Misplaced Pages

Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 10:02, 31 July 2006 editKwame Nkrumah (talk | contribs)1,129 edits yes, and Leonardo became French when went to live in France. if you have no proof he was Russian, leave his nationality by birth← Previous edit Latest revision as of 18:34, 23 October 2024 edit undoMonkbot (talk | contribs)Bots3,695,952 editsm Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 1);Tag: AWB 
(259 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|18th-century Italian architect famed for his work in Russia}}
]
{{Redirect|Bartolomeo Rastrelli|his father|Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli|other people surnamed Rastrelli|Rastrelli (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Francesco Rastrelli
| image = Ротари - Портрет архитектора Бартоломео Растрелли.jpg
| birth_date = ], ]
| birth_place = 1700
| death_date = 1771
| death_place = ], ]
| nationality = Italian
| known_for = Palace architecture
}}


'''Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli''' (Russian: Франческо Бартоломео Растрелли) (]-]) was an ] architect who worked in ]. He developed an easily recognizable style of late ], both sumptuous and majestic. His major works, including the ] in ] and the ] in ], are famed for extravagant luxury and opulence of decoration.


'''Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli''' ({{langx|ru|Франче́ско Бартоломе́о (Варфоломе́й Варфоломе́евич) Растре́лли}}; 1700 in ], ] – 29 April 1771 in ], ]) was an Italian architect who worked mainly in ]. He developed an easily recognizable style of Late ], both sumptuous and majestic. His major works, including the ] in ] and the ] in ], are famed for extravagant luxury and opulence of decoration.<ref name=brit/>
Bartolomeo went to Russia in ] with his father, Italian sculptor ] (]-]). His ambition was to combine the latest Italian architectural fashion with traditions of the ] style. The first important commission came in 1721 when he was asked to build a palace for Prince ], former ruler of ].


==Biography==
Rastrelli was appointed to the post of senior court architect in 1730. His works found favour with female monarchs of his time, so he retained this post throughout the reigns of Empresses ] (1730-40) and ] (1741-62). His major works were as follows:
Rastrelli was born in 1700 in Paris, where his father, ] (1675–1744), a Florentine sculptor and architect who had trained in Rome, was active.<ref name=dbi>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/francesco-rastrelli_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/|title=Rastrelli, Francesco|encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani |first=Federica|last=Rossi|volume=86|year=2016|publisher=Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana|language=it}}</ref> Nothing is known about Francesco's Parisian years, but it seems certain that the young man trained and worked in his father's workshop.<ref name=dbi/> In 1716, Bartolomeo moved to Saint Petersburg, which became a new Russian capital just a four years before, accompanying his father.<ref name=brit/> His ambition was to combine the latest Italian architectural fashion with traditions of the ] style. The first important commission came in 1721 when he was asked to build a palace for Prince ], former ruler of ].
]
* 1730 - The Annenhof Palace in Lefortovo, ], demolished in the 19th century
* 1733 - The first Winter Palace in St Petersburg, subsequently demolished
* 1736 - The ] for ], Duke of ] and intimate friend of Empress Anna
* 1738 - The in ], Courland, also for Biron
* 1741 - The ] in St Petersburg, demolished in 1797
* 1747 - Expansion and renovation of the Grand ] Palace
* 1749 - The ] in ]
* 1749 - The ] in St Petersburg
* 1752 - The ] in Tsarskoe Selo
* 1752 - The ] in ] (now the ceremonial residence of the ])
* 1753 - The on the ], St Petersburg
* 1753 - The ] in St Petersburg


He was appointed to the post of senior court architect in 1730. His works found favour with female monarchs of his time, and he retained this post throughout the reigns of Empresses ] (1730–1740) and ] (1741–1762).
Rastrelli's last and most ambitious project was the in St Petersburg where Empress Elizabeth was to spend the rest of her life. The projected ] was to become the tallest building in St Petersburg and all of Russia. Elizabeth's death in 1762 prevented Rastrelli from completing this grand design.


Rastrelli's last and most ambitious project was the ] in St. Petersburg where Empress Elizabeth was to spend the rest of her life. The projected ] was to become the tallest building in St Petersburg and all of Russia. Elizabeth's death in 1762 prevented Rastrelli from completing this grand design.<ref name=brit/>
The new empress ] dismissed ] as an old-fashioned "whipped cream", and the aged architect had to retire to Courland where he supervised decoration of the ducal palaces. His last years were spent in obscure commerce with Italian art-dealers. He was elected to the ] several months before his death. A ] before the Smolny convent bears Rastrelli's name since 1923.


The new empress, ], dismissed ] as an old-fashioned "whipped cream", and the aged architect retired to ], where he supervised the completion and decoration of the ducal palaces.
==See also==
*]


His last years were spent in obscure commerce with Italian art-dealers. He was elected to the ] several months before his death.<ref name=brit/>
{{Persondata

|NAME=Rastrelli, Francesco Bartolomeo
=== Family ===
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Растрелли, Франческо Бартоломео
He lived with his father and mother, and married Baroness Maria Anna von Walles, born in Berlin in 1710.<ref name=dbi/> She bore three children (one son and two daughters) according to the 1737 ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Yu. Denisov, A. Petrov. Architect Rastrelli – P. 192}}</ref>
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Architect

|DATE OF BIRTH=]
While Rastrelli's son Giuseppe Iacopo died in December 1737 of ], and his daughter Eleonora died in January 1738,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Yu. M. Ovsyannikov. Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli}}</ref><ref name=dbi/> his daughter Elisabetta Caterina, born in 1734, married architect Francesco Bertogliati, her father's assistant.<ref name=dbi/>
|PLACE OF BIRTH=]

|DATE OF DEATH=]
== Empress Elizabeth of Russia (1741–1761) ==
|PLACE OF DEATH=
]'s daughter was suspicious of all those who served the court of her predecessors. After going through all the architects in ], the Empress was convinced that Francesco Rastrelli is the best. Therefore, Francesco started serving to the Empress only in 1744.

In the period 1744–1760 he built all his famous buildings:

* Summer Palace (destroyed, built up by the Engineering Castle)
* wooden Winter Palace on the Nevsky (destroyed, urban high-rise buildings)
* stone Winter Palace (there is, the main building of the ])
* Smolny Cathedral and Monastery with four churches and cells
* Palace for Chancellor Vorontsov (Vorontsov Palace in St. Petersburg, rebuilt as a military school)
* Stroganov Palace, (it is a branch of the ] now)
* palace in Tsarskoe Selo (restored, ] (museum-reserve))
* completion and decoration of the interiors of Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg.

== Ten extant buildings by Rastrelli ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! width=3%|#
! width=20%|Image
! width=40%|Name
! width=24%|Location
! width=14%|Date
|-
| '''1'''
| ]
| ]
| ] near ]<br>{{LVA}}
| 1736–1740<br>1764–1767
|-
| '''2'''
| ]
| ]
| ]<br>{{LVA}}
| 1738–1740<br>1763–1772
|-
| '''3'''
| ]
| ]
| ] near ]<br>{{RUS}}
| 1747–1755
|-
| '''—'''
| ]
| ] chapels
| Peterhof near ]<br>{{RUS}}
| 1747–1751
|-
| '''4'''
| ]
| ]
| ]<br>{{UKR}}
| 1748–1767
|-
| '''5'''
| ]
| ]
| ]<br>{{RUS}}
| 1748–1764
|-
| '''6'''
| ]
| ]
| ]<br>{{RUS}}
| 1749–1757
|-
| '''7'''
| ]
| ]
| ] (])<br>{{RUS}}
| 1752–1756
|-
| '''—'''
| ]
| ]
| ] (])<br>{{RUS}}
| 1749
|-
| '''8'''
| ]
| ]
| ]<br>{{UKR}}
| 1752<br>1870
|-
| '''9'''
| ]
| ]
| ]<br>{{RUS}}
| 1753–1754
|-
| '''10'''
| ]
| ]
| ]<br>{{RUS}}
| 1754–1762<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA657 |title = Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places|isbn = 978-1136639449|last1 = Ring|first1 = Trudy|last2 = Watson|first2 = Noelle|last3 = Schellinger|first3 = Paul|date = 2013}}</ref>
|}

] has speculated that Rastrelli's last (and unfinished) design was for the Neoclassical ] near ].

== Demolished buildings ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! width=3%|#
! width=20%|Image
! width=20%|Name
! width=20%|Notes
! width=24%|Location
! width=14%|Date
|-
| '''1'''
| ]
| ]
| Built of wood, replaced by ]
| ], Moscow<br>{{RUS}}
| 1731<br>displaced 1736<br>burnt down 1746
|-
| '''2'''
| ]
| ]
| Replaced by ]
| ]<br>{{RUS}}
| 1732–1735<br>demolished 1754
|-
| '''3'''
| ]
| ]
| Built of wood, replaced by ]
| ]<br>{{RUS}}
| 1741–1744<br>demolished 1797
|-
| '''4'''
| ]
| ]
| Replaced by ]
| ]<br>{{RUS}}
| 1747–1756<br>rebuilt 1798<br>demolished 1837
|}

== Posthumous glory ==
Rastrelli is a cult figure of the ]. His engravings with landscapes of Tsarskoe Selo were spread throughout Europe during Rastrelli's lifetime, and there are some examples in the collections of Ukraine and ].

* A bust of Rastrelli was installed in Tsarskoye Selo.
* The second bust of the famous architect was installed on St. Manege Square in St. Petersburg.
* A ] in front of the ] has borne Rastrelli's name since 1923.
* In 1972, the documentary ''Architect Rastrelli'' was made (directed by Maria Kligman, Lennauchfilm, Russia).
* He is the subject of a composition, '']'', written in 2000 by Italian composer ].
* A ] of Russian ], including Kirill Kravtsov, Mikhail Degtyarev, Kirill Timofeev, and Sergei Drabkin, is called Rastrelli. The quartet works in Germany and plays music from the Baroque to modern times.

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=brit>. Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>
}} }}


== External links ==
]
* {{Commons-inline|Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli}}
]

]
] {{Rastrelli}}
{{Authority control}}
]


] {{DEFAULTSORT:Rastrelli, Bartolomeo}}
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 18:34, 23 October 2024

18th-century Italian architect famed for his work in Russia "Bartolomeo Rastrelli" redirects here. For his father, see Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli. For other people surnamed Rastrelli, see Rastrelli (surname).

Francesco Rastrelli
BornParis, Kingdom of France
1700
Died1771
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
NationalityItalian
Known forPalace architecture


Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli (Russian: Франче́ско Бартоломе́о (Варфоломе́й Варфоломе́евич) Растре́лли; 1700 in Paris, Kingdom of France – 29 April 1771 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire) was an Italian architect who worked mainly in Russia. He developed an easily recognizable style of Late Baroque, both sumptuous and majestic. His major works, including the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg and the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, are famed for extravagant luxury and opulence of decoration.

Biography

Rastrelli was born in 1700 in Paris, where his father, Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1675–1744), a Florentine sculptor and architect who had trained in Rome, was active. Nothing is known about Francesco's Parisian years, but it seems certain that the young man trained and worked in his father's workshop. In 1716, Bartolomeo moved to Saint Petersburg, which became a new Russian capital just a four years before, accompanying his father. His ambition was to combine the latest Italian architectural fashion with traditions of the Muscovite Baroque style. The first important commission came in 1721 when he was asked to build a palace for Prince Demetre Cantemir, former ruler of Moldavia.

He was appointed to the post of senior court architect in 1730. His works found favour with female monarchs of his time, and he retained this post throughout the reigns of Empresses Anna (1730–1740) and Elizabeth (1741–1762).

Rastrelli's last and most ambitious project was the Smolny Convent in St. Petersburg where Empress Elizabeth was to spend the rest of her life. The projected bell-tower was to become the tallest building in St Petersburg and all of Russia. Elizabeth's death in 1762 prevented Rastrelli from completing this grand design.

The new empress, Catherine II, dismissed Baroque architecture as an old-fashioned "whipped cream", and the aged architect retired to Courland, where he supervised the completion and decoration of the ducal palaces.

His last years were spent in obscure commerce with Italian art-dealers. He was elected to the Imperial Academy of Arts several months before his death.

Family

He lived with his father and mother, and married Baroness Maria Anna von Walles, born in Berlin in 1710. She bore three children (one son and two daughters) according to the 1737 census.

While Rastrelli's son Giuseppe Iacopo died in December 1737 of cholera, and his daughter Eleonora died in January 1738, his daughter Elisabetta Caterina, born in 1734, married architect Francesco Bertogliati, her father's assistant.

Empress Elizabeth of Russia (1741–1761)

Peter I's daughter was suspicious of all those who served the court of her predecessors. After going through all the architects in St. Petersburg, the Empress was convinced that Francesco Rastrelli is the best. Therefore, Francesco started serving to the Empress only in 1744.

In the period 1744–1760 he built all his famous buildings:

  • Summer Palace (destroyed, built up by the Engineering Castle)
  • wooden Winter Palace on the Nevsky (destroyed, urban high-rise buildings)
  • stone Winter Palace (there is, the main building of the Hermitage Museum)
  • Smolny Cathedral and Monastery with four churches and cells
  • Palace for Chancellor Vorontsov (Vorontsov Palace in St. Petersburg, rebuilt as a military school)
  • Stroganov Palace, (it is a branch of the State Russian Museum now)
  • palace in Tsarskoe Selo (restored, Tsarskoe Selo (museum-reserve))
  • completion and decoration of the interiors of Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg.

Ten extant buildings by Rastrelli

# Image Name Location Date
1 Rundāle Palace Pilsrundāle near Bauska
 Latvia 		1736–1740
1764–1767
2 Jelgava Palace Jelgava
 Latvia 		1738–1740
1763–1772
3 Peterhof Palace Peterhof near St. Petersburg
 Russia 		1747–1755
— Peterhof Palace chapels Peterhof near St. Petersburg
 Russia 		1747–1751
4 Saint Andrew's Church Kyiv
 Ukraine 		1748–1767
5 Smolny Convent St. Petersburg
 Russia 		1748–1764
6 Vorontsov Palace St. Petersburg
 Russia 		1749–1757
7 Catherine Palace Tsarskoe Selo (Pushkin)
 Russia 		1752–1756
— Hermitage Pavilion Tsarskoe Selo (Pushkin)
 Russia 		1749
8 Mariinskyi Palace Kyiv
 Ukraine 		1752
1870
9 Stroganov Palace St. Petersburg
 Russia 		1753–1754
10 Winter Palace St. Petersburg
 Russia 		1754–1762

Boris Vipper has speculated that Rastrelli's last (and unfinished) design was for the Neoclassical Zaļenieki Manor near Mitava.

Demolished buildings

# Image Name Notes Location Date
1 Annenhof Built of wood, replaced by Catherine Palace (Moscow) Lefortovo District, Moscow
 Russia 		1731
displaced 1736
burnt down 1746
2 Anna's Winter Palace Replaced by Winter Palace Saint Petersburg
 Russia 		1732–1735
demolished 1754
3 Summer Palace Built of wood, replaced by Saint Michael's Castle Saint Petersburg
 Russia 		1741–1744
demolished 1797
4 Winter Kremlin Palace Replaced by Grand Kremlin Palace Moscow Kremlin
 Russia 		1747–1756
rebuilt 1798
demolished 1837

Posthumous glory

Rastrelli is a cult figure of the Russian Baroque. His engravings with landscapes of Tsarskoe Selo were spread throughout Europe during Rastrelli's lifetime, and there are some examples in the collections of Ukraine and Germany.

  • A bust of Rastrelli was installed in Tsarskoye Selo.
  • The second bust of the famous architect was installed on St. Manege Square in St. Petersburg.
  • A square in front of the Smolny Convent has borne Rastrelli's name since 1923.
  • In 1972, the documentary Architect Rastrelli was made (directed by Maria Kligman, Lennauchfilm, Russia).
  • He is the subject of a composition, Rastrelli in Saint Petersburg, written in 2000 by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero.
  • A quartet of Russian cellists, including Kirill Kravtsov, Mikhail Degtyarev, Kirill Timofeev, and Sergei Drabkin, is called Rastrelli. The quartet works in Germany and plays music from the Baroque to modern times.

References

  1. ^ Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli. Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^ Rossi, Federica (2016). "Rastrelli, Francesco". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 86. Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
  3. Yu. Denisov, A. Petrov. Architect Rastrelli – P. 192.
  4. Yu. M. Ovsyannikov. Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli.
  5. Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. ISBN 978-1136639449.

External links

Bartolomeo Rastrelli
The Ball-Room at PeterhofBuildings Bartolomeo Rastrelli
Related
Categories: