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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Politics of Bhutan}} {{Politics of Bhutan}}
] has ] with 52 states and the ].<ref> Bhutan Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref><ref></ref>


] has ] with 56 of 193 ] and the ].<ref name="list">{{Cite web|title=Bilateral relations|url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/?page_id=8824|access-date=4 May 2021|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan}}</ref> Bhutan's limited number of such relations, including the absence of formal relations with any of the ], is part of a deliberate ] policy of limiting foreign influence in the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|title=Bhutan doesn't have diplomatic ties with any of the 5 UNSC permanent members|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bhutan-doesnt-have-diplomatic-ties-with-any-of-the-5-unsc-permanent-members/articleshow/59601903.cms?from=mdr|access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref> This stance has been safeguarded by ], of which Bhutan has previously been considered a ].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Bedjaoui">{{citation|last=Bedjaoui|first=Mohammed|title=International Law: Achievements and Prospects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51|pages=51–|year=1991|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=92-3-102716-6|ref={{sfnref|Bedjaoui, International Law: Achievements and Prospects|1991}}}}: "The Treaty of Friendship of 8 August 1949 between Bhutan and India is an example of the creation of a protected State, Bhutan, with a quite loose relationship to the protecting State, India. By the terms of this Treaty of Friendship, Bhutan agreed to follow the guidance given by India in so far as external relations were concerned. India was not granted the power to exercise diplomatic rights on behalf of Bhutan and this way Bhutan remained in charge of its foreign policy."</ref>
In 1971, sponsored by India, Bhutan began to develop its foreign relations by joining the ], though it has no diplomatic relations with any of the permanent members on the UN Security Council. In 1981, Bhutan joined the ] and ], followed by the ] and ] in 1982. It is also an active member of ]. Bhutan is currently a member of 45 international organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/abt_foreign.php |title=Foreign Relation and Trade |publisher=] |work=Bhutan Portal online |accessdate=2011-03-29}}</ref>


Under Article 20 of the ] enacted in 2008, Bhutan's foreign relations fall under the purview of the ] on the advice of the Executive, namely the ] and other Ministers of the ] including the ].<ref name=CoBE>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20(A5).pdf |format=PDF |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan (English) |publisher=Government of Bhutan |date=2008-07-18 |accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref> In 1971, sponsored by India, Bhutan began to develop its foreign relations by joining the ]. In 1981, Bhutan joined the ] and ], followed by the ] and ] in 1982. It is also an active member of the ] (SAARC). Bhutan is currently a member of 45 international organizations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/abt_foreign.php |title=Foreign Relation and Trade |publisher=] |work=Bhutan Portal online |access-date=29 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416063620/http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/abt_foreign.php |archive-date=16 April 2011 }}</ref>


Under Article 20 of the ] enacted in 2008, Bhutan's foreign relations fall under the purview of the ] on the advice of the Executive, namely the ] and other Ministers of the ] including the ].<ref name="CoBE">{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20(A5).pdf |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan (English) |publisher=Government of Bhutan |date=18 July 2008 |access-date=13 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162637/http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20%28A5%29.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}</ref>
==India==
{{Refimprove|date=December 2010}}
{{Main|Bhutan–India relations}}
Historically, ties with India have been close. Both countries signed a first ever Friendship treaty in 1865 between Bhutan and British India. However, when Bhutan became a monarchy, British India was the first country to recognize it and renewed the treaty in 1910. Bhutan was the first country to recognize Indian independence and renewed the age old treaty with the new government in 1949, including a clause that India would assist Bhutan in foreign relations. On February 8, 2007, the Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/pressrelease/2007/03/treaty.pdf |title=Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty |format=PDF |publisher=]}}</ref> was substantially revised under the Bhutanese King, ]. In the Treaty of 1949 Article 2 read as "The Government of India undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan. On its part the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the Government of India in regard to its external relations."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/treatiesagreement/1949/chap26.htm |title=Treaty of 1949 |publisher=] |year=1949}}</ref> In the revised treaty this now reads as, "In keeping with the abiding ties of close friendship and cooperation between Bhutan and India, the Government of the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Government of the Republic of India shall cooperate closely with each other on issues relating to their national interests. Neither government shall allow the use of its territory for activities harmful to the national security and interest of the other." The revised treaty also includes in it the preamble "Reaffirming their respect for each other's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity", an element that was absent in the earlier version. The Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty of 2007 strengthens Bhutan's status as an independent and sovereign nation.


==Diplomatic relations==
There also exists bi-lateral agreement between Bhutanese and Indian Government where-in citizens of both nations can travel freely in other country without passport and visa.
Bhutan has embassies in ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="list" /> Conversely, only Bangladesh, India, and Kuwait have embassies in ]. The following is a list of countries which Bhutan maintains diplomatic relations with.


{| class="wikitable sortable"
==People's Republic of China==
! colspan="3" |]
: {{Main|Bhutan–China relations}}
Bhutan has no diplomatic relations with its northern neighbor, the ]. The border between Bhutan and China has been closed since the ] in 1959, causing an influx of refugees. The border also remains undelineated; in 1961 China published a map that altered the traditional border. Tensions have since lessened, especially after the signing of a 1998 agreement on border peace and tranquility, the first bilateral agreement between China and Bhutan. Despite the lack of formal diplomatic relations, Bhutan has also maintained an Honorary Consul in ] since 2000 and ] since 2004.

In late 2005, Bhutan claimed that Chinese soldiers were building roads and bridges within Bhutanese territory. Bhutanese Foreign Minister Khandu Wangchuk took up the matter with Chinese authorities after the issue was raised in the Bhutanese parliament. In response, Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang of the People's Republic of China has said that the border remains in dispute and that the two sides are continuing to work for a peaceful and cordial resolution of the dispute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.china.com/zh_cn/domestic/945/20051201/12906175.html |title=中国不丹同意平等友好协商早日解决边界问题 |trans_title=China and Bhutan agree to equal and friendly consultations to resolve the border issue as soon as possible |publisher=China.com News |date=2005-12-01 |accessdate=2011-03-29}}</ref> The Bhutanese newspaper ''Kuensel'' has said that China might use the roads to further Chinese claims along the border.<ref>{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>

==Bangladesh==
: {{Main|Bangladesh-Bhutan relations}}
] is one of only two nations to maintain a residential embassy in Thimphu. Bhutan was the first country in the world to recognize ] in 1971. The two states have agreed to develop ] in the Himalayas, as well as initiate ] and ] through Bangladeshi ports. They also cooperate in water resources management.

Both Bhutan and Bangladesh are members of ] and ].

==Nepal==
: {{Main|Bhutan-Nepal relations}}
] and Bhutan established relations in 1983. However since 1992, relations with Nepal have been tense due to the repatriation of ].<ref>{{Loc|article=Nepal |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nepal.pdf}}</ref>

==Pakistan==
: {{Main|Bhutan-Pakistan relations}}
] and Bhutan established relations in 1988.

==Russia==
: {{Main|Bhutan–Russia relations}}
Bhutan has no diplomatic relations with ].

==Other countries==
]
Bhutan maintains diplomatic relations with sixteen European nations: ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; the ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ] (with whom it established relations in February 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/2010/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=18408 |title=Bhutan establishes ties with Spain |first=Gyalsten K |last=Dorji |publisher=] |date=2011-02-15 |accessdate=2011-03-29}}</ref>); ]; and ], which form the "Friends of Bhutan" group, along with ], which contributes towards development projects in Bhutan.

In addition to Bangladesh, India, Japan, Nepal, and Pakistan, Bhutan maintains diplomatic relations with nineteen other Asian nations: ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; the ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; the ]; and ], as well as with ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cancilleria.gov.co/news/news/node/4409 |title=COLOMBIA Y EL REINO DE BUTÁN ESTABLECEN RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS |work=Cancilleria de Colombia |accessdate=2012-12-22}}</ref> Other countries, such as the ] and the ], have no formal diplomatic relations with Bhutan, but maintain informal contact through their respective embassies in ] and Bhutanese Permanent mission to the United Nations in New York City. The United Kingdom has an Honorary Consul resident in Thimphu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassiesabroad.com/embassies-of/Bhutan#18596 |title=Overseas Embassies and Consulates of Bhutan |work=Go Abroad.com |accessdate=2011-03-29}}</ref>

==Transnational issues==
Bhutan has relations with other nations based on transnational issues. Among these issues are extradition, ], and refugees. To a limited extent, Bhutanese law provides frameworks for cooperation with countries with which Bhutan has no formal mission.

===Extradition===
Bhutan has a ] on ] of criminals, both to and from the kingdom. Any nation, with or without formal relations, may request the extradition of fugitives who abscond to Bhutan. The Extradition Act requires nations to provide "all relevant evidence and information" about the accused, after which the Royal Government may in its discretion refer the matter to the ]. The Court may then issue a summons or warrant, conduct an inquiry, and collect evidence, holding the accused for a maximum of 30 days. Alternatively, the Royal Government may refer the matter to the courts for trial within Bhutan. Bhutan imposes punishments for offenses committed in treaty states generally, and for offenses in other states resulting in return to Bhutan. Offenses are weighed according to gravity, determined by a schedule and two-part test: extraditable offenses are those enumerated (including murder, theft, forgery, and smuggling), or which in Bhutan would be punished by a prison term exceeding twelve months.<ref name=Extra>{{cite web|url=http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Extradiction-Act-of-Bhutan-1991-English.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=] |title=Extradition Act, 1989 (1991) |year=1991 |accessdate=2011-03-29}}</ref> All felonies in Bhutan are punishable by a minimum of three years' imprisonment.<ref name=PC04>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalcouncil.bt/images/stories/PCode_En_04.pdf |title=Penal Code of Bhutan |date=2004-08-11 |format=PDF |publisher=] |accessdate=2011-01-21}}</ref>

Bhutan will refuse requests for extradition if the Royal Government or its courts determine the person is accused of a ].<ref name=Extra/>

===International terrorism===
Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Indian ] separatists; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient.

===Refugee resettlement===
{{main|Bhutanese refugees}}
The U.S. has offered to resettle 60,000 of the 107,000 ]s of Nepalese origin now living in seven U.N. refugee camps in southeastern Nepal. Six other nations—Australia, Canada, Norway, Netherlands, New Zealand and Denmark—have offered to resettle 10,000 each.<ref>{{cite web
| title = First of 60,000 refugees from Bhutan arrive in U.S.
| publisher = CNN
| date = 25 March 2008
| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/25/bhutan.refugees/
| accessdate = 6 September 2009}}</ref>

Other countries also operate resettlement programs in the camps.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRIN,,BTN,491946b81e,0.html | title = Nepal: Bhutanese refugees find new life beyond the camps | author = IRIN | date = 10 November 2008 | work = UNHCR Refworld | accessdate = 2009-04-26 }}</ref> Norway has already settled 200 Bhutanese refugees, and Canada has agreed to accept up to 5,000 through to 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cic.gc.ca/EnGLIsh/refugees/outside/bhutanese.asp | title = Resettling Bhutanese Refugees – Update on Canada’s Commitment | author = Government of Canada | date = 9 December 2008 | work = Citizenship and Immigration Canada | accessdate = 2009-04-26 }}</ref>

==Diplomatic relations and missions==

{| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=3 class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign="middle"
! COUNTRY
! YEAR ]<BR>ESTABLISHED<ref>{{cite web
| title = Bhutan's bilateral counterparts
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations
| accessdate = 2012-12-27 }}</ref>
! ] TO BHUTAN
! LOCATION
! ] OF BHUTAN
! LOCATION
! NOTES
|- |-
! # !! Country !! Date<ref name="list" />
| ]|| <center>2010</center> || || || <center>Yes</center> ||<ref name="missions"/> ||
|- |-
|1 ||{{flag|India}} || {{dts|14 January 1968}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2018 |title=Bhutan, India celebrate 50 years of diplomatic relations |url=https://kuenselonline.com/bhutan-india-celebrate-50-years-of-diplomatic-relations/ |website=Kuensel Online |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
| ]|| <center>2012</center> || || || || ||
|- |-
|2 ||{{flag|Bangladesh}} || {{dts|12 April 1973}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref>{{cite web
| title = Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Argentine Republic
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-argentine-republic.html
| accessdate = 2012-03-17 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
|3 ||{{flag|Kuwait}} || {{dts|23 May 1983}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref>{{cite web
| title = Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of Armenia
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-republic-of-armenia.html
| accessdate = 2012-10-04 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
|4 ||{{flag|Nepal}} || {{dts|3 June 1983}}
| ] || <center>2002</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="australia">{{cite web
| title = Bhutan Country Brief - August 2008
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/bhutan/bhutan_country_brief.html
| accessdate = 2008-08-06 }}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="ausbangkok">{{cite web
| title = The Diplomatic List and List of Representatives of International Organisations
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.info.dfat.gov.au/Info/WebProtocol/WebProtocol.nsf/WebIDs/B5A64B02D6D718C6CA256E6C002998BF/$file/diplist.doc
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080718175038/http://www.info.dfat.gov.au/Info/WebProtocol/WebProtocol.nsf/WebIDs/B5A64B02D6D718C6CA256E6C002998BF/$file/diplist.doc <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-07-18}}</ref> ||
* The ] of the ] in New Delhi is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="australia"/>
* The ambassador the Bhutanese Embassy in ] is accredited to Australia.<ref name="ausbangkok"/>
* Bhutan has an ]ate in ].<ref name="honorary">{{cite web
| title = Honorary consulates
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/index.php?categoryid=99
| accessdate = 2008-08-06 }}</ref>
|- |-
|5 ||{{flag|Maldives}} || {{dts|20 July 1984}}
| ] || <center>1989</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="austria">{{cite web
| title = Austrian Representations - India
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/service/austrian-representations-in-german.html?dv_staat=61&cHash=21b2eef97c#New%20Delhi
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 |language=de}}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="austria1">{{cite web
| title = Verzeichnis des diplomatischen Korps und anderer Vertretungen in Österreich
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.bmeia.gv.at/fileadmin/user_upload/oracle/gesamtliste_de.pdf
|format=PDF| accessdate = 2008-08-07 |language=de}}</ref> ||
* The ambassador of the Permanent Mission of Bhutan to the ] in ] is accredited to Austria.<ref name="austria1"/>
* The ambassador of the ] in New Delhi is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="austria"/>
* The ] maintains an office in Thimphu.<ref>{{cite web
| title = ADC Coordination offices
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.ada.gv.at/en/the-ada/organisation/adc-coordination-offices.html
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080801074012/http://www.ada.gv.at/en/the-ada/organisation/adc-coordination-offices.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-08-01}}</ref>
|- |-
|6 ||{{flag|Netherlands}} || {{dts|10 June 1985}}
| ] || <center>2013<ref>{{cite web
| title = Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of Azerbaijan
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-republic-of-azerbaijan.html
| accessdate = 2013-02-08 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
|7 ||{{flag|Denmark}} || {{dts|13 August 1985}}
| ] || <center>1992</center> || || || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="bahrain">{{cite press release
| title = Foreign Minister Receives A Copy Of Credentials Of New Four Ambassadors
| publisher = ]
| date = 29 May 2008
| url = http://www.mofa.gov.bh/MOFA/En/News/newsm-29-05-08-e.htm
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref> ||
* The ambassador the Bhutanese Embassy in ] is accredited to Bahrain.<ref name="bahrain"/>
|- |-
|8 ||{{flag|Sweden}} || {{dts|27 August 1985}}
| ] || <center>1973</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref>{{cite web
| title = Embassy of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Thimphu
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.mofa.gov.bd/lbra/bhutan.htm
| accessdate = 2008-08-06 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="missions">{{cite web
| title = Embassies and missions
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/index.php?categoryid=77
| accessdate = 2008-08-06 }}</ref> ||
|- |-
|9 ||{{flag|Switzerland}} || {{dts|16 September 1985}}
| ] || <center>2009</center> || || || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="missions">{{cite web
| title = Bhutan’s Ambassador to Belgium presents credentials
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/bhutans-ambassador-to-belgium-presents-credentials.html#more-207
| accessdate = 2009-07-24 }}</ref> ||
*Bhutanese Ambassador to Belgium is also accredited to ], ], the ], ] and the ] and the ]
|- |-
|10 ||{{flag|Norway}} || {{dts|5 November 1985}}
| ] || <center>2009<ref>{{cite web
| title = Bhutan establishes diplomatic relations with Brazil
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/bhutan-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-brazil.html
| accessdate = 2009-12-17 }}</ref></center> || || || <center>Yes</center> || || {{Main|Bhutan–Brazil relations}}
|- |-
| 11||{{flag|Japan}} || {{dts|28 March 1986}}
| ]|| || || || <center>Yes</center> || ] || {{Main|Bhutan–Brunei relations}}
|- |-
| 12||{{flag|Finland}} || {{dts|1 May 1986}}
| ] || <center>2003</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="canada">{{cite web
| title = Canada-Bhutan Relations
| publisher = ]
| url = http://geo.international.gc.ca/asia/new-delhi/geo/bhutan-bb-en.aspx
| accessdate = 2008-08-06 }}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="canadaun"/> ||
* The ambassador of the Permanent Mission of Bhutan in New York City is accredited to Canada.<ref name="canadaun">{{cite web
| title = Heads of Missions
| publisher = ]
| url = http://w01.international.gc.ca/Protocol/main-en.asp?sScreen=Heads+of+Missions
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref>
* The ambassador of the ] in New Delhi is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="canada"/>
* The ] operates the ] in Thimphu on behalf of the ].<ref>{{cite web
| title = History of CCO
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.cco.org.bt/cco/canadabhutan.htm
| accessdate = 2008-08-06 }}</ref>
|- |-
| 13||{{flag|Sri Lanka}} || {{dts|13 May 1987}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref>{{cite web
| title = CCOLOMBIA Y EL REINO DE BUTÁN ESTABLECEN RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS
| publisher = Cancilleria de Colombia
| url = http://cancilleria.gov.co/news/news/node/4409
| accessdate = 2012-12-22 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 14||{{flag|South Korea}} || {{dts|24 September 1987}}
| ]|| <center>2012</center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 15||{{flag|Pakistan}} || {{dts|15 December 1988}}
| ] || <center>2011<ref>{{cite web
| title = Cuba and Bhutan settled Diplomatic Relations
| publisher = Cuba Headlines
| url = http://www.cubaheadlines.com/2011/09/29/33972/cuba_and_bhutan_settled_diplomatic_relations.html
| accessdate = 2011-09-30 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 16||{{flag|Austria}} || {{dts|8 May 1989}}
| ]|| <center>2012</center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 17||{{flag|Thailand}} || {{dts|14 November 1989}}
| ] || <center>1985</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="denmark">{{cite web
| title = Message from Ambassador
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.ambnewdelhi.um.dk/en/servicemenu/Contact/MessageFromAmbassador/
| accessdate = 2008-08-06 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> || <center>Yes</center>|| ] ||
{{Main|Bhutan–Denmark relations}}
|- |-
| 18||{{flag|Bahrain}} || {{dts|6 January 1992}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref>{{cite web
| title = Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Arab Republic of Egypt
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/bhutan-egypt.html
| accessdate = 2012-11-20 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 19||{{flag|Australia}} || {{dts|14 September 2002}}
| ] || <center>1985</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="eu2">{{cite web
| title = India, New Delhi
| publisher = ]
| url = http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/repdel/edelhrm/index.cfm?fuseaction=cRepDel.print_fiche&ToSearchDelegations=28&ToSearchTypeDelegations=-1,5,15,16,17,23,24,25,26&lang=EN&TYPETELECOM_PRINCIPALE=0&PERSONNEL_HEAD_OF_DELEGATION=10
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ] ||
* The ambassador of the Embassy of Bhutan to ] in ] is accredited to the EU and the European Commission.
* The ambassador of the Delegation of the European Commission in ] is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="eu2"/>
|- |-
| 20||{{flag|Singapore}} || {{dts|20 September 2002}}
| ] || <center>2011<ref>{{cite web
| title = Fiji and Bhutan establish diplomatic relations
| publisher = ISRIA
| url = http://www.isria.com/pages/21_November_2011_397.php
| accessdate = 2011-11-21 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 21||{{flag|Canada}} || {{dts|25 June 2003}}
| ] || <center>1986</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="finland">{{cite web
| title = Finland's Embassy, New Delhi
| publisher = ]
| url = http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=16595&culture=en-US&contentlan=2
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ] ||
* The ambassador of the ] in New Delhi is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="finland"/>
* The ambassador of the Embassy of Bhutan to ] in ] is accredited to Finland.
|- |-
| 22||{{flag|Belgium}} || {{dts|21 January 2009}}
| ] || <center>1968</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref>{{cite web
| title = Embassy of India, Thimphu
| publisher = Embassy of India in Thimphu
| url = http://www.indianembassythimphu.bt/
| accessdate = 2008-08-06 }}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="missions"/> ||
* India also maintains a ] in ] which was upgraded from a representative office on 17 February 2007.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Consulate General of India,Phuentsholing, Bhutan
| publisher = Embassy of India in Thimphu
| url = http://www.indianembassythimphu.bt/embassy_Laison.htm
| accessdate = 2008-08-06 }}</ref>
|- |-
| 23||{{flag|Brazil}} || {{dts|21 September 2009}}
| ] || <center>2011<ref>{{cite web
| title = Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of Indonesia
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-republic-of-indonesia.html
| accessdate = 2012-01-04 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 24||{{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|name=Afghanistan}}|| {{dts|20 April 2010}}
| ] || <center>1986</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="japan">{{cite web
| title = Embassy Addresses - Asia
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.mofa.go.jp/about/emb_cons/over/asia.html
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref> || || ||
* The ] in New Delhi is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="japan"/>
* The embassy of Bhutan in New Delhi is accredited to Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/about/emb_cons/protocol/a-h.html#B |title=List of Embassies and Consulates-General of Japan (A to H) |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs online |publisher=] |accessdate=2011-03-29}}</ref>
* The ] has an office in Thimphu.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Bhutan
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.jica.go.jp/bhutan/
| accessdate = 2008-08-06 }}</ref>
|- |-
| 25||{{flag|Spain}} || {{dts|11 February 2011}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref>{{cite web
| title = Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of Kazakhstan
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-republic-of-kazakhstan.html
| accessdate = 2012-11-21 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 26||{{flag|Cuba}} || {{dts|26 September 2011}}
| ] || <center>1987</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="korea">{{cite press release
| title = Press Release
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/index.php?categoryid=85&p2_articleid=28
| date = 5 July 2007
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref> || || ||
* The ambassador of the ] in Dhaka is accredited to South Korea<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8404 |title=Kutshab to join BPUP |first=Phuntsho |last=Choden |publisher=] |date=2007-05-05 |accessdate=2011-03-29}}</ref>
* The ambassador of the ] in New Delhi is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="korea"/>
* Bhutan has an ]ate in ]<ref name="honorary"/>
|- |-
| 27||{{flag|Fiji}} || {{dts|18 November 2011}}
| ] || <center>1983</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ] || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="missions"/> ||
|- |-
| 28||{{flag|Morocco}} || {{dts|21 November 2011}}
| ]|| <center>2011</center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 29||{{flag|Luxembourg}} || {{dts|1 December 2011}}
| ] || <center>1984</center> || || || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="kuensel1">{{cite news
| title = .
| publisher = ]
| date = 31 March 2008
| url = http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=10116
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref> ||
* The ambassador of Bhutanese Embassy in Dhaka is accredited to Maldives.<ref name="kuensel1"/>
|- |-
| 30||{{flag|Czech Republic}} || {{dts|2 December 2011}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref>{{cite web
| title = Bhutan formalises Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of Mauritius
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-republic-of-mauritius.html#more-920
| accessdate = 2012-06-13 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 31||{{flag|Serbia}} || {{dts|9 December 2011}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref>{{cite web
| title = BhuDIPLOMATIC RELATIONS ESTABLISHED WITH BHUTAN
| publisher = M.A.D. Investment Solutions
| url = http://www.mad-mongolia.com/news/mongolia-news/diplomatic-relations-established-with-bhutan-8860/
| accessdate = 2012-01-25 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 32||{{flag|Indonesia}} || {{dts|15 December 2011}}
| ] || <center>2011<ref>{{cite web
| title = Bhutan formalises Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of Cuba, Republic of Fiji and the Kingdom of Morocco
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/bhutan-formalised-diplomatic-relations-with-the-republic-of-cuba-republic-of-fiji-and-the-kingdom-of-morocco.html
| accessdate = 2012-01-04 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 33||{{flag|Mongolia}} || {{dts|18 January 2012}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref>{{cite web
| title = Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-republic-of-the-union-of-myanmar.html
| accessdate = 2012-03-17 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 34||{{flag|Vietnam}} || {{dts|19 January 2012}}
| ] || <center>1983</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="nepal1">{{cite web
| title = Concurrent Accreditations
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.mofa.gov.np/accreditations.php
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080529145127/http://www.mofa.gov.np/accreditations.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-05-29}}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="nepal2">{{cite web
| title = Nepal-Bhutan relations
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.mofa.gov.np/bilateral/nepal-bhutan.php
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> ||
* The ambassador of the Bhutanese Embassy in New Delhi is accredited to Nepal.<ref name="nepal2"/>
* The ambassador of the ] in New Delhi is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="nepal1"/>
|- |-
| 35||{{flag|Myanmar}} || {{dts|1 February 2012}}
| ] || <center>1985</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="netherlands">{{cite web
| title = Welcome to the Embassy of the Kingdom of The Netherlands in New Delhi, India
| publisher = ]
| url = http://india.nlembassy.org/homepage
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ] ||
* The ambassador of the Embassy of Bhutan to ] in ] is accredited to the Netherlands.
* The ambassador of the ] in New Delhi is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="netherlands"/>
* The ] has an office in Thimphu,<ref>{{cite web
| title = Welcome to SNV Bhutan
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.snv.org.bt/
| accessdate = 2008-08-06 }}</ref> which acts as an ]ate.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Dutch-Bhutan relations have become more diverse
| publisher = ]
| date = 5 May 2008
| url = http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=10330
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref>
|- |-
| 36||{{flag|Argentina}} || {{dts|14 March 2012}}
| ] || <center>1985</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="norway1">{{cite web
| title = Welcome to the Norwegian Embassy in New Delhi
| publisher = Embassy of Norway in New Delhi
| url = http://www.norwayemb.org.in/info/Embassy.htm
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080731175139/http://www.norwayemb.org.in/info/Embassy.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-07-31}}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="norway">{{cite web
| title = Oslo Diplomatic List
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Protokoll/odl080613.pdf
|format=PDF| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> ||
* The ambassador of the ] in ] is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="norway1"/>
* The ambassador of the Permanent Mission of Bhutan to the ] in ] is accredited to Norway.<ref name="norway"/>
|- |-
| 37||{{flag|Costa Rica}} || {{dts|21 March 2012}}
| ] || <center>2013<ref>{{cite web
| title = Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Sultanate of Oman
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-sultanate-of-oman.html
| accessdate = 2013-03-21 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 38||{{flag|Andorra}} || {{dts|23 March 2012}}
| ] || <center>1988</center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 39||{{flag|Mauritius}} || {{dts|2 July 2012}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref>{{cite web
| title = Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of Poland
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-republic-of-poland.html
| accessdate = 2012-12-01 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 40||{{flag|Eswatini}} || {{dts|21 August 2012}}
| ]|| <center>2011</center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 41||{{flag|Slovenia}} || {{dts|13 September 2012}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2012 |title=Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of Slovenia |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-republic-of-slovenia/ |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan |access-date=31 October 2024 |quote=Slovenia is the 41st country with which Bhutan has established diplomatic relations.}}</ref>
| ] || <center>2002</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="sinindia"/> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="sinbhutan"/> ||
* The ambassador of the Bhutanese Embassy in Bangkok is accredited to Singapore.<ref name="sinbhutan">{{cite web
| title = Bhutan
| publisher = ]
| url = http://shinedom1.internet.gov.sg/mfa/dipCon/dipCon.nsf/FMDetailsAgent?OpenAgent&id=146
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
* The ambassador of the ] in ] is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="sinindia">{{cite web
| title = Embassy of the Republic of Singapore - Bhutan
| publisher = ]
| url = http://shinedom1.internet.gov.sg/mfa/dipCon/dipCon.nsf/SMDetailsAgent?OpenAgent&id=82
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|- |-
| 42||{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} || {{dts|13 September 2012}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2012 |title=Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-united-arab-emirates/ |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan |access-date=31 October 2024 |quote=The United Arab Emirates is the 42nd country with which Bhutan has established diplomatic relations.}}</ref>
| ] || <center>2012<ref name="mfa.gov.bt">{{cite web
| title = Bhutan Establishes diplomatic relations with the Slovak Republic and the Republic of Turkey
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/bhutan-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-the-slovak-republic-and-the-republic-of-turkey.html
| accessdate = 2012-10-03 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 43||{{flag|Slovakia}} || {{dts|26 September 2012}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref>{{cite web
| title = Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of Slovenia
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-republic-of-slovenia.html
| accessdate = 2012-09-18 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 44||{{flag|Turkey}} || {{dts|26 September 2012}}
| ] || <center>2011</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ] || || ||
|- |-
| 45||{{flag|Armenia}} || {{dts|26 September 2012}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2012 |title=Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of Armenia |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-republic-of-armenia/ |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan |access-date=31 October 2024 |quote=Republic of Armenia is the 45th country with which Bhutan has established diplomatic relations.}}</ref>
| ] || <center>1987</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="srilanka">{{cite web
| title = High Commission of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka , New Delhi , India
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.slmfa.gov.lk//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=364&Itemid=83
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="kuensel1"/> ||
* The ambassador of the ] in New Delhi is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="srilanka"/>
* The ambassador of the Bhutanese Embassy in Dhaka is accredited to Sri Lanka.<ref name="kuensel1"/>
* Bhutan has an ]ate in ]<ref name="honorary"/>
|- |-
| 46||{{flag|Egypt}} || {{dts|14 November 2012}}
| ]|| <center>2012</center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 47||{{flag|Kazakhstan}} || {{dts|20 November 2012}}
| ] || <center>1985</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="sweden1">{{cite web
| title = About the Embassy
| publisher = Embassy of Sweden in New Delhi
| url = http://www.swedenabroad.com/Page____21587.aspx
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="sweden2"/> ||
* The ambassador of the ] in ] is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="sweden1"/>
* The ambassador of the Permanent Mission of Bhutan to the ] in ] is accredited to Sweden.<ref name="sweden2">{{cite web
| title = The Stockholm Diplomatic List, June 2008
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.sweden.gov.se/download/be284a3c.pdf?major=1&minor=24515&cn=attachmentPublDuplicator_0_attachment
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref>
|- |-
| 48||{{flag|Poland}} || {{dts|29 November 2012}}
| ] || <center>1985</center> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="swiss1">{{cite web
| title = Swiss representation: Bhutan
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/asia/vbtn/afobut.html
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref> || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="missions"/> ||
* The ambassador of the ] in ] is accredited to Bhutan.<ref name="swiss1"/>
* The ambassador of the Permanent Mission of Bhutan to the ] in ] is accredited to Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Representations in Switzerland
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/asia/vbtn/achbut.html
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref>
* ] has an office in Bhutan.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Helvetas Bhutan
| publisher = ]
| url = http://www.helvetas.org.bt/
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref>
|- |-
| 49||{{flag|Colombia}} || {{dts|21 December 2012}}
| ] || <center>2013<ref>{{cite web
| title = Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of Tajikistan
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html
| accessdate = 2013-01-25 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 50||{{flag|Tajikistan}} || {{dts|24 January 2013}}
| ] || <center>1989</center> || || || <center>Yes</center> || ]<ref name="missions"/> ||
* Thailand has an ]ate in Thimphu.<ref>{{cite web
| title = About the consulate
| publisher = Royal Thai Consulate in Thimphu
| url = http://www.rtcobhutan.com/theconsulate.html
| accessdate = 2008-08-07 }}</ref>
{{Main|Bhutan-Thailand relations}}
|- |-
| 51||{{flag|Azerbaijan}} || {{dts|7 February 2013}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref name="mfa.gov.bt"/></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 52||{{flag|Oman}} || {{dts|15 March 2013}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref>{{cite web
| title = Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the United Arab Emirates
| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
| url = http://www.mfa.gov.bt/press-releases/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-the-kingdom-of-bhutan-and-the-united-arab-emirates.html
| accessdate = 2012-09-18 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|- |-
| 53||{{flag|Germany}} || {{dts|25 November 2020}}
| ] || <center>2012<ref>{{cite web
|-
| title = Diplomatic ties with Bhutan established
| 54||{{flag|Israel}} || {{dts|12 December 2020}}
| publisher = Viet Nam News
|-
| url = http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/politics-laws/219996/diplomatic-ties-with-bhutan-established.html
| 55||{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || {{dts|18 September 2024}}
| accessdate = 2012-01-21 }}</ref></center> || || || || ||
|-
|56
|{{flag|Lesotho}}
|{{dts|29 October 2024}}
|} |}

==Asia==
===Bangladesh===
{{Main article|Bangladesh-Bhutan relations}}

] is one of only three nations to maintain a residential embassy in Thimphu. Bhutan was the first country in the world to recognize ] in 1971. The two states have agreed to develop ] in the Himalayas, as well as initiate ] and ] through Bangladeshi ports. They also cooperate in water resources management.
Both Bhutan and Bangladesh are members of ] and ].

===China===
{{Main article|Bhutan–China relations}}

Bhutan has no diplomatic relations with its northern neighbor, the ], and is one of the few countries to not recognise or have relations with either of the ]. The border between Bhutan and the PRC has been closed since the ] in 1950, causing an influx of refugees. The border also remains undelineated; in 1961 China published a map that altered the traditional border.<ref>{{cite book |title= Nepal and Bhutan: country studies |publisher=] |last1=Savada |first1=Andrea Matles |last2=Harris |first2=George Lawrence |year=1993 |url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.bt |page=332 |quote=The specter of renewed Chinese claims to Bhutan, Sikkim, and Nepal was raised after China published a map in 1961 that showed alterations of traditional Sino-Bhutanese and other Himalayan borders in Beijing's favor}}</ref> Tensions have since lessened, especially after the signing of a 1998 agreement on border peace and tranquility, the first bilateral agreement between China and Bhutan. Despite the lack of formal diplomatic relations, Bhutan has also maintained an Honorary Consul in ] since 2000 and ] since 2004.

In late 2005, Bhutan claimed that ] soldiers were building roads and bridges within Bhutanese territory. Bhutanese Foreign Minister Khandu Wangchuk took up the matter with Chinese authorities after the issue was raised in the Bhutanese parliament. In response, Foreign Ministry spokesman ] of the People's Republic of China has said that the border remains in dispute and that the two sides are continuing to work for a peaceful and cordial resolution of the dispute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.china.com/zh_cn/domestic/945/20051201/12906175.html |title=中国不丹同意平等友好协商早日解决边界问题 |trans-title=China and Bhutan agree to equal and friendly consultations to resolve the border issue as soon as possible |publisher=China.com News |date=1 December 2005 |access-date=29 March 2011 |archive-date=25 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925120828/http://news.china.com/zh_cn/domestic/945/20051201/12906175.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Bhutanese newspaper ''Kuensel'' has said that China might use the roads to further Chinese claims along the border.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229111417/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/7598_1583871%2C000500020006.htm |date=29 December 2007 }}</ref>

===India===
{{Main article|Bhutan–India relations}}

Historically, ties with India have been close. Both countries signed a first ever Friendship treaty in 1865 between Bhutan and British India. When Bhutan became a monarchy, British India was the first country to recognize it and renewed the treaty in 1910. Bhutan was the first country to recognize Indian independence and renewed the age old treaty with the new government in 1949, including a clause that India would assist Bhutan in foreign relations. On 8 February 2007, the Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/pressrelease/2007/03/treaty.pdf |title=Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty |publisher=]}}</ref> was substantially revised under the Bhutanese King, ]. In the Treaty of 1949 Article 2 read as "The Government of India undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan. On its part the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the Government of India in regard to its external relations."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/treatiesagreement/1949/chap26.htm |title=Treaty of 1949 |publisher=] |year=1949}}</ref> In the revised treaty this now reads as, "In keeping with the abiding ties of close friendship and cooperation between Bhutan and India, the Government of the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Government of the Republic of India shall cooperate closely with each other on issues relating to their national interests. Neither government shall allow the use of its territory for activities harmful to the national security and interest of the other." The revised treaty also includes in it the preamble "Reaffirming their respect for each other's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity", an element that was absent in the earlier version. The Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty of 2007 strengthens Bhutan's status as an independent and sovereign nation.

There also exists bi-lateral agreement between Bhutanese and Indian Government wherein citizens of both nations can travel freely in other country without passport or visa.

===Israel===
{{Main|Bhutan-Israel relations}}

] and ] established formal diplomatic relations in 2020, with the key areas of cooperation being economic, technological and agricultural development.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=12 December 2020|title=Israel establishes 'formal diplomatic relations' with Bhutan|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/12/israel-establishes-formal-diplomatic-relations-with-bhutan|access-date=15 December 2020|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

===Nepal===
{{Main article|Bhutan-Nepal relations}}

] and Bhutan established relations in 1983. However, since 1992, relations with Nepal have been tense due to the repatriation of ].<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 2005|title=Country Profile: Nepal|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Nepal.pdf|access-date=5 November 2020|publisher=], ]}}</ref>

===Philippines===
The ] and Bhutan have no formal relations yet. The Philippines has an embassy in New Delhi, India as representative to dialogues with Bhutan. Numerous senators and high-profile personalities from the Philippines have visited Bhutan and have been pushing for the Gross National Happiness to also be applied in the Philippines, citing its effectiveness and efficiency in nation-building, environmental and cultural conservation, and human rights upholding. Filipina senator ], a ] Global Champion for Resilience, has been pushing for greater diplomatic relations between the two countries. In September 2014, the Prime Minister of Bhutan visited the Philippines and the ] headquarters in Manila.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.adb.org/news/bhutan-prime-minister-visits-adb-celebrate-three-decade-partnership |title = Bhutan Prime Minister Visits ADB to Celebrate Three-Decade Partnership|date = 5 September 2014}}</ref> In 2018, the Philippines sent its engineers to Bhutan's capital in a bid to develop Bhutan's space program that will be launched in May.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/bhutan-1-expected-to-be-in-space-by-may/ | title=BHUTAN-1 expected to be in space by May}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2020}}

===South Korea===
Bhutan and South Korea established formal relations on 24 September 1987.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Release |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Press-Release-BD.pdf |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |publisher=Government of Bhutan |access-date=22 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> South Korea granted Bhutan a total of US$6.21 million in aid between 1987 and 2012. Imports into South Korea are about $382,000 and imports into Bhutan are about $3.27 million ({{as of|2012|lc=y}}).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/asiapacific/countries/20071018/1_24406.jsp?menu=m_30_10 |title=Bhutan |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015758/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/asiapacific/countries/20071018/1_24406.jsp?menu=m_30_10 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=dead |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |publisher=Government of South Korea |language=en }}</ref>

==Other countries==
===Russia===
{{Main|Bhutan–Russia relations}}

===Turkey===
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2012.<ref name="mfa.gov.tr">{{Cite web | url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/bhutan-economical.en.mfa| title= Economic Relations between Turkey and Bhutan|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey}}</ref> ] and ] cooperate through their respective embassies in ].<ref>"Economic Development and Social Changes in Bhutan." pp. 82–99 in ], S.D. Muni, and Kalim Bahadur (eds.), Domestic Conflicts in South Asia. New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, 1986.</ref> Trade volume between the two countries was US$1.58 million in 2018 (Bhutanese exports/imports: 1.48/0.1 million USD).<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/>

===United States===
{{Main|Bhutan–United States relations}}

The United States and Bhutan have no official diplomatic ties, however, they both maintain "warm, informal relations" with each other, as well as consular relations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2020|title=U.S. Relations With Bhutan|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-bhutan/|access-date=14 October 2021|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Consulate General|url=https://mfa.gov.bt/cgbny/background/|access-date=13 March 2023|website=Consulate General of the Kingdom of Bhutan, New York|language=en}}</ref>

Bhutan is represented by its permanent mission in the ], while the ] in ] is currently accredited for Bhutan.

==Transnational issues==
Bhutan has relations with other nations based on transnational issues. Among these issues are extradition, ], and refugees. To a limited extent, Bhutanese law provides frameworks for cooperation with countries which Bhutan has no formal mission.

===Extradition===
Bhutan has a ] on ] of criminals, both to and from the kingdom. Any nation, with or without formal relations, may request the extradition of fugitives who abscond to Bhutan. The Extradition Act requires nations to provide "all relevant evidence and information" about the accused, after which the Royal Government may in its discretion refer the matter to the ]. The Court may then issue a summons or warrant, conduct an inquiry, and collect evidence, holding the accused for a maximum of 30 days. Alternatively, the Royal Government may refer the matter to the courts for trial within Bhutan. Bhutan imposes punishments for offenses committed in treaty states generally, and for offenses in other states resulting in return to Bhutan. Offenses are weighed according to gravity, determined by a schedule and two-part test: extraditable offenses are those enumerated (including murder, theft, forgery, and smuggling), or which in Bhutan would be punished by a prison term exceeding twelve months.<ref name="Extra">{{cite web|url=http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Extradiction-Act-of-Bhutan-1991-English.pdf |publisher=] |title=Extradition Act, 1989 (1991) |year=1991 |access-date=29 March 2011}}</ref> All felonies in Bhutan are punishable by a minimum of three years' imprisonment.<ref name=PC04>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalcouncil.bt/images/stories/PCode_En_04.pdf |title=Penal Code of Bhutan |date=11 August 2004 |publisher=] |access-date=21 January 2011 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Bhutan will refuse requests for extradition if the Royal Government or its courts determine the person is accused of a ].<ref name=Extra/>

===International cooperation against terrorism===
Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Nagaland separatists; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient.

===Refugee resettlement===
{{Main article|Bhutanese refugees}}

The U.S. has offered to resettle 60,000 of the 107,000 ] of Nepalese origin now living in seven U.N. refugee camps in southeastern Nepal. Six other nations—Australia, Canada, Norway, Netherlands, New Zealand and Denmark—have offered to resettle 10,000 each.<ref>{{cite web
| title = First of 60,000 refugees from Bhutan arrive in U.S.
| publisher = CNN
| date = 25 March 2008
| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/25/bhutan.refugees/
| access-date = 6 September 2009}}</ref>

Other countries also operate resettlement programs in the camps.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRIN,,BTN,491946b81e,0.html |title=Nepal: Bhutanese refugees find new life beyond the camps |author=IRIN |date=10 November 2008 |work=UNHCR Refworld |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008021239/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher%2CIRIN%2C%2CBTN%2C491946b81e%2C0.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 }}</ref> Norway has already settled 200 Bhutanese refugees, and Canada has agreed to accept up to 5,000 through to 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cic.gc.ca/EnGLIsh/refugees/outside/bhutanese.asp | title = Resettling Bhutanese Refugees – Update on Canada's Commitment | author = Government of Canada | date = 9 December 2008 | work = Citizenship and Immigration Canada | access-date = 26 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090321152644/http://www.cic.gc.ca/EnGLIsh/refugees/outside/bhutanese.asp | archive-date = 21 March 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]


==Notes and references== ==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|2}} {{reflist|2}}
{{StateDept}}


== Further reading == == Further reading ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/IB154-Marian-Bhutan.pdf |title=Between China, India and the Refugees: Understanding Bhutan’s National Security Scenario |format=PDF |date=2010|publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS)|accessdate=2013-02-05 |author=Marian Gallenkamp }} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/IB154-Marian-Bhutan.pdf |title=Between China, India and the Refugees: Understanding Bhutan's National Security Scenario |date=2010|publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS)|access-date=5 February 2013 |author=Marian Gallenkamp }}
* Matteo Miele, ''Chinese Shadows on Bhutanese Independence after the Treaty of Punakha. The Tibetan Buddhist Connection and the British Diplomatic Action'', in Seiji Kumagai (ed.), ''Buddhism, Culture and Society in Bhutan'', Vajra Publications, Kathmandu, 2018, pp.&nbsp;215–239

* {{cite book |last1=Nayak |first1=Nihar R. |title=Political Changes in Nepal and Bhutan Emerging Trends in Foreign Policy in Post 2008 Period |date=September 2021 |publisher=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |isbn=978-81-953957-1-2 |url=https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph/monograph72.pdf}}
==See also==
* {{cite journal |last1=Thierry |first1=Mathou |title=Bhutan-China Relations: Towards a new Step in Himalayan Politics |journal=The Spider and the Piglet: Proceedings of the First Seminar on Bhutan Studies |date=2004 |pages=388–411 |doi=10.11588/XAREP.00002625 |url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/ConferenceProceedings/SpiderAndPiglet/19-Spdr&Pglt.pdf |publisher=Centre for Bhutan Studies |isbn=99936-14-19-X}}
* ]
* ]


==External links== ==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.bt |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Royal Government of Bhutan |publisher=] |accessdate=2011-03-29}} * {{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.bt/ |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Royal Government of Bhutan |publisher=] |access-date=29 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227195508/http://www.mfa.gov.bt/ |archive-date=27 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}


{{Bhutan topics}}
{{Bhutanese law}} {{Bhutanese law}}
{{Foreign relations of Bhutan}} {{Foreign relations of Bhutan}}
{{Asia topic|Foreign relations of}} {{Asia topic|Foreign relations of}}

{{Bhutan topics}}
{{StateDept}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Relations Of Bhutan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Relations Of Bhutan}}

Latest revision as of 08:54, 6 November 2024

Politics of Bhutan
Constitution
Monarchy
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GovernmentExecutive

Parliament

Judiciary

Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations

Bhutan has diplomatic relations with 56 of 193 member states of the United Nations and the European Union. Bhutan's limited number of such relations, including the absence of formal relations with any of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, is part of a deliberate isolationist policy of limiting foreign influence in the state. This stance has been safeguarded by close relations with India, of which Bhutan has previously been considered a protected state.

In 1971, sponsored by India, Bhutan began to develop its foreign relations by joining the United Nations. In 1981, Bhutan joined the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, followed by the World Health Organization and UNESCO in 1982. It is also an active member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Bhutan is currently a member of 45 international organizations.

Under Article 20 of the Constitution of Bhutan enacted in 2008, Bhutan's foreign relations fall under the purview of the Druk Gyalpo on the advice of the Executive, namely the Prime Minister and other Ministers of the Lhengye Zhungtshog including the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Diplomatic relations

Bhutan has embassies in Bangladesh, Belgium, India, Kuwait, Australia and Thailand. Conversely, only Bangladesh, India, and Kuwait have embassies in Thimphu. The following is a list of countries which Bhutan maintains diplomatic relations with.

# Country Date
1  India 14 January 1968
2  Bangladesh 12 April 1973
3  Kuwait 23 May 1983
4    Nepal 3 June 1983
5  Maldives 20 July 1984
6  Netherlands 10 June 1985
7  Denmark 13 August 1985
8  Sweden 27 August 1985
9   Switzerland 16 September 1985
10  Norway 5 November 1985
11  Japan 28 March 1986
12  Finland 1 May 1986
13  Sri Lanka 13 May 1987
14  South Korea 24 September 1987
15  Pakistan 15 December 1988
16  Austria 8 May 1989
17  Thailand 14 November 1989
18  Bahrain 6 January 1992
19  Australia 14 September 2002
20  Singapore 20 September 2002
21  Canada 25 June 2003
22  Belgium 21 January 2009
23  Brazil 21 September 2009
24  Afghanistan 20 April 2010
25  Spain 11 February 2011
26  Cuba 26 September 2011
27  Fiji 18 November 2011
28  Morocco 21 November 2011
29  Luxembourg 1 December 2011
30  Czech Republic 2 December 2011
31  Serbia 9 December 2011
32  Indonesia 15 December 2011
33  Mongolia 18 January 2012
34  Vietnam 19 January 2012
35  Myanmar 1 February 2012
36  Argentina 14 March 2012
37  Costa Rica 21 March 2012
38  Andorra 23 March 2012
39  Mauritius 2 July 2012
40  Eswatini 21 August 2012
41  Slovenia 13 September 2012
42  United Arab Emirates 13 September 2012
43  Slovakia 26 September 2012
44  Turkey 26 September 2012
45  Armenia 26 September 2012
46  Egypt 14 November 2012
47  Kazakhstan 20 November 2012
48  Poland 29 November 2012
49  Colombia 21 December 2012
50  Tajikistan 24 January 2013
51  Azerbaijan 7 February 2013
52  Oman 15 March 2013
53  Germany 25 November 2020
54  Israel 12 December 2020
55  Saudi Arabia 18 September 2024
56  Lesotho 29 October 2024

Asia

Bangladesh

Main article: Bangladesh-Bhutan relations

Bangladesh is one of only three nations to maintain a residential embassy in Thimphu. Bhutan was the first country in the world to recognize Bangladeshi independence in 1971. The two states have agreed to develop hydropower in the Himalayas, as well as initiate free trade and transshipment through Bangladeshi ports. They also cooperate in water resources management. Both Bhutan and Bangladesh are members of SAARC and BIMSTEC.

China

Main article: Bhutan–China relations

Bhutan has no diplomatic relations with its northern neighbor, the People's Republic of China, and is one of the few countries to not recognise or have relations with either of the Two Chinas. The border between Bhutan and the PRC has been closed since the invasion of Tibet in 1950, causing an influx of refugees. The border also remains undelineated; in 1961 China published a map that altered the traditional border. Tensions have since lessened, especially after the signing of a 1998 agreement on border peace and tranquility, the first bilateral agreement between China and Bhutan. Despite the lack of formal diplomatic relations, Bhutan has also maintained an Honorary Consul in Macau since 2000 and Hong Kong since 2004.

In late 2005, Bhutan claimed that PLA soldiers were building roads and bridges within Bhutanese territory. Bhutanese Foreign Minister Khandu Wangchuk took up the matter with Chinese authorities after the issue was raised in the Bhutanese parliament. In response, Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang of the People's Republic of China has said that the border remains in dispute and that the two sides are continuing to work for a peaceful and cordial resolution of the dispute. The Bhutanese newspaper Kuensel has said that China might use the roads to further Chinese claims along the border.

India

Main article: Bhutan–India relations

Historically, ties with India have been close. Both countries signed a first ever Friendship treaty in 1865 between Bhutan and British India. When Bhutan became a monarchy, British India was the first country to recognize it and renewed the treaty in 1910. Bhutan was the first country to recognize Indian independence and renewed the age old treaty with the new government in 1949, including a clause that India would assist Bhutan in foreign relations. On 8 February 2007, the Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty was substantially revised under the Bhutanese King, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. In the Treaty of 1949 Article 2 read as "The Government of India undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan. On its part the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the Government of India in regard to its external relations." In the revised treaty this now reads as, "In keeping with the abiding ties of close friendship and cooperation between Bhutan and India, the Government of the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Government of the Republic of India shall cooperate closely with each other on issues relating to their national interests. Neither government shall allow the use of its territory for activities harmful to the national security and interest of the other." The revised treaty also includes in it the preamble "Reaffirming their respect for each other's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity", an element that was absent in the earlier version. The Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty of 2007 strengthens Bhutan's status as an independent and sovereign nation.

There also exists bi-lateral agreement between Bhutanese and Indian Government wherein citizens of both nations can travel freely in other country without passport or visa.

Israel

Main article: Bhutan-Israel relations

Bhutan and Israel established formal diplomatic relations in 2020, with the key areas of cooperation being economic, technological and agricultural development.

Nepal

Main article: Bhutan-Nepal relations

Nepal and Bhutan established relations in 1983. However, since 1992, relations with Nepal have been tense due to the repatriation of refugees from Bhutan.

Philippines

The Philippines and Bhutan have no formal relations yet. The Philippines has an embassy in New Delhi, India as representative to dialogues with Bhutan. Numerous senators and high-profile personalities from the Philippines have visited Bhutan and have been pushing for the Gross National Happiness to also be applied in the Philippines, citing its effectiveness and efficiency in nation-building, environmental and cultural conservation, and human rights upholding. Filipina senator Loren Legarda, a United Nations Global Champion for Resilience, has been pushing for greater diplomatic relations between the two countries. In September 2014, the Prime Minister of Bhutan visited the Philippines and the Asian Development Bank headquarters in Manila. In 2018, the Philippines sent its engineers to Bhutan's capital in a bid to develop Bhutan's space program that will be launched in May.

South Korea

Bhutan and South Korea established formal relations on 24 September 1987. South Korea granted Bhutan a total of US$6.21 million in aid between 1987 and 2012. Imports into South Korea are about $382,000 and imports into Bhutan are about $3.27 million (as of 2012).

Other countries

Russia

Main article: Bhutan–Russia relations

Turkey

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2012. Bhutan and Turkey cooperate through their respective embassies in New Delhi. Trade volume between the two countries was US$1.58 million in 2018 (Bhutanese exports/imports: 1.48/0.1 million USD).

United States

Main article: Bhutan–United States relations

The United States and Bhutan have no official diplomatic ties, however, they both maintain "warm, informal relations" with each other, as well as consular relations.

Bhutan is represented by its permanent mission in the United Nations, while the American embassy in New Delhi is currently accredited for Bhutan.

Transnational issues

Bhutan has relations with other nations based on transnational issues. Among these issues are extradition, terrorism, and refugees. To a limited extent, Bhutanese law provides frameworks for cooperation with countries which Bhutan has no formal mission.

Extradition

Bhutan has a legislated policy on extradition of criminals, both to and from the kingdom. Any nation, with or without formal relations, may request the extradition of fugitives who abscond to Bhutan. The Extradition Act requires nations to provide "all relevant evidence and information" about the accused, after which the Royal Government may in its discretion refer the matter to the High Court of Bhutan. The Court may then issue a summons or warrant, conduct an inquiry, and collect evidence, holding the accused for a maximum of 30 days. Alternatively, the Royal Government may refer the matter to the courts for trial within Bhutan. Bhutan imposes punishments for offenses committed in treaty states generally, and for offenses in other states resulting in return to Bhutan. Offenses are weighed according to gravity, determined by a schedule and two-part test: extraditable offenses are those enumerated (including murder, theft, forgery, and smuggling), or which in Bhutan would be punished by a prison term exceeding twelve months. All felonies in Bhutan are punishable by a minimum of three years' imprisonment.

Bhutan will refuse requests for extradition if the Royal Government or its courts determine the person is accused of a political offense.

International cooperation against terrorism

Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Nagaland separatists; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient.

Refugee resettlement

Main article: Bhutanese refugees

The U.S. has offered to resettle 60,000 of the 107,000 Bhutanese refugees of Nepalese origin now living in seven U.N. refugee camps in southeastern Nepal. Six other nations—Australia, Canada, Norway, Netherlands, New Zealand and Denmark—have offered to resettle 10,000 each.

Other countries also operate resettlement programs in the camps. Norway has already settled 200 Bhutanese refugees, and Canada has agreed to accept up to 5,000 through to 2012.

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  2. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "Bhutan doesn't have diplomatic ties with any of the 5 UNSC permanent members". The Economic Times. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  3. Bedjaoui, Mohammed (1991), International Law: Achievements and Prospects, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 51–, ISBN 92-3-102716-6: "The Treaty of Friendship of 8 August 1949 between Bhutan and India is an example of the creation of a protected State, Bhutan, with a quite loose relationship to the protecting State, India. By the terms of this Treaty of Friendship, Bhutan agreed to follow the guidance given by India in so far as external relations were concerned. India was not granted the power to exercise diplomatic rights on behalf of Bhutan and this way Bhutan remained in charge of its foreign policy."
  4. "Foreign Relation and Trade". Bhutan Portal online. Government of Bhutan. Archived from the original on 16 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  5. "Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan (English)" (PDF). Government of Bhutan. 18 July 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
  6. "Bhutan, India celebrate 50 years of diplomatic relations". Kuensel Online. 14 January 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  7. "Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of Slovenia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2024. Slovenia is the 41st country with which Bhutan has established diplomatic relations.
  8. "Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the United Arab Emirates". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2024. The United Arab Emirates is the 42nd country with which Bhutan has established diplomatic relations.
  9. "Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of Armenia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan. 3 October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2024. Republic of Armenia is the 45th country with which Bhutan has established diplomatic relations.
  10. Savada, Andrea Matles; Harris, George Lawrence (1993). Nepal and Bhutan: country studies. Federal Research Division. p. 332. The specter of renewed Chinese claims to Bhutan, Sikkim, and Nepal was raised after China published a map in 1961 that showed alterations of traditional Sino-Bhutanese and other Himalayan borders in Beijing's favor
  11. "中国不丹同意平等友好协商早日解决边界问题" [China and Bhutan agree to equal and friendly consultations to resolve the border issue as soon as possible]. China.com News. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  12. Hindustan times article Archived 29 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  13. "Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty" (PDF). Government of India.
  14. "Treaty of 1949". Government of India. 1949.
  15. "Israel establishes 'formal diplomatic relations' with Bhutan". the Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 12 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  16. "Country Profile: Nepal" (PDF). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. November 2005. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  17. "Bhutan Prime Minister Visits ADB to Celebrate Three-Decade Partnership". 5 September 2014.
  18. "BHUTAN-1 expected to be in space by May".
  19. "Press Release" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Government of Bhutan. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  20. "Bhutan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Government of South Korea. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  21. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Bhutan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  22. "Economic Development and Social Changes in Bhutan." pp. 82–99 in Urmila Phadnis, S.D. Muni, and Kalim Bahadur (eds.), Domestic Conflicts in South Asia. New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, 1986.
  23. "U.S. Relations With Bhutan". United States Department of State. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  24. "About the Consulate General". Consulate General of the Kingdom of Bhutan, New York. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  25. ^ "Extradition Act, 1989 (1991)" (PDF). Government of Bhutan. 1991. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  26. "Penal Code of Bhutan" (PDF). Government of Bhutan. 11 August 2004. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  27. "First of 60,000 refugees from Bhutan arrive in U.S." CNN. 25 March 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
  28. IRIN (10 November 2008). "Nepal: Bhutanese refugees find new life beyond the camps". UNHCR Refworld. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
  29. Government of Canada (9 December 2008). "Resettling Bhutanese Refugees – Update on Canada's Commitment". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2009.

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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

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