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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see ] -->
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{{For-multi|names of the country|Names of Korea|Misplaced Pages's policy on how to style Korean names|:Misplaced Pages:Naming conventions (Korean)}}
{{korean name|
], a generic Korean name used similarly to {{nowrap|"]"}} in English. From the top, the name is written in ], then ], then in Latin text using the ] system.{{Legend|#BD1E2D|Surname ({{Korean|hangul=홍|rr=Hong|labels=no}})}}{{Legend|#2C2E85|Given name ({{Korean|hangul=길동|rr=Gil-dong|labels=no}})}}]]
hangul=이름 ''also'' 성명|
'''Korean names''' are names that place their origin in, or are used in, ]. A Korean name in the modern era typically consists of a ] followed by a ], with no ]s. A number of Korean terms for names exist. For full names, {{Transliteration|ko|rr|'''seongmyeong'''}} ({{Korean|hangul=성명|hanja=姓名}}), {{Transliteration|ko|rr|'''seongham'''}} ({{Korean|hangul=성함|hanja=姓銜|labels=no}}), or {{Transliteration|ko|rr|'''ireum'''}} ({{Korean|hangul=이름|labels=no}}) are commonly used. When a Korean name is written in ], there is no space between the surname and the given name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evason |first=Nina |date=2021 |title=South Korean Culture – Naming |url=http://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/south-korean-culture/south-korean-culture-naming |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Cultural Atlas |archive-date=2023-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811113826/https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/south-korean-culture/south-korean-culture-naming |url-status=live }}</ref>
hanja=이름 ''also'' 姓名|
rr=Ireum ''also'' Seongmyeong|
mr=Irŭm ''also'' Sŏngmyŏng|
}}
] version is above, the ] below. The family name Hong is in yellow.]]


Most Korean surnames consist of a single syllable, although multisyllabic surnames exist (e.g. ]). Upon marriage, both partners keep their full names, but children inherit the father's surname unless otherwise specified during the marriage registration process. Koreans have been historically grouped into ]. Each clan is identified by a {{Transliteration|ko|rr|bongwan}} ({{Korean|hangul=본관|labels=no}}; birthplace of the clan's founder) and the surname of the founder of the clan (with descendency determined ]). For example, the ] comes from ] and descends from {{Ill|Yi Han|ko|이한 (전주 이씨)}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Si-jin |date=2022-05-05 |title=Wanju beckons with beautiful nature, traditions |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220505000130 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=] |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722000326/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220505000130 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2000, a census showed that, in total, there were 286 ] and 4,179 clans.<ref>{{cite web |title=2000 인구주택총조사 성씨 및 본관 집계결과 |url=http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/2/1/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=46672&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&sTarget=title&sTxt=%EB%B3%B8%EA%B4%80 |access-date=2017-10-20 |website=통계청 |publisher=] |language=ko}}{{Dead link|date=December 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> However, the three most common surnames (], ], and ]) are shared by nearly half of South Koreans.
A '''Korean personal name''' consists of a ] and a ], both of which are generally composed of ].


Given names usually have two syllables, although names with one, three, or more syllables also exist. ]s (where names for a generation of a family are related in some way, usually by sharing a character) are also traditional, although now increasingly less common. In North Korea, the generational syllable is shared only among siblings, but in the South, it is shared by all members of the same generation. The use of given names is guided by a strict system of ]; it can be rude to refer to a stranger or person of higher social status by their given name. Perceived gender in names is less consistent than in Western names.
In ], as with many other East Asian cultures, the given name follows the family name. When using ]s, some Koreans keep the original order, while others reverse their names to match the ] pattern.


Naming practices have changed over time. Surnames were once exclusively used by royalty and nobility, but eventually became acceptable for lower class usage. Even until 1910, more than half of Koreans did not have a surname. While now significantly less common, Confucian and cultural traditions dictate systems of ]s, childhood names, ]s, ]s, and ]s. Until the invention of the Korean alphabet Hangul in the 15th century, most Korean names were written using Chinese characters (Hanja). While many names can still be written entirely in Hanja, some are now exclusively written in Hangul (e.g. ]). In 2015, 7.7% of people had Hangul-only names. During the ], beginning in 1939, Koreans were ]. They were allowed to return to using Korean names following the 1945 ].
== Family names ==
:''See also ]''
Korean family names were influenced by ]s, and almost all Korean family names consist of one Hanja (hence are one ]).


==Terms==
There are only roughly 250 family names (''seongssi;'' 성씨; 姓氏) in use today. Each family name is divided into one or more clans (''bon-gwan;'' 본관; 本貫), identified by the clan's city of origin. The most populous clan is ] ] (김해 김; 金海金); that is, the Kim clan based in the city of Gimhae (near ]).
]
]
A number of terms exist for Korean names. For the full name, {{Transliteration|ko|rr|seongmyeong}} ({{Korean|hangul=성명|hanja=姓名|labels=no}}) is commonly used.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:성명 |url=https://korean.dict.naver.com/koendict/#/entry/koen/8de03a530dcb403fb539347b010737fb |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=korean.dict.naver.com |archive-date=2023-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001031953/https://korean.dict.naver.com/koendict/#/entry/koen/8de03a530dcb403fb539347b010737fb |url-status=live }}</ref> This is a compound word; {{Transliteration|ko|rr|seong}} ({{Korean|hangul=성|hanja=姓|labels=no}}) refers to the surname,<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:성 |url=https://korean.dict.naver.com/koendict/#/entry/koen/df7b4e4b40fb4f3fb1338935ac9cf027 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=korean.dict.naver.com |archive-date=2023-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001031953/https://korean.dict.naver.com/koendict/#/entry/koen/df7b4e4b40fb4f3fb1338935ac9cf027 |url-status=live }}</ref> and {{Transliteration|ko|rr|myeong}} ({{Korean|hangul=명|hanja=名|labels=no}}) to the given name.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:명 |url=https://korean.dict.naver.com/koendict/#/entry/koen/f4562a7b335743239d5c2af90f760a73 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=korean.dict.naver.com |archive-date=2023-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001031953/https://korean.dict.naver.com/koendict/#/entry/koen/f4562a7b335743239d5c2af90f760a73 |url-status=live }}</ref> The native Korean term {{Transliteration|ko|rr|ireum}} ({{Korean|hangul=이름|labels=no}}) can be used to refer to either the full name or the given name.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:이름 |url=https://korean.dict.naver.com/koendict/#/entry/koen/b71f59e851f944dc835e82ba862fcf9b |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=korean.dict.naver.com |archive-date=2023-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001031953/https://korean.dict.naver.com/koendict/#/entry/koen/b71f59e851f944dc835e82ba862fcf9b |url-status=live }}</ref>
According to tradition, each clan publishes a comprehensive genealogy (''jokbo;'' 족보; 族譜) every 30 years. (See ], p. 33–34 for more information.)


A more formal term for the full name is {{Transliteration|ko|rr|seongham}} ({{Korean|hangul=성함|hanja=姓銜|labels=no}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-13 |title=How to Say "What Is Your Name" in Korean – Different ways of asking |url=https://www.90daykorean.com/what-is-your-name-in-korean/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=90 Day Korean |archive-date=2023-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811033707/https://www.90daykorean.com/what-is-your-name-in-korean/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> This term is relatively commonly used during transactions or in official settings. It is commonly said in the phrase {{Korean|hangul="성함이 어떻게 되세요?"|labels=no|lit="What is your name?"}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-04-14 |title=(493) 성함이 어떻게 되세요? |trans-title=(493) What is your name? |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/08/149_22450.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=] |archive-date=2023-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811034903/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/08/149_22450.html |url-status=live }}</ref>[[Image:Distribution of South Korean family names.svg|thumb|right|Over half of South Koreans have the following five surnames (English spelling variations grouped together):
The table below lists the five most common family names, which together make up over half of the Korean population. Each name is held by more than 2 million people in South Korea alone.
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==Surnames==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{{see also|List of Korean surnames}}
! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Hangul
{{Further|Korean clans|Korean clans of foreign origin}}
! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Hanja
{| width="275" class="wikitable" style="float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | ]
|+ The five most common surnames<ref name="nso" />
! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | ]
! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Popular spellings
|-
| 김
| 金
| Gim
| Kim
| ]
|-
| 리 (])<br>이 (])
| 李
| Ri (N)<br>I (S)
| Ri (N)<br>I (S)
| ], Rhee, Yi
|-
| 박
| 朴
| Bak
| Pak
| ], Pak
|- |-
! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Korean !! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Hanja !! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | ] !! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | ] !! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Common spellings
| 정
|-
| 鄭<br>丁
| {{lang|ko|김}} || {{linktext|金}} || Gim || ] || Kim, Gim
| Jeong
|-
| Chŏng
| {{lang|ko|리}} (])<br/>{{lang|ko|이}} (]) || {{linktext|李}} || I || Ri (N)<br/>I (S) || ], Rhee, Yi
| Chung, Chong, Jung
|- |-
| {{lang|ko|박}} || {{linktext|朴}} || Bak || Pak || ], Pak, Bak
| 최
|-
| 崔
| {{lang|ko|최}} || {{linktext|崔}} || Choe || Ch'oe || ], Choe, Chue
| Choe
|-
| Ch'oe
| {{lang|ko|정}} || {{linktext|鄭}} || Jeong || Chŏng || ], Chung, Jeong, Cheong
| Choi
|} |}
Fewer than 300 (approximately 280)<ref name="HanCinema">{{cite web |last=Zwetsloot |first=Jacco |url=http://www.hancinema.net/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-korean-surnames-20507.html |title=Everything you ever wanted to know about Korean surnames |website=] |date=2009-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204194633/http://www.hancinema.net/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-korean-surnames-20507.html |archive-date=2014-12-04}}</ref> Korean surnames were in use in 2000, and the three most common (], ], and ]) account for nearly half of the population. For various reasons,{{Clarify|date=March 2024|reason=what reasons}} the number of Korean surnames has been increasing over time.<ref name="HanCinema" /><ref name=USLC>U.S. ], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103013030/http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/38.htm |date=2016-11-03}}</ref>


Each Korean person belongs to a ]. Each clan can be identified by a surname from a ] ancestor and a place of origin ({{Korean|hangul=본관|rr=bongwan|labels=no}}). For example, the most populous clan is the ]: they descend from ] and identify the city of ] as their origin. Clan membership is determined. Clans are further subdivided into various {{Transliteration|ko|rr|pa}} ({{Korean|hangul=파|hanja=派|labels=no}}), or branches stemming from a more recent common ancestor, so that a full identification of a person's surname would be clan-surname-branch.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} Until 2005, ], although this restriction was declared unconstitutional and lifted.<ref>''Same-Surname-Same-Origin Marriage Ban'' case (95Hun-Ka6 on Article 809 (1) of the Civil Act);
There are around a dozen two-syllable surnames, which all rank after the 100 most common surnames. Most of them are uncommon Chinese surnames as well (see ] for examples, and ]).


^ {{Citation |title=THE FIRST TEN YEARS OF THE KOREAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT |page=242 (p.256 of the PDF) |url=http://www.ccourt.go.kr/home/english/download/decision_10years.pdf |url-status=dead |publisher=] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219184747/http://www.ccourt.go.kr/home/english/download/decision_10years.pdf |archivedate=2012-02-19}}.</ref>
Despite the official ] of North and South Korea, personal names are generally romanized according to personal preference.


Traditionally, Korean women keep their surnames after their marriage, but their children take the father's surname. In the premodern, patriarchal Korean society, people were extremely conscious of familial values and their own family identities. Korean women keep their surnames after marriage based on traditional reasoning that it is inherited from their parents and ancestors, and cannot be changed. According to traditions, each clan publishes a comprehensive ] ({{Korean|hangul=족보|hanja=族譜|rr=jokbo|labels=no}}) every 30 years.{{sfnp|Nahm|1988|pp=33–34}}
As with other East Asian cultures, Korean women traditionally keep their family name at marriage, but children take their father's name.


Around a dozen two-syllable surnames are used, all of which rank after the 100 most common surnames. The five most common surnames, which together make up over half of the Korean population, are used by over 20 million people in South Korea.<ref name="nso">Republic of Korea. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301110942/http://kosis.nso.go.kr/cgi-bin/sws_999.cgi?ID=DT_1INOOSB&IDTYPE=3 |date=2007-03-01}} The total population was 45,985,289. No comparable statistics are available from North Korea. The top 22 surnames are charted, and a rough extrapolation for both Koreas has been calculated {{cite web|url=http://sun-bin.blogspot.com/2005/12/chinese-and-korean-family-names.html |title=Sun Bin: Chinese and Korean Family Names |access-date=2006-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628044808/http://sun-bin.blogspot.com/2005/12/chinese-and-korean-family-names.html |archive-date=2016-06-28}}</ref>
=== Westernized pronunciations ===


After the 2015 census, it was revealed that foreign-origin surnames were becoming more common in South Korea, due to naturalised citizens transcribing their surnames in Hangul. Between 2000 and 2015, more than 4,800 new surnames were registered. During the census, a total of 5,582 distinct surnames were collected, 73% of which do not have corresponding Hanja characters. It was also revealed that despite the surge in the number of surnames, the ratio of top 10 surnames had not changed. 44.6% of South Koreans are still named Kim, Lee or Park, while the rest of the top 10 are made up of Choi, Jeong, Kang, Jo, Yoon, Jang and Lim.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kim|first=Da-sol|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170109000755|title=Foreign-origin family names on rise in South Korea|date=2017-01-09|access-date=2017-01-10|newspaper=]|archive-date=2017-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109230053/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170109000755|url-status=live}}</ref>
In English speaking nations, the three most common family names are often written and pronounced as "Kim" (김), "Lee" or "Rhee" (리, 이), and "Park" (박).


==Given names==
The initial sound in "Kim" shares features with both the English 'k' (in initial position, an aspirated voiceless velar stop) and "hard g" (an unaspirated voiced velar stop). When pronounced initially, Kim starts with an unaspirated voiceless velar stop sound; it is voiceless like {{IPA|/k/}}, but also unaspirated like {{IPA|/g/}}. As aspiration is a distinctive feature in Korean but voicing isn't, "Gim" is more likely to be understood correctly.
{{See also|List of Korean given names}}
Traditionally, given names are partly determined by ]s, a custom originating in China. One of the two characters in a given name is unique to the individual, while the other is shared by all people in a family generation. In both North and South Koreas, generational names are usually no longer shared by cousins, but are still commonly shared by siblings.<ref name="northnames">{{Cite web |author=김미영 |script-title=ko:이름짓기/ 여성 이름 '자'字 사라져 |trans-title=Creating a name / ''ja'' disappearing from female names |publisher=NKchosun |date=2000-11-19 |url=http://nk.chosun.com/news/news.html?ACT=detail&res_id=3758 |language=ko |access-date=2006-08-13 |archive-date=2023-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816103228/http://nk.chosun.com/news/news.html?ACT=detail&res_id=3758 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Harkrader|first=Lisa|title=South Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1VeruSAyawC|year=2004|publisher=Enslow Pub. Inc.|isbn=978-0-7660-5181-2|page=24|quote=Many South Korean families today are relatively small, and may not include sons, so South Korean parents have begun to choose names for their sons that do not follow the traditional requirements of generation names.}}</ref>


Given names are typically composed of Hanja, or Chinese characters. In North Korea, the Hanja are no longer used to write the names, but the meanings are still understood; for example, the syllable {{Transliteration|ko|rr|cheol}} ({{lang|ko|철}}) in boys' names is usually perceived as {{linktext|鐵}}, which means "iron".<ref name="northnames" />
The name-character 李 is pronounced as 리 in North Korea and as 이 in South Korea. In the former case, the initial sound is an ], an allophone of the Korean alveolar liquid. There is no distinction between the alveolar liquids {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/r/}}, which is why "Lee" and "Rhee" are common spellings. In South Korea, the pronunciation of the name is simply the English vowel sound for a "long e", as in ''see''. This pronunciation is often spelled as "Yi" or another similar variation.


In South Korea, Article 37 of the ''Regulations on Registration of Family Relations'' ({{Korean|hangul=가족관계의 등록 등에 관한 규칙|labels=no}}) requires that the Hanja in personal names be taken from a restricted list. Unapproved Hanja must be represented by Hangul in the family relations register ({{Korean|hangul=가족관계등록부|labels=no}}). In March 1991, the ] published the ''Table of Hanja for Use in Personal Names'' ({{Korean|hangul=인명용 한자표|hanja=人名用漢字表|labels=no}}){{efn|Also called the ''Table of Additional Hanja for Use in Personal Names'' ({{Korean|hangul=인명용 추가 한자표|hanja=人名用追加漢字表|labels=no}}).}} which allowed a total of 2,854 Hanja in new South Korean given names (as well as 61 variant forms), and put it into effect starting April 1 of the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |author=] |script-title=ko:국립 국어 연구원 소식 |trans-title=News from the National Academy of the Korean Language |publisher=New Korean Life (새국어생활) |date=June 1991 |url=http://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/nklife/1991_2/2_25.html |language=ko |access-date=2006-08-11 |archive-date=2016-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319163239/http://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/nklife/1991_2/2_25.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The list was expanded several times; the latest update was in 2022. Currently, more than 8,000 Hanja are permitted in South Korean names (including the ]), in addition to a small number of variant forms.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/10/20/2014102001300.html|script-title=ko:'인명용(人名用)' 한자 5761→8142자로 대폭 확대|newspaper=]|date=2014-10-20|access-date=2017-08-23|language=ko|archive-date=2017-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823161914/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/10/20/2014102001300.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of an official list is similar to Japan's use of the '']'' (although the characters do not entirely coincide).
In Korean pronunciation, the name Westerners usually render as "park" actually has no 'r' sound at all. Its initial sound is an unaspirated voiceless bilabial stop, like a cross between English 'p' and 'b', and the the vowel is the ] sound , typically pronounced as the 'a' in father. The "ㅏ" sound is almost identical to the short 'a' vowel in northern British English pronunciation.


The ''Table of Hanja for Use in Personal Names'' merely shows what characters are currently allowed to be registered. It cannot always be used to determine someone's existing Hanja name because of the following reasons:
== Given names ==
* People who were named before April 1, 1991, did not have any restrictions on Hanja names. Their names can contain Hanja that are not even in the list.
* The list is sometimes updated to include more Hanja. A character currently in the list may not be in older versions of the list.

While the traditional practice is still largely followed, since the late 1970s, some parents have given their children names that are native Korean words, usually of two syllables. Given names of this sort include ] ({{Korean|hangul=하늘|labels=no|lit=heaven/sky}}), ] ({{Korean|hangul=다솜|labels=no|lit=love}}) and ] ({{Korean|hangul=빛나|labels=no|lit=to shine}}). Between 2008 and 2015, the proportion of such names among South Korean newborns rose from 3.5% to 7.7%.<ref>{{cite news|author=민경호|url=http://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1003564588|script-title=ko:신생아 인기 이름 '민준·서연'…드라마 영향?|trans-title=Popular names for newborns: Min-jun and Seo-yeon ... the effect of TV dramas?|publisher=]|date=2016-05-09|access-date=2017-12-06|quote=신생아에게 한글 이름을 지어주는 경우는 2008년 전체의 3.5%에서 지난해에는 두 배가 넘는 7.7%에 달했습니다.|language=ko|archive-date=2017-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213092326/http://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1003564588|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite this trend away from traditional practice, people's names are still recorded in both Hangul and Hanja (if available) on official documents, in family genealogies, and so on.

Unless a given name contains a syllable that does not have any corresponding Hanja at all (e.g. {{lang|ko|빛}} ({{Transliteration|ko|rr|bit}})), there is no guarantee that a name which may ''look'' like a native Korean name never has Hanja. A certain name written in Hangul can be a native Korean name, or a Sino-Korean name, or even both. For example, ] ({{lang|ko|보람}}) can not only be a native Korean name,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lawpeople.lawtimes.co.kr/lawman/10502/preview|script-title=ko:김보람(金보람)|work=한국법조인대관|trans-work=List of Legal Professionals in Korea|publisher=법률신문 (The Law Times)|access-date=2023-08-15|language=ko|archive-date=2023-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815130650/https://lawpeople.lawtimes.co.kr/lawman/10502/preview|url-status=live}}</ref> but can also be a Sino-Korean name (e.g. 寶濫).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lawpeople.lawtimes.co.kr/lawman/21732/preview|script-title=ko:강보람(姜寶濫)|work=한국법조인대관|trans-work=List of Legal Professionals in Korea|publisher=법률신문 (The Law Times)|access-date=2023-08-15|language=ko|archive-date=2023-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813162914/https://lawpeople.lawtimes.co.kr/lawman/21732/preview|url-status=live}}</ref> In some cases, parents intend a dual meaning: both the meaning from a native Korean word and the meaning from Hanja.

Originally, there was no legal limitation on the length of names in South Korea. As a result, some people registered extremely long given names, such as the 16-syllable {{Transliteration|ko|rr|{{shy|Haneul|byeolnim|gureum|haetnim|boda|sarang|seureouri}}}} ({{lang|ko|{{linktext|하늘|별님|구름}}]]]}}; roughly, "more beloved than the sky, stars, clouds, and the sun"). However, beginning in 1993, new regulations required that the given name be five syllables or shorter.<ref>{{cite news|author=김남일|url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/399615.html|script-title=ko:한국에서 가장 긴 이름은?|trans-title=What's the longest name in Korea?|publisher=]|date=2008-01-18|access-date=2015-08-06|language=ko|archive-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016215942/http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/399615.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A family relations certificate ({{Korean|hangul=가족관계증명서|labels=no}}) of an individual lists the person concerned, the person's parents, spouse, and children. If there is more than one person with the same name in a family relations certificate, it is difficult to identify the person. Therefore, an individual is not allowed to have the same name as someone appearing in one's parent's family relations certificate – in other words, a child cannot have the same name as one's parents and grandparents.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ministry of Government Legislation of South Korea |author-link=Ministry of Government Legislation |url=https://easylaw.go.kr/CSP/CnpClsMain.laf?csmSeq=277&ccfNo=4&cciNo=2&cnpClsNo=1 |script-title=ko:태아 및 신생아 > 자녀의 성명 > 이름 > 이름 관련 준수사항 (본문) |website=찾기쉬운 생활법령정보 (Easy to Find, Practical Law) |quote=가족관계증명서에 동일한 이름을 가진 사람이 둘 이상 있으면 이름을 특정하기 곤란한 문제가 발생합니다. 따라서 자녀의 이름은 출생자에 대한 부와 모의 가족관계증명서에 드러나는 사람(예를 들어, 출생자의 조부·조모·부·모 등)과 같은 이름을 사용한 경우에는 출생신고가 수리되지 않습니다 |language=ko |access-date=2023-08-16 |archive-date=2023-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816103229/https://easylaw.go.kr/CSP/CnpClsMain.laf?csmSeq=277&ccfNo=4&cciNo=2&cnpClsNo=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Usage==

===Forms of address===
{{See also|Korean honorifics}}
The usage of names is governed by strict norms in traditional Korean society. It is generally considered rude to address people by their given names in ]. This is particularly the case when dealing with adults or one's elders.<ref>{{Cite web|author=The Northern Forum |title=Protocol Manual |publisher=northernforum.org |year=2006 |page=29 |location=Anchorage, AK |url=http://www.northernforum.org/servlet/download?id=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414082720/http://www.northernforum.org/servlet/download?id=2014 |access-date=2006-08-23 |archive-date=2006-04-14}}</ref> It is acceptable to call someone by his or her given name if he or she is the same age as the speaker. However, it is considered rude to use someone's given name if that person's age is a year older than the speaker. This is often a source of ] difficulty for learners of Korean as a foreign language, and for Korean learners of Western languages.

A variety of replacements are used for the actual name of the person. It is acceptable among adults of similar status to address the other by their full name, with the suffix {{Transliteration|ko|rr|ssi}} ({{Korean|hangul=씨|hanja=氏|labels=no}}) added. However, it is inappropriate to address someone by the surname alone, even with such a suffix.<ref name="proper">{{Cite book|last=Lee |first=Ui-do (리의도) |script-title=ko:올바른 우리말 사용법 |trans-title=Proper usage of the Korean language |publisher=Yedam |year=2005 |location=Seoul |page=182 |language=ko |isbn=978-89-5913-118-1}}</ref> Whenever the person has an official rank, it is typical to address him or her by the name of that rank (such as "Manager"), often with the honorific {{Transliteration|ko|rr|nim}} ({{Korean|hangul=님|labels=no}}) added. In such cases, the full name of the person may be appended, although this can also imply the speaker is of higher status.<ref name="proper" />

Among children and close friends, it is common to use a person's birth name.

===Traditional nicknames===
Among the common people, who have suffered from high child mortality, children were often given childhood names ({{Korean|hangul=아명|hanja=兒名|rr=amyeong|labels=no}}), to wish them long lives by avoiding notice from the messenger of death.<ref name="EncyKorea">{{cite web|script-title=ko:이름|url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0044126|website=]|access-date=2023-08-21|language=ko|archive-date=2023-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821081402/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0044126|url-status=live}}</ref> These have become less common.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Naver Encyclopedia |title=Nickname (별명, 別名) |publisher=] |url=http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=75449 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129141637/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=75449 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 29, 2013 |access-date=2006-08-22 |language=ko }}</ref>

After marriage, women usually lost their {{Transliteration|ko|rr|amyeong}}, and were called by a {{Transliteration|ko|rr|taekho}} ({{Korean|hangul=택호|hanja=宅號|labels=no}}), referring to their town of origin.<ref name="EncyKorea" />

In addition, ], or referring to parents by their children's names, is a common practice. It is most commonly used in referring to a mother by the name of her eldest child, as in "Cheolsu's mom" ({{lang|ko|철수 엄마}}). However, it can be extended to either parent and any child, depending upon the context.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hwang |first=Shin Ja J. |title=Terms of Address In Korean and American Cultures |page=9 |publisher=trinity.edu |year=1991 |url=http://www.trinity.edu/org/ics/ICS%20Issues/01%20ICS%20I%202/ICS-1-2-Hwang.pdf |work=Intercultural Communication Studies I:2 |access-date=2008-09-11 |archive-date=2006-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823123916/http://www.trinity.edu/org/ics/ICS%20Issues/01%20ICS%20I%202/ICS-1-2-Hwang.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Gender===
Korean given names' correlation to gender is complex and, by comparison to European languages, less consistent.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ask a Korean |url=http://askakorean.blogspot.com/2008/08/its-not-just-that-they-all-look-same.html |title=It's Not Just That They All Look the Same |date=2008-08-04 |access-date=2016-09-06 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013191723/http://askakorean.blogspot.com/2008/08/its-not-just-that-they-all-look-same.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See unreliable sources list on ]|date=November 2024}} Certain Sino-Korean syllables carry masculine connotations, others feminine, and others unisex. These connotations may vary depending on whether the character is used as the first or second character in the given name. A '']'' generational marker, once confined to male descendants but now sometimes used for women as well, may further complicate gender identification. Native Korean given names show similar variation.

A further complication in Korean text is that the singular pronoun used to identify individuals has no gender. This means that automated translation often misidentifies or fails to identify an individual's gender in Korean text and thus presents stilted or incorrect English output. (Conversely, English source text is similarly missing information about social status and age critical to smooth Korean-language rendering.)<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4584353 |title=Determining Gender of Korean Names with Context |last1=Yoon |first1=Hee-geun |last2=Park |first2=Seong-bae |last3=Han |first3=Yong-jin |last4=Lee |first4=Sang-jo |year=2008 |publisher=] |pages=121–126 |location=], China |conference=2008 International Conference on Advanced Language Processing and Web Information Technology |doi=10.1109/ALPIT.2008.86 |access-date=2023-08-23 |archive-date=2018-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617155541/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4584353/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Children traditionally take their father's surname.{{sfnp|Nahm|1988}} Under South Korean Civil Law effective January 1, 2008, though, children may be legally given the last name of either parent or even that of a step-parent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Chung-a |date=2007-06-03 |title=Children Can Adopt Mothers Surname |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/05/113_4064.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609223414/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/04/113_4064.html |archive-date=2016-06-09 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=]}}</ref>

==Romanization and pronunciation==
{{See also|Romanization of Korean}}
Many modern Koreans romanize their names in an ''ad hoc'' manner that often attempts to approximate conventions in ]. This produces many Latin-spelling variations for a single name. For example, the surname {{lang|ko|이}} (李) is variously romanized as ''Lee'', ''Yi'', ''I'', or ''Rhee''.

Some Koreans avoid certain spellings because of their similarity to English words with negative connotations. For example, "Gang", "Bang", "Sin", and "Gun".{{sfnp|Lee|2011|p=94}}

Although the current official romanization system in South Korea is the ], South Korean nationals are not required to follow this when they apply for their ]; people are allowed to register their romanized names freely as long as the romanized name can be pronounced like the Hangul name.<ref>{{harvtxt|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea|2014}}: "{{lang|ko|한글 성명대로 발음되면 로마자 표기법에 따른 표기가 아니어도 사용할 수 있습니다. 예: '인'에 대해 사용할 수 있는 로마자 표기}} IN, INN, IHN, YIN" (Even if is not in accordance with the Revised Romanization of Korean, you are allowed to use it as long as it can be pronounced like your Hangul name. For example, ''IN'', ''INN'', ''IHN'', and ''YIN'' are permitted for {{lang|ko|인}}.)</ref> Even a single surname within a single family can be romanized differently on passports. For example, within a single {{lang|ko|심}} family, the father's surname can be "Shim" while his son's can be "Sim".<ref>{{cite news |author=김용 |script-title=ko:아버지 성은 'SHIM', 아들은 'SIM'...'헤라클래스' 부자에 무슨 사연이? |trans-title=Father's surname is Shim, son's is Sim... What is the story behind the "Hercules" father and son? |url=https://sports.news.naver.com/news.nhn?oid=076&aid=0004030620 |publisher=] |date=2023-07-12 |quote=심정수는 이주 과정에서 여권 신청서를 작성할 때 실수로 아들들의 성을 'SIM'으로 적었다고 한다. 뒤늦게 실수를 알았지만, 다시 이름을 바꾸기는 어려웠다. |trans-quote=When ] was applying for his sons' passports to go abroad, he mistakenly wrote their surname as "SIM". He later realized his mistake, but it was too late to change. |language=ko |access-date=2023-09-13 |archive-date=2023-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022061414/https://sports.news.naver.com/news.nhn?oid=076&aid=0004030620 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to a 2007 examination of 63,000 passports, the most common romanizations for various common surnames were:<ref>{{cite web|author=National Institute of Korean Language |author-link=National Institute of Korean Language |script-title=ko:성씨 로마자 표기 방안 마련을 위한 토론회 |url=https://korean.go.kr/common/download.do?file_path=etcData&c_file_name=80f65ee3-98ee-4e75-8f76-ebe941ba1597.pdf&o_file_name=%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0%ED%9A%8C-%EC%9D%B8%EC%87%84%EC%B5%9C%EC%A2%85.pdf |pages=57, 58, 60, 61 |date=2009-06-25 |language=ko}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Surname<br />(Hangul)!!Spelling 1!!Spelling 2!!Spelling 3
|-
|{{lang|ko|김}}||Kim (99.3%)||Gim (0.6%)||Ghim (0.01%)
|-
|{{lang|ko|이}}||Lee (98.5%)||Yi (1%)||Rhee (0.2%)
|-
|{{lang|ko|박}}||Park (95.9%)||Bak (1.8%)||Pak (1.7%)
|-
|{{lang|ko|최}}||Choi (93.1%)||Choe (6.5%)||Choy (0.09%)
|-
|{{lang|ko|정}}||Jung (48.6%)||Jeong (37%)||Chung (9.2%)
|}


In English-speaking nations, the three most common surnames are often written and pronounced as ''Kim'' ({{Korean|hangul=김|labels=no}}), ''Lee''/''Ri'' ({{Korean|hangul=이/리|labels=no}}), and ''Park'' ({{Korean|hangul=박|labels=no}}).
Korean given names are usually composed of two characters or syllables.
* The initial sound in ''Kim'' shares features with both the English ''k'' (in initial position, an aspirated voiceless velar stop) and "hard ''g''" (an unaspirated voiced velar stop). When pronounced initially, Kim starts with an unaspirated voiceless ] sound; it is voiceless like {{IPA|}}, but also unaspirated like {{IPA|}}. As aspiration is a distinctive feature in Korean but voicing is not, ''Gim'' is more likely to be understood correctly. However, ''Kim'' is usually used as the romanized form in both North and South Koreas.{{sfnp|Yonhap|2004|pp=484–536, 793–800, ''passim''}}
* The surname ''Lee'' is originally {{Korean|hangul=리|labels=no}} (''Ri'') in North Korea and {{Korean|hangul=이|labels=no}} (''I'') in South Korea. In the former case, the initial sound is a ]. There is no distinction between the alveolar liquids {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}}, which is why ''Lee'' and ''Ri'' are both common spellings. In South Korea, the pronunciation of the name is simply the English vowel sound for a "long ''e''", as in ''see''. This pronunciation is also often spelled as ''Yi''; the Northern pronunciation is commonly romanized as ''Ri''.{{sfnp|Yonhap|2004|pp=561–608, 807–810, ''passim''}}
* In Korean, the name that is usually romanized as ''Park'' actually has no ''r'' sound, unlike in ], since the romanization was based on ], which has ]. Its initial sound is an unaspirated voiceless ] {{IPA|}}. The vowel is {{IPA|}}, similar to the ''a'' in ''father'', so the name is also often transcribed ''Pak'', ''Bak'' and ''Bahk''.{{sfnp|Yonhap|2004|pp=438–457}}


In romanized Korean names, a two-syllable given name is spelled as a joined word (''Gildong''), or separated by a hyphen (''{{nowrap|Gil-dong}}'') or a space (''{{nowrap|Gil Dong}}''); in other words, ''Gildong'', ''Gil-dong'', and ''Gil Dong'' are all the same given name. Even with a space, ''Gil Dong'' is still a single first name, not first and middle names. South Korea's ], the government agency issuing passports to its nationals, formally advised its nationals not to put a space in their given names because having a space in a given name can be misunderstood as having first and middle names;<ref>{{harvtxt|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea|2014}}: "{{lang|ko|이름의 글자를 띄어 쓰면 외국에서 중간 이름으로 인식되므로 될 수 있으면 붙여서 사용하시기 바랍니다.}}" (If there is a space between each syllable of your given name, will be perceived as a middle name outside Korea. Therefore, we recommend concatenating syllables.)</ref> the Ministry also gives a chance to remove the space when one already has a space in one's given name.<ref>{{harvtxt|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea|2014}}: "Q: {{lang|ko|이름을 한 글자씩 띄어서 로마자로 표기했더니 해외에서는 중간 이름(미들네임)으로 인식되어 불편합니다. 붙여 쓰기로 변경할 수 있나요?}} / A: {{lang|ko|1회에 한해 붙여 쓰도록 변경할 수 있습니다.}}" (Question: My given name has a space between each syllable. This is inconvenient because is perceived as a middle name outside Korea. Can I have the space removed? / Answer: You can have the space removed only once.)</ref>
Traditionally, given names for males are partly determined by ]s (''dollimja,'' 돌림자), a custom originating in China. One of the two characters in a given name is unique to the individual and the other is shared by all people in a family of the generation. Therefore, it is common for cousins to have the same character (dollimja) in their given names in a fixed position.


It is not always possible to unambiguously determine the original Hangul name from a romanized Korean name. For example, the ''jung'' in ] and in ] is actually different in Hangul ({{lang|ko|중}} and {{lang|ko|정}} respectively).{{efn|Even if the Revised Romanization of Korean (RR) were strictly applied to all names, such an ambiguity is not fully resolved. For example, given names {{lang|ko|빛나}} and {{lang|ko|샛별}} are romanized as {{Transliteration|ko|rr|Bitna}} and {{Transliteration|ko|rr|Saetbyeol}} respectively according to RR – syllable-final consonants {{lang|ko|ㅊ}} and {{lang|ko|ㅅ}} both become ''t''.}}
In March 1991, the ] published the Table of ] for Personal Name Use (''Inmyeong-yong Chuga Hanja-pyo;'' 인명용 추가 한자표; 人名用追加漢字表) that restricts the possible Hanja in new South Korean given names. Originally the list included the 1,800 Basic Hanja for Educational Use (''Hanmun Gyoyuk-yong Gicho Hanja;'' 한문 교육용 기초 한자; 漢文敎育用基礎漢字) taught in middle and high school plus 1,054 additional characters; since then, the list has been expanded.


{{ill|Eom Ik-sang|ko|엄익상}}, a South Korean professor of the Chinese language and literature at ], said the following with regard to the romanizations of Korean personal names and the adoption of South Korea's official romanization system in other countries:<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.korean.go.kr/common/download.do;front=C418D688FF0397643BC44229B5369EE8?file_path=etcData&c_file_name=8be7c78f-847f-4769-a06b-248f590cd4be.pdf&o_file_name=%EC%A0%9C2%ED%9A%8C_%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4_%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85_%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0%ED%9A%8C_%EC%9E%90%EB%A3%8C%EC%A7%91.pdf |script-title=ko:로마자표기법: 국내표준과 국제표준 |trans-title=Romanization system : domestic and international standards |last=Eom |first=Ik-sang (엄익상) |date=2011-07-07 |conference=국어 정책 토론회 |publisher=] |access-date=2023-08-28 |language=ko |page=8 |archive-date=2023-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828034248/https://www.korean.go.kr/common/download.do;front=C418D688FF0397643BC44229B5369EE8?file_path=etcData&c_file_name=8be7c78f-847f-4769-a06b-248f590cd4be.pdf&o_file_name=%EC%A0%9C2%ED%9A%8C_%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4_%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85_%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0%ED%9A%8C_%EC%9E%90%EB%A3%8C%EC%A7%91.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Original: "{{lang|ko|중국어 로마자 표기법은 서구에서 100년 가까이 사용해오던}} Wade-Giles{{lang|ko|법을 밀어내고 최근에는 1958년 중국정부가 제정한 한어병음방법을 전 세계적으로 사용하고 있다. 미국의회도서관은 물론 해외 도서관에서 한어병음으로 중국의 인명과 서명을 검색할 수 있게 되었다. 그러나 13억이 넘는 인구가 50년이 넘는 세월 동안 일률적으로 사용해온 경우와 성명의 표기는 개인의 자유라며 일반 국민은 물론 대통령까지 거의 모두 자유롭게 표기해온 국가와 비교가 될 수 있을까? 자기 집 영문 주소는 물론 성까지도 식구마다 다르게 표기할 수 있는 곳이 한국이다. 우리 스스로도 잘 지키지 않고, 수시로 바뀌는 표기법을 외국에서 뭘 믿고 쓰겠는가?}}"}}
While the traditional practice is still largely followed, since the late 1970s, some people have given names that are native ] words, usually of two syllables. Popular native Korean given names include Haneul (하늘; "Heaven" or "Sky") and Iseul (이슬; "Dew"). Despite the general trend away from traditional practice, people's names are still recorded in both ] and ] (if available) on official documents, in family genealogies, and so on.


{{blockquote|In the case of the romanization of Chinese, the ] system established by the Chinese government in 1958 is being used worldwide today, displacing the ] system that had been used in the West for nearly a hundred years. It is now possible to search Chinese personal names and book titles using Hanyu Pinyin in overseas libraries including the U.S. ]. However, is it fair to compare the country in which more than 1.3 billion people have been uniformly following for more than 50 years to the country in which almost all citizens and presidents alike have been romanizing their names freely, asserting individual freedom? Korea is a place where one's home address as well as the surname of each family member can be romanized differently. Why would other countries trust and use system that not only has been frequently changed but also we ourselves do not even consistently follow?}}
Few people have one- or three-character given names, like the politicians ] and ] on the one hand, and ] on the other. People with two-character family names often have a one-character given name, like the singer ].


===Name order===
== Historical names ==
] in ], ] – the usual presentation of Korean names in English, as shown here, is to put the surname first (Ban is the surname)]]
=== Native names ===
In English-language publications, including newspapers, Korean names are usually written in the original order, with the surname first and the given name last. However, Koreans living and working in Western countries usually adopt the Western order, with the given name first and the surname last. The usual presentation of Korean names in English is similar to those of ]s and differs from those of ]s, which, in English publications, are usually written in a reversed order with the surname last.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Power |first=John |date=June 2008 |title=Japanese names |url=http://www.theindexer.org/files/26-2/26-2-cp4_002.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Indexer |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=2–8 |doi=10.3828/indexer.2008.29 |issn=0019-4131 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130073413/http://theindexer.org/files/26-2/26-2-cp4_002.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-30}}</ref>


==History==
Prior to the adoption of Chinese-style names, Koreans had indigenous names, which were transcribed in Hanja. Except for royalty, most Koreans did not have family names. Native given names were sometimes composed of three syllables like Misaheun (미사흔; 未斯欣) and Sadaham (사다함; 斯多含).
The use of names has evolved over time. The first recording of Korean names appeared as early as in the early ]. The adoption of Chinese characters contributed to Korean names. A complex system, including ]s, ]s, ]s, and childhood names, arose out of ] tradition. The courtesy name system in particular arose from the '']'', a core text of the Confucian canon.{{sfnp|Lee|1983|p=1134}} Names have also been influenced by ]s, a practice that originated in China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koon |first=Wee Kek |date=2023-02-14 |title=Chinese culture, like North Korea, has taboo words; they just aren't illegal |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3210116/north-koreas-kim-jong-un-has-enforced-name-taboo-chinese-emperors-once-did-chinese-culture-has-other |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=] |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722004013/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3210116/north-koreas-kim-jong-un-has-enforced-name-taboo-chinese-emperors-once-did-chinese-culture-has-other |url-status=live }}</ref>


Under the strong influence of Chinese culture in the first millennium of the ], Koreans adopted family names. Family names were limited to kings and aristocrats at the beginning, but gradually spread to the commoners during the ] and ] periods. During the Three Kingdoms period, native given names were sometimes composed of three syllables like Misaheun ({{lang|ko|미사흔}}) and Sadaham ({{lang|ko|사다함}}), which were later transcribed into ] (未斯欣 and 斯多含). The use of surnames was limited to kings in the beginning, but gradually spread to aristocrats and eventually to most of the population.{{sfnp|Toh|1999|loc=sec. 2}}


Some recorded surnames are apparently native Korean words, such as ]s. At that time, some characters of Korean names might have been read not by their Sino-Korean pronunciation, but by their native reading. For example, the native Korean name of ] ({{Korean|hangul=연개소문|hanja=淵蓋蘇文|labels=no}}), the first Grand Prime Minister of ], can linguistically be reconstructed as {{IPA|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chang |first=Sekyung (장세경) |script-title=ko:고대 복수인명 표기의 음성·음운론적 고찰 |trans-title=Phonetic and phonological study on the different transcriptions of the same personal names |url=http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T2179775 |year=1990 |location=Seoul |publisher=] |language=ko}}</ref> Early ] names are also believed to represent ] vocabulary; for example, ], the name of the founder of Silla, was pronounced something like {{Transliteration|ko|rr|Bulgeonuri}} (弗矩內), which can be translated as "bright world".{{sfnp|Toh|1999|loc=sec. 3}}
] in Manchuria and northern Korea and ] in southwestern Korea had many non-Chinese family names. They often consisted of two characters and many of them seem to have been toponyms. Judging from Japanese records, some characters were pronounced not by their Chinese reading but by their reading in the native language (see ]). For example, Goguryeo General ] (연개소문; 淵蓋蘇文) is called Iri Kasumi (伊梨柯須弥) in '']''. Like ''cheon'' (천; 泉) in Chinese, ''iri'' would presumably have meant "fountain" in the Goguryeo language.


In older traditions, if the name of a baby is not chosen by the third trimester, the responsibility of choosing the name fell to the oldest son of the family. Often, this was the preferred method as the name chosen was seen as good luck.
In contrast, ] family names were in the Chinese style, perhaps related to King ]'s Sinicization policy.


The ancient kings of Korea gave their subjects family names. For example, in AD 33, King ] gave the tribes of Saro (Silla) names like Bae (배), Choe (최), Jeong (정), Son (손) and Seol (설). Other names given by kings are An (안), ] (차), Han (한), Hong (홍), Kim (김), Kwon (권), Nam (남), Eo (어), and Wang (왕). According to the chronicle '']'', surnames were bestowed by kings upon their supporters. For example, in 33 CE, King ] gave the six headmen of Saro (later ]) the names Lee ({{lang|ko|이}}), Bae ({{lang|ko|}}), Choi ({{lang|ko|}}), Jeong ({{lang|ko|}}), Son ({{lang|ko|}}) and Seol ({{lang|ko|}}). However, this account is not generally credited by modern historians, who hold that Confucian-style surnames as above were more likely to have come into general use in the fifth and subsequent centuries, as the Three Kingdoms increasingly adopted the Chinese model.{{sfnp|Toh|1999}}


Only a handful of figures from the Three Kingdoms period are recorded as having borne a ], such as ]. The custom only became widespread in the ] period, as Confucianism took hold among the literati.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Naver Encyclopedia |title=Courtesy name (자, 字) |publisher=] |url=http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=131083 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129173426/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=131083 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 29, 2013 |access-date=2006-08-22 |language=ko }}</ref>{{efn|Seol Chong's courtesy name, Chongji ({{lang|ko|총지}}) is reported in the ''Samguk sagi'', Yeoljeon 6, "Seol Chong".}} In 1055, Goryeo established a new law limiting access to the civil service examination to those without surnames.<ref name="EncyKorea" />
=== Mongolian names ===


For men of the aristocratic '']'' class, a complex system of alternate names emerged by the ] period. On the other hand, commoners typically only had given names.<ref name="EncyKorea" /> Surnames were originally a privilege reserved for the ''yangban'' class, but members of the ] and ] classes of Joseon society frequently paid to acquire a surname from a ''yangban'' and be included into a ]; this practice became rampant by the 18th century,<ref>{{cite news|title=Why so many Koreans are called Kim|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/09/economist-explains-5|newspaper=]|date=2014-09-08|access-date=2017-10-23|archive-date=2017-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116223703/https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/09/economist-explains-5|url-status=live}}</ref> leading to a significant growth in the ''yangban'' class but conversely diluting and weakening its social dominance.<ref>{{cite web|title=(3) 사회 구조의 변동|url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/ta/view.do?levelId=ta_h62_0020_0030_0030|website=우리역사넷|publisher=]|access-date=2017-10-23|language=ko|archive-date=2017-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023120314/http://contents.history.go.kr/front/ta/view.do?levelId=ta_h62_0020_0030_0030|url-status=live}}</ref> For instance, in the region of ], the ''yangban'' who had comprised 9.2% of Daegu's demographics in 1690 rose to 18.7% in 1729, 37.5% in 1783, and 70.3% in 1858.<ref>{{cite web|title=3) 양반 신분의 동향|url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_039_0040_0040_0030_0010|website=우리역사넷|publisher=]|access-date=2017-10-23|language=ko|archive-date=2017-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023120212/http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_039_0040_0040_0030_0010|url-status=live}}</ref> It was not until the ] of 1894 that members of the ] class were allowed to adopt a surname.<ref>{{cite web|author1=이권형|author2=김수한|title=한국족보박물관 개관…'족보 문화'의 메카 대전을 가다|url=http://biz.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=20100526000135|website=헤럴드경제|publisher=]|date=2010-05-26|access-date=2017-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023120324/http://biz.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=20100526000135|archive-date=2017-10-23|language=ko}}</ref> According to a census called the {{Transliteration|ko|rr|minjeokbu}} ({{Korean|hangul=민적부|hanja=民籍簿|labels=no}}) completed in 1910, more than half of the Korean population did not have a surname at the time.<ref name="EncyKorea" />
Under the domination of the ] during the ], Korean kings and aristocrats had both ] and ] names. For example, King ] had both the Mongolian name Bayan Temür (伯顏帖木兒) and the Chinese-style name Wang Gi (王祺) (later renamed Wang Jeon 王顓).


For a brief period after the ] during the ] period, Korean kings and aristocrats had both ] and ] names. The scions of the ruling class were sent to the ] court for schooling.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lee |first=Ki-baik |author-link=Ki-baik Lee |translator-last1=Wagner |translator-first1=Edward W. |translator-last2=Shultz |translator-first2=Edward J. |title=A New History of Korea |publisher=Ilchokak |year=1984 |page=156 |location=Seoul |isbn=978-89-337-0204-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofkore0000leek}}</ref> For example, King ] had both the Mongolian name Bayan Temür ({{Lang-zh|c=伯顏帖木兒|labels=no}}) and the Sino-Korean name Wang Gi (王祺) (later renamed Wang Jeon (王顓)).{{sfnp|Lee|1983|p=117}}
Mongolian personal names did not include family names, so some Korean nobility had names that were combinations of Sino-Korean family names and Mongolian given names. For example, Gi Cheol (奇轍), a brother of the ], was called Gi Bayan Bukha (奇伯顏不花), and the Qi Empress's eunuch was called Bak Bukha (朴不花).


===Japanese colonial period===
=== Japanization of names ===
{{See also|Sōshi-kaimei|Korea under Japanese rule}}
During the period of Japanese colonial rule of Korea (1910–1945), Koreans were forced to adopt ]-language names.<ref>U.S. ], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103013022/http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/7.htm |date=2016-11-03}}</ref> Even today, it is common for Korean nationals living in Japan to use Japanese surnames as well. Also known as {{nihongo||通称名|tsūshōmei}} or {{nihongo||通名|tsūmei}}, such an alternative name can be registered as a ] and used in many official contexts including bank accounts and health insurance.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}


During the ] of Korea (1910–1945), Koreans were in practice compelled to adopt ]-language names. In 1939, as part of ] ]'s policy of cultural assimilation (同化政策; ''dōka seisaku'') , Ordinance No. 20 (Commonly called the "Name Order") was issued, and went into law on ], ], the 2,600th anniversary of the mythical ]'s founding of Japan . In 1939, as part of ] ]'s policy of {{nihongo|cultural assimilation|同化政策|dōka seisaku}}, Ordinance No. 20 (commonly called the "Name Order", or {{nihongo||創氏改名|sōshi-kaimei}} in ]) was issued, and became law in April 1940. Although the Japanese Governor-General officially prohibited compulsion, low-level officials effectively forced Koreans to adopt Japanese-style surnames and given names. By 1944, about 84% of the population had registered Japanese surnames.{{sfnp|Nahm|1988|p=233}}


{{Transliteration|ja|Sōshi}} (Japanese) means the creation of a Japanese surname ({{Transliteration|ja|shi}}, Korean {{Transliteration|ko|rr|ssi}}), distinct from a Korean surname or {{Transliteration|ko|rr|seong}} (Japanese {{Transliteration|ja|sei}}). Japanese surnames represent the families they belong to and can be changed by marriage and other procedures, while Korean surnames represent paternal linkages and are unchangeable. Japanese policy dictated that Koreans either could register a completely new Japanese surname unrelated to their Korean surname, or have their Korean surname, in Japanese form, automatically become their Japanese name if no surname was submitted before the deadline.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Empas Encyclopedia |title=Changssi Gaemyeong (창씨개명, 創氏改名) |publisher=empas.com |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=187854&v=43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325194830/http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=187854&v=43 |language=ko |access-date=2006-08-23 |archive-date=2007-03-25}}</ref>
The ordinance &mdash; commonly called ''Sōshi-kaimei'' (創氏改名) in ] &mdash; in theory allowed (but in practice compelled) Koreans to adopt Japanese family and given names. Although the Japanese Government-General officially prohibited compulsion, low-level officials practically forced Koreans to get Japanese-style family names, and by 1944, approximately 84 percent of the population had registered Japanese family names (], p. 233).


After the liberation of Korea from Japanese rule, the Name Restoration Order ({{Korean|hangul=조선 성명 복구령|hanja=朝鮮姓名復舊令|labels=no}}) was issued on October 23, 1946, by the ] south of the ], enabling Koreans to restore their original Korean names if they wished.
''Sōshi'' (Japanese) means the creation of a Japanese family name or ''si'' (Korean ''ssi'' (씨)), distinct from a Korean family name or ''seong'' (Japanese ''sei''). Japanese family names represent the families they belong to and can be changed by marriage and other procedures, while Korean family names represent paternal linkages and are unchangeable. ''Sōshi'' represented a dual operation of both Japanese and Korean family name systems. Japanese policy dictated that Koreans either could register a completely new Japanese family name unrelated to their Korean surname, or have their Korean family name, in Japanese form, automatically become their Japanese name. Koreans were not, however, permitted to register a Korean family name other than their original name. For example, a person surnamed Bak (박; 朴) would be permitted to register Arai (新井), a Japanese name, or Paku (the Japanese equivalent of Bak), but did not have the choice of taking the name Kim (김; 金).


Japanese conventions of creating given names, such as using "{{lang|ja|子}}" (Japanese {{Transliteration|ja|ko}} and Korean {{Transliteration|ko|rr|ja}}) in feminine names, are seldom seen in present-day Korea, both North and South. In the North, a campaign to eradicate such Japanese-based names was launched in the 1970s.<ref name="northnames" /> In the South, and presumably in the North as well, these names are regarded as old and unsophisticated.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Song-i |date=2021-11-08 |title=How Korean Names Work {{!}} Order Of First Names, Kim Surname, And More |url=https://koreatruly.com/korean-names/ |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=Korea Truly |archive-date=2021-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223062015/https://koreatruly.com/korean-names/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Japanese conventions of creating given names also made their way into Korea, such as putting a character "子" (Japanese ''ko'' and Korean ''ja'' meaning "descendant" or "son") to make feminine names like "玉子" (Japanese ''Tamako'' and Korean ''Okja''), although this practice is seldom seen in modern Korea, either North or South. (''See ] for more on the ''Sōshi-kaimei'' policy.'')


==See also==
After the Japanese defeat in ] and the liberation of Korea, the Name Restoration Order (조선 성명 복구령; 朝鮮姓名復舊令) was issued on ], ] by the ] south of the ], enabling Koreans to restore their Korean names if they wished to.
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


== References == ==Notes==
{{notelist}}
<div class="references-small">
*Nahm, Andrew C. (1988). ''Korea: Tradition and Transformation &mdash; A History of the Korean People.'' Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym International. ISBN 0930878566
</div>


== See also == ==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
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===Sources===
== External links ==
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Hong-jik (이홍직) |title=새國史事典 |trans-title=New encyclopedia of Korean history |publisher=Kyohaksa |year=1983 |location=Seoul |chapter=''Ja'', Courtesy Name (자) |isbn=978-89-09-00506-7|language=ko}}
*
* {{Cite report|last=Lee |first=Sang-oak (이상억) |script-title=ko:성씨의 로마자 표기 정책 마련 연구 |url=https://korean.go.kr/common/download.do;front=1EC82A886C3B715225C134A1B980A81E?file_path=reportData&c_file_name=f9750bb4-86f8-4f92-be3b-ee7810ab0914_0.pdf&o_file_name=%EC%84%B1%EC%94%A8%EC%9D%98%20%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90%20%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%20%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85%20%EB%A7%88%EB%A0%A8%20%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC.pdf |date=2011-09-16 |publisher=] |language=ko}}
* (in Japanese): by ]
* {{Cite web |author=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea) |year=2014 |url=http://overseas.mofa.go.kr/us-ko/brd/m_4477/down.do?brd_id=13922&seq=1129911&data_tp=A&file_seq=1 |script-title=ko:여권의 한글 성명, 로마자(영문 알파벳)로는 어떻게 표기하나요? |trans-title=How do I romanize my Hangul name on my passport? |language=ko}}
* &mdash; Footnote 16 gives bibliographic references for Korean perspectives on the ''Soshi-Kaimei'' policy.
* {{Cite book|last=Nahm |first=Andrew C. |title=Korea: Tradition and Transformation – A History of the Korean People |publisher=Hollym International |year=1988 |location=Elizabeth, NJ |isbn=978-0-930878-56-6}}
* {{Cite web|last=Toh |first=Soo-hee (도수희) |script-title=ko:한국 성명의 생성 발달 |trans-title=Formation and Development of Korean Names |publisher=New Korean Life (새국어생활) |year=1999 |url=https://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/nklife/1999_4/1999_0411.pdf |language=ko |access-date=2018-05-28}}
* {{Cite book|author=Yonhap |title=Korea Annual 2004 |publisher=] |year=2004 |location=Seoul |edition=41st annual |isbn=978-89-7433-070-5}}


==External links==
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* ] on Wiktionary
]
* : by ] {{in lang|ja}}
]


{{Personal names}}
{{Portal bar|South Korea|North Korea|Language|Society}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Korean Name}}
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Latest revision as of 18:52, 13 December 2024

For names of the country, see Names of Korea. For Misplaced Pages's policy on how to style Korean names, see Misplaced Pages:Naming conventions (Korean).
Hong Gil-dong, a generic Korean name used similarly to "John Doe" in English. From the top, the name is written in Hangul, then Hanja, then in Latin text using the Revised Romanization system.  Surname (홍; Hong)  Given name (길동; Gil-dong)

Korean names are names that place their origin in, or are used in, Korea. A Korean name in the modern era typically consists of a surname followed by a given name, with no middle names. A number of Korean terms for names exist. For full names, seongmyeong (Korean: 성명; Hanja: 姓名), seongham (성함; 姓銜), or ireum (이름) are commonly used. When a Korean name is written in Hangul, there is no space between the surname and the given name.

Most Korean surnames consist of a single syllable, although multisyllabic surnames exist (e.g. Namgung). Upon marriage, both partners keep their full names, but children inherit the father's surname unless otherwise specified during the marriage registration process. Koreans have been historically grouped into Korean clans. Each clan is identified by a bongwan (본관; birthplace of the clan's founder) and the surname of the founder of the clan (with descendency determined patrilineally). For example, the Jeonju Yi clan comes from Jeonju and descends from Yi Han [ko]. In 2000, a census showed that, in total, there were 286 surnames and 4,179 clans. However, the three most common surnames (Kim, Lee, and Park) are shared by nearly half of South Koreans.

Given names usually have two syllables, although names with one, three, or more syllables also exist. Generation names (where names for a generation of a family are related in some way, usually by sharing a character) are also traditional, although now increasingly less common. In North Korea, the generational syllable is shared only among siblings, but in the South, it is shared by all members of the same generation. The use of given names is guided by a strict system of honorifics; it can be rude to refer to a stranger or person of higher social status by their given name. Perceived gender in names is less consistent than in Western names.

Naming practices have changed over time. Surnames were once exclusively used by royalty and nobility, but eventually became acceptable for lower class usage. Even until 1910, more than half of Koreans did not have a surname. While now significantly less common, Confucian and cultural traditions dictate systems of naming taboos, childhood names, courtesy names, art names, and posthumous names. Until the invention of the Korean alphabet Hangul in the 15th century, most Korean names were written using Chinese characters (Hanja). While many names can still be written entirely in Hanja, some are now exclusively written in Hangul (e.g. Da-som). In 2015, 7.7% of people had Hangul-only names. During the Japanese occupation of Korea, beginning in 1939, Koreans were forced to adopt Japanese names and naming practices. They were allowed to return to using Korean names following the 1945 liberation of Korea.

Terms

Diagram showing terminology for names, with Latin text written using Revised Romanization

A number of terms exist for Korean names. For the full name, seongmyeong (성명; 姓名) is commonly used. This is a compound word; seong (성; 姓) refers to the surname, and myeong (명; 名) to the given name. The native Korean term ireum (이름) can be used to refer to either the full name or the given name.

A more formal term for the full name is seongham (성함; 姓銜). This term is relatively commonly used during transactions or in official settings. It is commonly said in the phrase "성함이 어떻게 되세요?"; lit. "What is your name?".

Over half of South Koreans have the following five surnames (English spelling variations grouped together):   Kim, Gim, Ghim   Lee, Yi, Rhee, Yie   Park, Pak, Bahk   Choi, Choe   Jung, Jeong, Chung, Cheong

Surnames

See also: List of Korean surnames Further information: Korean clans and Korean clans of foreign origin
The five most common surnames
Korean Hanja Revised MR Common spellings
Gim Kim Kim, Gim
리 (N)
이 (S)
I Ri (N)
I (S)
Lee, Rhee, Yi
Bak Pak Park, Pak, Bak
Choe Ch'oe Choi, Choe, Chue
Jeong Chŏng Jung, Chung, Jeong, Cheong

Fewer than 300 (approximately 280) Korean surnames were in use in 2000, and the three most common (Kim, Lee, and Park) account for nearly half of the population. For various reasons, the number of Korean surnames has been increasing over time.

Each Korean person belongs to a Korean clan. Each clan can be identified by a surname from a patrilineal ancestor and a place of origin (본관; bongwan). For example, the most populous clan is the Gimhae Kim clan: they descend from Kim Suro and identify the city of Gimhae as their origin. Clan membership is determined. Clans are further subdivided into various pa (파; 派), or branches stemming from a more recent common ancestor, so that a full identification of a person's surname would be clan-surname-branch. Until 2005, marrying other members of one's clan was illegal, although this restriction was declared unconstitutional and lifted.

Traditionally, Korean women keep their surnames after their marriage, but their children take the father's surname. In the premodern, patriarchal Korean society, people were extremely conscious of familial values and their own family identities. Korean women keep their surnames after marriage based on traditional reasoning that it is inherited from their parents and ancestors, and cannot be changed. According to traditions, each clan publishes a comprehensive genealogy book (족보; 族譜; jokbo) every 30 years.

Around a dozen two-syllable surnames are used, all of which rank after the 100 most common surnames. The five most common surnames, which together make up over half of the Korean population, are used by over 20 million people in South Korea.

After the 2015 census, it was revealed that foreign-origin surnames were becoming more common in South Korea, due to naturalised citizens transcribing their surnames in Hangul. Between 2000 and 2015, more than 4,800 new surnames were registered. During the census, a total of 5,582 distinct surnames were collected, 73% of which do not have corresponding Hanja characters. It was also revealed that despite the surge in the number of surnames, the ratio of top 10 surnames had not changed. 44.6% of South Koreans are still named Kim, Lee or Park, while the rest of the top 10 are made up of Choi, Jeong, Kang, Jo, Yoon, Jang and Lim.

Given names

See also: List of Korean given names

Traditionally, given names are partly determined by generation names, a custom originating in China. One of the two characters in a given name is unique to the individual, while the other is shared by all people in a family generation. In both North and South Koreas, generational names are usually no longer shared by cousins, but are still commonly shared by siblings.

Given names are typically composed of Hanja, or Chinese characters. In North Korea, the Hanja are no longer used to write the names, but the meanings are still understood; for example, the syllable cheol (철) in boys' names is usually perceived as , which means "iron".

In South Korea, Article 37 of the Regulations on Registration of Family Relations (가족관계의 등록 등에 관한 규칙) requires that the Hanja in personal names be taken from a restricted list. Unapproved Hanja must be represented by Hangul in the family relations register (가족관계등록부). In March 1991, the Supreme Court of Korea published the Table of Hanja for Use in Personal Names (인명용 한자표; 人名用漢字表) which allowed a total of 2,854 Hanja in new South Korean given names (as well as 61 variant forms), and put it into effect starting April 1 of the same year. The list was expanded several times; the latest update was in 2022. Currently, more than 8,000 Hanja are permitted in South Korean names (including the set of basic Hanja), in addition to a small number of variant forms. The use of an official list is similar to Japan's use of the jinmeiyō kanji (although the characters do not entirely coincide).

The Table of Hanja for Use in Personal Names merely shows what characters are currently allowed to be registered. It cannot always be used to determine someone's existing Hanja name because of the following reasons:

  • People who were named before April 1, 1991, did not have any restrictions on Hanja names. Their names can contain Hanja that are not even in the list.
  • The list is sometimes updated to include more Hanja. A character currently in the list may not be in older versions of the list.

While the traditional practice is still largely followed, since the late 1970s, some parents have given their children names that are native Korean words, usually of two syllables. Given names of this sort include Ha-neul (하늘; lit. heaven/sky), Da-som (다솜; lit. love) and Bit-na (빛나; lit. to shine). Between 2008 and 2015, the proportion of such names among South Korean newborns rose from 3.5% to 7.7%. Despite this trend away from traditional practice, people's names are still recorded in both Hangul and Hanja (if available) on official documents, in family genealogies, and so on.

Unless a given name contains a syllable that does not have any corresponding Hanja at all (e.g. 빛 (bit)), there is no guarantee that a name which may look like a native Korean name never has Hanja. A certain name written in Hangul can be a native Korean name, or a Sino-Korean name, or even both. For example, Bo-ram (보람) can not only be a native Korean name, but can also be a Sino-Korean name (e.g. 寶濫). In some cases, parents intend a dual meaning: both the meaning from a native Korean word and the meaning from Hanja.

Originally, there was no legal limitation on the length of names in South Korea. As a result, some people registered extremely long given names, such as the 16-syllable Haneul­byeolnim­gureum­haetnim­boda­sarang­seureouri (하늘별님구름햇님보다사랑스러우리; roughly, "more beloved than the sky, stars, clouds, and the sun"). However, beginning in 1993, new regulations required that the given name be five syllables or shorter.

A family relations certificate (가족관계증명서) of an individual lists the person concerned, the person's parents, spouse, and children. If there is more than one person with the same name in a family relations certificate, it is difficult to identify the person. Therefore, an individual is not allowed to have the same name as someone appearing in one's parent's family relations certificate – in other words, a child cannot have the same name as one's parents and grandparents.

Usage

Forms of address

See also: Korean honorifics

The usage of names is governed by strict norms in traditional Korean society. It is generally considered rude to address people by their given names in Korean culture. This is particularly the case when dealing with adults or one's elders. It is acceptable to call someone by his or her given name if he or she is the same age as the speaker. However, it is considered rude to use someone's given name if that person's age is a year older than the speaker. This is often a source of pragmatic difficulty for learners of Korean as a foreign language, and for Korean learners of Western languages.

A variety of replacements are used for the actual name of the person. It is acceptable among adults of similar status to address the other by their full name, with the suffix ssi (씨; 氏) added. However, it is inappropriate to address someone by the surname alone, even with such a suffix. Whenever the person has an official rank, it is typical to address him or her by the name of that rank (such as "Manager"), often with the honorific nim (님) added. In such cases, the full name of the person may be appended, although this can also imply the speaker is of higher status.

Among children and close friends, it is common to use a person's birth name.

Traditional nicknames

Among the common people, who have suffered from high child mortality, children were often given childhood names (아명; 兒名; amyeong), to wish them long lives by avoiding notice from the messenger of death. These have become less common.

After marriage, women usually lost their amyeong, and were called by a taekho (택호; 宅號), referring to their town of origin.

In addition, teknonymy, or referring to parents by their children's names, is a common practice. It is most commonly used in referring to a mother by the name of her eldest child, as in "Cheolsu's mom" (철수 엄마). However, it can be extended to either parent and any child, depending upon the context.

Gender

Korean given names' correlation to gender is complex and, by comparison to European languages, less consistent. Certain Sino-Korean syllables carry masculine connotations, others feminine, and others unisex. These connotations may vary depending on whether the character is used as the first or second character in the given name. A dollimja generational marker, once confined to male descendants but now sometimes used for women as well, may further complicate gender identification. Native Korean given names show similar variation.

A further complication in Korean text is that the singular pronoun used to identify individuals has no gender. This means that automated translation often misidentifies or fails to identify an individual's gender in Korean text and thus presents stilted or incorrect English output. (Conversely, English source text is similarly missing information about social status and age critical to smooth Korean-language rendering.)

Children traditionally take their father's surname. Under South Korean Civil Law effective January 1, 2008, though, children may be legally given the last name of either parent or even that of a step-parent.

Romanization and pronunciation

See also: Romanization of Korean

Many modern Koreans romanize their names in an ad hoc manner that often attempts to approximate conventions in English orthography. This produces many Latin-spelling variations for a single name. For example, the surname 이 (李) is variously romanized as Lee, Yi, I, or Rhee.

Some Koreans avoid certain spellings because of their similarity to English words with negative connotations. For example, "Gang", "Bang", "Sin", and "Gun".

Although the current official romanization system in South Korea is the Revised Romanization of Korean, South Korean nationals are not required to follow this when they apply for their passports; people are allowed to register their romanized names freely as long as the romanized name can be pronounced like the Hangul name. Even a single surname within a single family can be romanized differently on passports. For example, within a single 심 family, the father's surname can be "Shim" while his son's can be "Sim".

According to a 2007 examination of 63,000 passports, the most common romanizations for various common surnames were:

Surname
(Hangul)
Spelling 1 Spelling 2 Spelling 3
Kim (99.3%) Gim (0.6%) Ghim (0.01%)
Lee (98.5%) Yi (1%) Rhee (0.2%)
Park (95.9%) Bak (1.8%) Pak (1.7%)
Choi (93.1%) Choe (6.5%) Choy (0.09%)
Jung (48.6%) Jeong (37%) Chung (9.2%)

In English-speaking nations, the three most common surnames are often written and pronounced as Kim (김), Lee/Ri (이/리), and Park (박).

  • The initial sound in Kim shares features with both the English k (in initial position, an aspirated voiceless velar stop) and "hard g" (an unaspirated voiced velar stop). When pronounced initially, Kim starts with an unaspirated voiceless velar stop sound; it is voiceless like , but also unaspirated like . As aspiration is a distinctive feature in Korean but voicing is not, Gim is more likely to be understood correctly. However, Kim is usually used as the romanized form in both North and South Koreas.
  • The surname Lee is originally 리 (Ri) in North Korea and 이 (I) in South Korea. In the former case, the initial sound is a liquid consonant. There is no distinction between the alveolar liquids and , which is why Lee and Ri are both common spellings. In South Korea, the pronunciation of the name is simply the English vowel sound for a "long e", as in see. This pronunciation is also often spelled as Yi; the Northern pronunciation is commonly romanized as Ri.
  • In Korean, the name that is usually romanized as Park actually has no r sound, unlike in American English, since the romanization was based on English English, which has r-dropping. Its initial sound is an unaspirated voiceless bilabial stop . The vowel is , similar to the a in father, so the name is also often transcribed Pak, Bak and Bahk.

In romanized Korean names, a two-syllable given name is spelled as a joined word (Gildong), or separated by a hyphen (Gil-dong) or a space (Gil Dong); in other words, Gildong, Gil-dong, and Gil Dong are all the same given name. Even with a space, Gil Dong is still a single first name, not first and middle names. South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the government agency issuing passports to its nationals, formally advised its nationals not to put a space in their given names because having a space in a given name can be misunderstood as having first and middle names; the Ministry also gives a chance to remove the space when one already has a space in one's given name.

It is not always possible to unambiguously determine the original Hangul name from a romanized Korean name. For example, the jung in Kim Dae-jung and in Youn Yuh-jung is actually different in Hangul (중 and 정 respectively).

Eom Ik-sang [ko], a South Korean professor of the Chinese language and literature at Hanyang University, said the following with regard to the romanizations of Korean personal names and the adoption of South Korea's official romanization system in other countries:

In the case of the romanization of Chinese, the Hanyu Pinyin system established by the Chinese government in 1958 is being used worldwide today, displacing the Wade–Giles system that had been used in the West for nearly a hundred years. It is now possible to search Chinese personal names and book titles using Hanyu Pinyin in overseas libraries including the U.S. Library of Congress. However, is it fair to compare the country in which more than 1.3 billion people have been uniformly following for more than 50 years to the country in which almost all citizens and presidents alike have been romanizing their names freely, asserting individual freedom? Korea is a place where one's home address as well as the surname of each family member can be romanized differently. Why would other countries trust and use system that not only has been frequently changed but also we ourselves do not even consistently follow?

Name order

Ban Ki-moon in Davos, Switzerland – the usual presentation of Korean names in English, as shown here, is to put the surname first (Ban is the surname)

In English-language publications, including newspapers, Korean names are usually written in the original order, with the surname first and the given name last. However, Koreans living and working in Western countries usually adopt the Western order, with the given name first and the surname last. The usual presentation of Korean names in English is similar to those of Chinese names and differs from those of Japanese names, which, in English publications, are usually written in a reversed order with the surname last.

History

The use of names has evolved over time. The first recording of Korean names appeared as early as in the early Three Kingdoms period. The adoption of Chinese characters contributed to Korean names. A complex system, including courtesy names, art names, posthumous names, and childhood names, arose out of Confucian tradition. The courtesy name system in particular arose from the Classic of Rites, a core text of the Confucian canon. Names have also been influenced by naming taboos, a practice that originated in China.

During the Three Kingdoms period, native given names were sometimes composed of three syllables like Misaheun (미사흔) and Sadaham (사다함), which were later transcribed into Hanja (未斯欣 and 斯多含). The use of surnames was limited to kings in the beginning, but gradually spread to aristocrats and eventually to most of the population.

Some recorded surnames are apparently native Korean words, such as toponyms. At that time, some characters of Korean names might have been read not by their Sino-Korean pronunciation, but by their native reading. For example, the native Korean name of Yeon Gaesomun (연개소문; 淵蓋蘇文), the first Grand Prime Minister of Goguryeo, can linguistically be reconstructed as . Early Silla names are also believed to represent Old Korean vocabulary; for example, Bak Hyeokgeose, the name of the founder of Silla, was pronounced something like Bulgeonuri (弗矩內), which can be translated as "bright world".

In older traditions, if the name of a baby is not chosen by the third trimester, the responsibility of choosing the name fell to the oldest son of the family. Often, this was the preferred method as the name chosen was seen as good luck.

According to the chronicle Samguk sagi, surnames were bestowed by kings upon their supporters. For example, in 33 CE, King Yuri gave the six headmen of Saro (later Silla) the names Lee (이), Bae (배), Choi (최), Jeong (정), Son (손) and Seol (설). However, this account is not generally credited by modern historians, who hold that Confucian-style surnames as above were more likely to have come into general use in the fifth and subsequent centuries, as the Three Kingdoms increasingly adopted the Chinese model.

Only a handful of figures from the Three Kingdoms period are recorded as having borne a courtesy name, such as Seol Chong. The custom only became widespread in the Goryeo period, as Confucianism took hold among the literati. In 1055, Goryeo established a new law limiting access to the civil service examination to those without surnames.

For men of the aristocratic yangban class, a complex system of alternate names emerged by the Joseon period. On the other hand, commoners typically only had given names. Surnames were originally a privilege reserved for the yangban class, but members of the middle and common classes of Joseon society frequently paid to acquire a surname from a yangban and be included into a clan; this practice became rampant by the 18th century, leading to a significant growth in the yangban class but conversely diluting and weakening its social dominance. For instance, in the region of Daegu, the yangban who had comprised 9.2% of Daegu's demographics in 1690 rose to 18.7% in 1729, 37.5% in 1783, and 70.3% in 1858. It was not until the Gabo Reform of 1894 that members of the outcast class were allowed to adopt a surname. According to a census called the minjeokbu (민적부; 民籍簿) completed in 1910, more than half of the Korean population did not have a surname at the time.

For a brief period after the Mongol invasion of Korea during the Goryeo period, Korean kings and aristocrats had both Mongolian and Sino-Korean names. The scions of the ruling class were sent to the Yuan court for schooling. For example, King Gongmin had both the Mongolian name Bayan Temür (伯顏帖木兒) and the Sino-Korean name Wang Gi (王祺) (later renamed Wang Jeon (王顓)).

Japanese colonial period

See also: Sōshi-kaimei and Korea under Japanese rule

During the period of Japanese colonial rule of Korea (1910–1945), Koreans were forced to adopt Japanese-language names. Even today, it is common for Korean nationals living in Japan to use Japanese surnames as well. Also known as tsūshōmei (通称名) or tsūmei (通名), such an alternative name can be registered as a legal alias and used in many official contexts including bank accounts and health insurance.

In 1939, as part of Governor-General Jirō Minami's policy of cultural assimilation (同化政策, dōka seisaku), Ordinance No. 20 (commonly called the "Name Order", or sōshi-kaimei (創氏改名) in Japanese) was issued, and became law in April 1940. Although the Japanese Governor-General officially prohibited compulsion, low-level officials effectively forced Koreans to adopt Japanese-style surnames and given names. By 1944, about 84% of the population had registered Japanese surnames.

Sōshi (Japanese) means the creation of a Japanese surname (shi, Korean ssi), distinct from a Korean surname or seong (Japanese sei). Japanese surnames represent the families they belong to and can be changed by marriage and other procedures, while Korean surnames represent paternal linkages and are unchangeable. Japanese policy dictated that Koreans either could register a completely new Japanese surname unrelated to their Korean surname, or have their Korean surname, in Japanese form, automatically become their Japanese name if no surname was submitted before the deadline.

After the liberation of Korea from Japanese rule, the Name Restoration Order (조선 성명 복구령; 朝鮮姓名復舊令) was issued on October 23, 1946, by the United States military administration south of the 38th parallel north, enabling Koreans to restore their original Korean names if they wished.

Japanese conventions of creating given names, such as using "子" (Japanese ko and Korean ja) in feminine names, are seldom seen in present-day Korea, both North and South. In the North, a campaign to eradicate such Japanese-based names was launched in the 1970s. In the South, and presumably in the North as well, these names are regarded as old and unsophisticated.

See also

Notes

  1. Also called the Table of Additional Hanja for Use in Personal Names (인명용 추가 한자표; 人名用追加漢字表).
  2. Even if the Revised Romanization of Korean (RR) were strictly applied to all names, such an ambiguity is not fully resolved. For example, given names 빛나 and 샛별 are romanized as Bitna and Saetbyeol respectively according to RR – syllable-final consonants ㅊ and ㅅ both become t.
  3. Original: "중국어 로마자 표기법은 서구에서 100년 가까이 사용해오던 Wade-Giles법을 밀어내고 최근에는 1958년 중국정부가 제정한 한어병음방법을 전 세계적으로 사용하고 있다. 미국의회도서관은 물론 해외 도서관에서 한어병음으로 중국의 인명과 서명을 검색할 수 있게 되었다. 그러나 13억이 넘는 인구가 50년이 넘는 세월 동안 일률적으로 사용해온 경우와 성명의 표기는 개인의 자유라며 일반 국민은 물론 대통령까지 거의 모두 자유롭게 표기해온 국가와 비교가 될 수 있을까? 자기 집 영문 주소는 물론 성까지도 식구마다 다르게 표기할 수 있는 곳이 한국이다. 우리 스스로도 잘 지키지 않고, 수시로 바뀌는 표기법을 외국에서 뭘 믿고 쓰겠는가?"
  4. Seol Chong's courtesy name, Chongji (총지) is reported in the Samguk sagi, Yeoljeon 6, "Seol Chong".

References

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  17. Harkrader, Lisa (2004). South Korea. Enslow Pub. Inc. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7660-5181-2. Many South Korean families today are relatively small, and may not include sons, so South Korean parents have begun to choose names for their sons that do not follow the traditional requirements of generation names.
  18. National Academy of the Korean Language (June 1991). 국립 국어 연구원 소식 [News from the National Academy of the Korean Language] (in Korean). New Korean Life (새국어생활). Archived from the original on 2016-03-19. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
  19. '인명용(人名用)' 한자 5761→8142자로 대폭 확대. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). 2014-10-20. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
  20. 민경호 (2016-05-09). 신생아 인기 이름 '민준·서연'…드라마 영향? [Popular names for newborns: Min-jun and Seo-yeon ... the effect of TV dramas?] (in Korean). Seoul Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2017-12-06. 신생아에게 한글 이름을 지어주는 경우는 2008년 전체의 3.5%에서 지난해에는 두 배가 넘는 7.7%에 달했습니다.
  21. 김보람(金보람). 한국법조인대관 [List of Legal Professionals in Korea] (in Korean). 법률신문 (The Law Times). Archived from the original on 2023-08-15. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
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  24. Ministry of Government Legislation of South Korea. 태아 및 신생아 > 자녀의 성명 > 이름 > 이름 관련 준수사항 (본문). 찾기쉬운 생활법령정보 (Easy to Find, Practical Law) (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2023-08-16. Retrieved 2023-08-16. 가족관계증명서에 동일한 이름을 가진 사람이 둘 이상 있으면 이름을 특정하기 곤란한 문제가 발생합니다. 따라서 자녀의 이름은 출생자에 대한 부와 모의 가족관계증명서에 드러나는 사람(예를 들어, 출생자의 조부·조모·부·모 등)과 같은 이름을 사용한 경우에는 출생신고가 수리되지 않습니다
  25. The Northern Forum (2006). "Protocol Manual". Anchorage, AK: northernforum.org. p. 29. Archived from the original on 2006-04-14. Retrieved 2006-08-23.
  26. ^ Lee, Ui-do (리의도) (2005). 올바른 우리말 사용법 [Proper usage of the Korean language] (in Korean). Seoul: Yedam. p. 182. ISBN 978-89-5913-118-1.
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  29. Hwang, Shin Ja J. (1991). "Terms of Address In Korean and American Cultures" (PDF). Intercultural Communication Studies I:2. trinity.edu. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-23. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
  30. Ask a Korean (2008-08-04). "It's Not Just That They All Look the Same". Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2016-09-06.
  31. Yoon, Hee-geun; Park, Seong-bae; Han, Yong-jin; Lee, Sang-jo (2008). Determining Gender of Korean Names with Context. 2008 International Conference on Advanced Language Processing and Web Information Technology. Dalian, China: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. pp. 121–126. doi:10.1109/ALPIT.2008.86. Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  32. Nahm (1988).
  33. Park, Chung-a (2007-06-03). "Children Can Adopt Mothers Surname". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  34. Lee (2011), p. 94.
  35. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea (2014): "한글 성명대로 발음되면 로마자 표기법에 따른 표기가 아니어도 사용할 수 있습니다. 예: '인'에 대해 사용할 수 있는 로마자 표기 IN, INN, IHN, YIN" (Even if is not in accordance with the Revised Romanization of Korean, you are allowed to use it as long as it can be pronounced like your Hangul name. For example, IN, INN, IHN, and YIN are permitted for 인.)
  36. 김용 (2023-07-12). 아버지 성은 'SHIM', 아들은 'SIM'...'헤라클래스' 부자에 무슨 사연이? [Father's surname is Shim, son's is Sim... What is the story behind the "Hercules" father and son?] (in Korean). Sports Chosun. Archived from the original on 2023-10-22. Retrieved 2023-09-13. 심정수는 이주 과정에서 여권 신청서를 작성할 때 실수로 아들들의 성을 'SIM'으로 적었다고 한다. 뒤늦게 실수를 알았지만, 다시 이름을 바꾸기는 어려웠다. [When Shim Jeong-soo was applying for his sons' passports to go abroad, he mistakenly wrote their surname as "SIM". He later realized his mistake, but it was too late to change.]
  37. National Institute of Korean Language (2009-06-25). 성씨 로마자 표기 방안 마련을 위한 토론회 (PDF) (in Korean). pp. 57, 58, 60, 61.
  38. Yonhap (2004), pp. 484–536, 793–800, passim.
  39. Yonhap (2004), pp. 561–608, 807–810, passim.
  40. Yonhap (2004), pp. 438–457.
  41. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea (2014): "이름의 글자를 띄어 쓰면 외국에서 중간 이름으로 인식되므로 될 수 있으면 붙여서 사용하시기 바랍니다." (If there is a space between each syllable of your given name, will be perceived as a middle name outside Korea. Therefore, we recommend concatenating syllables.)
  42. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea (2014): "Q: 이름을 한 글자씩 띄어서 로마자로 표기했더니 해외에서는 중간 이름(미들네임)으로 인식되어 불편합니다. 붙여 쓰기로 변경할 수 있나요? / A: 1회에 한해 붙여 쓰도록 변경할 수 있습니다." (Question: My given name has a space between each syllable. This is inconvenient because is perceived as a middle name outside Korea. Can I have the space removed? / Answer: You can have the space removed only once.)
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