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{{Short description|English band}}
'''Gerry & the Pacemakers''' were an ] ] group during the ], and one of the few groups to initially challenge ] in popularity. Like the Beatles, they came from ] and were also managed by ].
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gerry and the Pacemakers
| image = Gerry and the Pacemakers group photo 1964.JPG
| caption = The band in 1964: ] (top),<br />Freddie Marsden, ],<br />Les Chadwick
| landscape = yes
| background = group_or_band
| origin = ], England
| alias = Gerry Marsden and the Mars Bars (1956–1959); Gerry's Pacemakers (2021–present)
| genre = {{Flatlist|
*]
*]
*]
}}
| years_active = {{flatlist|
* 1956–1966
* 1972–2018
* 2021–present (as Gerry's Pacemakers)
}}
| label = {{Flatlist|
*] (UK)
*] (US)
*] (US)
*] (Canada)
*] (UK)}}
| website = {{Nowrap|{{URL|gerryandthepacemakers.co.uk}}}}
| current_members = '''Gerry's Pacemakers:'''<br>Darren Tingey<br>Jimmy Stanley<br>Dean Hilborne<br>John Meaney
| past_members = {{plainlist|
*]
*Freddie Marsden
*Arthur "Mack" McMahon
*Les Chadwick
*]
*]
*Jose McLaughlin
*]
*Pete Clarke
*]
*Dave Burgess
*Neil Rhodes
*Alan Greenwood
*]
*Tracey McCulloch
*]
*Rick Medlock }}
}}


'''Gerry and the Pacemakers''' were an English ] group prominent in the 1960s ] scene. In common with ], they came from ], were managed by ] and recorded by ].<ref name="AMG">{{cite web |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4359|pure_url=yes}} |title=Biography by Richie Unterberger |publisher=Allmusic.com |access-date=4 March 2009}}</ref> Their early successes helped make popular the Merseybeat sound and launch the wider British beat boom of the mid-1960s
]
==History==


They were the first act to reach number one in the ] with their first three single releases: "]", "]" and "]".<ref name="British Hit Singles 14th">{{cite book |first=David |last=Roberts |year=2001 |title=British Hit Singles |edition=14th |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |location=London |page=35 |isbn=0-85156-156-X}}</ref> This record was not equalled for 20 years,<ref name="British Hit Singles 14th" /> until the mid-1980s success of fellow Liverpool band ]. Another of their most famous songs, "]", refers to the ], which flows past Liverpool and was the title song for the ]. The group also enjoyed some success in ] as part of the ], with seven of their singles reaching the US top 40, the most popular being "]".
] (guitar, lead vocals) formed the group in the late ] with ] (his brother, drums), ] (bass), and ] (piano). They rivalled the Beatles early in their career, playing in the same areas of ], ] and ], ]. Mack was replaced on piano by ] around 1961.


] led the group on and off through the years until his retirement in 2018. Since his death in 2021 his bandmates, from his final lineup of the band, have returned to touring as '''Gerry's Pacemakers''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gerryspacemakers.com/|title=Gerry's Pacemakers – continuing the legacy of Gerry & The Pacemakers}}</ref> as Marsden requested before he retired.
They began recording in early ] with "How Do You Do It?", a ]-written song that both ] and The Beatles had turned down (in the latter case because they wanted to record their own material, specifically "]"). The song became a no. 1 hit, until being replaced at the top by the Beatles' third single, "]".


== History ==
Gerry & the Pacemakers next two singles, Murray's "I Like It" and ]'s "]", both reached no. 1 in the UK. Never before had the first three singles by a performer all reached the top spot (the feat would not be duplicated until ] did it in the 1980s). "You'll Never Walk Alone" had been a favourite of Gerry Marsden's since seeing '']'' growing up (he turned down the Beatles' "Hello Little Girl" for this slot, which then became the first hit for ]), and in subsequent years it would became an anthem for the ] ] club and supporters. The song has also been adopted as an anthem for the fans of ] as well. When the clubs met in the ] quarter final in season 2002/3 the rendition at ] and in the reverse at ] were incredibly vocal.
Marsden formed the group in 1956 with his brother Fred, Les Chadwick, and Arthur McMahon.<ref name="AMG"/> At the time, Gerry had been working for ] as a deliveryman.<ref name="Rolling Stone 1986">{{cite web |last1=Fricke |first1=David |title=Gerry and the Pacemakers: Where Are They Now? |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/gerry-and-the-pacemakers-where-are-they-now-107595/ |website=RollingStone.com |publisher=Rolling Stone |access-date=January 14, 2024 |date=September 11, 1986}}</ref> They rivalled ] early in their career, playing in the same areas of Liverpool.<ref name="AMG" /> McMahon (known as Arthur Mack) was replaced on piano by ] around 1961.<ref name="AMG" /> The group's original name was '''Gerry Marsden and the Mars Bars''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://triumphpc.com/mersey-beat/archives/gerrymarsden.shtml|title=Meet The Singer: Gerry Marsden – Mersey Beat|access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref> but they were forced to change this when the ], producers of the chocolate ], complained.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spectropop.com/remembers/FreddieMarsden.htm|title=Freddie Marsden Remembered|website=Spectropop.com|access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>


{{citation needed span |text=The band was the second to sign with Brian Epstein (becoming one of his favourite artists. |date=January 2024}} Epstein later signed them to ] (a sister label to the Beatles' label ] under ]).<ref name="AMG" /> They began recording in January 1963 with "]", a song written by ].<ref>]: Episode 1, chapter 16 "Please Please Me"-"We're No.1"</ref> The song was produced by ] and became a number one hit in the UK, the first by an Epstein-managed Liverpool group to achieve this on all charts.<ref> Retrieved 22 August 2008</ref> "How Do You Do It?" was also reluctantly recorded by the Beatles (they eventually convinced Martin to let them release their song "]"<ref>''Tune In'' by Mark Lewisohn</ref> as a single instead). Both the Pacemakers' and Beatles' versions of "How Do You Do It?" were recorded at ].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Gerry & the Pacemakers|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gerry-the-pacemakers-mn0000541125|access-date=2021-01-03|website=AllMusic|language=en}}</ref>
Despite this early success, Gerry & the Pacemakers never had another number one single in the UK.
Gerry Marsden began writing most of their own songs, including "It's All Right", "I'm the One", and "]", as well as their first and biggest US hit, "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying". All of these represented the band's light, poppy, enjoyable sound well. The band also starred in a moderately successful early 1965 film called '']'', for which Marsden wrote much of the soundtrack.


Gerry Marsden was quoted as saying:
By later in ], though, their popularity was rapidly declining on both sides of the Atlantic. They lacked the innovativeness of the Beatles and did not have the rawer musical and visual edge of some of the other ] groups, and thus they soon seemed un-hip. They disbanded in October ] (see ]), with much of their last recorded material never released in the ].


{{Blockquote|The Beatles and ourselves (The Pacemakers)—we let go, when we get on-stage. I'm not being detrimental, but in the south, I think the groups have let themselves get a bit too formal. On Merseyside, it's beat, beat, beat all the way. We go on and really have a ball.<ref name="NME Rock 'N' Roll Years">{{cite book|title=NME Rock 'N' Roll Years|last=Tobler|first=John|publisher=Reed International Books Ltd|year=1992|edition=1st|location=London|page=123|id=CN 5585}}</ref>}}
==Post-Pacemakers==
After the break up, Gerry Marsden maintained a career as a ] personality, and starred in the ] musical, '']''. With a new set of Pacemakers, he has made over twice as many albums than he did in the 1960s, including one of Beatles songs. In the 1980s he returned to top the charts as part of ].
In 2001 he recorded a ] tribute called "Much Missed Man", written 20 years earlier by musician ].


]. The anthem of ], "You'll Never Walk Alone" is sung by its fans before the start of each home game, with the Gerry and the Pacemakers version played over the ].]]
Fred Marsden went to work for ]. He put his drum kit in his garage and never touched it again. Les Maguire joined the ], and is occasionally recognised playing piano in the ] on Mersey area. Les Chadwick moved to ], where he formed a successful ].

Gerry and the Pacemakers' next two singles, Murray's "]" and ]'s "]", both also reached number one in the UK Singles Chart,<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book |first=David |last=Roberts |year=2006 |title=British Hit Singles & Albums |edition=19th |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |location=London |isbn=1-904994-10-5 |page=264}}</ref> the latter recorded instead of the Beatles' "]". "You'll Never Walk Alone" had been a favourite of Marsden's since seeing '']'' when he was growing up. It quickly became the signature tune of ] and, later, other sports teams around the world.<ref>Nik Brumsack. , ''Independent'', April 14, 2014.</ref><ref>. Four Four Two. Retrieved 10 October 2016</ref> The song remains a football anthem.<ref name="500 Number One Hits">{{cite book |first=Jo |last=Rice |year=1982 |title=The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits |edition=1st |publisher=Guinness Superlatives Ltd |location=Enfield, Middlesex |page=74 |isbn=0-85112-250-7}}</ref> The group narrowly missed a fourth consecutive number one when "]" was kept off the top spot for two weeks in February 1964 by fellow Liverpudlians ]' "]".

Gerry and the Pacemakers had the distinction of being the first act to have their first three recordings go to number 1 in the UK charts.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Gambaccini|author2=Jo Rice|title=British Hit Singles: Every Single Hit Since 1952|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnHOozGqYN0C|date=July 1991|publisher=Random House Incorporated|isbn=978-0-8230-7572-0}}</ref> Although they never had a number 1 in the United States, they were the second-most successful group from Liverpool, after ], to have hits on the ].

]

Despite this early success, Gerry and the Pacemakers never had another number one single in the UK. Marsden began writing most of their songs, including "I'm the One", "It's Gonna Be All Right" and "Ferry Cross the Mersey", as well as their first and biggest US ], "]" (Laurie 3251), which peaked at No. 4.<ref name="AMG" />

The band also starred in the early 1965 film, '']'' for which Marsden wrote much of the soundtrack.<ref name="AMG" /> The film was co-written by '']'' creator and writer ] and is considered to be their version of the Beatles' '']''.<ref name=":0" />

The title song was revived in 1989 as a charity single for an appeal in response to the ], giving Marsden – in association with other Liverpool stars, including ], ] and ]'s ] – another British number one.<ref name="AMG" /><ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums 2">{{cite book |first=David |last=Roberts |year=2006 |title=British Hit Singles & Albums |edition=19th |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |location=London |isbn=1-904994-10-5 |page=106}}</ref>

In the US, their recordings were released by the small New York City record label ] in 1963, with which they issued four singles without success. When the Beatles broke through in January 1964, Laurie's next regular single release of "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying" (Laurie 3284) became a big hit and, during 1964, Laurie coupled "How Do You Do It?" with "You'll Never Walk Alone" (Laurie 3261), and "I Like It" with "]" (Laurie 3271), with some success. They appeared in the landmark ] '']'', released in December 1964, performing alongside ], ], ] and ].

By late 1965, their popularity was rapidly declining on both sides of the Atlantic.<ref name="AMG" /> They disbanded either in October 1966 or sometime in early-to-mid-1967,<ref name="AMG" /> (or perhaps in 1969<ref name="Rolling Stone 1986"/>) with much of their later recorded material never released in the UK. Gerry Marsden maintained a low-key (but popular) career on television,<ref name=":2" /> including on TV variety shows and as a regular slot on children's television in '']''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Dafydd Rees|author2=Luke Crampton|title=Rock Stars Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDUYknYQ-tkC|year=1999|publisher=DK Pub.|isbn=978-0-7894-4613-8|page=409}}</ref><ref name="Rolling Stone 1986"/> He also starred in the ] musical '']'' alongside ] and ].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kurt Gänzl|author2=Andrew Lamb|title=Gänzl's Book of the Musical Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9osYAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Schirmer Books|isbn=978-0-02-871941-2|page=207}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Charlie Girl|url=http://www.esos.org.uk/photos/prognotes/notescharliegirl.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107154042/http://www.esos.org.uk/photos/prognotes/notescharliegirl.htm|archive-date=2007-11-07|access-date=2021-01-03|website=East Surrey Operatic Society}}</ref><ref name="Rolling Stone 1986"/>

While working as a solo artist, Gerry Marsden began working with pianist and musical director Jose McLaughlin in 1970. In 1972, Gerry Marsden and McLaughlin reformed the Pacemakers in 1972 with fellow ] musicians Billy Kinsley (bass) and Pete Clarke (drums).<ref name="triumphpc.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.triumphpc.com/mersey-beat/a-z/universityofmerseysound3.shtml|title=The University of Mersey Sound - Jose McLaughlin - Mersey Beat|website=Triumphpc.com|access-date=2018-12-03}}</ref> Kinsley had previously been a member of ], the Kinsleys, and Rockin' Horse. (Kinsley would later reunite Rockin' Horse after leaving the Pacemakers and rename his new group ]).<ref name="AllMusic Billy Kinsley">{{cite web |last1=Eder |first1=Bruce |title=Billy Kinsley: Biography, Discography, Songs, and Credits |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/billy-kinsley-mn0001497494 |website=AllMusic.com |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=January 12, 2024}}</ref> Clarke had previously been a member of a band called The Escorts. In April 1973, this second version of the group became the only Merseybeat band to ever record for the ] on BBC Radio. The tracks from that show have now been included on the album ''Gerry and the Pacemakers Live at the BBC'', released on Parlophone Records in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Peel Sessions|last=Garner|first=Ken|publisher=BBC Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84607-326-7|location=London|pages=80, 288}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Gerry-The-Pacemakers-Live-At-The-BBC/release/12884998|title=Gerry & The Pacemakers – Live At The BBC (2018, CD)|access-date=3 September 2021|website=Discogs.com|date=26 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/johnpeel/sessions/1970s/1973/Apr17gerryandthepacem|title=BBC - Radio 1 - Keeping It Peel - 17/04/1973 Gerry And The Pacemakers|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref> Since then, Marsden often toured with various lineups of the band on the oldies circuit. By the mid-1980s, Gerry and the Pacemakers toured nine months every year (in the words of David Fricke of '']'') "doing lucrative cabaret gigs and nostalgia rock shows in Europe, North America, and Australia."<ref name="Rolling Stone 1986"/>

Gerry Marsden returned to #1 in the UK charts twice during the 1980s with re-recordings of two of his hits with the Pacemakers, with all profits going to charity. In 1985 after the ] in which 56 were killed,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Scrivener|first=Peter|date=2005-05-11|title=Bradford remembers fire disaster|language=en-GB|work=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/bradford_city/4506597.stm|access-date=2021-01-03}}</ref> he formed a group called ], which included other musicians, singers, and radio disc jockeys, to produce a new version of "You'll Never Walk Alone".<ref name=":0" /> On 18 April 1989, three days after the ] in which 97 Liverpool F.C. fans died, he joined forces with ], the ], ], and the production trio ] on a new version of "Ferry Cross the Mersey".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Sweeting|first=Adam|date=2021-01-03|title=Gerry Marsden obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/jan/03/gerry-marsden-obituary|access-date=2021-01-03|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/ferry-cross-the-mersey/|title=ferry cross the mersey &#124; full Official Chart History &#124; Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com}}</ref>

Drummer Freddie Marsden later opened the Pacemaker driving school in ]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Freddie Marsden Remembered|url=http://www.spectropop.com/remembers/FreddieMarsden.htm|access-date=2021-11-18|website=www.spectropop.com}}</ref> after having previously worked for ] during the 1980s.<ref name="Rolling Stone 1986"/> He died on 9 December 2006 in ], age 66.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56444/merseybeat-drummer-fred-marsden-dies|title=Merseybeat Drummer Fred Marsden Dies|date=14 December 2019|website=Billboard.com|access-date=15 June 2019}}</ref>

On 15 March 2017, Gerry Marsden collapsed onstage due to a sore knee while performing at a concert in ]. After being helped offstage, Marsden did not return but was quoted as saying the incident was "nothing serious".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/gerry-marsden-gerry-pacemakers-collapses-12755985|title=Gerry Marsden of Gerry and the Pacemakers collapses on stage in Newport|last=Deacon|first=Thomas|date=17 March 2017|website=WalesOnline.co.uk|access-date=15 June 2019}}</ref>

Gerry Marsden announced his retirement on 29 November 2018, in order to spend more time with family,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/pop-icon-famous-youll-never-13659697|title=Pop icon famous for 'You'll Never Walk Alone' hit song retires|last=Allen|first=Kelly|date=28 November 2018|website=Mirror|access-date=15 June 2019}}</ref> but, on 6 June 2019, to commemorate Liverpool's win against ] in the ], he surprised ] fans by singing "You'll Never Walk Alone" at their show at ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/world-news/and-finally/watch-gerry-marsden-joins-take-that-at-anfield-to-sing-youll-never-walk-alone-38191739.html|title=Watch: Gerry Marsden joins Take That at Anfield to sing You'll Never Walk Alone|last=Dracott|first=Edd|date=7 June 2019|website=Independent|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Original bass player Les Chadwick died on 26 December 2019.<ref>, ''Liverpool Echo'', 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2020</ref> (After the original lineup broke up during the 1960s, Chadwick moved to Australia.<ref name="Rolling Stone 1986"/>)

In 2020, during the ], Gerry Marsden released a new version of "You'll Never Walk Alone" in tribute to the ].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-04|title=Football: Liverpool salute Marsden after You'll Never Walk Alone singer dies aged 78|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-liverpool-salute-marsden-after-youll-never-walk-alone-singer-dies-aged-78|access-date=2021-01-04|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref>

Marsden died on 3 January 2021 at ] in ], after being diagnosed with a ] in his heart. He was 78 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/gerry-marsden-death-illness-b1781737.html|title=Musician Gerry Marsden dies aged 78|date=3 January 2021|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://news.sky.com/story/gerry-and-the-pacemakers-star-gerry-marsden-dies-aged-78-12178543|title = Gerry And The Pacemakers star Gerry Marsden who sang You'll Never Walk Alone dies aged 78|last = Robertson|first = Chris|date = 3 January 2021|access-date = 3 January 2021|work = ]}}</ref>

Les Maguire, the last surviving member of the classic 1960s lineup, died on 25 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Olivia |date=2023-11-27 |title=Merseybeat legend and 'devoted' dad and grandad dies |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/merseybeat-legend-devoted-dad-grandad-28182793 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Liverpool Echo |language=en}}</ref> (Some time after the original lineup split during the 1960s, Maguire joined the ], where he was still serving and employed during 1985.<ref name="Rolling Stone 1986"/>)

== Liverpool F.C. ==
Gerry and the Pacemakers song "You'll Never Walk Alone" was adopted by the ] as an anthem.<ref name="msn_AA1u3I88">{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/entertainment/music/why-liverpool-fans-sing-youll-never-walk-alone/ar-AA1u3I88?ocid=BingNewsSerp |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

The chart-topping song quickly gained popularity within the Liverpool community and became the Reds football anthem shortly thereafter.

Gerry Marsden gave Liverpool manager ] a copy of the single during a pre-season trip in 1963, the manager said to have been in awe of the song. Since then, the song has been played prior to every Liverpool home game at ], with the club also eventually adding You'll Never Walk Alone to its coat of arms and using the phrase as an official motto. The sea of red scarves raised by Liverpool fans in The Kop as they blast out their anthem pre-game has become one of the most iconic images in the sport of football.<ref name="msn_AA1u3I88"/>

==Members==
{{refimprove|section|date=August 2024}}
This is a partial list of band members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.owensbororadio.com/2021/01/03/gerry-marsden-of-gerry-the-pacemakers-dead-at-78/|title=Gerry Marsden Of Gerry & The Pacemakers Dead At 78|website=Owensbororadio.com|access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Band Members since 2021">{{cite web |title=The Band |url=https://gerryspacemakers.com/the-band |website=Gerry's Pacemakers |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="AMG" /><ref name="triumphpc.com"/><ref name="AllMusic Billy Kinsley"/>

'''Current members (Gerry's Pacemakers)'''
*Darren Tingey - vocals, bass (2022–present)
*Jimmy Stanley - guitar (2023–present)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Band – Gerry's Pacemakers |url=https://gerryspacemakers.com/the-band |access-date=2024-03-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
*Dean Hilborne - drums (2023–present)<ref name=":4" />
*John Meaney - keyboards, vocals (2024–present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Band – Gerry's Pacemakers |url=https://gerryspacemakers.com/the-band |access-date=2024-04-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

'''Former members (Gerry and the Pacemakers)'''

The original lineup of "Gerry and the Pacemakers" are in '''bold'''
*''']''' – lead vocals, guitar (1956–1966, 1972–2018; died 2021)
*'''Les Chadwick''' – bass (1956–1966; died 2019)
*'''Freddie Marsden''' – backing vocals, drums (1956–1966; died 2006)
*Arthur (Mack) McMahon – piano (1956–1961)
*] – vocals (January–February 1961<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixties City - Bill Harry's Sixties - articles from the creator of iconic 60s music paper Mersey Beat |url=https://sixtiescity.net/Mbeat/mbfilms176.htm |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=sixtiescity.net}}</ref>)
*''']''' – harmony and backing vocals, piano (1961–1966, 1980s;<!-- Maguire appears on the cover of their 1989 album "Live": https://www.discogs.com/release/7291522-Gerry-The-Pacemakers-Live --> died 2023)
*Jose McLaughlin – piano, guitar, musical director (1972–1974)
*] – bass (1972–1975?)
*Pete Clarke – drums (1972–1978)
*Dave Burgess – drums (1978–1983)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gerry & The Pacemakers - A Portrait Of Gerry & The Pacemakers (1981) |website=] |date=1981 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/6559807-Gerry-The-Pacemakers-A-Portrait-Of-Gerry-And-The-Pacemakers |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/gerryandthepacemakers/posts/3281942211855392/?paipv=0&eav=Afa-6xYq-xHV8sN1tgcSetcY5YRs-y0pwKhQrwfLYmcO46b8gULIl87-oBKmNy5G80g |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
*Neil Rhodes – bass (1981–1982)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gerry and The Pacemakers discography - RYM/Sonemic |url=https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/gerry_and_the_pacemakers |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Rate Your Music |language=en}}</ref>{{deprecated source|certain=y|date=November 2024}}
*Alan Greenwood – piano (1981–1982)<ref name=":1" />{{deprecated source|certain=y|date=November 2024}}
*] – backing vocals (1990s)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Gerry & The Pacemakers - 50 Non Stop Party Hits {{!}} Discogs |website=] |date=1993 |url=https://www.discogs.com/master/1271160-Gerry-The-Pacemakers-50-Non-Stop-Party-Hits |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
*Tracey McCulloch – backing vocals (1990s)<ref name=":3" />
*] – guitar (1993)<ref name=":3" />
*Tony Young - vocals, keyboards (1996–2018)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brad |first=Bad |title=60 Seconds with Tony Young of Gerry's Pacemakers |url=https://ringsidereport.com/?p=111651 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=RingSide Report |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Steve Thompson - lead guitar, vocals (2001 - 2018)
*Nick Woolgar - drums (2012 - 2018)
*Rick Medlock - drums
'''Former members (Gerry's Pacemakers)'''

Members of Gerry's Pacemakers who were in Gerry and the Pacemakers are in '''bold'''

*Tee Green - vocals (2021–2022)<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=The Band – Gerry's Pacemakers |url=https://gerryspacemakers.com/the-band |access-date=2024-05-11 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126233846/https://gerryspacemakers.com/the-band |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
*] - vocals, lead guitar<ref>{{cite web | last=Ryder | first=Tom | title=A little bit of everything as Retunesday returns for July session | website=Bishop&#39;s Stortford Independent | date=18 July 2022 | url=https://www.bishopsstortfordindependent.co.uk/whats-on/a-little-bit-of-everything-as-retunesday-returns-for-july-se-9264479/ | access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Woolley | first=Ian | title=One Tremendous Night Out | website=Beat Magazine | date=19 October 2022 | url=https://www.beat-magazine.co.uk/2022/one-tremendous-night-out-the-60s-gold-tour/ | access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=John Summerton – Gerry's Pacemakers | website=Gerry's Pacemakers – continuing the legacy of Gerry & The Pacemakers | date=25 February 2021 | url=https://gerryspacemakers.com/john-summerton | access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> (2021–2023){{cn|date=August 2024}}
*Mike Steed - bass (2021–2022)<ref name=":5" />
*'''Tony Young''' - vocals, keyboards (2021–2023){{cn|date=August 2024}}
*Andy Mapp - drums (2021–2022)<ref name=":5" />
*'''Rick Medlock''' - drums (2022–2023){{cn|date=August 2024}}
*Rob Linacre - lead vocals (2022–2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-24 |title=The Band – Gerry's Pacemakers |url=https://gerryspacemakers.com/the-band |access-date=2024-04-26 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224233228/https://gerryspacemakers.com/the-band |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* Tony Hancox - vocals, keyboards (2023–2024)<ref name=":4" />

===Gerry and the Pacemakers timeline (partially complete)===

{{#tag:timeline
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bar:Name2 text:"Gerry and the Pacemakers"
bar:Gerry text:"Gerry Marsden"
bar:Faron text:"Faron Ruffley"
bar:Alan text:"Alan Greenwood"
bar:Roger text:"Roger Benou"
bar:Andy text:"Andy Taylor"
bar:LesC text:"Les Chadwick"
bar:Billy text:"Billy Kinsley"
bar:Neil text:"Neil Rhodes"
bar:Darren text:"Darren Tingey"
bar:Mack text:"Arthur ""Mack"" McMahon"
bar:LesM text:"Les Maguire"
bar:José text:"José McLaughlin"
bar:Tony text:"Tony Young"
bar:Freddie text:"Freddie Marsden"
bar:Pete text:"Pete Clarke"
bar:Dave text:"Dave Burgess"
bar:Rick text:"Rick Medlock"
bar:Keff text:"Keff McCulloch"
bar:Tracey text:"Tracey McCulloch"

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bar:Pete from:01/01/1972 till:31/12/1978 color:drums
bar:Dave from:31/12/1978 till:31/12/1983 color:drums
bar:Tony from:01/01/1996 till:31/12/2018 color:keys
bar:Tony from:01/01/1996 till:31/12/2018 color:bvocals width:3
bar:Darren from:01/01/2000 till:31/12/2018 color:bass
bar:Darren from:01/01/2000 till:31/12/2018 color:bvocals width:3
bar:Rick from:01/01/2011 till:31/12/2018 color:drums
bar:LesM from:31/12/1988 till:31/12/1990 color:keys
bar:Neil from:31/12/1980 till:31/12/1982 color:bass
bar:Alan from:31/12/1980 till:31/12/1982 color:guitar
bar:Neil from:31/12/1980 till:31/12/1982 color:bvocals width:3
bar:Alan from:31/12/1980 till:31/12/1982 color:bvocals width:3
bar:Keff from:01/01/1990 till:31/12/1994 color:bvocals
bar:Tracey from:01/01/1990 till:31/12/1994 color:bvocals
bar:Andy from:01/01/1993 till:31/12/1993 color:guitar
bar:Roger from:01/01/1990 till:31/12/1994 color:guitar
}}

=== Gerry's Pacemakers timeline ===
{{#tag:timeline
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bar:Rob text:"Rob Linacre"

bar:John text:"John Summerton"
bar:Jimmy text:"Jimmy Stanley"

bar:Mike text:"Mike Steed"
bar:Darren text:"Darren Tingey"

bar:Tony text:"Tony Young"
bar:Tony2 text:"Tony Hancox"
bar:John2 text:"John Meaney"

bar:Andy text:"Andy Mapp"
bar:Rick text:"Rick Medlock"
bar:Dean text:"Dean Hilborne"

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bar:Darren from:01/06/2022 till:end color:bass
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bar:Darren from:01/11/2023 till:end color:lvocals width:3
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bar:Andy from:03/01/2021 till:01/06/2022 color:drums
}}


==Discography== ==Discography==
{{Main|Gerry and the Pacemakers discography}}
===UK singles===
*Mar 1963 "How Do You Do It?" #1
*May 1963 "I Like It" #1
*Oct 1963 "]" #1
*Jan 1964 "I'm the One" #2
*Apr 1964 "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying" #6
*Sep 1964 "It's Gonna Be Alright" #24
*Dec 1964 "]" #8
*Mar 1965 "I'll Be There" #15
*Nov 1965 "Walk Hand in Hand" #29
*Feb 1966 "La La La" -
*Sep 1966 "Girl on a Swing" -


===UK albums=== '''Studio albums'''
*''How Do You Like It?'' (October ]) * ''How Do You Like It?'' (1963) (UK) / ''I'm the One'' (1964) (Canada)
* ''Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying'' (1964) (US)
*'']'' (March? ])
* ''Gerry and the Pacemakers' Second Album'' (1964) (US)
* ''Gerry's Second Album'' (1965) (Canada)
* '']'' (1965) (soundtrack album) (with various artists, including ], The ] Orchestra, and ] (UK release), as well as The Black Knights, Earl Royce and the Olympics, and The Blackwells (US release); both UK and US releases feature 3 (different) select tracks from other musicians featured in the movie)
* ''I'll Be There'' (1965)
* ''Girl on a Swing'' (1966) (US)
* ''Gerry and the Pacemakers...Today!'' (1967) (Canada)
* ''A Portrait of Gerry and the Pacemakers'' (1981) (mix of new songs and re-recorded hits)
* ''20 Year Anniversary Album'' (1983)


===US singles=== ==See also==
* ]
In ], a different series of Gerry & the Pacemakers singles was issued, as their ] label created more albums, and at least two singles which were never issued in ]. This was a standard practice at the time. It also happened with ] and the ]. Peak chart positions are from the ].
* ]
*1964 "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying" #4
* ]
*1964 "How Do You Do It?" #6
* ]
*1964 "I Like It" #17
* ]
*1965 "I'll Be There" #14
*1965 "]" #6
*1965 "It's Gonna Be Alright" #23
*1966 "Girl on a Swing" #28


===US albums=== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
*''Don't Let The Sun Catch You Crying'' (July ])
*''Gerry & the Pacemakers' Second Album'' (November ])
*'']'' (February ])
*''I'll Be There!'' (February ])
*''Gerry and the Pacemakers Greatest Hits'' (May ])
*''Girl on a Swing'' (December ])


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*
* *
* *
* {{IMDb name|id=1275703}}
*
*
* {{discogs artist|Gerry & The Pacemakers}}

{{Gerry and the Pacemakers}}


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Latest revision as of 00:45, 27 December 2024

English band

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Gerry and the Pacemakers" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Gerry and the Pacemakers
The band in 1964: Les Maguire (top), Freddie Marsden, Gerry Marsden, Les ChadwickThe band in 1964: Les Maguire (top),
Freddie Marsden, Gerry Marsden,
Les Chadwick
Background information
Also known asGerry Marsden and the Mars Bars (1956–1959); Gerry's Pacemakers (2021–present)
OriginLiverpool, England
Genres
Years active
  • 1956–1966
  • 1972–2018
  • 2021–present (as Gerry's Pacemakers)
Labels
MembersGerry's Pacemakers:
Darren Tingey
Jimmy Stanley
Dean Hilborne
John Meaney
Past members
Websitegerryandthepacemakers.co.uk

Gerry and the Pacemakers were an English beat group prominent in the 1960s Merseybeat scene. In common with the Beatles, they came from Liverpool, were managed by Brian Epstein and recorded by George Martin. Their early successes helped make popular the Merseybeat sound and launch the wider British beat boom of the mid-1960s

They were the first act to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart with their first three single releases: "How Do You Do It?", "I Like It" and "You'll Never Walk Alone". This record was not equalled for 20 years, until the mid-1980s success of fellow Liverpool band Frankie Goes to Hollywood. Another of their most famous songs, "Ferry Cross the Mersey", refers to the River Mersey, which flows past Liverpool and was the title song for the film of the same name. The group also enjoyed some success in North America as part of the British Invasion, with seven of their singles reaching the US top 40, the most popular being "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying".

Gerry Marsden led the group on and off through the years until his retirement in 2018. Since his death in 2021 his bandmates, from his final lineup of the band, have returned to touring as Gerry's Pacemakers, as Marsden requested before he retired.

History

Marsden formed the group in 1956 with his brother Fred, Les Chadwick, and Arthur McMahon. At the time, Gerry had been working for British Rail as a deliveryman. They rivalled the Beatles early in their career, playing in the same areas of Liverpool. McMahon (known as Arthur Mack) was replaced on piano by Les Maguire around 1961. The group's original name was Gerry Marsden and the Mars Bars, but they were forced to change this when the Mars Company, producers of the chocolate Mars bar, complained.

The band was the second to sign with Brian Epstein (becoming one of his favourite artists. Epstein later signed them to Columbia Records (a sister label to the Beatles' label Parlophone under EMI). They began recording in January 1963 with "How Do You Do It?", a song written by Mitch Murray. The song was produced by George Martin and became a number one hit in the UK, the first by an Epstein-managed Liverpool group to achieve this on all charts. "How Do You Do It?" was also reluctantly recorded by the Beatles (they eventually convinced Martin to let them release their song "Love Me Do" as a single instead). Both the Pacemakers' and Beatles' versions of "How Do You Do It?" were recorded at Abbey Road Studios.

Gerry Marsden was quoted as saying:

The Beatles and ourselves (The Pacemakers)—we let go, when we get on-stage. I'm not being detrimental, but in the south, I think the groups have let themselves get a bit too formal. On Merseyside, it's beat, beat, beat all the way. We go on and really have a ball.

The 'Shankly Gates' entrance to Liverpool's home stadium Anfield. The anthem of Liverpool F.C., "You'll Never Walk Alone" is sung by its fans before the start of each home game, with the Gerry and the Pacemakers version played over the PA system.

Gerry and the Pacemakers' next two singles, Murray's "I Like It" and Rodgers and Hammerstein's "You'll Never Walk Alone", both also reached number one in the UK Singles Chart, the latter recorded instead of the Beatles' "Hello Little Girl". "You'll Never Walk Alone" had been a favourite of Marsden's since seeing Carousel when he was growing up. It quickly became the signature tune of Liverpool Football Club and, later, other sports teams around the world. The song remains a football anthem. The group narrowly missed a fourth consecutive number one when "I'm the One" was kept off the top spot for two weeks in February 1964 by fellow Liverpudlians The Searchers' "Needles and Pins".

Gerry and the Pacemakers had the distinction of being the first act to have their first three recordings go to number 1 in the UK charts. Although they never had a number 1 in the United States, they were the second-most successful group from Liverpool, after the Beatles, to have hits on the United States Billboard pop charts.

The group's New York arrival in 1964.

Despite this early success, Gerry and the Pacemakers never had another number one single in the UK. Marsden began writing most of their songs, including "I'm the One", "It's Gonna Be All Right" and "Ferry Cross the Mersey", as well as their first and biggest US hit, "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying" (Laurie 3251), which peaked at No. 4.

The band also starred in the early 1965 film, Ferry Cross the Mersey for which Marsden wrote much of the soundtrack. The film was co-written by Coronation Street creator and writer Tony Warren and is considered to be their version of the Beatles' A Hard Day's Night.

The title song was revived in 1989 as a charity single for an appeal in response to the Hillsborough football crowd disaster, giving Marsden – in association with other Liverpool stars, including Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr and Frankie Goes to Hollywood's Holly Johnson – another British number one.

In the US, their recordings were released by the small New York City record label Laurie in 1963, with which they issued four singles without success. When the Beatles broke through in January 1964, Laurie's next regular single release of "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying" (Laurie 3284) became a big hit and, during 1964, Laurie coupled "How Do You Do It?" with "You'll Never Walk Alone" (Laurie 3261), and "I Like It" with "Jambalaya (On the Bayou)" (Laurie 3271), with some success. They appeared in the landmark concert film T.A.M.I. Show, released in December 1964, performing alongside Chuck Berry, The Beach Boys, James Brown and The Rolling Stones.

By late 1965, their popularity was rapidly declining on both sides of the Atlantic. They disbanded either in October 1966 or sometime in early-to-mid-1967, (or perhaps in 1969) with much of their later recorded material never released in the UK. Gerry Marsden maintained a low-key (but popular) career on television, including on TV variety shows and as a regular slot on children's television in The Sooty Show. He also starred in the West End musical Charlie Girl alongside Derek Nimmo and Anna Neagle.

While working as a solo artist, Gerry Marsden began working with pianist and musical director Jose McLaughlin in 1970. In 1972, Gerry Marsden and McLaughlin reformed the Pacemakers in 1972 with fellow Liverpool musicians Billy Kinsley (bass) and Pete Clarke (drums). Kinsley had previously been a member of The Merseybeats, the Kinsleys, and Rockin' Horse. (Kinsley would later reunite Rockin' Horse after leaving the Pacemakers and rename his new group Liverpool Express). Clarke had previously been a member of a band called The Escorts. In April 1973, this second version of the group became the only Merseybeat band to ever record for the John Peel Show on BBC Radio. The tracks from that show have now been included on the album Gerry and the Pacemakers Live at the BBC, released on Parlophone Records in October 2018. Since then, Marsden often toured with various lineups of the band on the oldies circuit. By the mid-1980s, Gerry and the Pacemakers toured nine months every year (in the words of David Fricke of Rolling Stone) "doing lucrative cabaret gigs and nostalgia rock shows in Europe, North America, and Australia."

Gerry Marsden returned to #1 in the UK charts twice during the 1980s with re-recordings of two of his hits with the Pacemakers, with all profits going to charity. In 1985 after the Bradford Football Club stadium tragedy in which 56 were killed, he formed a group called the Crowd, which included other musicians, singers, and radio disc jockeys, to produce a new version of "You'll Never Walk Alone". On 18 April 1989, three days after the Hillsborough disaster in which 97 Liverpool F.C. fans died, he joined forces with Paul McCartney, the Christians, Holly Johnson, and the production trio Stock, Aitken & Waterman on a new version of "Ferry Cross the Mersey".

Drummer Freddie Marsden later opened the Pacemaker driving school in Formby after having previously worked for British Telecom during the 1980s. He died on 9 December 2006 in Southport, age 66.

On 15 March 2017, Gerry Marsden collapsed onstage due to a sore knee while performing at a concert in Newport, Wales. After being helped offstage, Marsden did not return but was quoted as saying the incident was "nothing serious".

Gerry Marsden announced his retirement on 29 November 2018, in order to spend more time with family, but, on 6 June 2019, to commemorate Liverpool's win against Tottenham in the Champions League, he surprised Take That fans by singing "You'll Never Walk Alone" at their show at Anfield.

Original bass player Les Chadwick died on 26 December 2019. (After the original lineup broke up during the 1960s, Chadwick moved to Australia.)

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Gerry Marsden released a new version of "You'll Never Walk Alone" in tribute to the National Health Service.

Marsden died on 3 January 2021 at Arrowe Park Hospital in Merseyside, after being diagnosed with a blood infection in his heart. He was 78 years old.

Les Maguire, the last surviving member of the classic 1960s lineup, died on 25 November 2023. (Some time after the original lineup split during the 1960s, Maguire joined the Royal Navy, where he was still serving and employed during 1985.)

Liverpool F.C.

Gerry and the Pacemakers song "You'll Never Walk Alone" was adopted by the Liverpool F.C. as an anthem.

The chart-topping song quickly gained popularity within the Liverpool community and became the Reds football anthem shortly thereafter.

Gerry Marsden gave Liverpool manager Bill Shankly a copy of the single during a pre-season trip in 1963, the manager said to have been in awe of the song. Since then, the song has been played prior to every Liverpool home game at Anfield, with the club also eventually adding You'll Never Walk Alone to its coat of arms and using the phrase as an official motto. The sea of red scarves raised by Liverpool fans in The Kop as they blast out their anthem pre-game has become one of the most iconic images in the sport of football.

Members

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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This is a partial list of band members.

Current members (Gerry's Pacemakers)

  • Darren Tingey - vocals, bass (2022–present)
  • Jimmy Stanley - guitar (2023–present)
  • Dean Hilborne - drums (2023–present)
  • John Meaney - keyboards, vocals (2024–present)

Former members (Gerry and the Pacemakers)

The original lineup of "Gerry and the Pacemakers" are in bold

  • Gerry Marsden – lead vocals, guitar (1956–1966, 1972–2018; died 2021)
  • Les Chadwick – bass (1956–1966; died 2019)
  • Freddie Marsden – backing vocals, drums (1956–1966; died 2006)
  • Arthur (Mack) McMahon – piano (1956–1961)
  • Faron Ruffley – vocals (January–February 1961)
  • Les Maguire – harmony and backing vocals, piano (1961–1966, 1980s; died 2023)
  • Jose McLaughlin – piano, guitar, musical director (1972–1974)
  • Billy Kinsley – bass (1972–1975?)
  • Pete Clarke – drums (1972–1978)
  • Dave Burgess – drums (1978–1983)
  • Neil Rhodes – bass (1981–1982)
  • Alan Greenwood – piano (1981–1982)
  • Keff McCulloch – backing vocals (1990s)
  • Tracey McCulloch – backing vocals (1990s)
  • Andy Taylor – guitar (1993)
  • Tony Young - vocals, keyboards (1996–2018)
  • Steve Thompson - lead guitar, vocals (2001 - 2018)
  • Nick Woolgar - drums (2012 - 2018)
  • Rick Medlock - drums

Former members (Gerry's Pacemakers)

Members of Gerry's Pacemakers who were in Gerry and the Pacemakers are in bold

  • Tee Green - vocals (2021–2022)
  • John Summerton - vocals, lead guitar (2021–2023)
  • Mike Steed - bass (2021–2022)
  • Tony Young - vocals, keyboards (2021–2023)
  • Andy Mapp - drums (2021–2022)
  • Rick Medlock - drums (2022–2023)
  • Rob Linacre - lead vocals (2022–2023)
  • Tony Hancox - vocals, keyboards (2023–2024)

Gerry and the Pacemakers timeline (partially complete)

Gerry's Pacemakers timeline

Discography

Main article: Gerry and the Pacemakers discography

Studio albums

  • How Do You Like It? (1963) (UK) / I'm the One (1964) (Canada)
  • Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying (1964) (US)
  • Gerry and the Pacemakers' Second Album (1964) (US)
  • Gerry's Second Album (1965) (Canada)
  • Ferry Cross the Mersey (1965) (soundtrack album) (with various artists, including The Fourmost, The George Martin Orchestra, and Cilla Black (UK release), as well as The Black Knights, Earl Royce and the Olympics, and The Blackwells (US release); both UK and US releases feature 3 (different) select tracks from other musicians featured in the movie)
  • I'll Be There (1965)
  • Girl on a Swing (1966) (US)
  • Gerry and the Pacemakers...Today! (1967) (Canada)
  • A Portrait of Gerry and the Pacemakers (1981) (mix of new songs and re-recorded hits)
  • 20 Year Anniversary Album (1983)

See also

References

  1. ^ "Biography by Richie Unterberger". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  2. ^ Roberts, David (2001). British Hit Singles (14th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 35. ISBN 0-85156-156-X.
  3. "Gerry's Pacemakers – continuing the legacy of Gerry & The Pacemakers".
  4. ^ Fricke, David (11 September 1986). "Gerry and the Pacemakers: Where Are They Now?". RollingStone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  5. "Meet The Singer: Gerry Marsden – Mersey Beat". Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  6. "Freddie Marsden Remembered". Spectropop.com. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  7. The Beatles Anthology: Episode 1, chapter 16 "Please Please Me"-"We're No.1"
  8. The Beatles Bible: How Do You Do It Retrieved 22 August 2008
  9. Tune In by Mark Lewisohn
  10. ^ "Gerry & the Pacemakers". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  11. Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 123. CN 5585.
  12. Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 264. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
  13. Nik Brumsack. The story of 'You'll Never Walk Alone', Independent, April 14, 2014.
  14. Why Liverpool fans sing 'You'll Never Walk Alone'. Four Four Two. Retrieved 10 October 2016
  15. Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 74. ISBN 0-85112-250-7.
  16. Paul Gambaccini; Jo Rice (July 1991). British Hit Singles: Every Single Hit Since 1952. Random House Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-8230-7572-0.
  17. ^ Sweeting, Adam (3 January 2021). "Gerry Marsden obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
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