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⚫ {{main|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}
The '''conspiracy theories relating to the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy''', a ] and brother of ] President ], relate to non-standard accounts of the assassination that took place shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, in Los Angeles, California. ] was ] during celebrations of his successful campaign in the Californian ]s while seeking the ] nomination for President of the United States.


]
⚫ The perpetrator was a 24-year-old ] ] named ], who remains incarcerated for this crime {{as of|2014|lc=on}}. Nonetheless, as with his brother's death, Robert Kennedy's assassination and the circumstances surrounding it have spawned a variety of ], particularly in relation to the existence of a supposed second gunman.<ref name=cnnMartinez>{{cite news|last=Martinez|first=Michael|title=RFK assassination witness tells CNN: There was a second shooter|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/28/justice/california-rfk-second-gun|publisher=CNN|date=April 30, 2012}}</ref> Such theories have also centered on the alleged presence of a girl wearing a polka dot dress claiming responsibility for the crime and the purported involvement of the ]. Many of these theories were examined during an investigation ordered by the ], and were judged to be erroneous by the ] who investigated on the Senate's behalf.
⚫ {{Robert F. Kennedy series}}
There are several '''non-standard accounts of Robert F. Kennedy's assassination''', which took place shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, in Los Angeles, California. ] ] at ], during celebrations following his successful campaign in California's ]s as a leading ]; he died the following day at ].


⚫ The convicted murderer is ], who remains incarcerated in ] for the crime. However, as with his brother ] in 1963, Robert Kennedy's assassination and the circumstances surrounding it have spawned various conspiracy theories, particularly regarding the existence of a second gunman.<ref name=cnnMartinez>{{cite news|last=Martinez|first=Michael|title=RFK assassination witness tells CNN: There was a second shooter|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/28/justice/california-rfk-second-gun|publisher=CNN|date=April 30, 2012}}</ref> Such theories have also centered on a woman wearing a polka-dot dress claiming responsibility for the crime, and the involvement of the ].
⚫ ==Second gunman==
⚫ The location of Kennedy's wounds suggested that his assailant had stood behind him, but some witnesses said that Sirhan faced west as Kennedy moved through the pantry facing east.<ref name=guardian>{{cite web| url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/feb/22/kennedy.assassination| title=New evidence challenges official picture of Kennedy shooting |date=2008-02-22 |accessdate=2008-04-28|publisher=''The Guardian''|first=James |last=Randerson}}</ref> This has led to the suggestion that a second gunman actually fired the fatal shot, a possibility supported by coroner ] who stated that the fatal shot was behind Kennedy's right ear and had been fired at a distance of approximately one inch.<ref name="NoguchiBook">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Noguchi|title=Coroner|year=1985|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn= 978-0-671-46772-2|authorlink=Thomas Noguchi}}</ref> Other witnesses, though, said that as Sirhan approached, Kennedy was turning to his left shaking hands, facing north and so exposing his right side.<ref name=FBISum1b>{{cite web|url=http://foia.fbi.gov/rfkasumm/rfksumm1b.pdf|title=Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Summary, Part 1(b), p. 35|accessdate=2008-07-25|format=]|publisher=FBI}}</ref> As recently as 2008, eyewitness ] asserted his belief that there must have been a second gunman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i1.democracynow.org/2008/6/5/democracy_now_special_robert_f_kennedy |title=Democracy Now! Special: Robert F. Kennedy's Life and Legacy 40 Years After His Assassination|publisher=democracynow.org|accessdate=2008-07-25}}</ref> During a re-examination of the case in 1975, the Los Angeles Superior Court ordered expert examination of the possibility of a second gun having been used, and the conclusion of the experts was that there was little or no evidence to support this theory.<ref name=FBISum1b />


Many of these theories were examined during an investigation ordered by the ] and were judged to be erroneous by the ], which investigated on the Senate's behalf.
In 2007, analysis of an audio recording <ref></ref> of the shooting made that night by freelance reporter ] appeared to indicate, according to forensic expert Philip van Praag, that at least thirteen shots were fired even though Sirhan's gun held only eight rounds.<ref name=guardian /> Van Praag alleged that the recording also revealed at least two cases where the timing between shots was shorter than humanly possible. Van Praag also alleged that an analysis of the Pruszynski tape reveals the firing of more than eight shots was independently corroborated by forensic audio specialists Wes Dooley and Paul Pegas of ] in Pasadena, California, forensic audio and ballistics expert Eddy B. Brixen in Copenhagen, Denmark,<ref>O'Sullivan, Shane (2008) ''Who Killed Bobby?: The Unsolved Murder of Robert Kennedy.'' New York: Sterling Publishing. p. 478.</ref> and audio specialist Phil Spencer Whitehead of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia.<ref></ref> Some other acoustic experts, through their own independent analysis, have stated that they believe no more than eight shots are recorded on the audio tape.<ref>Harrison, P. (2007) 'Analysis of "The Pruszynski Tape"' (report on recording of gunshots). In Ayton, M., ''The Forgotten Terrorist: Sirhan Sirhan and the Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy.'' Washington: Potomac Books.</ref>


⚫ ==Second gunman theory==
⚫ On November 26, 2011, Sirhan's defense attorneys William F. Pepper and Laurie Dusek filed a 62 page brief in Los Angeles federal court which asserts that a bullet used as evidence to convict Sirhan was switched with another bullet at the crime scene. The brief claims that this was done because the bullet taken from Kennedy's neck did not match Sirhan's gun. Pepper and Dusek claim that the new evidence presented in their brief is sufficient to prove Sirhan innocent under the law.<ref></ref>
⚫ ===Wounds===
⚫ The location of Kennedy's wounds suggested that his assailant had stood behind him, but witnesses said that Sirhan stood facing west, about a yard away from Kennedy, as he moved through the pantry facing east.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news| url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/feb/22/kennedy.assassination| title=New evidence challenges official picture of Kennedy shooting |date=2008-02-22 |access-date=2008-04-28|newspaper=The Guardian|first=James |last=Randerson}}</ref> This has led to the suggestion that a second gunman actually fired the fatal shot, a possibility supported by Chief ]-] for the ] ], who stated that the fatal shot was behind Kennedy's right ear and had been fired at a distance of approximately one inch.<ref name="NoguchiBook">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Noguchi|title=Coroner|year=1985|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-46772-2|author-link=Thomas Noguchi|url=https://archive.org/details/coronernogu00nogu}}</ref> Other witnesses said that as Sirhan approached, Kennedy was turning to his left, shaking hands, facing north and so exposing his right side.<ref name=FBISum1b>{{cite web|url=http://foia.fbi.gov/rfkasumm/rfksumm1b.pdf|title=Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Summary, Part 1(b), p. 35|access-date=2008-07-25|publisher=FBI}}</ref> As recently as 2008, eyewitness ] asserted his belief that there must have been a second gunman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i1.democracynow.org/2008/6/5/democracy_now_special_robert_f_kennedy|title=Democracy Now! Special: Robert F. Kennedy's Life and Legacy 40 Years After His Assassination|publisher=democracynow.org|access-date=2008-07-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709174530/http://i1.democracynow.org/2008/6/5/democracy_now_special_robert_f_kennedy|archive-date=2008-07-09}}</ref> On August 14, 1975, the ] appointed Thomas F. Kranz as Special Counsel to the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office to investigate the assassination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=18723|title=George Bush: Nomination of Thomas F. Kranz To Be an Associate Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency|website=Presidency.ucsb.edu|access-date=8 January 2018}}</ref> The conclusion of the experts was that there was little or no evidence to support this theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vault.fbi.gov/Robert%20F%20Kennedy%20%28Assassination%29%20 |title=FBI — Robert F Kennedy (Assassination) |access-date=2017-06-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522145835/https://vault.fbi.gov/Robert%20F%20Kennedy%20%28Assassination%29%20/ |archive-date=2017-05-22 }}</ref><ref name=FBISum1b />


===Bullet count===
⚫ ==The security guard==
Witnesses claimed that bullet holes were found in the door frames of the pantry, which were later destroyed.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/26/who-killed-bobby-kennedy-his-son-rfk-jr-doesnt-believe-it-was-sirhan-sirhan|title=Who killed Bobby Kennedy? His son RFK Jr. doesn't believe it was Sirhan Sirhan.|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Tom|last=Jackman|date=June 5, 2018|access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref> Kennedy's son ] later said "There were too many bullets" and "You can't fire 13 shots out of an eight-shot gun".<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/>


===Acoustics===
⚫ Thane Eugene Cesar has been consistently cited as the most likely candidate for a second gunman in the RFK assassination.<ref name="kranzp3">Kranz, p. 43</ref> Cesar had been employed by Ace Guard Service to protect Robert Kennedy at the Ambassador Hotel. This was not his full-time job. During the day he worked as a maintenance plumber at the Lockheed Aircraft plant in Burbank, a job that required a security clearance from the Department of Defense. He worked there from 1966 until losing his job in 1971. Dan Moldea wrote that Cesar began working at Hughes in 1973, a job he held for seven years and a position Cesar said required the second highest clearance level at the plant.<ref>Moldea, pp. 200–01.</ref>
In 2007, analysis of an audio recording<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rfkmustdie.blip.tv/file/1362352 |title=RFK Must die epilogue |access-date=2010-03-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203161347/http://rfkmustdie.blip.tv/file/1362352/ |archive-date=2009-02-03 }}</ref> of the shooting made that night by freelance reporter Stanislaw Pruszynski appeared to indicate, according to forensic expert Philip van Praag, that at least 13 shots were fired.<ref name=guardian /> Van Praag also said the recording revealed at least two instances in which the time between shots was shorter than humanly possible and that different resonances indicated there was more than one gun.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> Some other acoustic experts, through their own analyses, have said that no more than eight shots are recorded on the tape.<ref>Harrison, P. (2007) 'Analysis of "The Pruszynski Tape"' (report on recording of gunshots). In Ayton, M., ''The Forgotten Terrorist: Sirhan Sirhan and the Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy.'' Washington: Potomac Books.</ref> Acoustics expert ] analyzed the recording using a sophisticated computer program and heard only eight shots.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RFK Assassination: Audio Expert Using Modern Technology Concludes 8 Shots Were Fired at Senator Kennedy, Negating &quot;Second Shooter&quot; Claims |url=https://www.streetinsider.com/Press+Releases/RFK+Assassination%3A+Audio+Expert+Using+Modern+Technology+Concludes+8+Shots+Were+Fired+at+Senator+Kennedy%2C+Negating+%26quot%3BSecond+Shooter%26quot%3B+Claims/15577819.html |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=StreetInsider.com |language=en}}</ref>


===Forensic analysis===
⚫ When interviewed, Cesar stated that he did draw a gun at the scene of the shooting but insisted the weapon was a Rohm .38, not a .22, the caliber of the bullets found in Kennedy. He also claimed that he got knocked down after the first shot and did not get the opportunity to fire his gun. The LAPD, which interviewed Cesar shortly after the shooting, did not regard Cesar as a suspect and did not ask to see his gun.<ref>Moldea, p. 149.</ref>
In 1975, a Los Angeles judge convened a panel of seven experts in forensics to examine ballistic evidence. They found that the three bullets that hit Kennedy were all fired from the same gun, but could not find a match between these bullets and Sirhan's revolver. They accused DeWayne Wolfer, the lead crime scene investigator who had testified at trial that a bullet taken from Kennedy's body was from Sirhan's revolver, of running a careless investigation. The forensic experts urged further investigation. An internal police document, which was later released, concluded that "Kennedy and Weisel bullets not fired from same gun" and "Kennedy bullet not fired from Sirhan's revolver."<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/>

⚫ On November 26, 2011, Sirhan's defense attorneys ] and Laurie Dusek filed a 62-page brief in federal court asserting that a bullet used as evidence to convict Sirhan was switched with another bullet at the crime scene. The brief claims that this was done because the bullet taken from Kennedy's neck did not match Sirhan's gun. Pepper and Dusek claim that the new evidence is sufficient to find Sirhan not guilty under the law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/lawyers-bullet-switched-sirhans-trial-231726566.html|title=Lawyers: Bullet was switched at Sirhan's trial |author=Linda Deutsch |author-link=Linda Deutsch |publisher=Associated Press| date=2011-11-29|website=News.yahoo.com|access-date=8 January 2018}}</ref>

⚫ ==The security guard as second gunman theory==
⚫ Thane Eugene Cesar has frequently been cited as the most likely candidate for a second gunman.<ref name="kranzp3">Kranz, p. 43</ref> Cesar had been employed by Ace Guard Service to protect Kennedy at the ]. This was not his full-time job; during the day he worked as a maintenance plumber at the ] plant in ], a job that required security clearance from the ]. He worked there from 1966 until losing his job in 1971. Author ] wrote that in 1973 Cesar began working at ], a job he held for seven years and which Cesar said required the second-highest clearance level at the plant.<ref>Moldea, pp. 200–01.</ref>

Cesar was a staunch opponent of the Kennedys and had publicly said he believed that if elected, Robert Kennedy would have, "sold the country down the road to the commies or minorities like his brother did." Cesar also held a number of extremist far-right views.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Moldea|first=Dan E.|date=June 4, 1995|title=FOR THE LAST TIME: WHO KILLED RFK?|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1995/06/04/for-the-last-time-who-killed-rfk/3293ac48-454f-4b9d-8467-0521300c65a1/}}</ref>

⚫ When interviewed, Cesar stated that he did draw a gun at the scene of the shooting, but insisted the weapon was a ], not a .22, the caliber of the bullets found in Kennedy. He also said he got knocked down after the first shot and was unable to fire his gun. The LAPD, which interviewed Cesar shortly after the shooting, did not regard him as a suspect and did not ask to see his gun.<ref>Moldea, p. 149.</ref>
Cesar stated that he did own a .22-caliber ] pistol, and he showed it to LAPD sergeant P. E. O'Steen on June 24, 1968.<ref name="Moldea, pp. 151-52">Moldea, pp. 151–52.</ref> When the LAPD interviewed Cesar three years later, however, he claimed that he had sold the gun before the assassination to a man named Jim Yoder. William W. Turner tracked down Yoder in October 1972. Yoder still had the receipt for the H & R pistol, which was dated September 6, 1968, and bore Cesar's signature. Cesar therefore had sold the pistol to Yoder three months after Kennedy's assassination despite Cesar's claim in 1971 that he had sold the weapon months before the murder.<ref name="Moldea, pp. 151-52"/> Author ] wrote that Cesar submitted years later to a polygraph examination performed by Edward Gelb, former president and executive director of the American Polygraph Association. Moldea reported that Cesar denied any involvement in Kennedy's assassination and passed the test with flying colors.<ref>Moldea, pp. 280–290.</ref> Cesar stated that he did own a .22-caliber ] pistol, and he showed it to LAPD sergeant P. E. O'Steen on June 24, 1968.<ref name="Moldea, pp. 151-52">Moldea, pp. 151–52.</ref> But when the LAPD interviewed Cesar three years later, he claimed that he had sold the gun before the assassination to a man named Jim Yoder. William W. Turner tracked down Yoder in October 1972. Yoder still had the receipt for the H&R pistol, dated September 6, 1968, and bearing Cesar's signature, indicating that Cesar had sold the pistol three months after Kennedy's assassination, contradicting his 1971 claim that he had sold the weapon months before it.<ref name="Moldea, pp. 151-52"/> Moldea wrote that Cesar submitted years later to a ] examination by Edward Gelb, former president and executive director of the America Polygraph Association, in which Cesar denied any involvement in the assassination. Cesar passed the polygraph test.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

Kennedy's son, ], has named Cesar as the man who killed his father, and not Sirhan Sirhan who he said fired shots but did not hit the target.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kennedy |first1=Robert F. |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr.: Sirhan Sirhan didn’t kill my father. Gov. Newsom should set him free |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/openforum/article/Robert-F-Kennedy-Jr-Sirhan-Sirhan-didn-t-16686114.php |work=] |date=8 December 2021}}</ref> He has stated that in June 2018 he was going to meet Cesar in the Philippines, however after Cesar demanded a payment of $25,000 he cancelled the meeting.<ref>{{cite news |title=Robert Kennedy’s son names dad’s “Real Killer” 50 years after assassination |url=https://en.protothema.gr/2019/10/03/robert-kennedys-son-names-dads-real-killer-50-years-after-assassination/ |work=] |date=3 October 2019}}</ref>


==Manchurian candidate hypothesis== ==Manchurian candidate hypothesis==
]
Another conspiracy theory relates to a ] hypothesis: that someone psychologically programmed Sirhan to commit the murder, that he was not aware of his actions at the time, and that the conspirators "wiped" his mind in the aftermath so that he would have no memory of the event or the people who programmed him.<ref name=kranzp50>Kranz, p. 50</ref> Pepper claimed that this theory was supported by prison psychologist Edward Simson-Kallas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martinez |first1=Michael |author-link1= |last2=Johnson |first2=Brad |date=March 12, 2012 |title=Prosecutors, attorneys argue: Was there a second gunman in RFK assassination? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/02/11/justice/california-rfk-second-gun/index.html |work=CNN |access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref> Sirhan claimed then, and has continued to claim, to have no memory of the assassination or its aftermath. In 2010, Sirhan's lawyers accused the CIA of hypnotizing him and making him "an involuntary participant".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/02/09/cia-may-have-used-contractor-who-inspired-mission-impossible-kill-rfk-new-book-alleges/|title=CIA may have used contractor who inspired 'Mission: Impossible' to kill RFK, new book alleges|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Tom|last=Jackman|date=February 9, 2019|access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref>


⚫ ==The woman in a polka-dot dress==
Another conspiracy theory relates to a ] hypothesis, that Sirhan was psychologically programmed by persons unknown to commit the murder, that he was not aware of his actions at the time, and that his mind was "wiped" in the aftermath by the conspirators so he would have no memory of the event nor of the persons who "programmed" him.<ref name=kranzp50>Kranz, p. 50</ref> This theory was supported by psychologist and hypnosis expert Dr. Eduard Simson-Kallas after 35 hours of work with Sirhan in San Quentin prison in 1969 after his conviction which Sirhan claimed then, and to this day, to have no memory of the assassination or aftermath.<ref>Turner and Christian, p. 199</ref> The psychologist Simson-Kallas stated that he was about to begin hypnotic sessions with Sirhan when he was ordered to stop seeing him. Simson-Kallas nevertheless believes that Sirhan should be hypnotized in order to unlock the secrets of what really happened prior to the assassination and to reveal Sirhan's real part in the plot. <ref>http://www.militaar.net/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=7183&start=15</ref>
Some witnesses said they saw a woman in a ] dress in various locations throughout the ] before and after the assassination.<ref name="History News Network; May 7, 2007">{{cite web |url=http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/38496 |title=The Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy and the Girl in the Polka Dot Dress |last=Ayton |first=Mel |date=May 7, 2007 |website=historynewsnetwork.org |publisher=History News Network |access-date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> One witness, Kennedy campaign worker Sandra Serrano, reported that around 11:30 p.m. she was sitting outside on a stairway that led to the Embassy Ballroom when a woman and two men, one of whom Serrano later said was Sirhan, walked past her up the stairs.<ref name="History News Network; May 7, 2007"/> Serrano said that around 30 minutes later, she heard noises that sounded like the ] of an automobile, then saw the woman and one of the men running from the scene.<ref name="History News Network; May 7, 2007"/> She said that the woman exclaimed, "We shot him, we shot him!"<ref name="History News Network; May 7, 2007"/> According to Serrano, when she asked the woman to whom she referred, the woman said "Senator Kennedy."<ref name="History News Network; May 7, 2007"/> Serrano related her account to NBC's ] soon after the shooting.{{cn|date=November 2024}}


⚫ Another witness, ], also saw the woman in the polka-dot dress.<ref>Robert Blair Kaiser. "R. F. K. must die!": A history of the Robert Kennedy assassination and its aftermath. Dutton, 1970 p 129</ref> Another reported seeing a woman in a polka-dot dress with Sirhan at various times during the evening, including in the kitchen area where the assassination took place.<ref>{{cite news |title=Polka Dot Mystery Girl Is Named at Sirhan Trial |author=Seymour Korman |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1969-02-18 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/583336532.html?dids=583336532:583336532&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Feb+18,+1969&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Polka+Dot+Mystery+Girl+Is+Named+at+Sirhan+Trial&pqatl=google |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512025701/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/583336532.html?dids=583336532:583336532&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Feb+18,+1969&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Polka+Dot+Mystery+Girl+Is+Named+at+Sirhan+Trial&pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |access-date=2009-10-30 }}</ref> Serrano said that before her encounter with the polka-dot dress woman, she heard a series of shots that sounded like a car backfiring.<ref name=OS-polka1>O'Sullivan, p. 21</ref> LAPD criminologist DeWayne Wolfer conducted tests to determine whether Serrano could have heard the shots from her location and found that the shots would have caused just a ½-] change in sound at Serrano's location, so she could not have heard the shots.<ref name=kranzp47>Kranz, p. 47</ref> Additionally, Special Counsel Thomas F. Kranz commented in his report that Serrano admitted to fabricating the story after further interviews with investigating officers and that he was unable to find evidence to corroborate any aspect of the original account.<ref name=kranzp47 /> Serrano maintained that she was worn down during relentless questioning by LAPD sergeant Hank Hernandez and coerced into a false retraction.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_F8jCQAAQBAJ&q=hank+hernandez+serrano&pg=PT77|title=R.F.K. Must Die|last=Kaiser|first=Robert Blair|date=2008-05-06|publisher=The Overlook Press|isbn=9781468308686|language=en}}</ref>
⚫ ==The woman in the polka-dot dress==


In 1974, retired LAPD officer Paul Sharaga told a newsman with ] in Los Angeles that as he was responding to the shooting in the hotel, an elderly couple reported to him that they saw a couple in their early 20s, one of whom was a woman in a polka-dot dress. The couple were smiling and shouting "We shot him... we killed Kennedy... we shot him... we killed him". Sharaga also said that he filed official reports of the incident, but that they disappeared and were never investigated.<ref name="Santa Monica Evening Outlook; December 23, 1974">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Young Pair Shouted 'We Killed Kennedy' |url=https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=99650#relPageId=237 |work=Santa Monica Evening Outlook |location=Santa Monica, California |date=December 23, 1974 |agency=UPI |access-date=August 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name="York Daily Record; December 23, 1974">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Report in Robert Kennedy's Slaying Ignored |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/81355665/ |work=York Daily Record |location=York, Pennsylvania |date=December 23, 1974 |page=15 |agency=UPI |access-date=August 2, 2017}}</ref>
⚫ Kennedy campaign worker Sandy Serrano reported seeing a girl in a polka dot dress running from the scene with a man accompanying her, and claimed that the girl exclaimed, "We shot him! We shot him!". When asked to whom the girl was referring, Serrano reported that the girl said, "We shot Senator Kennedy!"<ref name=OS-polka1>O'Sullivan, p. 21</ref><ref name=Me-Polka1>Melanson, p. 217</ref> Another witness, ], also saw the girl in the polka dot dress.<ref>Robert Blair Kaiser. "R. F. K. must die!": A history of the Robert Kennedy assassination and its aftermath. Dutton, 1970 p 129</ref> This report was connected by alternative theorists such as with another report of a girl wearing a polka dot dress who was supposedly seen with Sirhan at various times during the evening, including in the kitchen where the assassination took place.<ref>{{cite news |title=Polka Dot Mystery Girl Is Named at Sirhan Trial |author=Seymour Korman |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1969-02-18 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/583336532.html?dids=583336532:583336532&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Feb+18,+1969&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Polka+Dot+Mystery+Girl+Is+Named+at+Sirhan+Trial&pqatl=google |accessdate=2009-10-30 }}</ref><ref name=Me-Polka2>Melanson, p. 225</ref> Serrano stated that preceding her supposed encounter with the polka-dot dress girl, she heard a series of shots that sounded like a car backfiring.<ref name=OS-polka1 /> However, following this claim, LAPD criminologist DeWayne Wolfer conducted tests to determine if Serrano could have heard the shots from her location. He found that there would have been a change in sound level of 1/2 ] at Serrano's location resulting from a shot being fired in the kitchen of the hotel, and concluded that she could therefore not have heard the shots as she claimed.<ref name=kranzp47>Kranz, p. 47</ref> Additionally, Kranz commented in his report that Serrano admitted to fabricating the story following further interviews with investigating officers and that he was unable to find evidence to corroborate any aspect of the original account.<ref name=kranzp47 />
However, in the documentary RFK Must Die, Serrano was adamant that what she saw and heard was true. Serrano stated that LAPD SGT Hank Hernandez bullied her into recanting her account; and audio of the 38-minute interview between Hernandez and Serrano furthered her assertion that she was bullied into withdrawing her account.


==CIA involvement== ==CIA involvement==
In November 2006, ]'s '']'' aired a twelve-minute screening of ]'s documentary '']''.<ref name="Aaronovitch">{{cite book |last=Aaronovitch |first=David |author-link=David Aaronovitch |date=2010 |chapter=Conclusion: Bedtime Story |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t7lC3nmFq8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PT265#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t7lC3nmFq8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |location= |publisher=Riverhead Books |page= |isbn=9781101185216 |access-date=May 31, 2015}}</ref> O'Sullivan stated that while researching a screenplay based on the ], he "uncovered new video and photographic evidence suggesting that three senior CIA operatives were behind the killing".<ref name="Aaronovitch"/> He claimed that three men seen in video and photographs of the ] immediately before and after the assassination were positively identified as CIA operatives ], Gordon Campbell, and ].<ref name="Aaronovitch"/> In November 2006, ]'s '']'' aired a 12-minute screening of ]'s documentary '']''.<ref name="OSullivanGuardian">{{cite news |title=Did the CIA kill Bobby Kennedy? |work=The Guardian |date=2006-11-20 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,1952379,00.html |last=O'Sullivan |first=Shane |access-date=2006-11-21}}</ref><ref name="Aaronovitch">{{cite book |last=Aaronovitch |first=David |author-link=David Aaronovitch |date=2010 |chapter=Conclusion: Bedtime Story |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t7lC3nmFq8C&pg=PT265 |title=Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t7lC3nmFq8C |publisher=Riverhead Books |isbn=9781101185216 |access-date=May 31, 2015}}</ref> O'Sullivan said that while researching a screenplay based on the ], he "uncovered new video and photographic evidence suggesting that three senior CIA operatives were behind the killing of the Senator".<ref name="OSullivanGuardian"/><ref name="Aaronovitch"/> He claimed that three men seen in video and photographs at the ] immediately before and after the assassination were positively identified as ] operatives ], Gordon Campbell and ].<ref name="OSullivanGuardian"/><ref name="Aaronovitch"/>


Several people who had known Morales, including family members, were adamant that he was not the man who O'Sullivan said was Morales.<ref name="Aaronovitch"/> After O'Sullivan published his book, assassination researchers ] and ] also discovered that Campbell had died of a ] in 1962, six years prior to the assassination of Kennedy.<ref name="Aaronovitch"/> In response, O'Sullivan stated that the man on the video may have used Campbell's name as an alias.<ref name="Aaronovitch"/> He then took his identifications to the ] whose files showed the men he identified as Campbell and Joannides to be Michael Roman and Frank Owens, two ] sales managers attending the company's convention in the Ambassador.<ref name="Aaronovitch"/> O'Sullivan stood by his allegations stating that the Bulova watch company was a "well-known CIA cover".<ref name="Aaronovitch"/> Several people who had known Morales, including family members, were adamant that he was not the man whom O'Sullivan claimed was Morales.<ref name="Aaronovitch"/> After O'Sullivan published his book, assassination researchers Jefferson Morley and ] discovered that Campbell had died of a heart attack in 1962.<ref name="Aaronovitch"/> In response, O'Sullivan said that the man in the video might have used Campbell's name as an alias.<ref name="Aaronovitch"/> He then took his identifications to the LAPD, whose files showed the men he identified as Campbell and Joannides to be Michael Roman and Frank Owens, two ] sales managers attending the company's convention at the Ambassador.<ref name="Aaronovitch"/> O'Sullivan stood by his allegations, stating that the ] was a "well-known CIA cover".<ref name="Aaronovitch"/>

==Views of those close to Kennedy==
Kennedy's second son, ], believes his father was killed in a conspiracy. He has also said that his father believed that ] was assassinated in a conspiracy and that the ] was a "shoddy piece of craftsmanship".<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/10/was-bobby-kennedy-a-jfk-conspiracy-theorist-111729|title=Was RFK a JFK Conspiracy Theorist?|work=Politico|first=Philip|last=Shenon|date=October 12, 2014|access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref>


==References== ==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}


===Bibliography=== ===Bibliography===
*{{cite book | last=Moldea |first= Dan E. |title=The Killing of Robert F. Kennedy: An Investigation of Motive, Means, and Opportunity |location=New York |publisher=Norton |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-393-03791-3}} *{{cite book |last=Moldea |first=Dan E. |title=The Killing of Robert F. Kennedy: An Investigation of Motive, Means, and Opportunity |location=New York |publisher=Norton |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-393-03791-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/killingofrobertf00mold }}
*{{Cite report |title=Robert F. Kennedy assassination (summary) |url=http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/rfkasumm.htm |last=Kranz |first=Thomas F. |year=1977 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |accessdate=2009-10-30 }}{{dead link|date=May 2015}} *{{Cite report|title=Robert F. Kennedy assassination (summary) |url=http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/rfkasumm.htm |last=Kranz |first=Thomas F. |year=1977 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=2009-10-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014045527/http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/rfkasumm.htm |archive-date=October 14, 2009 }}
*{{cite book | last=O'Sullivan|first= Shane |title=Who Killed Bobby?: The Unsolved Murder of Robert F. Kennedy |location=New York |publisher=Union Square Press |year= 2008 |isbn=978-1-4027-5444-9}}
*{{cite book | last=Melanson|first= Philip H. |title=The Robert F. Kennedy Assassination: New Revelations on the Conspiracy and Cover-Up, 1968–1991 |location=New York |publisher=S.P.I. Books |year= 1994|isbn=978-1-56171-324-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=William W. |last2=Christian |first2=Jonn G. |title=The assassination of Robert F. Kennedy: a searching look at the conspiracy and cover-up, 1968–1978 |accessdate=2009-10-30 |year=1978 |publisher=Random House |isbn= 978-0-394-40273-4 }}

⚫ ===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}


{{Robert F. Kennedy}} {{Robert F. Kennedy}}
{{Conspiracy theories}} {{Conspiracy theories}}


] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Robert F. assassination conspiracy theories}}
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Latest revision as of 12:59, 15 November 2024

Robert F. Kennedy addressed supporters in the Embassy Ballroom of the Ambassador Hotel
This article is part of
a series aboutRobert F. Kennedy
Personal
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Robert F. Kennedy's signature

There are several non-standard accounts of Robert F. Kennedy's assassination, which took place shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, in Los Angeles, California. Kennedy was assassinated at the Ambassador Hotel, during celebrations following his successful campaign in California's primary elections as a leading 1968 Democratic presidential candidate; he died the following day at Good Samaritan Hospital.

The convicted murderer is Sirhan Sirhan, who remains incarcerated in Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility for the crime. However, as with his brother John F. Kennedy's assassination in 1963, Robert Kennedy's assassination and the circumstances surrounding it have spawned various conspiracy theories, particularly regarding the existence of a second gunman. Such theories have also centered on a woman wearing a polka-dot dress claiming responsibility for the crime, and the involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency.

Many of these theories were examined during an investigation ordered by the United States Senate and were judged to be erroneous by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which investigated on the Senate's behalf.

Second gunman theory

Wounds

The location of Kennedy's wounds suggested that his assailant had stood behind him, but witnesses said that Sirhan stood facing west, about a yard away from Kennedy, as he moved through the pantry facing east. This has led to the suggestion that a second gunman actually fired the fatal shot, a possibility supported by Chief Medical Examiner-Coroner for the County of Los Angeles Thomas Noguchi, who stated that the fatal shot was behind Kennedy's right ear and had been fired at a distance of approximately one inch. Other witnesses said that as Sirhan approached, Kennedy was turning to his left, shaking hands, facing north and so exposing his right side. As recently as 2008, eyewitness John Pilger asserted his belief that there must have been a second gunman. On August 14, 1975, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors appointed Thomas F. Kranz as Special Counsel to the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office to investigate the assassination. The conclusion of the experts was that there was little or no evidence to support this theory.

Bullet count

Witnesses claimed that bullet holes were found in the door frames of the pantry, which were later destroyed. Kennedy's son Robert F. Kennedy Jr. later said "There were too many bullets" and "You can't fire 13 shots out of an eight-shot gun".

Acoustics

In 2007, analysis of an audio recording of the shooting made that night by freelance reporter Stanislaw Pruszynski appeared to indicate, according to forensic expert Philip van Praag, that at least 13 shots were fired. Van Praag also said the recording revealed at least two instances in which the time between shots was shorter than humanly possible and that different resonances indicated there was more than one gun. Some other acoustic experts, through their own analyses, have said that no more than eight shots are recorded on the tape. Acoustics expert Edward John Primeau analyzed the recording using a sophisticated computer program and heard only eight shots.

Forensic analysis

In 1975, a Los Angeles judge convened a panel of seven experts in forensics to examine ballistic evidence. They found that the three bullets that hit Kennedy were all fired from the same gun, but could not find a match between these bullets and Sirhan's revolver. They accused DeWayne Wolfer, the lead crime scene investigator who had testified at trial that a bullet taken from Kennedy's body was from Sirhan's revolver, of running a careless investigation. The forensic experts urged further investigation. An internal police document, which was later released, concluded that "Kennedy and Weisel bullets not fired from same gun" and "Kennedy bullet not fired from Sirhan's revolver."

On November 26, 2011, Sirhan's defense attorneys William F. Pepper and Laurie Dusek filed a 62-page brief in federal court asserting that a bullet used as evidence to convict Sirhan was switched with another bullet at the crime scene. The brief claims that this was done because the bullet taken from Kennedy's neck did not match Sirhan's gun. Pepper and Dusek claim that the new evidence is sufficient to find Sirhan not guilty under the law.

The security guard as second gunman theory

Thane Eugene Cesar has frequently been cited as the most likely candidate for a second gunman. Cesar had been employed by Ace Guard Service to protect Kennedy at the Ambassador Hotel. This was not his full-time job; during the day he worked as a maintenance plumber at the Lockheed Aircraft plant in Burbank, a job that required security clearance from the Department of Defense. He worked there from 1966 until losing his job in 1971. Author Dan Moldea wrote that in 1973 Cesar began working at Hughes, a job he held for seven years and which Cesar said required the second-highest clearance level at the plant.

Cesar was a staunch opponent of the Kennedys and had publicly said he believed that if elected, Robert Kennedy would have, "sold the country down the road to the commies or minorities like his brother did." Cesar also held a number of extremist far-right views.

When interviewed, Cesar stated that he did draw a gun at the scene of the shooting, but insisted the weapon was a Rohm .38, not a .22, the caliber of the bullets found in Kennedy. He also said he got knocked down after the first shot and was unable to fire his gun. The LAPD, which interviewed Cesar shortly after the shooting, did not regard him as a suspect and did not ask to see his gun.

Cesar stated that he did own a .22-caliber Harrington & Richardson pistol, and he showed it to LAPD sergeant P. E. O'Steen on June 24, 1968. But when the LAPD interviewed Cesar three years later, he claimed that he had sold the gun before the assassination to a man named Jim Yoder. William W. Turner tracked down Yoder in October 1972. Yoder still had the receipt for the H&R pistol, dated September 6, 1968, and bearing Cesar's signature, indicating that Cesar had sold the pistol three months after Kennedy's assassination, contradicting his 1971 claim that he had sold the weapon months before it. Moldea wrote that Cesar submitted years later to a polygraph examination by Edward Gelb, former president and executive director of the America Polygraph Association, in which Cesar denied any involvement in the assassination. Cesar passed the polygraph test.

Kennedy's son, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., has named Cesar as the man who killed his father, and not Sirhan Sirhan who he said fired shots but did not hit the target. He has stated that in June 2018 he was going to meet Cesar in the Philippines, however after Cesar demanded a payment of $25,000 he cancelled the meeting.

Manchurian candidate hypothesis

The Manchurian Candidate

Another conspiracy theory relates to a Manchurian candidate hypothesis: that someone psychologically programmed Sirhan to commit the murder, that he was not aware of his actions at the time, and that the conspirators "wiped" his mind in the aftermath so that he would have no memory of the event or the people who programmed him. Pepper claimed that this theory was supported by prison psychologist Edward Simson-Kallas. Sirhan claimed then, and has continued to claim, to have no memory of the assassination or its aftermath. In 2010, Sirhan's lawyers accused the CIA of hypnotizing him and making him "an involuntary participant".

The woman in a polka-dot dress

Some witnesses said they saw a woman in a polka-dot dress in various locations throughout the Ambassador Hotel before and after the assassination. One witness, Kennedy campaign worker Sandra Serrano, reported that around 11:30 p.m. she was sitting outside on a stairway that led to the Embassy Ballroom when a woman and two men, one of whom Serrano later said was Sirhan, walked past her up the stairs. Serrano said that around 30 minutes later, she heard noises that sounded like the backfire of an automobile, then saw the woman and one of the men running from the scene. She said that the woman exclaimed, "We shot him, we shot him!" According to Serrano, when she asked the woman to whom she referred, the woman said "Senator Kennedy." Serrano related her account to NBC's Sander Vanocur soon after the shooting.

Another witness, Evan Freed, also saw the woman in the polka-dot dress. Another reported seeing a woman in a polka-dot dress with Sirhan at various times during the evening, including in the kitchen area where the assassination took place. Serrano said that before her encounter with the polka-dot dress woman, she heard a series of shots that sounded like a car backfiring. LAPD criminologist DeWayne Wolfer conducted tests to determine whether Serrano could have heard the shots from her location and found that the shots would have caused just a ½-decibel change in sound at Serrano's location, so she could not have heard the shots. Additionally, Special Counsel Thomas F. Kranz commented in his report that Serrano admitted to fabricating the story after further interviews with investigating officers and that he was unable to find evidence to corroborate any aspect of the original account. Serrano maintained that she was worn down during relentless questioning by LAPD sergeant Hank Hernandez and coerced into a false retraction.

In 1974, retired LAPD officer Paul Sharaga told a newsman with KMPC in Los Angeles that as he was responding to the shooting in the hotel, an elderly couple reported to him that they saw a couple in their early 20s, one of whom was a woman in a polka-dot dress. The couple were smiling and shouting "We shot him... we killed Kennedy... we shot him... we killed him". Sharaga also said that he filed official reports of the incident, but that they disappeared and were never investigated.

CIA involvement

In November 2006, BBC Television's Newsnight aired a 12-minute screening of Shane O'Sullivan's documentary RFK Must Die. O'Sullivan said that while researching a screenplay based on the Manchurian candidate theory, he "uncovered new video and photographic evidence suggesting that three senior CIA operatives were behind the killing of the Senator". He claimed that three men seen in video and photographs at the Ambassador Hotel immediately before and after the assassination were positively identified as CIA operatives David Sánchez Morales, Gordon Campbell and George Joannides.

Several people who had known Morales, including family members, were adamant that he was not the man whom O'Sullivan claimed was Morales. After O'Sullivan published his book, assassination researchers Jefferson Morley and David Talbot discovered that Campbell had died of a heart attack in 1962. In response, O'Sullivan said that the man in the video might have used Campbell's name as an alias. He then took his identifications to the LAPD, whose files showed the men he identified as Campbell and Joannides to be Michael Roman and Frank Owens, two Bulova sales managers attending the company's convention at the Ambassador. O'Sullivan stood by his allegations, stating that the Bulova watch company was a "well-known CIA cover".

Views of those close to Kennedy

Kennedy's second son, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., believes his father was killed in a conspiracy. He has also said that his father believed that John F. Kennedy was assassinated in a conspiracy and that the Warren Commission was a "shoddy piece of craftsmanship".

References

Notes

  1. Martinez, Michael (April 30, 2012). "RFK assassination witness tells CNN: There was a second shooter". CNN.
  2. ^ Randerson, James (2008-02-22). "New evidence challenges official picture of Kennedy shooting". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
  3. Noguchi, Thomas (1985). Coroner. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-46772-2.
  4. ^ "Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Summary, Part 1(b), p. 35" (PDF). FBI. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
  5. "Democracy Now! Special: Robert F. Kennedy's Life and Legacy 40 Years After His Assassination". democracynow.org. Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
  6. "George Bush: Nomination of Thomas F. Kranz To Be an Associate Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  7. "FBI — Robert F Kennedy (Assassination)". Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
  8. ^ Jackman, Tom (June 5, 2018). "Who killed Bobby Kennedy? His son RFK Jr. doesn't believe it was Sirhan Sirhan". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  9. "RFK Must die epilogue". Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
  10. Harrison, P. (2007) 'Analysis of "The Pruszynski Tape"' (report on recording of gunshots). In Ayton, M., The Forgotten Terrorist: Sirhan Sirhan and the Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy. Washington: Potomac Books.
  11. "RFK Assassination: Audio Expert Using Modern Technology Concludes 8 Shots Were Fired at Senator Kennedy, Negating "Second Shooter" Claims". StreetInsider.com. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  12. Linda Deutsch (2011-11-29). "Lawyers: Bullet was switched at Sirhan's trial". News.yahoo.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  13. Kranz, p. 43
  14. Moldea, pp. 200–01.
  15. Moldea, Dan E. (June 4, 1995). "FOR THE LAST TIME: WHO KILLED RFK?". The Washington Post.
  16. Moldea, p. 149.
  17. ^ Moldea, pp. 151–52.
  18. Kennedy, Robert F. (8 December 2021). "Robert F. Kennedy Jr.: Sirhan Sirhan didn't kill my father. Gov. Newsom should set him free". San Francisco Chronicle.
  19. "Robert Kennedy's son names dad's "Real Killer" 50 years after assassination". Proto Thema. 3 October 2019.
  20. Kranz, p. 50
  21. Martinez, Michael; Johnson, Brad (March 12, 2012). "Prosecutors, attorneys argue: Was there a second gunman in RFK assassination?". CNN. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  22. Jackman, Tom (February 9, 2019). "CIA may have used contractor who inspired 'Mission: Impossible' to kill RFK, new book alleges". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  23. ^ Ayton, Mel (May 7, 2007). "The Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy and the Girl in the Polka Dot Dress". historynewsnetwork.org. History News Network. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  24. Robert Blair Kaiser. "R. F. K. must die!": A history of the Robert Kennedy assassination and its aftermath. Dutton, 1970 p 129
  25. Seymour Korman (1969-02-18). "Polka Dot Mystery Girl Is Named at Sirhan Trial". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
  26. O'Sullivan, p. 21
  27. ^ Kranz, p. 47
  28. Kaiser, Robert Blair (2008-05-06). R.F.K. Must Die. The Overlook Press. ISBN 9781468308686.
  29. "Young Pair Shouted 'We Killed Kennedy'". Santa Monica Evening Outlook. Santa Monica, California. UPI. December 23, 1974. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  30. "Report in Robert Kennedy's Slaying Ignored". York Daily Record. York, Pennsylvania. UPI. December 23, 1974. p. 15. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  31. ^ O'Sullivan, Shane (2006-11-20). "Did the CIA kill Bobby Kennedy?". The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-11-21.
  32. ^ Aaronovitch, David (2010). "Conclusion: Bedtime Story". Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History. Riverhead Books. ISBN 9781101185216. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  33. Shenon, Philip (October 12, 2014). "Was RFK a JFK Conspiracy Theorist?". Politico. Retrieved November 30, 2020.

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