Misplaced Pages

Escort agency: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 03:30, 22 May 2015 view sourceEvergreenFir (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Administrators129,299 edits going through watchlist, WP:' & MOS:QUOTEMARKS, WP:ELLIPSES, WP:LQ, collapse citation templates; WP:OVERLINK; other fixes. WP:SEEALSO using AWB← Previous edit Latest revision as of 18:48, 25 October 2024 view source Joy (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Administrators143,648 editsm disambiguate links (WP:D) 
(76 intermediate revisions by 43 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Company that provides escorts, usually for sexual services}}
{{redirect|Escort service|police escort services|law enforcement escort|and|safety escort service}} {{Redirect|Escort service|police escort services|law enforcement escort|and|safety escort service}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2017}}

{{TOC right}}
'''Escort agencies''' are companies that provide ] for clients, usually for ]. The agency typically arranges a meeting between one of its escorts and the client at the customer's house or hotel room (outcall), or at the escort's residence (incall). Some agencies also provide escorts for longer durations, who may stay with the client or travel along on a holiday or business trip.<ref>'''' - ], Thursday 18 October 2004. Retrieved September 2014</ref> While the escort agency is paid a fee for this booking and dispatch service, the customer must negotiate any additional fees or arrangements directly with the escort for any other services that are not provided by the agency involved, such as providing sexual services (regardless of the legality of these services). An '''escort agency''' is a company that provides ] for clients, usually for ]. The agency typically arranges a meeting between one of its escorts and the client at the customer's house or hotel room (outcall), or at the escort's residence (incall). Some agencies also provide escorts for longer durations, who may stay with the client or travel along on a holiday or business trip.<ref>"" - '']'', Thursday 18 October 2004. Retrieved September 2014</ref> While the escort agency is paid a fee for this booking and dispatch service, the customer must negotiate any additional fees or arrangements directly with the escort for any other services that are not provided by the agency involved, such as providing sexual services (regardless of the legality of these services).


==Business model== ==Business model==
Escort agencies claim that they are dispatching these individuals to provide a social or conversational service rather than a sexual service, since ] often forbid taking payment for sex or communicating for the purpose of arranging a contract for sexual services. ] for escort agencies often carefully skirt the legal line, and avoid specifically offering ] or sexual services. This fact in turn is well-known to police and the political powers, who, ], usually prefer to act against more visible and problematic ]. This has been criticized as hypocrisy, especially where governments license and tax the escort agencies.<ref>'''' - originally from ''The Ottawa Citizen'', Sunday 16 June 2002</ref> However, there almost certainly do exist agencies that do go by these laws and do not facilitate prostitution. Some countries have used a two-pronged approach of criminalizing street prostitution but permitting or licensing prostitution in ] or via escort agencies.<ref>'''' - Davis, Sylvia; research paper, last modified Saturday 14 November 1998</ref> Escort agencies claim that they are dispatching these individuals to provide a social or conversational service rather than a sexual service, since ] often forbid taking payment for sex or communicating for the purpose of arranging a contract for sexual services. ] for escort agencies often carefully skirt the legal line, and avoid specifically offering ] or sexual services. This fact in turn is well known to police and the political powers, who, ], usually prefer to act against more visible and problematic ]. This has been criticized as hypocrisy, especially where governments license and tax the escort agencies.<ref>''{{usurped|}}'' - originally from ''The Ottawa Citizen'', Sunday 16 June 2002</ref> However, there almost certainly do exist agencies that do go by these laws and do not facilitate prostitution. Some countries have used a two-pronged approach of criminalizing street prostitution but permitting or licensing prostitution in ] or via escort agencies.<ref>'''' - Davis, Sylvia; research paper, last modified Saturday 14 November 1998</ref>


===Recruiting=== ===Recruiting===
Escort agencies often recruit individuals to work as escorts by placing employment advertisements in a magazine or newspaper. Escort agencies typically maintain a list of escorts of different ages and appearances to cater to the varying interests of clients. Some agencies may specifically deal in a certain type of escort. There are male-for-male, female-for-male, and female-for-female escort agencies, as well as a few male-for-female agencies. Agencies commonly specialize in only one sex. Transsexual or transgender escorts are available from some escort agencies. Escort agencies often recruit individuals to work as escorts by placing employment advertisements in a magazine or newspaper. Escort agencies typically maintain a list of escorts of different ages and appearances to cater to the varying interests of clients. Some agencies may specifically deal in a certain type of escort. There are male-for-male, female-for-male, and female-for-female escort agencies, as well as a few male-for-female agencies. Agencies commonly specialize in only one sex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/escort-agencies-luring-students-into-prostitution-to-pay-for-college-26318574.html |title=Escort agencies luring students into prostitution to pay for college|work=independent.ie|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref> ] or ] escorts are available from some escort agencies.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}


It is very common for escorts to enter the business through referrals from friends who have been in the business. The effectiveness of ads in ] or specialized sites has been questioned by some operators as there are so many that they are diluted. Typically, an escort will interview with an agency. It is very common for escorts to enter the business through referrals from friends who have been in the business. The effectiveness of ads in ] or specialized sites has been questioned by some operators as there are so many that they are diluted. Typically, an escort will interview with an agency.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}


===Advertising=== ===Advertising===
Once an agency decides to hire an escort, she or he will provide photographs or pose for a photographer. These pictures are posted on the agency's website or circulated among clients to promote business. {{Unreferenced section|date=March 2019}}Once an escort is hired by an agency, they will provide photographs or pose for a photographer. These pictures are posted on the agency's website or circulated among clients to promote business.


Some larger escort agencies maintain websites with photo galleries of their escorts. Clients contact agencies by telephone and offer a description of what kind of escorts are sought. The agency will then suggest an escort who might fit that client's need. Some larger escort agencies maintain websites with photo galleries of their escorts. Clients contact agencies by telephone and offer a description of what kind of escorts are sought. The agency will then suggest an escort who might fit that client's need.
Line 20: Line 22:


==Legal considerations== ==Legal considerations==
The ] relationship between the escort and the escort agency is designed to protect the escort agency (to some degree) from prosecution for breaking ]. If the employee is solely responsible for arranging any illegal prostitution-oriented activities, the agency can maintain ] should an arrest be made. {{Unreferenced section|date=March 2019}}The ] relationship between the escort and the escort agency is designed to protect the escort agency (to some degree) from prosecution for breaking ]. If the employee is solely responsible for arranging any illegal prostitution-oriented activities, the agency can maintain ] should an arrest be made.


Escort services aim to provide an experience that allows the operators to claim that whatever happens between the escort and the client is consensual. Operators tend to avoid discussing specifics over the telephone or via emails to avoid complications with the law. Escort services aim to provide an experience that allows the operators to claim that whatever happens between the escort and the client is consensual. Operators tend to avoid discussing specifics over the telephone or via emails to avoid complications with the law.


===India=== ===India===
⚫ ] is legal,<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/debates/south_asian_debates/1459792.stm|title= Prostitution: should the laws be changed?|date=3 August 2001|work=]}}</ref> but a number of related activities, including owning or managing a ], ]ing and ], are crimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119134.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175436/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119134.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2009|title=2008 Human Rights Reports: India|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>

⚫ ] is legal,<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/debates/south_asian_debates/1459792.stm|title= Prostitution: should the laws be changed?|date= 2001-08-03|publisher='']''}}</ref> but a number of related activities, including owning or managing a ], ]ing and ], are crimes.<ref></ref>


===Mexico=== ===Mexico===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2015}}
In 2010, Mexico Legislators added a law similar to that of the UK called the Anti Trafficking in Persons Act (rough translation) which makes it a crime to offer the sexual services of another person against their will. The law is still broadly interpreted and has many websites who offered the services of escorts running for cover and even newspapers like El Universal stopped taking classified ads for escorts or "executive massages" because of the law which also goes after anyone promoting the trafficking of persons. The legislator, who is spearheading the campaign here has filed a lawsuit against the newspaper REFORMA because they have not stopped taking the classified ads for these services, but have instead put in place a mandatory presentation of official identification of the person placing the ad and the signing of a waiver stating that they are placing the ad on their own behalf and releasing the newspaper from anything that may come from the services offered. In 2010, Mexico legislators added a law similar to that of the ] called the ] (rough translation) which makes it a crime to offer the sexual services of another person against their will. The law is still broadly interpreted and has many websites which offer the services of escorts running for cover, and newspapers like ''El Universal'' stopped taking classified ads for escorts or "executive massages" because of the law, which also goes after anyone promoting the trafficking of persons. The legislator who is spearheading the campaign there has filed a lawsuit against the newspaper '']'' because they have not stopped taking classified ads for these services but have instead put in place a mandatory presentation of official identification of the person placing the ad and the signing of a waiver stating that they are placing the ad on their own behalf and releasing the newspaper from anything that may come from the services offered.


Most recently, the legislature in Mexico has modified the law to close some loop holes or grey areas and are like the United States zooming in on the "End User" or client. The new law now encompasses penalties of 7 to 9 years in prison for contracting an escort, 7 – 9 years in prison for transporting an escort to her appointment and now the most broad addition like in the United States, "facilitation" of any person, persons or company that promotes or services of an escort whether a newspaper, internet ad or website is subject to 9 to 11 years in prison, which grows to a maximum of 23 years if the offending person is a public servant of any kind. The legislature in Mexico has modified the law to close some loopholes or grey areas and is, like the ], zooming in on the "end user" or client. The new law encompasses penalties of 7–9 years in prison for contracting an escort, 7–9 years in prison for transporting an escort to her appointment, and now the broadest addition like in the United States, "facilitation" of any person, persons or company that promotes or services of an escort whether a newspaper, internet ad or website is subject to 9–11 years in prison, which grows to a maximum of 23 years if the offending person is a public servant of any kind.


===United Kingdom=== ===United Kingdom===
{{See also|Prostitution in the United Kingdom}}
In 2009, the laws in the United Kingdom (UK) changed in relation to escort agencies and prostitution. The ] came into operation on 1 April 2010 and made it a criminal offense to pay for services of a prostitute who is controlled for gain if any third party uses force, threat (whether or not relating to violence) or any other form of coercion.
Escort prostitution is one of the forms that the sex trade takes in the United Kingdom, along with prostitution practiced in ], saunas, private flats (such as the ]s) and street prostitution. Working as an outcall escort is not an offence, and neither is working as a prostitute in private. However, under the ] it is a criminal offence to pay for services of a prostitute who is controlled for gain if any third party uses force, threat (whether or not relating to violence) or any other form of coercion. In 2015 the ] set up a dedicated "adult entertainment task force" to collect unpaid income tax from, among others, online escort agencies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Collinson |first= Patrick |date=4 December 2015 |title=Strippers told to bare all about tax affairs under HMRC crackdown |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/dec/04/adult-entertainment-taskforce-tax-fraud-strip-clubs |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=9 December 2015 }}</ref>

The new laws are enacted to help combat the trafficking of humans into the sex market.


==Financial considerations== ==Financial considerations==
The amount of money that is made by an escort varies with many factors, such as sexual attractiveness, competition from legal and illegal sources, and the ] to be paid to the agency. Typically, an agency will charge their escorts either a flat fee for each client connection or a percentage of the pre-arranged rate. According to police in ], Alberta, Canada, the high fees charged by escort agencies may make escorting less lucrative than street prostitution, especially as agencies often also deduct the license fees directly from the earnings.<ref name="Uni">'''' - ''Gauntlet'', ], Thursday 10 October 2002. Retrieved September 2014</ref><ref name="CEF">'''' - ''Bianca Blair'', Tuesday 12 January 2010 {{dead link|date=September 2014}}</ref> The amount of money that is made by an escort varies with many factors, such as sexual attractiveness, competition from legal and illegal sources, and the ] to be paid to the agency. Typically, an agency will charge their escorts either a flat fee for each client connection or a percentage of the pre-arranged rate. According to police in ], ], ], the high fees charged by escort agencies may make escorting less lucrative than street prostitution, especially as agencies often also deduct the license fees directly from the earnings.<ref name="Uni">"" - ''Gauntlet'', ], Thursday 10 October 2002. Retrieved September 2014</ref>


Independent escorts may have differing fees depending on the season, or whether the client is a regular or semi-regular customer. Independent escorts may tend to see clients for extended meetings involving dinner or social activities whereas agency escorts tend to be split into two categories: Cheaper services, especially if mainly based around incall appointments (client visiting the escort at her accommodation), often only provide sexual services, while agencies that provide mainly outcall appointments (the escort visiting the client at either their home or hotel) tend to offer services similar to that of independent escorts. Independent escorts may have differing fees depending on the season or whether the client is a regular or semi-regular customer. Independent escorts may tend to see clients for extended meetings involving dinner or social activities whereas agency escorts tend to be split into two categories: Cheaper services, especially if mainly based on incall appointments (client visiting the escort at her accommodation), often only provide sexual services, while agencies that provide mainly outcall appointments (the escort visiting the client at either their home or hotel) tend to offer services similar to that of independent escorts.


In New York City, escort services charge anywhere from $200 to $1500 or more per hour.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} The industry standard for dividing the money is 50% to the escort, 40% to the agency, and 10% to the booker (a kind of sales representative). Given the level of business can vary week to week, it is not uncommon for escorts to be featured by more than one agency provided they are operated by the same ownership group. In ], escort services charge anywhere from $200 to $1,500 or more per hour.{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}} The industry standard for dividing the money is 50% to the escort, 40% to the agency, and 10% to the booker (a kind of sales representative). Given the level of business can vary week to week, it is not uncommon for escorts to be featured by more than one agency provided they are operated by the same ownership group.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}


==Statistics== ==Statistics==
A 2005 government survey in ] (] and for the most part legalized in 2003), estimated that of the 6,000 prostitutes surveyed, around 20% worked for escort agencies.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10121228">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10121228 |title=Snapshot of sex industry finds 6000 prostitutes |date=19 April 2005 |agency=] |newspaper=] |accessdate=29 September 2011}}</ref> A 2005 government survey in ] (] and for the most part legalized in 2003) estimated that of the 6,000 prostitutes surveyed, around 20% worked for escort agencies.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10121228">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10121228 |title=Snapshot of sex industry finds 6000 prostitutes |date=19 April 2005 |agency=] |newspaper=] |access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
*] * ]
*] * ]
* ]: can be asked as companions to events
* ]: can be called upon for occasions in other districts
* ]
* ]
* ]: allows hiring boy/girlfriends for events (platonic relationship)
* ]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}
<!-- ==============================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================== --> <!-- ==============================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================== -->
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS --> <!-- DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS -->
Line 60: Line 67:
<!-- WILL BE DELETED --> <!-- WILL BE DELETED -->
<!-- ============================================================================= --> <!-- ============================================================================= -->

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Escort Agency}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Escort Agency}}

Latest revision as of 18:48, 25 October 2024

Company that provides escorts, usually for sexual services "Escort service" redirects here. For police escort services, see law enforcement escort and safety escort service.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Escort agency" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

An escort agency is a company that provides escorts for clients, usually for sexual services. The agency typically arranges a meeting between one of its escorts and the client at the customer's house or hotel room (outcall), or at the escort's residence (incall). Some agencies also provide escorts for longer durations, who may stay with the client or travel along on a holiday or business trip. While the escort agency is paid a fee for this booking and dispatch service, the customer must negotiate any additional fees or arrangements directly with the escort for any other services that are not provided by the agency involved, such as providing sexual services (regardless of the legality of these services).

Business model

Escort agencies claim that they are dispatching these individuals to provide a social or conversational service rather than a sexual service, since prostitution laws often forbid taking payment for sex or communicating for the purpose of arranging a contract for sexual services. Advertisements for escort agencies often carefully skirt the legal line, and avoid specifically offering prostitution or sexual services. This fact in turn is well known to police and the political powers, who, where prostitution is illegal, usually prefer to act against more visible and problematic street prostitution. This has been criticized as hypocrisy, especially where governments license and tax the escort agencies. However, there almost certainly do exist agencies that do go by these laws and do not facilitate prostitution. Some countries have used a two-pronged approach of criminalizing street prostitution but permitting or licensing prostitution in brothels or via escort agencies.

Recruiting

Escort agencies often recruit individuals to work as escorts by placing employment advertisements in a magazine or newspaper. Escort agencies typically maintain a list of escorts of different ages and appearances to cater to the varying interests of clients. Some agencies may specifically deal in a certain type of escort. There are male-for-male, female-for-male, and female-for-female escort agencies, as well as a few male-for-female agencies. Agencies commonly specialize in only one sex. Transsexual or transgender escorts are available from some escort agencies.

It is very common for escorts to enter the business through referrals from friends who have been in the business. The effectiveness of ads in weeklies or specialized sites has been questioned by some operators as there are so many that they are diluted. Typically, an escort will interview with an agency.

Advertising

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Once an escort is hired by an agency, they will provide photographs or pose for a photographer. These pictures are posted on the agency's website or circulated among clients to promote business.

Some larger escort agencies maintain websites with photo galleries of their escorts. Clients contact agencies by telephone and offer a description of what kind of escorts are sought. The agency will then suggest an escort who might fit that client's need.

The agency collects the client's contact information and calls the escort. Usually, to protect the identity of the escort and ensure effective communication with the client, the agency arranges the appointment. Sometimes, it may be up to the escort to contact the client directly to make arrangements for the location and time of an appointment. Generally, the escort is also expected to call the agency upon arrival at the location and upon leaving, to ensure the safety of the escort.

Legal considerations

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

The arm's-length relationship between the escort and the escort agency is designed to protect the escort agency (to some degree) from prosecution for breaking laws against prostitution. If the employee is solely responsible for arranging any illegal prostitution-oriented activities, the agency can maintain plausible deniability should an arrest be made.

Escort services aim to provide an experience that allows the operators to claim that whatever happens between the escort and the client is consensual. Operators tend to avoid discussing specifics over the telephone or via emails to avoid complications with the law.

India

Prostitution in India is legal, but a number of related activities, including owning or managing a brothel, pimping and pandering, are crimes.

Mexico

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

In 2010, Mexico legislators added a law similar to that of the UK called the Anti Trafficking in Persons Act (rough translation) which makes it a crime to offer the sexual services of another person against their will. The law is still broadly interpreted and has many websites which offer the services of escorts running for cover, and newspapers like El Universal stopped taking classified ads for escorts or "executive massages" because of the law, which also goes after anyone promoting the trafficking of persons. The legislator who is spearheading the campaign there has filed a lawsuit against the newspaper Reforma because they have not stopped taking classified ads for these services but have instead put in place a mandatory presentation of official identification of the person placing the ad and the signing of a waiver stating that they are placing the ad on their own behalf and releasing the newspaper from anything that may come from the services offered.

The legislature in Mexico has modified the law to close some loopholes or grey areas and is, like the United States, zooming in on the "end user" or client. The new law encompasses penalties of 7–9 years in prison for contracting an escort, 7–9 years in prison for transporting an escort to her appointment, and now the broadest addition like in the United States, "facilitation" of any person, persons or company that promotes or services of an escort whether a newspaper, internet ad or website is subject to 9–11 years in prison, which grows to a maximum of 23 years if the offending person is a public servant of any kind.

United Kingdom

See also: Prostitution in the United Kingdom

Escort prostitution is one of the forms that the sex trade takes in the United Kingdom, along with prostitution practiced in massage parlors, saunas, private flats (such as the Soho walk-ups) and street prostitution. Working as an outcall escort is not an offence, and neither is working as a prostitute in private. However, under the Policing and Crime Act 2009 it is a criminal offence to pay for services of a prostitute who is controlled for gain if any third party uses force, threat (whether or not relating to violence) or any other form of coercion. In 2015 the HMRC set up a dedicated "adult entertainment task force" to collect unpaid income tax from, among others, online escort agencies.

Financial considerations

The amount of money that is made by an escort varies with many factors, such as sexual attractiveness, competition from legal and illegal sources, and the commissions to be paid to the agency. Typically, an agency will charge their escorts either a flat fee for each client connection or a percentage of the pre-arranged rate. According to police in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, the high fees charged by escort agencies may make escorting less lucrative than street prostitution, especially as agencies often also deduct the license fees directly from the earnings.

Independent escorts may have differing fees depending on the season or whether the client is a regular or semi-regular customer. Independent escorts may tend to see clients for extended meetings involving dinner or social activities whereas agency escorts tend to be split into two categories: Cheaper services, especially if mainly based on incall appointments (client visiting the escort at her accommodation), often only provide sexual services, while agencies that provide mainly outcall appointments (the escort visiting the client at either their home or hotel) tend to offer services similar to that of independent escorts.

In New York City, escort services charge anywhere from $200 to $1,500 or more per hour. The industry standard for dividing the money is 50% to the escort, 40% to the agency, and 10% to the booker (a kind of sales representative). Given the level of business can vary week to week, it is not uncommon for escorts to be featured by more than one agency provided they are operated by the same ownership group.

Statistics

A 2005 government survey in New Zealand (where prostitution was regulated and for the most part legalized in 2003) estimated that of the 6,000 prostitutes surveyed, around 20% worked for escort agencies.

See also

References

  1. "Camera catches Bollywood's biggest business boom – Adult escort services and Adult travel agencies!" - India Daily, Thursday 18 October 2004. Retrieved September 2014
  2. How cities 'license' off-street hookers - originally from The Ottawa Citizen, Sunday 16 June 2002
  3. Prostitution in Canada: The Invisible Menace or the Menace of Invisibility? - Davis, Sylvia; research paper, last modified Saturday 14 November 1998
  4. "Escort agencies luring students into prostitution to pay for college". independent.ie. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  5. "Prostitution: should the laws be changed?". BBC News. 3 August 2001.
  6. "2008 Human Rights Reports: India". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  7. Collinson, Patrick (4 December 2015). "Strippers told to bare all about tax affairs under HMRC crackdown". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  8. "Escort agency hiring at U of C" - Gauntlet, University of Calgary, Thursday 10 October 2002. Retrieved September 2014
  9. "Snapshot of sex industry finds 6000 prostitutes". The New Zealand Herald. NZPA. 19 April 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
Categories: