the state against ] 50% to 49%.<ref>{{cite web | last=McPhee | first=Laura | title=Indiana's historic vote for Obama |work=] | url=http://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/indianas-historic-vote-for-obama/Content?oid=1263801#.U2Y6DPldVv0 | date=November 12, 2008 | accessdate=August 10, 2009}}</ref> In the ] Republican ] won back the state for the Republican party with 54% of the vote over incumbent Obama who won 43%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/apps/sos/election/general/general2012?page=office&countyID=-1&officeID=36&districtID=-1&candidate=|title=Election Results: Indiana General Election, November 6, 2012|publisher=State of Indiana|accessdate=April 21, 2014}}</ref>


{{col-end}}|266x266px]]<!--] "Not every image ..." (It already has one.)-->
While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats ] during that time. Before ] became governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16&nbsp;consecutive years. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11&nbsp;electoral votes in presidential elections.<ref name="Atlas"/> Seven of the ] favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are currently seven Republicans serving as representatives and two Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004, 2008, and 2012, elections. Indiana's second most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since 1972.<ref name="Atlas">{{cite web | title=Presidential General Election Map Comparison | publisher=uselectionatlas.org | url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/comparemaps.php?year=2008&fips=18&f=1&off=0&elect=0 | accessdate=August 11, 2009}}</ref> In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research rated the most liberal and conservative cities in the United States on voting statistics in the 2004&nbsp;presidential election, based on 237&nbsp;cities with populations of more than 100,000. Five Indiana cities were mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, Gary was ranked second and South Bend came in at 83. Among conservative cities, Fort Wayne was 44th, Evansville was 60th and Indianapolis was 82nd on the list.<ref>{{cite web | last=Modie | first=Neil | title=Where have Seattle's lefties gone? |work=] | url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/236320_liberal12.html | date=August 12, 2005 | accessdate=August 11, 2009}}</ref>


Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the five fastest-growing counties in that area: ], ], ], and ]. The other county is ], which is near ], ]. Hamilton County has also grown faster than any county in the states bordering Indiana (], ], ] and ]), and is the 20th-fastest growing county in the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rainey |first=Joan P |title=Hamilton and Other Suburban Counties Lead the State in Population Growth |publisher=Indiana University |year=2000 |url=http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2000/summer00/01.pdf |access-date=October 17, 2009}}</ref>
===Military installations===

Indiana is home to several current and former military installations. The largest of these is the ], located approximately 25 miles southwest of ], which is the third largest naval installation in the world, comprising approximately 108 square miles of territory.
With a population of 829,817, ] is the largest city in Indiana and the 12th-largest in the United States, according to the 2010 census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: ] (253,617), ] (117,429) and ] (101,168).<ref>{{cite web |title=IU Kelley School: Indiana's largest cities continue to see strong population growth |url=http://news.iu.edu/releases/iu/2015/05/indiana-city-populations-2014.shtml |website=IU Newsroom |access-date=January 9, 2016 }}</ref> Since 2000, ] has seen the largest population rise amongst the state's twenty largest cities with an increase of 100%.<ref name="Nevers">{{cite web |last=Nevers |first=Kevin |title=Duneland population growth rate slows a bit in 2007 Census estimates |website=] |date=July 11, 2008 |url=http://chestertontribune.com/Duneland%20Community%20News/7112%20duneland_population_growth_rate.htm |access-date=August 5, 2009}}</ref> Other cities that have seen extensive growth since 2000 are ] (81%), ] (39.4%), ] (21.4%), ]<ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=]|access-date=January 21, 2021}}</ref> (12.8%) and ] (9.3%).


] and ] have had the largest population declines regarding the 20 largest cities since 2000, with a decrease of 21.0% and 6.8% respectively.<ref name="Nevers"/> ] (−4.2%), ] (−4.0%) and ] (−3.9%) have also had declines.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Indiana sees big gains in population among certain cities and towns |publisher=Indiana University |date=July 10, 2008 |url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/8512.html |access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref>
Other active installations include ] fighter units at ], and ] airports (to be consolidated at Fort Wayne under the ], with the Terre Haute facility remaining open as a non-flying installation). The ] conducts operations at ] in ], helicopter operations out of ] Airport and urban training at ]. The Army's ], which is now closed and turning into a coal purifier plant. Also, ] is home to several ] units, two ] units, and a small contingent of active and full-time-support reserve personnel.


Indianapolis has the largest population of the state's ]s and the ] in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas |publisher=] |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-01.csv |access-date=August 14, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100709020951/http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-01.csv |archive-date=July 9, 2010}}</ref> The ] encompasses ] and nine surrounding counties in central Indiana.
Indiana used to be home to two major military installations, ] near Peru (realigned to an ] installation in 1994) and ] near Indianapolis, now closed, though the ] continues to operate a large finance center there (]).


''Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''
==Economy==

{{Main|Economy of Indiana}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center" {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|+ Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
|- |-
! ]
| colspan="6" bgcolor="tan"|'''Top publicly traded companies<br /> in Indiana for 2014'''<br />according to revenues<br />''with State and U.S. rankings''
! 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2013|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2014|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2015|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>
! 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2016|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>
! 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2017|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>
! 2018<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref>
! 2019<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=March 29, 2021}}</ref>
! 2020<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 21, 2022}}</ref>
! 2021<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 2, 2022}}</ref>
! 2022<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref>
|- |-
| ]:
|bgcolor="cccccc"| '''State'''||||bgcolor="cccccc"|'''Corporation'''||||bgcolor="cccccc"|'''US'''
| 70,166 (84.4%)
| 70,967 (84.4%)
| 70,741 (84.1%)
| ...
| ...
| ...
| ...
| ...
| ...
| ...
|- |-
| > ]
| 1||||]||||38
| 63,820 (76.8%)
| 64,076 (76.2%)
| 63,472 (75.5%)
| 62,039 (74.7%)
| 60,515 (73.6%)
| 59,520 (72.9%)
| 58,211 (72.0%)
| 56,290 (71.6%)
| 56,839 (71.1%)
| 55,178 (69.3%)
|- |-
| ]
| 2||||]||||129
| 10,445 (12.6%)
| 10,666 (12.7%)
| 10,656 (12.7%)
| 9,768 (11.8%)
| 9,971 (12.1%)
| 10,242 (12.5%)
| 10,249 (12.7%)
| 9,848 (12.5%)
| 9,991 (12.5%)
| 10,119 (12.7%)
|- |-
| ]
| 3||||]||||168
| 2,364 (2.8%)
| 2,322 (2.8%)
| 2,523 (3.0%)
| 2,426 (2.9%)
| 2,535 (3.1%)
| 2,382 (2.9%)
| 2,285 (2.8%)
| 2,335 (3.0%)
| 2,295 (2.9%)
| 2,458 (3.1%)
|- |-
| ]
| 4||||]||||355
| 127 (0.1%)
| 125 (0.1%)
| 120 (0.1%)
| 85 (0.1%)
| 124 (0.2%)
| 132 (0.2%)
| 117 (0.1%)
| 56 (>0.1%)
| 76 (>0.1%)
| 126 (0.2%)
|- |-
| '']'' (of any race)
| 5||||]||||448
| ''6,837'' (8.2%)
| ''7,239'' (8.6%)
| ''7,634'' (9.1%)
| ''7,442'' (8.9%)
| ''7,669'' (9.3%)
| ''7,867'' (9.6%)
| ''8,420'' (10.4%)
| ''8,480'' (10.8%)
| ''8,826'' (11.0%)
| ''9,939'' (12.5%)
|- |-
| '''Total Indiana'''
| 6||||]||||467
| '''83,102''' (100%)
|-
| '''84,080''' (100%)
| 7||||]||||479
| '''84,040''' (100%)
|-
| '''83,091''' (100%)
| 8||||]||||528
| '''82,170''' (100%)
|-
| '''81,646''' (100%)
| 9||||]||||531
| '''80,859''' (100%)
|-
| '''78,616''' (100%)
| 10||||]|||||548
| '''79,946''' (100%)
|-
| '''79,649''' (100%)
| 11||||]||||636
|-
| 12||||LVB Acquisition||||719
|-
| 13||||]||||819
|-
| 14||||]||||842
|-
| 15||||]||||845
|-
| 16||||]||||886
|-
| 17||||KAR Auction Services||||918
|-
| 18||||]||||996
|-
| colspan="5"|
'''''Source''''': ''Fortune''<ref name="Fortune Indiana">.''Fortune 500''. Retrieved on October 15, 2014.</ref>
|} |}


* Since 2016, data for births of ] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
In 2000, Indiana had a work force of 3,084,100.<ref>{{cite web| title =Economic Base| publisher=City of Valparaiso| url =http://ci.valparaiso.in.us/documentcenter/view/281| accessdate =November 2, 2009 }}</ref> The total gross state product in 2010 was $275.7&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP by State|url=http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-state|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref> A high percentage of Indiana's income is from manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Indiana Economy at a Glance | publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | url=http://stats.bls.gov/eag/eag.in.htm | accessdate=January 11, 2007}}</ref> The Calumet region of ] is the largest steel producing area in the U.S. Indiana's other manufactures include pharmaceuticals and medical devices, automobiles, electrical equipment, transportation equipment, chemical products, rubber, petroleum and coal products, and factory machinery.


Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the state's population is under the age of five, 24.5% is under the age of 18, and 13.2% is 65 years of age or older.<ref name="CAT">{{cite web |title=Indiana QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423094054/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }}</ref> From the 2010 U.S. census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is 37.<ref name=AmFacts>{{cite web|title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010; 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1) for Indiana |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423094054/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }}</ref>
Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been much less affected by declines in traditional ] manufactures than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is located primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Manufacturers in Indiana | publisher=Purdue University Center for Rural Development | date=July 19, 1998}}</ref>


===Median income===
Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company ] in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville.<ref>{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> Overall, Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and second highest in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Economy & Demographics | publisher=Terre Haute Economic Development Co. | url=http://www.terrehauteareaedc.com/econ_industry.htm | accessdate=January 30, 2007}}</ref>
].]]
Indiana is located within the U.S. ] and ]. The state has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, ] are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as ] and Chicago, assure that dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur.
Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties.<ref>{{cite web | title=USDA Crop Profiles | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state | accessdate=November 20, 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070223130933/http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = February 23, 2007}}</ref> Most of the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a furniture-making sector in the southern portion of the state.


{{See also|Indiana locations by per capita income}}
In 2011 Indiana was ranked first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business according to CEO magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiefexecutive.net/best-worst-states-for-business |title=Best/Worst States for Business &#124; ChiefExecutive.net &#124; Chief Executive Magazine |publisher=ChiefExecutive.net |date=May 3, 2011 |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}</ref>
]<!--] "Not every image ..." (Clickable, and it already has one.) Map of Indiana depicting the median household income by county. Data from 2014 ] 5-year Estimate report published by the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/|title=American Community Survey (ACS)| | |website=Census.gov|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>-->


As of the ], Indiana's median household income was $44,616, ranking it 36th among the United States and the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |title = Overview for Indiana | publisher=Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business |date =August 1, 2012 |url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/uspr/a/us_profile_frame.html |access-date =August 14, 2012}}</ref> In 2005, the median household income for Indiana residents was $43,993. Nearly 498,700 Indiana households had incomes between $50,000 and $75,000, accounting for 20% of all households.<ref name="Justis 2006">{{cite web| last =Justis| first =Rachel M| title =Household Income Varies by Region and Race| publisher=Indiana University| year =2006| url =http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2006/fall/article2.html| access-date =October 29, 2009 }}</ref>
===State budget===
{{See also|Taxes in Indiana}}


Hamilton County's median household income is nearly $35,000 higher than the Indiana average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with fewer than 250,000 people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson County at $56,251.<ref name="Justis 2006"/>
Indiana does not have a legal requirement to balance the state budget either in law or its constitution. Instead, Indiana has a constitutional ban on assuming debt.
{{clear}}
Indiana has a ] and for healthy reserves proportional to spending.
Indiana is one of the few states in the U.S. which do not allow a line-item veto.


===Religion===
Indiana has a flat state ] rate of 3.4%. Many Indiana counties also collect income tax. The state ] rate is 7% with exemptions for food, prescription medications and over-the-counter medications.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Sales Tax Rates|url=http://www.money-zine.com/Financial-Planning/Tax-Shelter/State-Sales-Tax-Rates/|publisher=Money-Zine.com|accessdate=January 26, 2012}}</ref> In some jurisdictions an additional Food and Beverage Tax is charged, at a rate of 1% (Marion County's rate is 2%), on sales of prepared meals and beverages.<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIANA Retail Sales Tax & Use Tax|url=http://www.in.gov/dor/files/brochure3.pdf|work=Indiana Department of Revenue|publisher=State of Indiana|accessdate=January 26, 2012}}</ref>


] of ] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/files/2017/08/Population_Change_2012-2017.pdf|website=Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College|title=Amish Population Change 2012-2017|type=PDF|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>]]
]es are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are administered by the Department of Local Government Finance. Property is subject to taxation by a variety of taxing units (schools, counties, townships, cities and towns, libraries), making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. However, a "circuit breaker" law enacted on March 19, 2008 limits ]es to one percent of assessed value for homeowners, two percent for rental properties and farmland and three percent for businesses.


Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Catholic (747,706 members), most Hoosiers are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2010 was the ], with 355,043.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/18/rcms2010_18_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112163800/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/18/rcms2010_18_state_adh_2010.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> A study by the Graduate Center at the ] found 20% are Catholic, 14% belong to ] churches, 10% are other Christians, 9% are ], and 6% are ]. The study found 16% are affiliated with ].<ref>{{cite web|title=American Religious Identification Survey |publisher=] |url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |access-date=December 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219030815/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |archive-date=December 19, 2006 }}</ref>
In Fiscal year 2011 Indiana reported one of the largest surpluses among U.S states, with an extra $1.2&nbsp;billion in its accounts. Gov. Mitch Daniels, a Republican, authorized bonus payments of up to $1,000 for state employees on Friday, July 15, 2011. An employee who "meets expectations" will get $500, those who "exceed expectations" will receive $750 and "outstanding workers" will see an extra $1,000 in their August paychecks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jul/17/many-states-celebrate-surpluses-as-congress-strugg/ |title=Many states celebrate surpluses as Congress struggles with debt |work=Washington Times |date=July 17, 2011 |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}</ref>


Indiana is home to the ] ], one of two Catholic ]s in the United States and 11 in the world. The ] has one of its two seminaries in ]. Two evangelical Methodist denominations, the ] and the ], are headquartered in Indianapolis, as is the ].<ref>Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 696</ref><ref>Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 416.</ref>
===Energy===
{{Further|List of Generating Stations in Indiana}}
] generates electricity in ].]]
Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. Indiana has 24 coal power plants, including the largest coal power plant in the United States, ], located across the Wabash River from ]. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the ] power plant just west of New Albany.<ref></ref>


The ] maintains offices and publishing work in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LC&p_theme=lc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10307DEBAC918D95&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|title=Forever Young: Lititz pastor retires after 33 years at Grace Brethren|date=June 4, 2004|publisher=]|access-date=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref> ] serves as the home to the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FW&s_site=fortwayne&p_multi=FW&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10547EC7A86111BF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|title=Future of the faith, Area church weighs merger as a way to aid denomination|date=September 22, 2004|website=]|access-date=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref> ] is home to the headquarters of the ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neff|first=David|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/marchweb-only/113-12.0.html|title=Holiness Without the Legalism|date=March 27, 2006|website=]|access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref> The headquarters of the ] is in Fort Wayne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FW&s_site=fortwayne&p_multi=FW&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FE07B25E8E7E2E5&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|title=Volunteers add to church, They construct buildings for the Missionary Church|date=October 6, 2003|website=The News-Sentinel|access-date=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref>
The state has an estimated coal reserves of fifty-seven billion tons; state mining operations produces thirty-five million tons of coal annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://igs.indiana.edu/coal/index.cfm|title=Coal in Indiana|author=Indiana Geological Survey|publisher=]|accessdate=October 19, 2010}}</ref> While Indiana has made commitments to increasing use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, however, progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in Southern Indiana. Most of the new plants in the state have been ] plants. Another source is hydroelectric power.


The ] of the ], the largest branch of American Quakerism, is based in ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earlham.edu/Q/brochure1/#did_you_know|title=Quakers of Richmond and Wayne County, Indiana|publisher=]|access-date=August 15, 2009|archive-date=April 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403160459/http://www.earlham.edu/Q/brochure1/#did_you_know|url-status=dead}}</ref> which also houses the oldest Quaker seminary in the United States, the ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Amy Lyles|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7780491|title=The Guts to Keep Going|newspaper=NPR.org|publisher=]|access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref> The ] is headquartered in ].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-02-02-muslims-obama_N.htm|title=Are American Muslims 'under more scrutiny' with Obama?|work=USA Today|date=February 2, 2009|access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref>
] is now being developed. New estimates in 2006 raised the wind capacity for Indiana from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and to 130,000 MW at 100 m, in 2010, the height of newer turbines.<ref> Retrieved August 20, 2008</ref> As of the end of 2011, Indiana has installed 1,340 MW of wind turbines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp|title=WINDExchange: U.S. Installed Wind Capacity|work=windpoweringamerica.gov|accessdate=February 24, 2015}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable collapsible" style="text-align:right;"
;Sources of energy (2009)
|+ class="nowrap" style="font-size:100%" | Religious affiliation in Indiana (2014)<ref>{{cite web |author = USA |url = https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/indiana/ |title = Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics &#124; Pew Research Center |publisher = Pewforum.org |access-date = May 29, 2021 }}</ref>
See table below for individual facilities.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- |-
! scope="col"| Affiliation
! Fuel
! scope="col" colspan="2"|% of Indiana population
! Capacity
! Percent of total consumed
! Percent of total production
! Number of plants/units
|- |-
! scope="row"| ]
| '''Coal'''
| {{bartable|72||2||background:darkblue}}
| 22,190.5 MW
| 63%
| 88.5%
| 28 plants
|- |-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| ]
| '''Natural gas'''
| {{bartable|52||2||background:mediumblue}}
| 2,100 MW
| 29%
| 10.5%
| 15 facilities <br /> *Often used in ]
|- |-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:2em;"| ]
| '''Wind''' <br /> (Currently the fastest growing form of energy in Indiana)
| {{bartable|31||2||background:mediumblue}}
| 530.5 MW <br /> 1,836.5 MW <br /> when all current wind farms are complete
| ?
| ?
| 4 farms <br /> appx 1,000–1,100 towers total
|- |-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:2em;"| ]
| ''']'''
| {{bartable|16||2||background:mediumblue}}
| 600 MW
| ?
| ?
| 1 facility under construction
|- |-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:2em;"| ]
| '''Petroleum'''
| {{bartable|5||2||background:mediumblue}}
| 575 MW
| 7.5%
| 1.5%
| 10 units
|- |-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| ]
| ''']'''
| {{bartable|18||2||background:mediumblue}}
| 64 MW
| 0.0450%
| 0.0100%
| 1 plant
|- |-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| ]
| ''']'''
| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
| 28 MW
| 0.0150%
| 0.0020%
| 1 facility
|- |-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| ]
| '''Wood and ]'''
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
| 18 MW
| 0.0013%
| 0.0015%
| 3 units
|- |-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;;"| ]
| '''] and/or ]'''
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
| 0 MW
| 0.0%
| 0.0
| No facilities at this time
|- |-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| Other Christianity
|''']'''
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
| 0 MW
| 0.0%
| 0.0
| No facilities at this time
|- |-
! scope="row"| ]
|'''Total'''
| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|22,797.5 MW <br /> * only includes top number of wind
|-
|100%
! scope="row"| ]
|100%
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|46 generating facilities
|-
! scope="row"| ]
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row"| ]
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row"| Other faiths
| {{bartable|1||2||background:darkgreen}}
|-
! scope="row"| ]
| {{bartable|26||2||background:purple}}
|-
! scope="row"| Don't know / no answer
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:darkorange}}
|} |}
{{clear}}
{{Generating Stations in Indiana}}


==Law and government==
==Transportation==


{{Main|Government of Indiana}}
===Airports===
{{See also|List of airports in Indiana}} {{See also|United States congressional delegations from Indiana|Indiana's congressional districts}}
] in ], seat of ], hosts the ], the ], and the ].]]
] serves the greater Indianapolis area and has finished constructing a new passenger terminal. The new airport opened in November 2008 and offers a new midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements.<ref>{{cite web | title=New Indianapolis Airport | publisher=Indianapolis Airport Authority | url=http://www.indianapolisairport.com | accessdate=January 6, 2007}}</ref>
] (1816)]]


Indiana has a constitutional democratic republican form of government with three branches: the executive, including an elected governor and lieutenant governor; the legislative, consisting of an elected ] General Assembly; and the judicial, the Supreme Court of Indiana, the Indiana Court of Appeals and circuit courts.
Other major airports include ], ] (which houses the ] of the ]), and ]. A long-standing proposal to turn ] into Chicago's third major airport received a boost in early 2006 with the approval of $48&nbsp;million in federal funding over the next ten years.<ref>{{cite web | title=Gary Airpport Gets Millions in Federal Funding | publisher=CBS Channel 2 | url=http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/local_story_016180843.html | accessdate=October 18, 2006}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>


The ] serves as the state's chief executive and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the ] are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrently with United States presidential elections (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, etc.).<ref name="ST"/> The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms.<ref name="ST"/> The governor works with the ] and the ] to govern the state and has the authority to adjust the other branches. The governor can call special sessions of the General Assembly and select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the ] or the ] in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority.<ref name="ST">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.in.us/portal/files/WebPageFactsBooklet.pdf|title=Indiana Facts|publisher=State of Indiana|access-date=August 3, 2009|archive-date=March 18, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318110223/http://www.state.in.us/portal/files/WebPageFactsBooklet.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 10.</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 5| date =February 25, 1999| publisher =Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-5.html| access-date =August 3, 2009| archive-date =March 10, 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090310200401/http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-5.html| url-status =dead}}</ref>
The ] has no airlines operating out of the facility but is used for private flying. Since 1954, the ] of the Indiana ] has been stationed at the airport. However, the ] (BRAC) Proposal of 2005 stated that the 181st would lose its fighter mission and ] aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility as a general-aviation only facility.


The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate and ensures the senate rules are acted in accordance with by its constituents. The lieutenant governor votes only when needed to break ties. If the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor.<ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 13.</ref>
The southern part of the state is also served by the ] across the Ohio River in ].
The southeastern part of the state is served by the ] also across the Ohio River in ].
Most residents of ], which is primarily in the ], use the two Chicago airports, ] and ].


The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member ] and 100-member ]. The Senate is the ] of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the ].<ref name="ST" /> The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and the House can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but both houses must pass them before they can be submitted to the Governor.<ref name="For">{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 4| date =February 25, 1999| publisher =Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-4.html| access-date =August 3, 2009| archive-date =August 1, 2018| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180801103208/http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-4.html| url-status =dead}}</ref> The legislature can nullify a veto from the governor with a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and House of Representatives.<ref name="ST" /> Each law passed by the General Assembly must apply without exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets a particular community.<ref name="For" /><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 11</ref> The General Assembly can manage the state's judiciary system by arranging the size of the courts and the bounds of their districts. It also can oversee the activities of the executive branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to alter the Indiana Constitution.<ref name="For" /><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 14.</ref>
{{Airports in Indiana}}


The ] is made up of five judges with a ] composed of 15 judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeals courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-year term.<ref name="ST" /> In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have ] and can hear only cases petitioned to it after being heard in lower courts. Local circuit courts are where most cases begin with a trial and the consequence is decided by the jury. The Supreme Court has original and sole jurisdiction in certain areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.<ref name="Fur">{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 7| date =February 25, 1999| publisher =Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-7.html| access-date =August 3, 2009| archive-date =August 2, 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090802221214/http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-7.html| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/appellate.html |title=Appellate Process |publisher=State of Indiana |date=February 4, 2009 |access-date=August 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723101408/http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/appellate.html |archive-date=July 23, 2009 }}</ref>
===Highways===
] in ] (2006).]]


The state is divided into 92 ], which are led by a board of county commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own ] with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate ]s in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts vary greatly from county to county. There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered ]. County officials elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board.<ref name="ST" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/2674.htm|title=Indiana Trial Courts: Types of Courts|publisher=State of Indiana|access-date=May 4, 2014|archive-date=May 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504172406/http://www.in.gov/judiciary/2674.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The major U.S. ] are ] (I-64), ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The various highways intersecting in and around ], along with its historical status as a major railroad hub, and the canals that once crossed Indiana, are the source of the state's motto, the Crossroads of America. There are also many ] and ] maintained by the ]. These are numbered according to the same convention as ]. Indiana allows highways of different classifications to have the same number. For example, I-64 and ] both exist (rather close to each other) in Indiana, but are two distinct roads with no relation to one another.


'']'' ranked Indiana first in the publication's inaugural 2017 Best States for Government listing. Among individual categories, Indiana ranked above average in budget transparency (#1), government digitization (#6), and fiscal stability (#8), and ranked average in state integrity (#25).<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/government|title=Best States for Government|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=September 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911112135/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/government|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===County roads===
Most Indiana counties use a grid-based system to identify county roads; this system replaced the older arbitrary system of road numbers and names, and (among other things) makes it much easier to identify the sources of calls placed to the ] system. Such systems are easier to implement in the glacially flattened northern and central portions of the state. Rural counties in the southern third of the state are less likely to have grids and more likely to rely on unsystematic road names (e.g., Crawford, Harrison, Perry, Scott, and Washington Counties).


In a 2020 study, Indiana was ranked as the 10th hardest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ] is illegal in Indiana with limited exceptions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiana |url=https://reproductiverights.org/maps/state/indiana/ |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=Center for Reproductive Rights}}</ref>
There are also counties in the northern portions of the state that have never implemented a grid, or have only partially implemented one. Some counties are also laid out in an almost diamond-like grid system (e.g. Clark, Floyd, Gibson, and Knox Counties). Such a system is also almost useless in those situations as well. Knox County once operated two different grid systems for county roads because the county was laid out using two different survey grids, but has since decided to use road names and combine roads instead.


===Military installations===
Notably, the county road grid system of St. Joseph County, whose major city is South Bend, uses perennial (tree) names (i.e. Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.) in alphabetical order for North-South roads and Presidential and other noteworthy names (i.e. Adams, Edison, Lincoln Way, etc.) in alphabetical order for East-West roads. There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka. Hamilton county just continues the numbered street system from Downtown Indianapolis from 96th Street at the Marion County line to 296th street at the Tipton County line.


] at the ] near ]]]
===Rail===
] commuter train in ].]]
Indiana has over 4,255 railroad route miles, of which 91 percent are operated by Class I railroads, principally ] and the ]. Other ]s in Indiana include the ] and ], a ] subsidiary, as well as ]. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching and terminal railroads. The ] is one of the country's most notable commuter rail systems, extending from Chicago to ]. Indiana is currently implementing an extensive rail plan that was prepared in 2002 by the ].<ref>{{cite web | title=Indiana Rail Plan | publisher=Indiana Department of Transportation | url=http://www.in.gov/indot/3065.htm}}</ref> Many recreational trails, such as the ] and ], have been created from ].


Indiana is home to several current and former ]. The largest of these is the ], approximately 25 miles southwest of ], which is the third-largest naval installation in the world, comprising approximately 108 square miles of territory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Warfare-Centers/NSWC-Crane/Who-We-Are/|title=About Us|website=www.navsea.navy.mil}}</ref> Located inside NSWC Crane is Constitution Grove, a 64,000-acre forest containing approximately 120 old-growth ] trees selected for the maintenance of the ], the world's oldest commissioned warship still afloat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=USS Constitution |date=2015-05-11 |title=The "Wooden Walls" of USS Constitution |url=https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/2015/05/11/the-wooden-walls/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=USS Constitution Museum |language=en}}</ref>
===Ports===
].]]
Indiana annually ships over 70 million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U.S. states. More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes {{convert|400|mi|km|-1}} of direct access to two major freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The ] manages three major ports which include ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web | title=Ports of Indiana Website | url=http://www.portsofindiana.com | accessdate=January 7, 2007}}</ref>


Other active installations include ] fighter units at ], and ] airports (to be consolidated at Fort Wayne under the ], with the Terre Haute facility remaining open as a non-flying installation). The ] conducts operations at ] in ], helicopter operations out of ] Airport and urban training at ]. The Army's ], which is now closed and turning into a coal purifier plant.
In ] three public and several private port facilities receive year-round service from five major barge lines operating on the ]. Evansville has been a ] for more than 125 years. Because of this, it is possible to have international cargo shipped to Evansville in bond. The international cargo can then clear Customs in Evansville rather than a coastal port.


Indiana was formerly home to two major military installations; ] near Peru (realigned to an ] installation in 1994) and ] near Indianapolis, now closed, though the ] continues to operate a large finance center there (]).
==Education==
{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Indiana}}
] contains an endowment of $9.8 billion, the largest in Indiana.]]


==Politics==
Indiana's 1816 constitution was the first in the country to implement a state-funded ] system. It also allotted one township for a public university.<ref>{{cite web
| title=Indiana History: Indiana, the Nineteenth State (1816)
| publisher=Center for History
| url=http://centerforhistory.org/learn-history/indiana-history/indiana-the-nineteenth-state-1816
| accessdate= August 26, 2009 }}</ref> However, the plan turned out to be far too idealistic for a pioneer society, as tax money was not accessible for its organization. In the 1840s, ] pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in 1851 his advice was included in the new state constitution.


{{Main|Politics of Indiana}}
Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly 10% attend private schools and ]s. About one-half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-supported four-year schools.
{{See also|Political party strength in Indiana|United States presidential elections in Indiana}}
] at the Indiana State Fair, 2014|alt=An older man in a tan suit reaches across a table to shake a woman's hand.]]


From 1880 to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Indiana Representative ] was nominated for vice president and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the ].<ref>Gray 1977, p. 23.</ref> Former Indiana Governor ] was elected vice president in 1884. He served until his death on November 25, 1885, under President ].<ref>Gray 1977, p. 82.</ref> In 1888, former Senator from Indiana ] was elected president and served one term. He remains the only President from Indiana. Indiana Senator ] was elected vice president in 1904, serving under President ] until 1909.<ref>Gray 1977, p. 118.</ref> Fairbanks made another run for vice president with ] in 1916, but they both lost to ] and former Indiana Governor ], who served as vice president from 1913 until 1921.<ref>Gray 1977, p. 162.</ref> Not until 1988 did another presidential election involve a native of Indiana when Senator ] was elected vice president and served one term with ].<ref name="FW"/> Governor ] was elected vice president in 2016 and served one term with ].
The largest educational institution is ], the ] of which was endorsed as Indiana Seminary in 1820. ] was established as the state's ] in 1865; ] was chartered as a ] in 1869. The three other independent state universities are ] (Founded in 1801 by the Indiana Territory), ] (1918) and ] (1965 as ISU - Evansville).


Indiana has long been considered a ] stronghold,<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Indiana poll shows tight race with McCain, Obama |publisher=Fox News Channel |url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Oct01/0,4670,Poll2008Indiana,00.html |date=October 1, 2008 |access-date=August 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Purnick |first=Joyce |title=The 2006 Campaign: Struggle for the House; In a G.O.P. Stronghold, 3 Districts in Indiana Are Now Battlegrounds |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFDA163FF932A15753C1A9609C8B63 |date=October 21, 2006 |access-date=August 10, 2009}}</ref> particularly in Presidential races. The ] (CPVI) now rates Indiana as R+9. Indiana was one of only ten states to support Republican ] in 1940.<ref name="FW"/> On 14 occasions the Republican candidate has defeated the Democrat by a double-digit margin in the state, including six times where a Republican won the state by more than 20 percentage points.<ref name="Atlas"/> In 2000 and 2004 ] won the state by a wide margin while the election was much closer overall. The state has supported a ] for president only five times since 1900. In 1912, ] became the first Democrat to win the state in the 20th century, with 43% of the vote. Twenty years later, ] won the state with 55% of the vote over incumbent Republican ]. Roosevelt won the state again in 1936. In 1964, 56% of voters supported Democrat ] over Republican ]. Forty-four years later, Democrat ] narrowly won the state against ] 50% to 49%.<ref>{{cite web |last=McPhee |first=Laura |date=November 12, 2008 |title=Indiana's historic vote for Obama |url=https://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/indianas-historic-vote-for-obama/Content?oid=1263801 |access-date=August 10, 2009 |website=]}}</ref> In the ], Republican ] won back the state for the Republican Party with 54% of the vote over the incumbent President Obama who won 43%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.in.gov/apps/sos/election/general/general2012?page=office&countyID=-1&officeID=36&districtID=-1&candidate= |title=Election Results: Indiana General Election, November 6, 2012 |publisher=State of Indiana |access-date=April 21, 2014}}</ref>
Many of the private colleges and universities in Indiana are affiliated with religious groups. The ] and the ] are popular ]s. Universities affiliated with Protestant denominations include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ],<ref name="ST"/> and ].<ref>{{cite web
| title= About UE
| publisher=]
| url= http://www.evansville.edu/aboutue/ }}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref>
] is the largest campus in the state, with an enrollment of over 42,000 students.]]
The state's community college system, ], serves nearly 200,000 students annually, making it the state's largest public post-secondary educational institution and the nation's largest singly accredited statewide community college system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ivy Tech Reports Record Enrollment|url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=49433|website=Insideindianabusiness.com|accessdate=July 23, 2014}}</ref> In 2008, the Indiana University system agreed to shift most of its associate (2-year) degrees to the Ivy Tech Community College System.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hoosier State Gets Coordinated | date = May 16, 2008 | publisher = Inside Higher Ed | url = http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/05/16/indiana| accessdate = March 21, 2014}}</ref>


While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats ] during that time. Before ] became governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11 electoral votes in presidential elections.<ref name="Atlas"/> Seven of the ] favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are seven Republicans serving as representatives and two Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020 elections. Indiana's second-most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since 1972.<ref name="Atlas">{{cite web |title=Presidential General Election Map Comparison |url=https://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/comparemaps.php?year=2008&fips=18&f=1&off=0&elect=0 |access-date=August 11, 2009 |website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref> In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research rated the most liberal and conservative cities in the United States on voting statistics in the 2004 presidential election, based on 237 cities with populations of more than 100,000. Five Indiana cities were mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, ] was ranked second and ] came in at 83. Among conservative cities, ] was 44th, ] was 60th and ] was 82nd on the list.<ref>{{cite news |last=Modie |first=Neil |title=Where have Seattle's lefties gone? |website=] |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/236320_liberal12.html |date=August 12, 2005 |access-date=August 11, 2009}}</ref>
The state has several universities ranked among the best in 2013 rankings of the '']''. The University of Notre Dame is ranked among the top 20, with ] and ] ranking in the top 100. ], ], and the ] are ranked among the top ten in the Regional University Midwest Rankings. Purdue's engineering programs are ranked eighth in the country. In addition, ] is ranked first in the Regional College Midwest Rankings and ] has been considered the top Undergraduate Engineering school (where a doctorate is not offered) for 15 consecutive years.<ref>, ], retrieved 2013-Aug-13</ref><ref>, ], retrieved 2013-Aug-13</ref><ref>, ], retrieved 2013-Aug-13</ref><ref>, ], retrieved 2013-Sept-17</ref>

==Culture==
===Arts===
{{See also|Golden Age of Indiana Literature}}
The last decades of the 19th century began what is known as the "golden age of Indiana literature", a period that lasted until the 1920s.<ref name = artsummary/> ] wrote ''The Hoosier Schoolmaster'' (1871), the first best-seller to originate in the state. Many more followed, including ]'s ''Hoosier Mosaics'' (1875) and ]'s '']'' (1880). Indiana developed a reputation as the "American heartland" after the publication of several widely read novels, beginning with ]'s ''The Gentleman from Indiana'' (1899), ]'s The Hoosiers (1900), and Thompson's ''Alice of Old Vincennes'' (1900).<ref name = artsummary/> ], known as the "Hoosier Poet" and the most popular poet of his age, wrote hundreds of poems with Hoosier themes, including '']''. A unique art culture also began to develop in the late 19th century, beginning the ] of landscape painting and the ] of impressionist painters. The painters, including ], whose work was influenced by southern Indiana's colorful hills, were known for their use of vivid colors.<ref name = artsummary>{{cite encyclopedia|title=INDIANA|year=2000|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century|editor= Farmington, Gale|author=Furlong, Patrick J.|location=Michigan}}</ref> Prominent musicians and composers from Indiana also reached national acclaim, including ], whose most popular song, "]", was later adopted as the official state song.<ref name=ihspauldresser>{{cite web|last=Henderson|first=Clayton W|url=http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/library-and-archives/notable-hoosiers/paul-dresser/|title=Paul Dresser|publisher=]|access-date=March 30, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828223523/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/library-and-archives/notable-hoosiers/paul-dresser|archive-date=August 28, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Sports===


==Sports==
{{Main|Sports in Indiana}} {{Main|Sports in Indiana}}


===Professional teams=== ====Motorsports====
] during an ] basketball game.]]
{{asof|2013}} Indiana has produced more ] (NBA) players per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten.<ref name="deadspin20130617">{{cite web | url=http://deadspin.com/infographics-where-do-pro-basketball-players-come-from-513261549 | title=Infographics: Where Do Pro Basketball Players Come From? | work=Deadspin | date=June 17, 2013 | accessdate=June 18, 2013 | author=Fischer-Baum, Reuben}}</ref> It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. The ] of the NBA play their home games at ]; they began play in 1967 in the ] (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues ] in 1976. Although ] developed basketball in ], ] in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote "Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport." The 1986 film '']'' is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions ]. Professional basketball player ] was born in ] and was raised in ]. He went on to lead the ] to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986.<ref>{{cite web|title=Larry Bird Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story - Biography.com|url=http://www.biography.com/people/larry-bird-9213087}}</ref>


] race.]]
Indianapolis is home to the ]. The Colts are members of the ] of the ]. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the ]. They became an official team after moving to ], ], in 1953. In 1984, the ] ] to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the ]. After calling the ] home for 25 years, the Colts currently play their home games at ] in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won the ]. In Indianapolis, the Colts won ], bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs.


Indiana has an extensive history with ]. Indianapolis hosts the ] mile race over ] weekend at the ] every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing". The race attracts more than 250,000 people every year, making it the largest single-day sporting event in the world. The track also hosts the ] (]) and the ]. From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the ] (]). Indiana features the world's largest and most prestigious ], the ], held each ] weekend at ] in ]. Indiana is also host to a major ] power boat race circuits in the major ] league, the ] (]).
===Auto racing===
], the 92nd running of the race.]]
Indiana has an extensive history with ]. Indianapolis hosts the ] mile race over ] weekend at the ] every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing." The race attracts over 250,000 people every year making it the largest single day sporting event in the world. The track also hosts the ] (]) and the ] (]). From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the ] (]). Indiana features the world's largest and most prestigious drag race, the ], held each ] weekend at ] in ]. Indiana is also host to two major ] power boat race circuits in the major ] league: ] (]) and the ] (]).


===Teams and venues=== ====Professional sports====

The following table shows the professional sports teams in Indiana. Teams in bold are in ].
] of the ] have been based in the state since 1984.]]

{{as of|2013}} Indiana has produced more ] (NBA) players per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten.<ref name="deadspin20130617">{{cite web | url=http://deadspin.com/infographics-where-do-pro-basketball-players-come-from-513261549 | title=Infographics: Where Do Pro Basketball Players Come From? | website=Deadspin | date=June 17, 2013 | access-date=June 18, 2013 | author=Fischer-Baum, Reuben}}</ref> It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the sport's formative years. The NBA's ] play their home games at ]; they began play in 1967 in the ] (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues ] in 1976. Although ] developed basketball in ], ] in 1891, high school basketball was born in Indiana. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote "Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport." The 1986 film '']'' is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions ]. Professional basketball player ] was born in ] and was raised in ]. He went on to lead the ] to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/larry-bird-9213087|title=Larry Bird|website=Biography|date=April 20, 2021 }}</ref>

Indianapolis is home to the ]. The Colts are members of the ] of the ]. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the ]. They became an official team after moving to ], ], in 1953. In 1984, the ] ] to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the ]. After calling the ] home for 25 years, the Colts play their home games at ] in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won ]. In Indianapolis, the Colts won ], bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs.

Indiana was home to two charter members of the ] teams, the ] and the ]. Another early NFL franchise, the ] spent two seasons in the league before folding.

====Professional teams====

The following table shows the professional sports teams in Indiana. Teams in italic are in ].
{| class="wikitable sortable" {| class="wikitable sortable"
|- |-
Line 756: Line 848:
!League !League
!Venue (capacity) !Venue (capacity)
! Attendance
|- |-
|''']''' |'']''
|American football |American football
|] |]
| ] (62,400) | ] (62,400)
| align=center | 65,375
|- |-
|''']''' |'']''
|Basketball |Basketball
|] |]
| ] (18,165) | ] (18,165)
| align=center | 16,706
|- |-
|] |]
|Baseball
|Soccer
|] |]
| ] (5,181)
| ] (12,000)
| align=center | 10,465
|- |-
|]
|]
|Ice hockey
|]
| ] (9,000)
|-
|]
|Ice hockey
|]
| ] (10,480)
|-
|]
|Baseball |Baseball
|]
|] (])
| ] (14,230) | ] (8,100)
| align=center | 9,433
|- |-
|]
|]
|Baseball
|Basketball
|] |]
| ] (18,165) | ] (6,139)
|-
| align=center | 7,900
| ]
| Basketball
| ]
| ] (18,165)
|-
| ]
| Basketball
| ]
| ] (18,165)<br>{{small|(] (3,400) in 2025–26)}}
|-
|]
|Soccer
|]
| ] (10,524)
|- |-
|] |]
|Ice Hockey |Ice hockey
|] |]
| ] (6,300) | ] (6,300)
| align=center | 3,837
|- |-
|]
|]
|Baseball
|Basketball
|]
|]
| ] (14,230)
| ] (13,000)
| align=center | 2,910
|- |-
|]
|Arena football
|]
|]
|-
|]
|Baseball
|]
| ] (5,000)
|} |}


The following is a table of sports venues in Indiana that have a capacity in excess of 30,000: The following is a table of sports venues in Indiana having a capacity in excess of 30,000:
{| class="wikitable sortable" {| class="wikitable sortable"
|- |-
!Facility !Facility
!Capacity !Capacity
!Municipality
!City
!Tenants !Tenants
|- |-
|] |]
|257,325 |257,327
|] |]
|{{ubl|]|]|]|]}}
| ]
|- |-
|] |]
|80,795 |84,000
|] |]
| ] |]
|- |-
|] |]
|63,000 |62,421
|], Indiana |]
| ] |]
|- |-
|] |]
|62,500 |57,236
|] |]
| ] |]
|- |-
|] |]
|52,929 |52,929
|] |]
| ] |]
|-
|} |}


====College athletics====
] ], located at ].]]


{{See also|Hoosier Hysteria}}
===College sports===
], home to ]]]
{{Further|Hoosier Hysteria}}
], home to the ]]]
Indiana has had great sports success at the collegiate level. Schools fielding ] athletic programs include:
], home of the ], before the 2023 renovations]]
{|

Indiana has had great sports success at the collegiate level.

In men's basketball, the ] have won five NCAA national championships and 22 ] championships. The ] were selected as the national champions in 1932 before the creation of the tournament, and have won 26 Big Ten championships. The Boilermakers along with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish have both won a national championship in women's basketball.

In college football, the ] have won 11 consensus national championships, as well as the ], ], ] and ]. Meanwhile, the Purdue Boilermakers have won 10 Big Ten championships and have won the Rose Bowl and ].

Schools fielding ] athletic programs include:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Program
!Division
!Conference
!City
|- |-
|]
|valign=top|
|]
*]
|]<br>] (men's swimming & diving)<br>] (men's volleyball)
*]
|]
*]
|-
|valign=top|
|]
|valign=top|
|]
*]
|]<br>]
*]
*] |]
|-
*]
|]
|valign=top|
|]
|valign=top|
|]
*]
|]
*]
|-
*]
|]
|valign=top|
|]
|]<br>] (women's water polo)
|]
|-
|]
|]
|]<br>]
|]
|-
|]
|]
|]
|]
|-
|]
|]
|]<br>] (men's ice hockey)<br>] (football)
|]
|-
|]
|]
|]
|]
|-
|]
|]
|]<br>] (men's volleyball)
|]
|-
|]
|]
|]<br>] (swimming & diving)<br>] (men's tennis)
|]
|-
|]
|]
|]<br>]<br>] (women's bowling)
|]
|} |}


==Economy and infrastructure==
==See also==
{{portal|Indiana}}
*]
*] &ndash; organized list of topics about Indiana
{{clear}}


{{Main|Economy of Indiana}}
==References==
]'s beaches, popular with tourists, are juxtaposed with heavy industry.]]
{{reflist|30em}}
]
{{CC-notice|cc=bysa3|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Indiana_SB_101|author(s)=Misplaced Pages contributors.}}


In 2017, Indiana had a civilian labor force of nearly 3.4{{spaces}}million, the 15th largest in the United States. Indiana has an unemployment rate of 3.4%, lower than the national average.<ref>{{cite web|title=Labor Force Overview (NSA): STATS Indiana|publisher=STATS Indiana|url=http://www.stats.indiana.edu/laus/laus_view1.html|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref> The total gross state product in 2016 was $347.2{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels |title=Apps Test &#124; U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) |website=Bea.gov |date= |access-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043848/https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels |url-status=dead }}</ref> A high percentage of Indiana's income is from manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Indiana Economy at a Glance | publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | url=http://stats.bls.gov/eag/eag.in.htm | access-date=January 11, 2007}}</ref> According to the ], nearly 17% of the state's non-farm workforce is employed in manufacturing, the highest of any state in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=The States Leading the U.S. Manufacturing Resurgence|first=Mark|last=Crawford|publisher=AreaDevelopment|url=http://www.areadevelopment.com/RegionalReports/Q1-2013/states-leading-US-manufacturing-resurgence-2665542.shtml?Page=2|date=Winter 2013|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref> The state's five leading exports were motor vehicles and auto parts, pharmaceutical products, industrial machinery, optical and medical equipment, and electric machinery.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Positioning, 2015: Indiana's Export Activity|publisher=STATS Indiana|url=http://www.stats.indiana.edu/exports/2015.asp|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis|author=Bodenhamer, David J.|author2=Barrows, Robert Graham|author3=Vanderstel, David Gordon|year=1994|publisher=] Press|isbn=0-253-31222-1}}
*{{Cite book|title=Indiana|author=Brill, Marlene Targ|year=2005|publisher=]|isbn=0-7614-2020-7}}
*{{Cite book| last =Carmony| first =Donald F.| title =Indiana, 1816 to 1850: The Pioneer Era| publisher =]| year =1998| location =Indianapolis| isbn =0-87195-124-X}}
*{{Cite book|title=Hoosiers In The Civil War|author=Funk, Arville L|year=1967|isbn=0-9623292-5-8|publisher=Adams Press}}
*{{Cite book|author=Gray, Ralph D|title=Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates,1836–1940| year=1977 |publisher=]|isbn=1-885323-29-8}}
*{{Cite book|title=Indiana History: A Book of Readings|author=Gray, Ralph D|year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-32629-X}}
*{{Cite book|title=Here is Your Indiana Government|year=2005|author=Indiana State Chamber of Commerce}}
*{{Cite book|title=Here is Your Indiana Government|year=2007|author=Indiana State Chamber of Commerce}}
*{{Cite book| author =Indiana Writer's Project| title =Indiana: A Guide To The Hoosier State|series=American Guide Series| date=1973 |origyear =1937}}
*{{Cite book| last =Jackson| first =Marion T., ed.| title =The Natural Heritage of Indiana| publisher=Indiana University Press| year =1997| location =Bloomington| isbn =0-253-33074-2}}
*{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Indiana Geology|author=Logan, William Newton|author2=Cumings, Edgar Roscoe|author3=Malott, Clyde Arnett|author4=Visher, Stephen Sargent|author5=Tucker, William Motier|author6=Reeves, John Robert|year=1922|publisher=William B. Burford}}
*{{Cite book| last = Madison| first =James H.| title =The Indiana Way: A State History| publisher=Indiana University Press and Indiana Historical Society| year =1990| location =Bloomington and Indianapolis| isbn =0-253-20609-X}}
*{{Cite book|title=A Century of Indiana|author=Moore, Edward E|year=1910|publisher=American Book Company}}
*{{Cite book|title=Indiana|author=Pell, Ed|year=2003|publisher=Capstone Press|isbn=0-7368-1582-1}}
*{{Cite book | last =Skertic | first = Mark |author2=John J. Watkins | title=A Native's Guide to Northwest Indiana| year = 2003}}
*{{Cite book| last =Taylor| first =Robert M., ed.| title =Indiana: A New Historical Guide| publisher=Indiana Historical Society| year = 1990| location =Indianapolis| isbn=0-87195-048-0}}
*{{Cite book| last = Taylor| first = Robert M., ed.| title =The State of Indiana History 2000: Papers Presented at the Indiana Historical Society's Grand Opening| publisher =Indiana Historical Society| year =2001| location = Indianapolis}}
{{Refend}}


Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been less affected by declines in traditional ] manufacturers than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages.<ref>{{citation |title=Manufacturers in Indiana | publisher=Purdue University Center for Rural Development | date=July 19, 1998}}</ref>
==External links==
{{external links|date=January 2015}}
{{Sister project links|Indiana|voy=Indiana}}
; Directory
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Indiana}}


===Business===
; Government
*
*
*
*
*
*
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In 2016, Indiana was home to seven ] companies with a combined $142.5{{spaces}}billion in revenue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana Businesses Shuffle on Fortune 500|first=Dan|last=McGowan|publisher=Inside Indiana Business|url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/story/32221981/indiana-businesses-shuffle-around-on-fortune-500|date=June 14, 2016|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref> ]-based ] and Indianapolis-based ] and ] were recognized in '']'' publication's "2017 World's Most Admired Companies List", ranking in each of their respective industries.<ref>{{cite news|title=3 Indiana companies make Fortune's 2017 World's Most Admired Companies List|first=Allison|last=Carter|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2017/02/20/3-indiana-companies-make-fortunes-2017-worlds-most-admired-companies-list/98149374/|date=February 20, 2017|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>
; Culture and history
*
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] has been the largest steel producing center in the U.S. since 1975 and accounted for 27% of American-made steel in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana leads nation in steel production|first=Joseph|last=Pete|publisher=Northwest Indiana Times|url=http://www.nwitimes.com/business/steel/indiana-leads-nation-in-steel-production/article_def40810-528e-5a98-acc2-ebab79de08a2.html|date=May 31, 2017|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>
; Tourism and recreation
*
*
*
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Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company ] in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wndu.com/news/112005/news_46007.php|title=WNDU-TV: News Story: Bayer is leaving Elkhart – November 16, 2005|website=Wndu.com|access-date=July 29, 2022}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and second in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Economy & Demographics | publisher=Terre Haute Economic Development Co. | url=http://www.terrehauteareaedc.com/econ_industry.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716101025/http://www.terrehauteareaedc.com/econ_industry.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 16, 2006 | access-date=January 30, 2007 }}</ref>
; Geography
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Indiana is in the U.S. ] and ]. It has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, ] are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as ] and Chicago, assure dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties.<ref>{{cite web | title=USDA Crop Profiles | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state | access-date=November 20, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070223130933/http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state <!--bot retrieved archive--> |archive-date = February 23, 2007}}</ref> Most of the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a furniture-making sector in southern Indiana.
; International community and business resources

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In 2011, ''CEO'' magazine ranked Indiana first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiefexecutive.net/best-worst-states-for-business |title=Best/Worst States for Business &#124; ChiefExecutive.net &#124; Chief Executive Magazine |publisher=ChiefExecutive.net |date=May 3, 2011 |access-date=December 10, 2011}}</ref>
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===Taxation===
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{{See also|Taxation in Indiana}}
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Tax is collected by the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=DOR: Home|url=https://www.in.gov/dor/|access-date=June 4, 2020|website=www.in.gov}}</ref>

Indiana has a flat state ] rate of 3.23%. Many of the state's counties also collect income tax. The state ] rate is 7% with exemptions for food, prescription medications and over-the-counter medications.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Sales Tax Rates|url=http://www.money-zine.com/Financial-Planning/Tax-Shelter/State-Sales-Tax-Rates/|publisher=Money-Zine.com|access-date=January 26, 2012|archive-date=January 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121121539/http://www.money-zine.com/Financial-Planning/Tax-Shelter/State-Sales-Tax-Rates/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In some jurisdictions, an additional Food and Beverage Tax is charged, at a rate of 1% (Marion County's rate is 2%), on sales of prepared meals and beverages.<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIANA Retail Sales Tax & Use Tax |url=http://www.in.gov/dor/files/brochure3.pdf |website=Indiana Department of Revenue |publisher=State of Indiana |access-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125021729/http://www.in.gov/dor/files/brochure3.pdf |archive-date=November 25, 2011 }}</ref>

]es are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are administered by the Department of Local Government Finance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/dor/tax-forms/property-tax/|title=DOR: Property Tax|date=June 22, 2020 |accessdate=November 11, 2022}}</ref> Property is subject to taxation by a variety of taxing units (schools, counties, townships, municipalities, and libraries), making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. However, a "circuit breaker" law enacted on March 19, 2008, limits property taxes to 1% of assessed value for homeowners, 2% for rental properties and farmland, and 3% for businesses.

===State budget===

Indiana does not have a legal requirement to balance the state budget either in law or its constitution. Instead, it has a constitutional ban on assuming debt. The state has a ] and for healthy reserves proportional to spending. Indiana is one of six U.S. states to not allow a ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/budget-tax/gubernatorial-veto-authority-with-respect-to-major.aspx|title=Gubernatorial Veto Authority with Respect to Major Budget Bill(s)|publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures|access-date=September 11, 2017|archive-date=January 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129031718/http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/budget-tax/gubernatorial-veto-authority-with-respect-to-major.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since 2010, Indiana has been one of a few states to hold ] with the ] credit rating agencies, the highest possible rating.<ref>{{cite news|title=S&P Reaffirms State's Credit Rating|first=Alex|last=Brown|newspaper=Inside Indiana Business|url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/story/31621461/sp-reaffirms-states-credit-rating|date=April 1, 2016|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref>

===Energy===

{{See also|List of power stations in Indiana}}
], like ] in ], produced about 85 percent of Indiana's energy supply in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/state/state_one_pager/Indiana.pdf|title=2014 EIA reports and publications – Indiana|website=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=September 3, 2017}}</ref>]]

Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. It has 24 coal power plants, including the country's largest coal power plant, ], across the Wabash River from ]. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the ] power plant, just west of New Albany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2007/2007-07-26-05.asp|title=50 Dirtiest U.S. Power Plants Named|last=staff|website=Ens-newswire.com|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200756/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2007/2007-07-26-05.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2010, Indiana had estimated coal reserves of 57&nbsp;billion tons, and state mining operations produced 35&nbsp;million tons of coal annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://igs.indiana.edu/coal/index.cfm|title=Coal in Indiana|author=Indiana Geological Survey|publisher=]|access-date=October 19, 2010}}</ref> Indiana also has at least 900&nbsp;million barrels of petroleum reserves in the ], though they are not easily recoverable. While Indiana has made commitments to increasing the use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in southern Indiana. Most of the new plants in the state have been ] plants. Another source is hydroelectric power.

] has been growing rapidly. Estimates in 2006 raised Indiana's wind capacity from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and to 130,000 MW at 100 m, in 2010, the height of newer turbines.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209233955/http://www.indianacleanpower.org/renewableresources.html |date=February 9, 2014 }} Retrieved August 20, 2008</ref> By the end of 2011, Indiana had installed 1,340 MW of wind turbines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp |title=WINDExchange: U.S. Installed Wind Capacity |website=windpoweringamerica.gov |access-date=February 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314233108/http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp |archive-date=March 14, 2014 }}</ref> In 2020, this total had more than doubled to 2,968 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://neo.ne.gov/programs/stats/inf/205.htm |date=April 13, 2022 |title=Wind Energy Installed Capacity by State }}</ref>

===Transportation===

====Airports====

{{See also|List of airports in Indiana}}

] serves the greater Indianapolis area. It opened in November 2008 and offers a midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements.<ref>{{cite web | title=New Indianapolis Airport | publisher=Indianapolis Airport Authority | url=http://www.indianapolisairport.com/ | access-date=January 6, 2007 | archive-date=February 2, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202010611/http://www.indianapolisairport.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Other major airports include ], ] (which houses the ] of the ]), and ]. A long-standing proposal to turn ] into Chicago's third major airport received a boost in early 2006 with the approval of $48{{spaces}}million in federal funding over the next ten years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gary Airpport Gets Millions in Federal Funding |publisher=CBS Channel 2 |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/local_story_016180843.html |access-date=October 18, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218014515/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/local_story_016180843.html |archive-date=February 18, 2006 }}</ref>

No airlines operate out of ] but it is used primarily for general aviation. Since 1954, the ] of the Indiana ] was stationed there, but the ] (BRAC) Proposal of 2005 stated the 181st would lose its fighter mission and ] aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility a general-aviation-only facility.

], across the Ohio River in ], serves southern Indiana, as does ] in ]. Many residents of ], which is primarily in the ], use Chicago's airports, ] and ].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

====Highways====

] extension project in ]]]

The U.S. ] are ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The various highways intersecting in and around ], along with its historical status as a major railroad hub, and the canals that once crossed Indiana, are the source of the state's motto, the Crossroads of America. There are also many ] and ] maintained by the ]. These are numbered according to the same convention as ]. Indiana allows highways of different classifications to have the same number. For example, I-64 and ] both exist (rather close to each other) in Indiana, but are two distinct roads with no relation to one another.

A $3&nbsp;billion project extending I-69 is underway. The project was divided into six sections, with the first five sections (linking ] to ]) now complete. The sixth and final phase from Martinsville to Indianapolis is under construction. When complete, I-69 will traverse an additional {{convert|142|mi|km|}} through the state.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lange|first=Kaitlin|title=I-69 completion date pushed back|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2017/02/13/-69-completion-date-pushed-back/97850844/|access-date=September 3, 2017|work=The Indianapolis Star|date=February 13, 2017}}</ref>

====County roads====

Most Indiana counties use a grid-based system to identify county roads; this system replaced the older arbitrary system of road numbers and names, and (among other things) makes it much easier to identify the sources of calls placed to the ] system. Such systems are easier to implement in the glacially flattened northern and central portions of the state. Rural counties in the southern third of the state are less likely to have grids and more likely to rely on unsystematic road names (for example, Crawford, Harrison, Perry, Scott, and Washington Counties).

There are also counties in the northern portions of the state that have never implemented a grid or have only partially implemented one. Some counties are also laid out in an almost diamond-like grid system (e.g., Clark, Floyd, Gibson, and Knox Counties). Such a system is also almost useless in those situations as well. Knox County once operated two different grid systems for county roads because the county was laid out using two different survey grids, but has since decided to use road names and combine roads instead.

Notably, the county road grid system of St. Joseph County, whose major city is South Bend, uses perennial (tree) names (i.e. Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.) in alphabetical order for north–south roads and presidential and other noteworthy names (i.e., Adams, Edison, Lincoln Way, etc.) in alphabetical order for east–west roads. There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka. Hamilton County's east–west roads continue Indianapolis's numbered street system from 96th Street at the Marion County line to 296th street at the Tipton County line.

====Rail====

{{See also|List of Indiana railroads}}
] commuter train in ]]]

Indiana has more than {{convert|4,255|mi||adj=pre|railroad route }}, of which 91% are operated by ]s, principally ] and the ]. Other Class{{spaces}}I railroads in Indiana include the ] and ], a ] subsidiary, as well as ]. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching and terminal railroads. The ] is one of the country's most notable commuter rail systems, extending from Chicago to ]. Indiana is implementing an extensive rail plan prepared in 2002 by the ].<ref>{{cite web | title=Indiana Rail Plan | publisher=Indiana Department of Transportation | url=http://www.in.gov/indot/3065.htm | access-date=August 24, 2009 | archive-date=August 18, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818033454/http://www.in.gov/indot/3065.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Many recreational trails, such as the ] and ], have been created from ].

====Ports====

]. Ports of Indiana manages three maritime ports in the state, two located on the Ohio.]]

Indiana annually ships more than 70&nbsp;million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U.S. states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portsofindiana.com/culture/faq/#1620269721897-2019f81f-f9d9|title=FAQ - Ports of Indiana|accessdate=November 11, 2022}}</ref> More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes {{convert|400|mi|km|-1}} of direct access to two major freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The ] manages three major ports which include ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web | title=Ports of Indiana Website | url=http://www.portsofindiana.com | access-date=January 7, 2007}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Indiana}}

===Public schools===

] in Indianapolis is Indiana's oldest free public high school.<ref>{{cite web |last=Herron |first=Arika |title=Shortridge named state's 'most beautiful' public high school |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/education/2017/09/18/shortridge-named-states-most-beautiful-public-high-school/678804001/ |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=September 18, 2017 |access-date=March 13, 2024}}</ref>]]

Indiana's 1816 constitution was the first in the country to implement a state-funded ] system. It also allotted one township for a public university.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Indiana History: Indiana, the Nineteenth State (1816)
|publisher=Center for History
|url=http://centerforhistory.org/learn-history/indiana-history/indiana-the-nineteenth-state-1816
|access-date=August 26, 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027053723/http://centerforhistory.org/learn-history/indiana-history/indiana-the-nineteenth-state-1816
|archive-date=October 27, 2012
}}</ref> However, the plan turned out to be far too idealistic for a pioneer society, as tax money was not accessible for its organization. In the 1840s, ] pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in 1851 his advice was included in the new state constitution. In 1843 the Legislature ruled that African Americans could not attend the public schools, leading to the foundation of ] and other schools for them, funded by donations or the students themselves.<ref name="cepr.indiana.edu">{{cite web|title=Examining the Cross-roads: School Segregation in Indiana: Center for Evaluation, Policy, & Research: Indiana University Bloomington|url=https://cepr.indiana.edu/segregation.html|access-date=February 10, 2022|website=Center for Evaluation, Policy, & Research|language=en-US}}</ref> The Indiana General Assembly authorized separate but equal schools for Black students in 1869, and in 1877 language in the law changed to allow for integrated schools.<ref name="cepr.indiana.edu"/>

Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly ten percent attend private schools and ]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/doe/about/news/indiana-k-12-school-enrollment-grows-for-2021-2022-school-year/#:~:text=More%20than%2083%2C000%20students%20currently,comprises%207.4%25%20of%20Indiana's%20students.|title=Indiana K-12 School Enrollment grows for 2021-2022 School Year|date=January 20, 2022 |accessdate=November 12, 2022}}</ref> About half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-supported four-year schools.

Indiana public schools have gone through several changes throughout Indiana's history. Modern, public school standards, have been implemented all throughout the state. These new standards were adopted in April 2014. The overall goal of these new state standards is to ensure Indiana students have the necessary skills and requirements needed to enter college or the workforce upon high school graduation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indiana Academic Standards |url=https://www.doe.in.gov/standards |website=Indiana Department of Education |access-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012744/https://www.doe.in.gov/standards |url-status=dead }}</ref> State standards can be found for nearly every major subject taught in Indiana public schools. Mathematics, English/Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies are among the top, prioritized standards. In 2022, the ] reported that the state's overall graduation rate was 86.7%, down one percent from 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Mary |title=State Releases 2021 Graduation Rates |url=https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/articles/state-releases-2021-graduation-rates |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=Inside INdiana Business |language=en-US}}</ref>

The rate of Indiana high school students attending college fell to 53% in 2022, a significant decline from 65% in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2022 |title=Rate of Indiana high school students headed to college plummets to 53% |url=https://in.chalkbeat.org/2022/6/9/23161997/college-going-rate-indiana-decrease-low-high-school-higher-education-gap |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=Chalkbeat Indiana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/che/files/2021_College_Readiness_Report_04_21_2021a.pdf|title=Indiana College Readiness Report 2021|website=In.gov|access-date=July 29, 2022}}</ref> Indiana's college-going rates have fallen further than most states'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiana |first=Helen Rummel, Chalkbeat |title=Rate of Indiana high school students headed to college drops to 53% |url=https://nuvo.newsnirvana.com/news/rate-of-indiana-high-school-students-headed-to-college-drops-to-53/article_89f15974-e9d4-11ec-a877-a7ced5f94de7.html |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=NUVO |date=June 11, 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2022 |title=Rate of Indiana high school students headed to college plummets to 53% |url=https://in.chalkbeat.org/2022/6/9/23161997/college-going-rate-indiana-decrease-low-high-school-higher-education-gap |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=Chalkbeat Indiana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=brooke.mcafee@newsandtribune.com |first=BROOKE MCAFEE |title=Local college enrollment reflects Indiana decline |url=https://www.newsandtribune.com/news/local-college-enrollment-reflects-indiana-decline/article_7530346c-eb62-11ec-87c8-07171aed778c.html |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=News and Tribune |date=June 13, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Trends reveal widening gaps for ethnic minorities and low-income families.<ref name="auto1"/>

===Vocational schools===
Indiana has a strong vocational school system. ], known as the father of ] in the United States, was from ]. The ] is named in his honor. There are vocational schools in every region of Indiana, and most Indiana students can freely attend a vocational school during their high school years and receive training and job placement assistance in trade jobs. The International Union Of Operating Engineers (IUOE) has seven local unions in Indiana, offering apprenticeship and training opportunities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Unions by State/Province|url=https://www.iuoe.org/join-iuoe/local-unions-by-state-province|access-date=November 11, 2021|website=www.iuoe.org}}</ref> According to the Electrical Training Alliance website, there are ten electrical training centers in Indiana.<ref>{{cite web|title=electrical training ALLIANCE for the IBEW and NECA|url=http://electricaltrainingalliance.org/AboutUs|access-date=November 11, 2021|website=electricaltrainingalliance.org}}</ref>

===Colleges and universities===
{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Indiana}}
The state's community college system, ], serves nearly 200,000 students annually, making it the state's largest public post-secondary educational institution and the nation's largest singly accredited statewide community college system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ivy Tech Reports Record Enrollment |url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=49433 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017093819/http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=49433 |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |website=Insideindianabusiness.com}}</ref> In 2008, the Indiana University system agreed to shift most of its associate (2-year) degrees to the Ivy Tech Community College System.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 16, 2008 |title=Hoosier State Gets Coordinated |url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/05/16/indiana |access-date=March 21, 2014 |website=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref>

The largest non-community educational institution is ], a multi-campus university system; its ] was endorsed as the Indiana Seminary in 1820. ] was established in Terre Haute as the state's ] in 1865. ] was chartered in West Lafayette as the state's ] in 1869 and is also now a multi-campus institution. The three other independent state universities are ] (founded in 1801 by the Indiana Territory), ] (founded 1918 as the East Division of Indiana State), and the ] (founded 1965 as the Evansville campus of Indiana State).

Many of Indiana's private colleges and universities are affiliated with religious organizations. The ], ], and the ] are ]s. Universities affiliated with Protestant denominations include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], the ],<ref name="ST"/> and the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=About UE |publisher=] |url=http://www.evansville.edu/aboutue/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106123440/http://www.evansville.edu/aboutue/ |archive-date=January 6, 2010 }}</ref>

The state has several universities ranked among the best by '']''. The University of Notre Dame ranks among the top 20, Purdue University among the top 50, and Indiana University Bloomington among the top 100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Notre Dame |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-notre-dame-1840}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Purdue University-West Lafayette |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/purdue-university-west-lafayette-1825}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiana University-Bloomington |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/indiana-university-bloomington-1809}}</ref> ] (IUPUI) has recently made it into the top 200 '']'' rankings. Butler, Valparaiso, and the University of Evansville are ranked among the top ten in the Regional University Midwest Rankings. Purdue's engineering programs are ranked fourth in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023-2024 Best Engineering Schools |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-engineering-schools/eng-rankings |access-date=November 24, 2023 |website=US News & World Report}}</ref> In addition, Taylor University is ranked first in the Regional College Midwest Rankings and ] has been considered the nation's top undergraduate engineering school for 25 consecutive years.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521210513/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |date=May 21, 2011 }}, ], retrieved 2013-Aug-13</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029062714/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |date=October 29, 2015 }}, ], retrieved 2013-Aug-13</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130182816/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-colleges-midwest |date=January 30, 2013 }}, ], retrieved 2013-Aug-13</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930205000/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/engineering-no-doctorate |date=September 30, 2016 }}, ], retrieved 2013-Sept-17</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Survey Says: Rose-Hulman No. 1 in U.S. News' Engineering Rankings for 24th Straight Year |url=https://www.rose-hulman.edu/news/2022/the-survey-says-rose-hulman-number-one-in-us-news-engineering-rankings-for-24th-straight-year.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=www.rose-hulman.edu |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, the University of Notre Dame had the ] among private postsecondary institutions in the U.S. (11th overall).

The state is also home to the largest ] system in the country (the ]) and a smaller, ] medical school (Marian University's ]). In addition, Indiana boasts one ] school (the Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine), one ] school (Indiana University School of Optometry), three ] schools (the ], Butler College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and the Manchester College of Pharmacy, Natural, and Health Sciences) and four ]s (], ], ], and ]).

{{multiple image
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| alt1 = Sample Gates on the Indiana University Bloomington campus
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| image2 = Engineering Fountain Purdue University 2016 02.jpg
| alt2 = Engineering Fountain on the Purdue University campus
| caption2 = ] in West Lafayette
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==Sister jurisdictions==
Indiana has three official partner jurisdictions:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asiamattersforamerica.org/asia/data/sister-partnerships |title=Sister Partnerships By US State – Indiana |publisher=East-West Center |access-date=August 16, 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} ], China (1987)
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} ], Japan (1999)
* {{flagdeco|India}} ], India (2017)

== See also ==
{{portal bar|Indiana|United States}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ], 4 ships
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis|author=Bodenhamer, David J.|author2=Barrows, Robert Graham|author3=Vanderstel, David Gordon|year=1994|publisher=] Press|isbn=978-0-253-31222-8}}
* {{Cite book|title=Indiana|author=Brill, Marlene Targ|year=2005|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-7614-2020-0}}
* {{Cite book| last =Carmony| first =Donald F.| title =Indiana, 1816 to 1850: The Pioneer Era| publisher =]| year =1998| location =Indianapolis| isbn =978-0-87195-124-3}}
* {{Cite book|title=Hoosiers in the Civil War|author=Funk, Arville L|year=1967|isbn=978-0-9623292-5-8|publisher=Adams Press}}
* {{Cite book|author=Gray, Ralph D|title=Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates,1836–1940| year=1977 |publisher=]|isbn=978-1-885323-29-3}}
* {{Cite book|title=Indiana History: A Book of Readings|author=Gray, Ralph D|year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-32629-4}}
* {{Cite book|title=Here is Your Indiana Government|year=2005|author=Indiana State Chamber of Commerce}}
* {{Cite book|title=Here is Your Indiana Government|year=2007|author=Indiana State Chamber of Commerce}}
* {{Cite book| author =Indiana Writer's Project| title =Indiana: A Guide To The Hoosier State|series=American Guide Series| date=1973 |orig-year =1937}}
* {{Cite book| editor-last =Jackson| editor-first =Marion T.| title =The Natural Heritage of Indiana| publisher=Indiana University Press| year =1997| location =Bloomington| isbn =978-0-253-33074-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=Handbook of Indiana Geology|author=Logan, William Newton|author2=Cumings, Edgar Roscoe|author3=Malott, Clyde Arnett|author4=Visher, Stephen Sargent|author5=Tucker, William Motier|author6=Reeves, John Robert|year=1922|publisher=William B. Burford}}
* Madison, James H. ''Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana.'' Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2014.
* {{Cite book| last = Madison| first =James H.| title =The Indiana Way: A State History| publisher=Indiana University Press and Indiana Historical Society| year =1990| location =Bloomington and Indianapolis| isbn =978-0-253-20609-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=A Century of Indiana|author=Moore, Edward E|year=1910|publisher=American Book Company}}
* {{Cite book|title=Indiana|editor=Pell|year=2003|publisher=Capstone Press|isbn=978-0-7368-1582-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/indianapell00pell}}
* {{Cite book | last =Skertic | first = Mark |author2=John J. Watkins | title=A Native's Guide to Northwest Indiana| year = 2003}}
* {{Cite book| editor-last =Taylor| editor-first =Robert M.| title =Indiana: A New Historical Guide| publisher=Indiana Historical Society| year = 1990| location =Indianapolis| isbn=978-0-87195-048-2}}
* {{Cite book| editor-last = Taylor| editor-first = Robert M.| title =The State of Indiana History 2000: Papers Presented at the Indiana Historical Society's Grand Opening| publisher =Indiana Historical Society| year =2001| location = Indianapolis}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=1}}
* {{official website}}
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* {{OSM relation|161816}}


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Latest revision as of 04:50, 24 December 2024

U.S. state This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Indiana (disambiguation). "Hoosier State" redirects here. For the passenger train, see Hoosier State (train).

State in the United States
Indiana
State
State of Indiana
Flag of IndianaFlagOfficial seal of IndianaSeal
Nickname: "The Hoosier State"
Motto: "Crossroads of America"
Anthem: "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away"
Map of the United States with Indiana highlightedMap of the United States with Indiana highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodIndiana Territory
Admitted to the UnionDecember 11, 1816 (19th)
Capital
(and largest city)		Indianapolis
Largest county or equivalentMarion
Largest metro and urban areasIndianapolis
Government
 • GovernorEric Holcomb (R)
 • Lieutenant governorSuzanne Crouch (R)
LegislatureGeneral Assembly
 • Upper houseIndiana Senate
 • Lower houseIndiana House of Representatives
JudiciaryIndiana Supreme Court
U.S. senators
U.S. House delegation (list)
Area
 • Total36,418 sq mi (94,321 km)
 • Land35,868 sq mi (92,897 km)
 • Water550 sq mi (1,424 km)  1.5%
 • Rank38th
Dimensions
 • Length278 mi (432 km)
 • Width149 mi (232 km)
Elevation700 ft (210 m)
Highest elevation1,257 ft (383 m)
Lowest elevation320 ft (97 m)
Population
 • Total6,785,528
 • Rank17th
 • Density189/sq mi (73.1/km)
  • Rank16th
 • Median household income$62,743 (2021)
 • Income rank37th
DemonymHoosier
Language
 • Official languageEnglish
Time zones
80 countiesUTC−05:00 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
12 countiesUTC−06:00 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−05:00 (CDT)
USPS abbreviationIN
ISO 3166 codeUS-IN
Traditional abbreviationInd.
Latitude37° 46′ N to 41° 46′ N
Longitude84° 47′ W to 88° 6′ W
Websitein.gov
State symbols of Indiana
List of state symbols
Flag of Indiana
Seal of Indiana
Poem"Indiana"
Slogan"IN Indiana"
Living insignia
BirdNorthern cardinal
(Cardinalis cardinalis)
FlowerPeony
(Paeonia)
InsectSay's firefly
(Pyractomena angulata)
TreeTulip tree
(Liriodendron tulipifera)
Inanimate insignia
Color(s)Blue and gold
FirearmGrouseland Rifle
FoodPopcorn (state snack)
FossilMastodon
(Mammut americanum)
RockIndiana limestone
OtherWabash River (state river)
Republic P-47 Thunderbolt Hoosier Spirit II (state aircraft)
State route marker
Route marker
State quarter
Indiana quarter dollar coinReleased in 2002
Lists of United States state symbols

Indiana (/ˌɪndiˈænə/ IN-dee-AN-ə) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Michigan to the northwest, Michigan to the north and northeast, Ohio to the east, the Ohio River and Kentucky to the south and southeast, and the Wabash River and Illinois to the west. Nicknamed "the Hoosier State", Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the Union as the 19th state on December 11, 1816.

Various indigenous peoples inhabited what would become Indiana for thousands of years, some of whom the U.S. government expelled between 1800 and 1836. Indiana received its name because the state was largely possessed by native tribes even after it was granted statehood. Since then, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York, Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and adjacent Ohio, and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Upland South, particularly Kentucky and Tennessee.

Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $352.62 billion in 2021. It has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller cities and towns. Indiana is home to professional sports teams, including the NFL's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA's Indiana Pacers. The state also hosts several notable competitive events, such as the Indianapolis 500, held at Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

Etymology

Indiana's name means "Land of the Indians", or simply "Indian Land". It also stems from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the western section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a part of this territorial land became the geographic area for the new state.

Formal use of the word Indiana dates from 1768, when a Philadelphia-based trading company gave its land claim in present-day West Virginia the name "Indiana" in honor of its previous owners, the Iroquois. Later, ownership of the claim was transferred to the Indiana Land Company, the first recorded use of the word Indiana. But the Virginia colony argued that it was the rightful owner of the land because it fell within its geographic boundaries. The U.S. Supreme Court denied the land company's right to the claim in 1798.

Hoosier

A native or resident of Indiana is known as a Hoosier. The etymology of this word is disputed, but the leading theory, advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society, has its origin in Virginia, Kentucky, the Carolinas, and Tennessee (the Upland South) as a term for a backwoodsman, a rough countryman, or a country bumpkin.

History

Main article: History of Indiana See also: Outline of Indiana § History

Indigenous inhabitants

Angel Mounds State Historic Site was one of the northernmost Mississippian culture settlements, occupied from 1100 to 1450.

The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, who arrived about 8000 BC after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the Ice Age. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking.

The Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, an important step in civilization. These new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding stones. During the latter part of the period, they built earthwork mounds and middens, which showed settlements were becoming more permanent. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC.

The Woodland period began around 1500 BC when new cultural attributes appeared. The people created ceramics and pottery and extended their cultivation of plants. An early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began to develop long-range trade of goods. Nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD.

The Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 AD until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with large mounds and plazas defining ceremonial and public spaces. The concentrated settlements depended on the agricultural surpluses. One such complex was the Angel Mounds. They had large public areas such as plazas and platform mounds, where leaders lived or conducted rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-15th century for reasons that remain unclear.

The historic Native American tribes in the area at the time of European encounter spoke different languages of the Algonquian family. They included the Shawnee, Miami, and Illini. Refugee tribes from eastern regions, including the Delaware who settled in the White and Whitewater River Valleys, later joined them.

European exploration and sovereignty

See also: New France, Louisiana (New France), Illinois Country, and Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
Native Indians guide French explorers through Indiana, as depicted by Maurice Thompson in Stories of Indiana

In 1679, French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day South Bend at the St. Joseph River. He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-Canadian fur traders soon arrived, bringing blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans.

By 1702, Sieur Juchereau established the first trading post near Vincennes. In 1715, Sieur de Vincennes built Fort Miami at Kekionga, now Fort Wayne. In 1717, another Canadian, Picote de Beletre, built Fort Ouiatenon on the Wabash River, to try to control Native American trade routes from Lake Erie to the Mississippi River.

In 1732, Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. French Canadian settlers, who had left the earlier post because of hostilities, returned in larger numbers. In a period of a few years, British colonists arrived from the East and contended against the Canadians for control of the lucrative fur trade. Fighting between the French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as a result.

The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years' War). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede to the British crown all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the colonies.

The tribes in Indiana did not give up: they captured Fort Ouiatenon and Fort Miami during Pontiac's Rebellion. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the land west of the Appalachians for Native American use, and excluded British colonists from the area, which the Crown called "Indian Territory".

In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began as the colonists sought self-government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer George Rogers Clark called for an army to help fight the British in the west. Clark's army won significant battles and took over Vincennes and Fort Sackville on February 25, 1779.

During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops, who were attacking the eastern colonists from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War. At the end of the war, through the Treaty of Paris, the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States, including Native American lands.

The frontier

Main articles: Northwest Ordinance, Northwest Territory, Organic act § List of organic acts, and Indiana Territory A colorful map of Indiana with treaty namesA crude map of Indiana with only a handful of southern counties delineatedLeft: A map showing extent of the treaty lands. Right: One of the first maps of Indiana (made 1816, published 1817) showing territories prior to the Treaty of St. Mary's which greatly expanded the region. Note the inaccurate placement of Lake Michigan.

In 1787, the U.S. defined the Northwest Territory which included the area of present-day Indiana. In 1800, Congress separated Ohio from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the Indiana Territory. President Thomas Jefferson chose William Henry Harrison as the governor of the territory, and Vincennes was established as the capital. After the Michigan Territory was separated and the Illinois Territory was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.

Starting with the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, Native American titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation, purchase, or war and treaty. About half the state was acquired in the Treaty of St. Mary's from the Miami in 1818. Purchases were not complete until the Treaty of Mississinewas in 1826 acquired the last of the reserved Native American lands in the northeast.

A portrait of the Indiana frontier about 1810: The frontier was defined by the Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, adding much of the southwestern lands around Vincennes and southeastern lands adjacent to Cincinnati, to areas along the Ohio River as part of U.S. territory. Settlements were military outposts such as Fort Ouiatenon in the northwest and Fort Miami (later Fort Wayne) in the northeast, Fort Knox and Vincennes settlement on the lower Wabash. Other settlements included Clarksville (across from Louisville), Vevay, and Corydon along the Ohio River, the Quaker Colony in Richmond on the eastern border, and Conner's Post (later Connersville) on the east central frontier. Indianapolis would not be populated for 15 more years, and central and northern Indiana Territory remained wilderness populated primarily by Indigenous communities. Only two counties in the extreme southeast, Clark and Dearborn, had been organized by European settlers. Land titles issued out of Cincinnati were sparse. Settler migration was chiefly via flatboat on the Ohio River westerly, and by wagon trails up the Wabash/White River Valleys (west) and Whitewater River Valleys (east).

In 1810, the Shawnee tribal chief Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa encouraged other indigenous tribes in the territory to resist European settlement. Tensions rose and the U.S. authorized Harrison to launch a preemptive expedition against Tecumseh's Confederacy; the U.S. gained victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe on November 7, 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the Battle of Thames. After his death, armed resistance to United States control ended in the region. Most Native American tribes in the state were later removed to west of the Mississippi River in the 1820s and 1830s after U.S. negotiations and the purchase of their lands.

Statehood and settlement

Corydon, a town in the far southern part of Indiana, was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory in May 1813 in order to decrease the threat of Native American raids following the Battle of Tippecanoe. Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. An Enabling Act was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a constitution for Indiana. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. Jonathan Jennings was elected the fledgling state's first governor in August 1816. President James Madison approved Indiana's admission into the union as the nineteenth state on December 11, 1816. In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to Indianapolis.

Indiana's Capitol Building in Corydon served as the state's seat of government from 1816 until 1825.
1950 postal issue of Harrison commemorating Indiana's 150th anniversary of statehood

Many European immigrants went west to settle in Indiana in the early 19th century. The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were Germans, as well as many immigrants from Ireland and England. Americans who were primarily ethnically English migrated from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as from the mid-Atlantic state of Pennsylvania. The arrival of steamboats on the Ohio River in 1811, and the National Road at Richmond in 1829, greatly facilitated settlement of northern and western Indiana.

Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a frontier into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. In 1836, the state's founders initiated a program, the Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act, that led to the construction of roads, canals, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans bankrupted the state and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold. In response to the crisis and in order to avert another, in 1851, a second constitution was adopted. Among its provisions were a prohibition on public debt, as well as the extension of suffrage to African-Americans.

Civil War and late 19th-century industry

Main article: Indiana in the American Civil War

During the American Civil War, Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. Indiana was the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, and soldiers from Indiana participated in all the war's major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the Union.

In 1861, Indiana was assigned a quota of 7,500 soldiers to join the Union Army. So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana had contributed 208,367 men. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives and over 50,000 more were wounded. The only Civil War conflicts fought in Indiana were the Newburgh Raid, a bloodless capture of the city; and the Battle of Corydon, which occurred during Morgan's Raid leaving 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured.

After the war, Indiana remained a largely agricultural state. Post-war industries included mining, including limestone extraction; meatpacking; food processing, such as milling grain, distilling it into alcohol; and the building of wagons, buggies, farm machinery, and hardware. However, the discovery of natural gas in the 1880s in northern Indiana led to an economic boom: the abundant and cheap fuel attracted heavy industry; the availability of jobs, in turn, attracted new settlers from other parts of the country as well as from Europe. This led to the rapid expansion of cities such as South Bend, Indianapolis, and Fort Wayne.

Early 20th century

The early decades of the 20th century saw Indiana develop into a leading manufacturing state with heavy industry concentrating in the north. In 1906 the United States Steel Corporation created a new industrial city on Lake Michigan, Gary, named after Elbert Henry Gary, its founding chairman. With industrialization, workers developed labor unions (their strike activities induced governor James P. Goodrich to declare martial law in Gary in 1919) and a socialist party. Railroader Eugene Debs of Terre Haute, the Socialist candidate received 901,551 votes (6.0% of the national vote) in the 1912 presidential election. Suffrage movements also arose to enfranchise women.

In its earlier years, Indiana was a leader in the automobile boom. Beginning its production in Kokomo in 1896, Haynes-Apperson was the nation's first commercially successful auto company. The importance of vehicle and parts manufacture to the state was symbolized by the construction in 1909 of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

In the 1920s, state politics was heavily influenced by the rise of the Indiana Klan. First organized in 1915 as a branch of the Ku Klux Klan, it appealed to white Protestants alarmed by social and economic trends, including changes induced by immigration from southern and central Europe. In the name of defending "hundred-per-cent Americanism", the Klan sought exclude from public life "Bolsheviks, Catholics, Jews, Negroes, bootleggers, pacifists, evolutionists, foreigners, and all persons it considered immoral".

By 1925 the Klan had 250,000 members, an estimated 30% of native-born white men. By 1925 over half the elected members of the Indiana General Assembly, the governor of Indiana, and many other high-ranking officials in local and state government were members of the Klan. Politicians had also learned they needed Klan endorsement to win office. That year, "Grand Dragon" D.C. Stephenson, who had begun to brag "I am the law in Indiana", was charged and convicted for the rape and murder of Madge Oberholtzer, a young schoolteacher. Denied pardon, in 1927 Stephenson gave the Indianapolis Times lists of people the Klan had paid. Partly as a result of compounded scandal, membership collapsed.

Throughout the 1930s, Democrats were in power and "the Klan was political poison". During those years, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the Great Depression. The economic downturn had a wide-ranging negative impact on Indiana, such as the decline of urbanization. The Dust Bowl to the west led many migrants to flee to the more industrialized Midwest. Governor Paul V. McNutt's administration struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help overwhelmed private charities. During his administration, spending and taxes were both cut drastically in response to the Depression, and the state government was completely reorganized. McNutt ended Prohibition in the state and enacted the state's first income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes.

World War II helped lift Indiana's economy, as the war required steel, food and other goods the state produced. Roughly 10% of Indiana's population joined the armed forces, while hundreds of industries earned war production contracts and began making war material. Indiana manufactured 4.5% of total U.S. military armaments during World War II, ranking eighth among the 48 states. The expansion of industry to meet war demands helped end the Great Depression.

Modern era

With the conclusion of World War II, Indiana rebounded to pre-Depression levels of production. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the state's cities. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow after the war, exceeding five million by the 1970 census. In the 1960s the administration of Matthew E. Welsh adopted its first sales tax of 2%. Indiana schools were desegregated in 1949. In 1950, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as 95.5% white and 4.4% black. Governor Welsh also worked with the General Assembly to pass the Indiana Civil Rights Bill, granting equal protection to minorities in seeking employment.

On December 8, 1964, a Convair B-58 carrying nuclear weapons slid off an icy runway on Bunker Hill Air Force Base in Bunker Hill, Indiana and caught fire during a training drill. The five nuclear weapons on board were burned, including one 9-megaton thermonuclear weapon, causing radioactive contamination of the crash area.

Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed. With adoption, the Indiana Court of Appeals was created and the procedure of appointing justices on the courts was adjusted.

The 1973 oil crisis created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in Indiana. Companies such as Delco Electronics and Delphi began a long series of downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in Anderson, Muncie, and Kokomo. The restructuring and deindustrialization trend continued until the 1980s when the national and state economy began to diversify and recover.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Indiana

With a total area (land and water) of 36,418 square miles (94,320 km), Indiana ranks as the 38th largest state in size. The state has a maximum dimension north to south of 250 miles (400 km) and a maximum east to west dimension of 145 miles (233 km). The state's geographic center (39° 53.7'N, 86° 16.0W) is in Marion County.

Located in the Midwestern United States, Indiana is one of eight states that make up the Great Lakes Region. Indiana is bordered on the north by Michigan, on the east by Ohio, and on the west by Illinois, partially separated by the Wabash River. Lake Michigan borders Indiana on the northwest and the Ohio River separates Indiana from Kentucky on the south.

Geology and terrain

See also: Paleontology in Indiana, List of ecoregions in Indiana, and List of wildflowers in Indiana
Rolling hills in the Charles C. Deam Wilderness Area of Hoosier National Forest, in the Indiana Uplands

The average altitude of Indiana is about 760 feet (230 m) above sea level. The highest point in the state is Hoosier Hill in Wayne County at 1,257 feet (383 m) above sea level. The lowest point at 320 feet (98 m) above sea level is in Posey County, where the Wabash River meets the Ohio River. The resulting elevation span, 937 feet (286 m), is the narrowest of any non-coastal U.S. state. Only 2,850 square miles (7,400 km) have an altitude greater than 1,000 feet (300 m) and this area is enclosed within 14 counties. About 4,700 square miles (12,000 km) have an elevation of less than 500 feet (150 m), mostly concentrated along the Ohio and lower Wabash Valleys, from Tell City and Terre Haute to Evansville and Mount Vernon.

The state includes two natural regions of the United States: the Central Lowlands and the Interior Low Plateaus. The till plains make up the northern and central regions of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by glaciers. Central Indiana is mainly flat with some low rolling hills (except where rivers cut deep valleys through the plain, like at the Wabash River and Sugar Creek) and soil composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results in exceptional farmland. Northern Indiana is similar, except for the presence of higher and hillier terminal moraines and hundreds of kettle lakes. In northwest Indiana there are various sand ridges and dunes, some reaching nearly 200 feet in height; most of them are at Indiana Dunes National Park. These are along the Lake Michigan shoreline and also inland to the Kankakee Outwash Plain.

Southern Indiana is characterized by valleys and rugged, hilly terrain, contrasting with much of the state. Here, bedrock is exposed at the surface. Because of the prevalent Indiana limestone, the area has many caves, caverns, and quarries.

Hydrology

See also: List of Indiana rivers, List of dams and reservoirs in Indiana, List of lakes in Indiana, and Watersheds of Indiana
The Wabash River converges with the Ohio River at Posey County.

Major river systems in Indiana include the Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St. Joseph, and Maumee rivers. According to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, as of 2007, there were 65 rivers, streams, and creeks of environmental interest or scenic beauty, which included only a portion of an estimated 24,000 total river miles within the state.

The Wabash River, which is the longest free-flowing river east of the Mississippi River, is the official river of Indiana. At 475 miles (764 kilometers) in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest, forming part of the state's border with Illinois, before converging with the Ohio River. The river has been the subject of several songs, such as "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away", "Wabash Cannonball", and "Back Home Again in Indiana".

There are about 900 lakes listed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. To the northwest, Indiana borders Lake Michigan, one of five lakes comprising the Great Lakes, the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. Tippecanoe Lake, the deepest lake in the state, reaches depths at nearly 120 feet (37 m), while Lake Wawasee is the largest natural lake in Indiana. At 10,750 acres (summer pool level), Monroe Lake is the largest lake in Indiana.

Climate

Further information: Climate change in Indiana
Köppen climate types of Indiana, using 1991–2020 climate normals

In the past, almost all of Indiana had a humid continental climate (Dfa), with cold winters and hot, wet summers; only the extreme southern portion of the state lay within the humid subtropical climate (Cfa), which receives more precipitation than other parts of Indiana. But as of the 2016 update, about half the state is now classified as humid subtropical. Temperatures generally diverge from the north and south sections of the state. In midwinter, average high/low temperatures range from around 30 °F/15 °F (−1 °C/−10 °C) in the far north to 41 °F/24 °F (5 °C/−4 °C) in the far south.

In midsummer there is generally a little less variation across the state, as average high/low temperatures range from around 84 °F/64 °F (29 °C/18 °C) in the far north to 90 °F/69 °F (32 °C/21 °C) in the far south. Indiana's record high temperature was 116 °F (47 °C) set on July 14, 1936, at Collegeville. The record low was −36 °F (−38 °C) on January 19, 1994 at New Whiteland. The growing season typically spans from 155 days in the north to 185 days in the south.

While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are distributed relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from 35 inches (89 cm) near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to 45 inches (110 cm) along the Ohio River in the south, while the state's average is 40 inches (100 cm). Annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from 80 inches (200 cm) in the northwest along Lake Michigan to 14 inches (36 cm) in the far south. Lake effect snow accounts for roughly half the snowfall in northwest and north central Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind. The mean wind speed is 8 miles per hour (13 km/h).

In a 2012 report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone states based on National Weather Service data from 1950 through 2011. A 2011 report ranked South Bend 15th among the top 20 tornado-prone U.S. cities, while another report from 2011 ranked Indianapolis eighth.Despite its vulnerability, Indiana is not part of Tornado Alley.

Average precipitation in Indiana
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annum
2.48 2.27 3.36 3.89 4.46 4.19 4.22 3.91 3.12 3.02 3.44 3.13 41.49
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Indiana
Location July (°F) July (°C) January (°F) January (°C)
Indianapolis 85/66 29/19 35/20 2/−6
Fort Wayne 84/62 29/17 32/17 0/−8
Evansville 88/67 31/19 41/24 5/−4
South Bend 83/63 28/17 32/18 0/−8
Bloomington 87/65 30/18 39/21 4/−6
Lafayette 84/62 29/17 31/14 0/−10
Muncie 85/64 29/18 34/19 1/−7

Time zones

Main article: Time in Indiana

Indiana is one of 13 U.S. states that are divided into more than one time zone. Indiana's time zones have fluctuated over the past century. At present most of the state observes Eastern Time; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville observe Central Time. Debate continues on the matter.

Before 2006, most of Indiana did not observe daylight saving time (DST). Some counties within this area, particularly Floyd, Clark, and Harrison counties near Louisville, Kentucky, and Ohio and Dearborn counties near Cincinnati, Ohio, unofficially observed DST by local custom. Since April 2006 the entire state observes DST.

Indiana counties and statistical areas

See also: List of counties in Indiana and Indiana statistical areas

Indiana is divided into 92 counties. As of 2010, the state includes 16 metropolitan and 25 micropolitan statistical areas, 117 incorporated cities, 450 towns, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas. Marion County and Indianapolis have a consolidated city-county government.

Major cities

See also: List of municipalities in Indiana

Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana and its largest city. Indiana's four largest metropolitan areas are Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, Evansville, and South Bend. The table below lists the state's twenty largest municipalities based on the 2020 United States census.

   Largest cities or towns in Indiana
Source: 2020 United States census
Rank Name County Pop. Rank Name County Pop.
Indianapolis
Indianapolis
Fort Wayne
Fort Wayne 		1 Indianapolis Marion 887,642 11 Gary Lake 69,093 Evansville
Evansville
South Bend
South Bend
2 Fort Wayne Allen 263,886 12 Muncie Delaware 65,194
3 Evansville Vanderburgh 117,298 13 Greenwood Johnson 63,830
4 South Bend St. Joseph 103,453 14 Kokomo Howard 59,604
5 Carmel Hamilton 99,757 15 Terre Haute Vigo 58,389
6 Fishers Hamilton 98,977 16 Anderson Madison 54,788
7 Bloomington Monroe 79,168 17 Elkhart Elkhart 53,923
8 Hammond Lake 77,879 18 Mishawaka St. Joseph 51,063
9 Lafayette Tippecanoe 70,783 19 Columbus Bartholomew 50,474
10 Noblesville Hamilton 69,604 20 Jeffersonville Clark 49,447

Demographics

Population

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18002,632—
181024,520831.6%
1820147,178500.2%
1830343,031133.1%
1840685,86699.9%
1850988,41644.1%
18601,350,42836.6%
18701,680,63724.5%
18801,978,30117.7%
18902,192,40410.8%
19002,516,46214.8%
19102,700,8767.3%
19202,930,3908.5%
19303,238,50310.5%
19403,427,7965.8%
19503,934,22414.8%
19604,662,49818.5%
19705,193,66911.4%
19805,490,2245.7%
19905,544,1591.0%
20006,080,4859.7%
20106,483,8026.6%
20206,785,5284.7%
2024 (est.)6,924,2752.0%
Source: 1910–2020

Indiana recorded a population of 6,785,528 in the 2020 United States census, a 4.65% increase since the 2010 United States census.

The state's population density was 181.0 persons per square mile, the 16th-highest in the United States. As of the 2010 U.S. census, Indiana's population center is northwest of Sheridan, in Hamilton County (+40.149246, −086.259514).

In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties.

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 5,449 homeless people in Indiana.

In 2018, the top countries of origin for Indiana's immigrants were Mexico, India, China, Myanmar, and the Philippines.

Ancestry

Ethnic origins in Indiana
Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
Race and ethnicity Alone Total
White (non-Hispanic) 75.5% 75.5  79.1% 79.1 
African American (non-Hispanic) 9.4% 9.4  10.8% 10.8 
Hispanic or Latino — 8.2% 8.2 
Asian 2.5% 2.5  3.1% 3.1 
Native American 0.2% 0.2  1.6% 1.6 
Pacific Islander 0.04% 0.04  0.2% 0.2 
Other 0.4% 0.4  1.1% 1.1 
Indiana racial breakdown of population
Racial composition 1990 2000 2010 2020
White 90.6% 87.5% 84.3% 77.2%
Black 7.8% 8.4% 9.1% 9.6%
Asian 0.7% 1.0% 1.6% 2.5%
Native 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander		 – – – –
Other race 0.7% 1.6% 2.7% 3.9%
Two or more races – 1.2% 2.0% 6.4%

German is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 18.8% of the population reporting that ancestry in the census. Persons listing themselves as American (7.2%) and those of English ancestry (11.1%) are also numerous, as are Irish (9.8%) and Polish (2.6%). Most of those citing American ancestry are actually of European descent, including many of English descent, but have family that has been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early colonial era, that they identify simply as American. In the 1980 census 1,776,144 people claimed German ancestry, 1,356,135 claimed English ancestry and 1,017,944 claimed Irish ancestry out of a total population of 4,241,975 making the state 42% German, 32% English and 24% Irish.

The state is home to a growing Hispanic population, making up 7.8% of the total population. The largest Hispanic ancestry in the state is Mexican (5.3%), making up a large majority of the Hispanic population.

The majority (62%) of the state's African American population is concentrated in Marion and Lake counties, in and around the cities of Indianapolis and Gary.

Population growth

Map of counties in Indiana by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census
Non-Hispanic White   50–60%   60–70%   70–80%   80–90%   90%+

Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the five fastest-growing counties in that area: Hamilton, Hendricks, Johnson, and Hancock. The other county is Dearborn County, which is near Cincinnati, Ohio. Hamilton County has also grown faster than any county in the states bordering Indiana (Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and Kentucky), and is the 20th-fastest growing county in the country.

With a population of 829,817, Indianapolis is the largest city in Indiana and the 12th-largest in the United States, according to the 2010 census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: Fort Wayne (253,617), Evansville (117,429) and South Bend (101,168). Since 2000, Fishers has seen the largest population rise amongst the state's twenty largest cities with an increase of 100%. Other cities that have seen extensive growth since 2000 are Greenwood (81%), Noblesville (39.4%), Carmel (21.4%), Columbus (12.8%) and Lawrence (9.3%).

Gary and Hammond have had the largest population declines regarding the 20 largest cities since 2000, with a decrease of 21.0% and 6.8% respectively. Evansville (−4.2%), Anderson (−4.0%) and Muncie (−3.9%) have also had declines.

Indianapolis has the largest population of the state's metropolitan areas and the 33rd-largest in the country. The Indianapolis metropolitan area encompasses Marion County and nine surrounding counties in central Indiana.

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
Race 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
White: 70,166 (84.4%) 70,967 (84.4%) 70,741 (84.1%) ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
> Non-Hispanic White 63,820 (76.8%) 64,076 (76.2%) 63,472 (75.5%) 62,039 (74.7%) 60,515 (73.6%) 59,520 (72.9%) 58,211 (72.0%) 56,290 (71.6%) 56,839 (71.1%) 55,178 (69.3%)
Black 10,445 (12.6%) 10,666 (12.7%) 10,656 (12.7%) 9,768 (11.8%) 9,971 (12.1%) 10,242 (12.5%) 10,249 (12.7%) 9,848 (12.5%) 9,991 (12.5%) 10,119 (12.7%)
Asian 2,364 (2.8%) 2,322 (2.8%) 2,523 (3.0%) 2,426 (2.9%) 2,535 (3.1%) 2,382 (2.9%) 2,285 (2.8%) 2,335 (3.0%) 2,295 (2.9%) 2,458 (3.1%)
American Indian 127 (0.1%) 125 (0.1%) 120 (0.1%) 85 (0.1%) 124 (0.2%) 132 (0.2%) 117 (0.1%) 56 (>0.1%) 76 (>0.1%) 126 (0.2%)
Hispanic (of any race) 6,837 (8.2%) 7,239 (8.6%) 7,634 (9.1%) 7,442 (8.9%) 7,669 (9.3%) 7,867 (9.6%) 8,420 (10.4%) 8,480 (10.8%) 8,826 (11.0%) 9,939 (12.5%)
Total Indiana 83,102 (100%) 84,080 (100%) 84,040 (100%) 83,091 (100%) 82,170 (100%) 81,646 (100%) 80,859 (100%) 78,616 (100%) 79,946 (100%) 79,649 (100%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the state's population is under the age of five, 24.5% is under the age of 18, and 13.2% is 65 years of age or older. From the 2010 U.S. census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is 37.

Median income

See also: Indiana locations by per capita income

As of the 2010 census, Indiana's median household income was $44,616, ranking it 36th among the United States and the District of Columbia. In 2005, the median household income for Indiana residents was $43,993. Nearly 498,700 Indiana households had incomes between $50,000 and $75,000, accounting for 20% of all households.

Hamilton County's median household income is nearly $35,000 higher than the Indiana average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with fewer than 250,000 people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson County at $56,251.

Religion

Indiana is home to the third largest population of Amish in the U.S.

Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Catholic (747,706 members), most Hoosiers are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2010 was the United Methodist Church, with 355,043. A study by the Graduate Center at the City University of New York found 20% are Catholic, 14% belong to Baptist churches, 10% are other Christians, 9% are Methodist, and 6% are Lutheran. The study found 16% are affiliated with no religion.

Indiana is home to the Benedictine St. Meinrad Archabbey, one of two Catholic archabbeys in the United States and 11 in the world. The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod has one of its two seminaries in Fort Wayne. Two evangelical Methodist denominations, the Free Methodist Church and the Wesleyan Church, are headquartered in Indianapolis, as is the Christian Church.

The Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches maintains offices and publishing work in Winona Lake. Huntington serves as the home to the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. Anderson is home to the headquarters of the Church of God. The headquarters of the Missionary Church is in Fort Wayne.

The Friends United Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, the largest branch of American Quakerism, is based in Richmond, which also houses the oldest Quaker seminary in the United States, the Earlham School of Religion. The Islamic Society of North America is headquartered in Plainfield.

Religious affiliation in Indiana (2014)
Affiliation % of Indiana population
Christianity 72 72 
Protestant 52 52 
Evangelical Protestant 31 31 
Mainline Protestant 16 16 
Black Protestant 5 5 
Catholic 18 18 
Mormon 1 1 
Jehovah's Witnesses 0.5 0.5 
Orthodox 0.5 0.5 
Other Christianity 0.5 0.5 
Judaism 1 1 
Buddhism 0.5 0.5 
Islam 0.5 0.5 
Hinduism 0.5 0.5 
Other faiths 1 1 
Unaffiliated 26 26 
Don't know / no answer 0.5 0.5 

Law and government

Main article: Government of Indiana See also: United States congressional delegations from Indiana and Indiana's congressional districts
The Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis, seat of Indiana's state government, hosts the Indiana General Assembly, the Indiana Supreme Court, and the Governor of Indiana.
Constitution of Indiana (1816)

Indiana has a constitutional democratic republican form of government with three branches: the executive, including an elected governor and lieutenant governor; the legislative, consisting of an elected bicameral General Assembly; and the judicial, the Supreme Court of Indiana, the Indiana Court of Appeals and circuit courts.

The Governor of Indiana serves as the state's chief executive and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the lieutenant governor are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrently with United States presidential elections (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, etc.). The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The governor works with the Indiana General Assembly and the Indiana Supreme Court to govern the state and has the authority to adjust the other branches. The governor can call special sessions of the General Assembly and select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the Indiana Guard Reserve or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority.

The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate and ensures the senate rules are acted in accordance with by its constituents. The lieutenant governor votes only when needed to break ties. If the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor.

The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member Senate and 100-member House of Representatives. The Senate is the upper house of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the lower house. The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and the House can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but both houses must pass them before they can be submitted to the Governor. The legislature can nullify a veto from the governor with a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and House of Representatives. Each law passed by the General Assembly must apply without exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets a particular community. The General Assembly can manage the state's judiciary system by arranging the size of the courts and the bounds of their districts. It also can oversee the activities of the executive branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to alter the Indiana Constitution.

The Indiana Supreme Court is made up of five judges with a Court of Appeals composed of 15 judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeals courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-year term. In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have original jurisdiction and can hear only cases petitioned to it after being heard in lower courts. Local circuit courts are where most cases begin with a trial and the consequence is decided by the jury. The Supreme Court has original and sole jurisdiction in certain areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.

The state is divided into 92 counties, which are led by a board of county commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own circuit court with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate superior courts in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts vary greatly from county to county. There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered courts of record. County officials elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board.

U.S. News & World Report ranked Indiana first in the publication's inaugural 2017 Best States for Government listing. Among individual categories, Indiana ranked above average in budget transparency (#1), government digitization (#6), and fiscal stability (#8), and ranked average in state integrity (#25).

In a 2020 study, Indiana was ranked as the 10th hardest state for citizens to vote in. Abortion is illegal in Indiana with limited exceptions.

Military installations

Members of the Indiana National Guard at the Muscatatuck Urban Training Center near Butlerville

Indiana is home to several current and former military installations. The largest of these is the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, approximately 25 miles southwest of Bloomington, which is the third-largest naval installation in the world, comprising approximately 108 square miles of territory. Located inside NSWC Crane is Constitution Grove, a 64,000-acre forest containing approximately 120 old-growth white oak trees selected for the maintenance of the USS Constitution, the world's oldest commissioned warship still afloat.

Other active installations include Air National Guard fighter units at Fort Wayne, and Terre Haute airports (to be consolidated at Fort Wayne under the 2005 BRAC proposal, with the Terre Haute facility remaining open as a non-flying installation). The Army National Guard conducts operations at Camp Atterbury in Edinburgh, Indiana, helicopter operations out of Shelbyville Airport and urban training at Muscatatuck Urban Training Center. The Army's Newport Chemical Depot, which is now closed and turning into a coal purifier plant.

Indiana was formerly home to two major military installations; Grissom Air Force Base near Peru (realigned to an Air Force Reserve installation in 1994) and Fort Benjamin Harrison near Indianapolis, now closed, though the Department of Defense continues to operate a large finance center there (Defense Finance and Accounting Service).

Politics

Main article: Politics of Indiana See also: Political party strength in Indiana and United States presidential elections in Indiana
An older man in a tan suit reaches across a table to shake a woman's hand.
Mike Pence at the Indiana State Fair, 2014

From 1880 to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Indiana Representative William Hayden English was nominated for vice president and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the 1880 election. Former Indiana Governor Thomas A. Hendricks was elected vice president in 1884. He served until his death on November 25, 1885, under President Grover Cleveland. In 1888, former Senator from Indiana Benjamin Harrison was elected president and served one term. He remains the only President from Indiana. Indiana Senator Charles W. Fairbanks was elected vice president in 1904, serving under President Theodore Roosevelt until 1909. Fairbanks made another run for vice president with Charles Evans Hughes in 1916, but they both lost to Woodrow Wilson and former Indiana Governor Thomas R. Marshall, who served as vice president from 1913 until 1921. Not until 1988 did another presidential election involve a native of Indiana when Senator Dan Quayle was elected vice president and served one term with George H. W. Bush. Governor Mike Pence was elected vice president in 2016 and served one term with Donald Trump.

Indiana has long been considered a Republican stronghold, particularly in Presidential races. The Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI) now rates Indiana as R+9. Indiana was one of only ten states to support Republican Wendell Willkie in 1940. On 14 occasions the Republican candidate has defeated the Democrat by a double-digit margin in the state, including six times where a Republican won the state by more than 20 percentage points. In 2000 and 2004 George W. Bush won the state by a wide margin while the election was much closer overall. The state has supported a Democrat for president only five times since 1900. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became the first Democrat to win the state in the 20th century, with 43% of the vote. Twenty years later, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the state with 55% of the vote over incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt won the state again in 1936. In 1964, 56% of voters supported Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson over Republican Barry Goldwater. Forty-four years later, Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state against John McCain 50% to 49%. In the following election, Republican Mitt Romney won back the state for the Republican Party with 54% of the vote over the incumbent President Obama who won 43%.

While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats were elected governor during that time. Before Mitch Daniels became governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11 electoral votes in presidential elections. Seven of the districts favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are seven Republicans serving as representatives and two Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020 elections. Indiana's second-most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since 1972. In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research rated the most liberal and conservative cities in the United States on voting statistics in the 2004 presidential election, based on 237 cities with populations of more than 100,000. Five Indiana cities were mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, Gary was ranked second and South Bend came in at 83. Among conservative cities, Fort Wayne was 44th, Evansville was 60th and Indianapolis was 82nd on the list.

Culture

Arts

See also: Golden Age of Indiana Literature

The last decades of the 19th century began what is known as the "golden age of Indiana literature", a period that lasted until the 1920s. Edward Eggleston wrote The Hoosier Schoolmaster (1871), the first best-seller to originate in the state. Many more followed, including Maurice Thompson's Hoosier Mosaics (1875) and Lew Wallace's Ben-Hur (1880). Indiana developed a reputation as the "American heartland" after the publication of several widely read novels, beginning with Booth Tarkington's The Gentleman from Indiana (1899), Meredith Nicholson's The Hoosiers (1900), and Thompson's Alice of Old Vincennes (1900). James Whitcomb Riley, known as the "Hoosier Poet" and the most popular poet of his age, wrote hundreds of poems with Hoosier themes, including Little Orphant Annie. A unique art culture also began to develop in the late 19th century, beginning the Hoosier School of landscape painting and the Richmond Group of impressionist painters. The painters, including T. C. Steele, whose work was influenced by southern Indiana's colorful hills, were known for their use of vivid colors. Prominent musicians and composers from Indiana also reached national acclaim, including Paul Dresser, whose most popular song, "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away", was later adopted as the official state song.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Indiana

Motorsports

Indianapolis is home to the annual Indianapolis 500 race.

Indiana has an extensive history with auto racing. Indianapolis hosts the Indianapolis 500 mile race over Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing". The race attracts more than 250,000 people every year, making it the largest single-day sporting event in the world. The track also hosts the Brickyard 400 (NASCAR) and the Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix. From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the United States Grand Prix (Formula One). Indiana features the world's largest and most prestigious drag race, the NHRA Mac Tools U.S. Nationals, held each Labor Day weekend at Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis in Clermont, Indiana. Indiana is also host to a major unlimited hydroplane racing power boat race circuits in the major H1 Unlimited league, the Madison Regatta (Madison, Indiana).

Professional sports

The Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League have been based in the state since 1984.

As of 2013 Indiana has produced more National Basketball Association (NBA) players per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten. It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the sport's formative years. The NBA's Indiana Pacers play their home games at Gainbridge Fieldhouse; they began play in 1967 in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues merged in 1976. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, high school basketball was born in Indiana. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote "Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport." The 1986 film Hoosiers is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions Milan High School. Professional basketball player Larry Bird was born in West Baden Springs and was raised in French Lick. He went on to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986.

Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the Dayton Triangles. They became an official team after moving to Baltimore, MD, in 1953. In 1984, the Colts relocated to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. After calling the RCA Dome home for 25 years, the Colts play their home games at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won Super Bowl V. In Indianapolis, the Colts won Super Bowl XLI, bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs.

Indiana was home to two charter members of the National Football League teams, the Hammond Pros and the Muncie Flyers. Another early NFL franchise, the Evansville Crimson Giants spent two seasons in the league before folding.

Professional teams

The following table shows the professional sports teams in Indiana. Teams in italic are in major professional leagues.

Club Sport League Venue (capacity)
Indianapolis Colts American football National Football League Lucas Oil Stadium (62,400)
Indiana Pacers Basketball National Basketball Association Gainbridge Fieldhouse (18,165)
Evansville Otters Baseball Frontier League Bosse Field (5,181)
Evansville Thunderbolts Ice hockey SPHL Ford Center (9,000)
Fort Wayne Komets Ice hockey ECHL Allen County War Memorial Coliseum (10,480)
Fort Wayne TinCaps Baseball High-A Central Parkview Field (8,100)
Gary SouthShore RailCats Baseball American Association U.S. Steel Yard (6,139)
Indiana Fever Basketball Women's National Basketball Association Gainbridge Fieldhouse (18,165)
Indiana Mad Ants Basketball NBA G League Gainbridge Fieldhouse (18,165)
(Noblesville Event Center (3,400) in 2025–26)
Indy Eleven Soccer United Soccer League Michael A. Carroll Stadium (10,524)
Indy Fuel Ice hockey ECHL Indiana Farmers Coliseum (6,300)
Indianapolis Indians Baseball Triple-A East Victory Field (14,230)
Indianapolis Enforcers Arena football AAL Indiana Farmers Coliseum
South Bend Cubs Baseball High-A Central Four Winds Field (5,000)

The following is a table of sports venues in Indiana having a capacity in excess of 30,000:

Facility Capacity Municipality Tenants
Indianapolis Motor Speedway 257,327 Speedway
Notre Dame Stadium 84,000 Notre Dame Notre Dame Fighting Irish football
Lucas Oil Stadium 62,421 Indianapolis Indianapolis Colts
Ross–Ade Stadium 57,236 West Lafayette Purdue Boilermakers football
Memorial Stadium 52,929 Bloomington Indiana Hoosiers football

College athletics

See also: Hoosier Hysteria
Simon Skjodt Assembly Hall, home to Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball
Notre Dame Stadium, home to the Fighting Irish
Ross-Ade Stadium, home of the Purdue Boilermakers, before the 2023 renovations

Indiana has had great sports success at the collegiate level.

In men's basketball, the Indiana Hoosiers have won five NCAA national championships and 22 Big Ten Conference championships. The Purdue Boilermakers were selected as the national champions in 1932 before the creation of the tournament, and have won 26 Big Ten championships. The Boilermakers along with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish have both won a national championship in women's basketball.

In college football, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish have won 11 consensus national championships, as well as the Rose Bowl Game, Cotton Bowl Classic, Orange Bowl and Sugar Bowl. Meanwhile, the Purdue Boilermakers have won 10 Big Ten championships and have won the Rose Bowl and Peach Bowl.

Schools fielding NCAA Division I athletic programs include:

Program Division Conference City
Ball State Cardinals Division I FBS Mid-American Conference
Missouri Valley Conference (men's swimming & diving)
Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (men's volleyball) 		Muncie
Butler Bulldogs Division I FCS Big East Conference
Pioneer Football League 		Indianapolis
Evansville Purple Aces Division I (non-football) Missouri Valley Conference Evansville
Indiana Hoosiers Division I FBS Big Ten Conference
Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (women's water polo) 		Bloomington
Indiana State Sycamores Division I FCS Missouri Valley Conference
Missouri Valley Football Conference 		Terre Haute
IU Indy Jaguars Division I (non-football) Horizon League Indianapolis
Notre Dame Fighting Irish Division I FBS Atlantic Coast Conference
Big Ten Conference (men's ice hockey)
Independent (football) 		South Bend
Purdue Boilermakers Division I FBS Big Ten Conference West Lafayette
Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons Division I (non-football) Horizon League
Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (men's volleyball) 		Fort Wayne
Southern Indiana Screaming Eagles Division I (non-football) Ohio Valley Conference
Summit League (swimming & diving)
Horizon League (men's tennis) 		Evansville
Valparaiso Beacons Division I FCS Missouri Valley Conference
Pioneer Football League
Conference USA (women's bowling) 		Valparaiso

Economy and infrastructure

Main article: Economy of Indiana
Lake Michigan's beaches, popular with tourists, are juxtaposed with heavy industry.
Indiana is the fifth largest corn-producing state in the U.S., with over a billion bushels harvested in 2013.

In 2017, Indiana had a civilian labor force of nearly 3.4 million, the 15th largest in the United States. Indiana has an unemployment rate of 3.4%, lower than the national average. The total gross state product in 2016 was $347.2 billion. A high percentage of Indiana's income is from manufacturing. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, nearly 17% of the state's non-farm workforce is employed in manufacturing, the highest of any state in the U.S. The state's five leading exports were motor vehicles and auto parts, pharmaceutical products, industrial machinery, optical and medical equipment, and electric machinery.

Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been less affected by declines in traditional Rust Belt manufacturers than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages.

Business

In 2016, Indiana was home to seven Fortune 500 companies with a combined $142.5 billion in revenue. Columbus-based Cummins, Inc. and Indianapolis-based Eli Lilly and Company and Simon Property Group were recognized in Fortune publication's "2017 World's Most Admired Companies List", ranking in each of their respective industries.

Northwest Indiana has been the largest steel producing center in the U.S. since 1975 and accounted for 27% of American-made steel in 2016.

Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville. Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and second in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs.

Indiana is in the U.S. Corn Belt and Grain Belt. It has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, soybeans are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as Indianapolis and Chicago, assure dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties. Most of the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a furniture-making sector in southern Indiana.

In 2011, CEO magazine ranked Indiana first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business.

Taxation

See also: Taxation in Indiana

Tax is collected by the Indiana Department of Revenue.

Indiana has a flat state income tax rate of 3.23%. Many of the state's counties also collect income tax. The state sales tax rate is 7% with exemptions for food, prescription medications and over-the-counter medications. In some jurisdictions, an additional Food and Beverage Tax is charged, at a rate of 1% (Marion County's rate is 2%), on sales of prepared meals and beverages.

Property taxes are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are administered by the Department of Local Government Finance. Property is subject to taxation by a variety of taxing units (schools, counties, townships, municipalities, and libraries), making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. However, a "circuit breaker" law enacted on March 19, 2008, limits property taxes to 1% of assessed value for homeowners, 2% for rental properties and farmland, and 3% for businesses.

State budget

Indiana does not have a legal requirement to balance the state budget either in law or its constitution. Instead, it has a constitutional ban on assuming debt. The state has a Rainy Day Fund and for healthy reserves proportional to spending. Indiana is one of six U.S. states to not allow a line-item veto.

Since 2010, Indiana has been one of a few states to hold AAA bond credit ratings with the Big Three credit rating agencies, the highest possible rating.

Energy

See also: List of power stations in Indiana
Coal-fired electric plants, like Clifty Creek Power Plant in Madison, produced about 85 percent of Indiana's energy supply in 2014.

Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. It has 24 coal power plants, including the country's largest coal power plant, Gibson Generating Station, across the Wabash River from Mount Carmel, Illinois. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the Gallagher power plant, just west of New Albany.

In 2010, Indiana had estimated coal reserves of 57 billion tons, and state mining operations produced 35 million tons of coal annually. Indiana also has at least 900 million barrels of petroleum reserves in the Trenton Field, though they are not easily recoverable. While Indiana has made commitments to increasing the use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in southern Indiana. Most of the new plants in the state have been coal gasification plants. Another source is hydroelectric power.

Wind power has been growing rapidly. Estimates in 2006 raised Indiana's wind capacity from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and to 130,000 MW at 100 m, in 2010, the height of newer turbines. By the end of 2011, Indiana had installed 1,340 MW of wind turbines. In 2020, this total had more than doubled to 2,968 MW.

Transportation

Airports

See also: List of airports in Indiana

Indianapolis International Airport serves the greater Indianapolis area. It opened in November 2008 and offers a midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements.

Other major airports include Evansville Regional Airport, Fort Wayne International Airport (which houses the 122d Fighter Wing of the Air National Guard), and South Bend International Airport. A long-standing proposal to turn Gary Chicago International Airport into Chicago's third major airport received a boost in early 2006 with the approval of $48 million in federal funding over the next ten years.

No airlines operate out of Terre Haute Regional Airport but it is used primarily for general aviation. Since 1954, the 181st Fighter Wing of the Indiana Air National Guard was stationed there, but the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Proposal of 2005 stated the 181st would lose its fighter mission and F-16 aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility a general-aviation-only facility.

Louisville International Airport, across the Ohio River in Louisville, Kentucky, serves southern Indiana, as does Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport in Hebron, Kentucky. Many residents of Northwest Indiana, which is primarily in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, use Chicago's airports, O'Hare International Airport and Chicago Midway International Airport.

Highways

The Interstate 69 extension project in Monroe County

The U.S. Interstate highways in Indiana are I-64, I-65, I-265, I-465, I-865, I-69, I-469, I-70, I-74, I-80, I-90, I-94, and I-275. The various highways intersecting in and around Indianapolis, along with its historical status as a major railroad hub, and the canals that once crossed Indiana, are the source of the state's motto, the Crossroads of America. There are also many U.S. routes and state highways maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation. These are numbered according to the same convention as U.S. Highways. Indiana allows highways of different classifications to have the same number. For example, I-64 and Indiana State Road 64 both exist (rather close to each other) in Indiana, but are two distinct roads with no relation to one another.

A $3 billion project extending I-69 is underway. The project was divided into six sections, with the first five sections (linking Evansville to Martinsville) now complete. The sixth and final phase from Martinsville to Indianapolis is under construction. When complete, I-69 will traverse an additional 142 miles (229 km) through the state.

County roads

Most Indiana counties use a grid-based system to identify county roads; this system replaced the older arbitrary system of road numbers and names, and (among other things) makes it much easier to identify the sources of calls placed to the 9-1-1 system. Such systems are easier to implement in the glacially flattened northern and central portions of the state. Rural counties in the southern third of the state are less likely to have grids and more likely to rely on unsystematic road names (for example, Crawford, Harrison, Perry, Scott, and Washington Counties).

There are also counties in the northern portions of the state that have never implemented a grid or have only partially implemented one. Some counties are also laid out in an almost diamond-like grid system (e.g., Clark, Floyd, Gibson, and Knox Counties). Such a system is also almost useless in those situations as well. Knox County once operated two different grid systems for county roads because the county was laid out using two different survey grids, but has since decided to use road names and combine roads instead.

Notably, the county road grid system of St. Joseph County, whose major city is South Bend, uses perennial (tree) names (i.e. Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.) in alphabetical order for north–south roads and presidential and other noteworthy names (i.e., Adams, Edison, Lincoln Way, etc.) in alphabetical order for east–west roads. There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka. Hamilton County's east–west roads continue Indianapolis's numbered street system from 96th Street at the Marion County line to 296th street at the Tipton County line.

Rail

See also: List of Indiana railroads
A South Shore commuter train in Michigan City

Indiana has more than 4,255 railroad route miles (6,848 km), of which 91% are operated by Class I railroads, principally CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. Other Class I railroads in Indiana include the Canadian National Railway and Soo Line Railroad, a CPKC subsidiary, as well as Amtrak. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching and terminal railroads. The South Shore Line is one of the country's most notable commuter rail systems, extending from Chicago to South Bend. Indiana is implementing an extensive rail plan prepared in 2002 by the Parsons Corporation. Many recreational trails, such as the Monon Trail and Cardinal Greenway, have been created from abandoned rails routes.

Ports

Barges are a common sight along the Ohio River. Ports of Indiana manages three maritime ports in the state, two located on the Ohio.

Indiana annually ships more than 70 million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U.S. states. More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes 400 miles (640 km) of direct access to two major freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The Ports of Indiana manages three major ports which include Burns Harbor, Jeffersonville, and Mount Vernon.

Education

Main article: Education in Indiana

Public schools

Established in 1864, Shortridge High School in Indianapolis is Indiana's oldest free public high school.

Indiana's 1816 constitution was the first in the country to implement a state-funded public school system. It also allotted one township for a public university. However, the plan turned out to be far too idealistic for a pioneer society, as tax money was not accessible for its organization. In the 1840s, Caleb Mills pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in 1851 his advice was included in the new state constitution. In 1843 the Legislature ruled that African Americans could not attend the public schools, leading to the foundation of Union Literary Institute and other schools for them, funded by donations or the students themselves. The Indiana General Assembly authorized separate but equal schools for Black students in 1869, and in 1877 language in the law changed to allow for integrated schools.

Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly ten percent attend private schools and parochial schools. About half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-supported four-year schools.

Indiana public schools have gone through several changes throughout Indiana's history. Modern, public school standards, have been implemented all throughout the state. These new standards were adopted in April 2014. The overall goal of these new state standards is to ensure Indiana students have the necessary skills and requirements needed to enter college or the workforce upon high school graduation. State standards can be found for nearly every major subject taught in Indiana public schools. Mathematics, English/Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies are among the top, prioritized standards. In 2022, the Indiana Department of Education reported that the state's overall graduation rate was 86.7%, down one percent from 2021.

The rate of Indiana high school students attending college fell to 53% in 2022, a significant decline from 65% in 2017. Indiana's college-going rates have fallen further than most states'. Trends reveal widening gaps for ethnic minorities and low-income families.

Vocational schools

Indiana has a strong vocational school system. Charles Allen Prossor, known as the father of vocational education in the United States, was from New Albany. The Charles Allen Prosser School of Technology is named in his honor. There are vocational schools in every region of Indiana, and most Indiana students can freely attend a vocational school during their high school years and receive training and job placement assistance in trade jobs. The International Union Of Operating Engineers (IUOE) has seven local unions in Indiana, offering apprenticeship and training opportunities. According to the Electrical Training Alliance website, there are ten electrical training centers in Indiana.

Colleges and universities

See also: List of colleges and universities in Indiana

The state's community college system, Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana, serves nearly 200,000 students annually, making it the state's largest public post-secondary educational institution and the nation's largest singly accredited statewide community college system. In 2008, the Indiana University system agreed to shift most of its associate (2-year) degrees to the Ivy Tech Community College System.

The largest non-community educational institution is Indiana University, a multi-campus university system; its flagship campus at Bloomington was endorsed as the Indiana Seminary in 1820. Indiana State University was established in Terre Haute as the state's Normal School in 1865. Purdue University was chartered in West Lafayette as the state's land-grant university in 1869 and is also now a multi-campus institution. The three other independent state universities are Vincennes University (founded in 1801 by the Indiana Territory), Ball State University (founded 1918 as the East Division of Indiana State), and the University of Southern Indiana (founded 1965 as the Evansville campus of Indiana State).

Many of Indiana's private colleges and universities are affiliated with religious organizations. The University of Notre Dame, Marian University, and the University of Saint Francis are Roman Catholic schools. Universities affiliated with Protestant denominations include Anderson University, Butler University, Huntington University, Manchester University, Indiana Wesleyan University, Taylor University, Franklin College, Hanover College, DePauw University, Earlham College, Valparaiso University, the University of Indianapolis, and the University of Evansville.

The state has several universities ranked among the best by U.S. News & World Report. The University of Notre Dame ranks among the top 20, Purdue University among the top 50, and Indiana University Bloomington among the top 100. Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) has recently made it into the top 200 U.S. News & World Report rankings. Butler, Valparaiso, and the University of Evansville are ranked among the top ten in the Regional University Midwest Rankings. Purdue's engineering programs are ranked fourth in the country. In addition, Taylor University is ranked first in the Regional College Midwest Rankings and Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology has been considered the nation's top undergraduate engineering school for 25 consecutive years. In 2023, the University of Notre Dame had the seventh largest endowment among private postsecondary institutions in the U.S. (11th overall).

The state is also home to the largest medical school system in the country (the Indiana University School of Medicine) and a smaller, osteopathic medical school (Marian University's Tom and Julie Wood College of Osteopathic Medicine). In addition, Indiana boasts one veterinary medical school (the Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine), one optometry school (Indiana University School of Optometry), three pharmacy schools (the Purdue College of Pharmacy, Butler College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and the Manchester College of Pharmacy, Natural, and Health Sciences) and four law schools (IU Maurer School of Law, IU McKinney School of Law, Notre Dame Law School, and Purdue Global Law School).

Sample Gates on the Indiana University Bloomington campusIndiana University BloomingtonEngineering Fountain on the Purdue University campusPurdue University in West LafayetteMain Building on the University of Notre Dame campusUniversity of Notre Dame

Sister jurisdictions

Indiana has three official partner jurisdictions:

See also

Portals:

Notes

  1. ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  2. An earlier use of the name dates to the 1760s, when it referenced a tract of land under control of the Commonwealth of Virginia, but the area's name was discarded when it became a part of that state. See Hodgin, Cyrus (1903). "The Naming of Indiana" (PDF transcription). Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society. 1 (1): 3–11. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  3. A portion of the Northwest Territory's eastern section became the state of Ohio in 1803. The Michigan Territory was established in 1805 from part of the Indiana Territory's northern lands and four years later, in 1809, the Illinois counties were separated from the Indiana Territory to create the Illinois Territory. See John D. Barnhart; Dorothy L. Riker (1971). Indiana to 1816: The Colonial Period. The History of Indiana. Vol. I. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society. pp. 311–13, 337, 353, 355, 432.
  4. In a 2008 report, Indiana was listed as one of the most tornado-prone states, ranking sixth, while South Bend was ranked the 14th most tornado-prone U.S. city, ahead of cities such as Houston, Texas, and Wichita, Kansas. See Mecklenburg, Rick (May 1, 2008). "Is Indiana the new Tornado Alley?". SouthBendTribune.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
  5. In a published list of the most tornado-prone states and cities in April 2008, Indiana came in first and South Bend ranked 16th. See Henderson, Mark (May 2, 2008). "Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced". WIFR. Archived from the original on November 9, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  6. A 2008 news report indicated there were 13 metropolitan areas in Indiana. See Dresang, Joel (July 30, 2008). "Automaking down, unemployment up". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved August 14, 2009.
  7. Indiana's territorial capitals were Vincennes and later Corydon, which also became Indiana's first state capital when it became a state.
  8. Over the previous decade, Indiana's population center has shifted slightly to the northwest. In the 2000 U.S. Census, Indiana's center of population was located in Hamilton County, in the town of Sheridan. See "Population and Population Centers by State". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2006.
  9. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

References

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