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{{Short description|Jewish armed uprisings against Nazi Germany}}
{{Infobox holocaust event
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}

{{Not to be confused with|Ghetto riots (1964–1969)}}{{Infobox holocaust event
| name = Ghetto uprisings | name = Ghetto uprisings
| image = Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 09.jpg | image = Ghetto Vilinus.gif
| image_size = 260px | image_size = 260px
| caption = Captured Jews during ] led by the Germans for deportation to ]. Picture taken at Nowolipie street, near the intersection with Smocza | caption = ]<br>''Top:'' members of the ] (FPO) in the ], one of the first armed resistance organizations established in the Nazi ghettos during World War II.<br> ''Bottom:'' captured Jews during ] led by the Germans for deportation to ]. Picture taken at Nowolipie street, near the intersection with Smocza
| AKA = | AKA =
| location = ] | location = ]
| date = ] | date = 1941–43, ]
| incident_type = Armed revolt | incident_type = Armed revolt
}} }}


The '''ghetto uprisings''' during ] were a series of armed revolts against the regime of ] between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ]. Following the German and Soviet ] in September 1939, ] were targeted from the outset. Within months inside ], the Germans ] in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of ].<ref>{{citation |title=Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944 |author=Wolf Gruner |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |quote=By the end of 1940, the forced-labor program in the ] had registered over 700,000 Jewish men and women who were working for the German economy in ghetto businesses and as labor for projects outside the ghetto; there would be more. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJqIqwj_P70C&q=1940+forced-labor+700%2C000 |pages=249–250 |isbn=0521838754}}</ref> The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them.<ref name="edelman/upenn">{{cite web | url=http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/warsaw-uprising.html | title=The Ghetto Fights | publisher=Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania | work=The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising | access-date=2 October 2013 | author=Marek Edelman}}</ref> In most cities the ] movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources.<ref name="ushmm4"/>
⚫ '''Ghetto uprisings''' during ] were the armed revolts by ]s and other prisoners incarcerated in the newly established ] after the German ] in 1939, as well as its own ally the Soviet Union in 1941. In most instances, the ghetto resistance fighters took up arms against the Nazi plans to deport all inhabitants to ] and ]s with the aim of their mass extermination.<ref name="ushmm4">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005407 |title=Resistance in Ghettos |publisher=Holocaust Encyclopedia |work=Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944 |date=June 10, 2013 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref>


⚫ The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of ] known as ] (launched in 1942), against the Nazi plans to deport all prisoners – men, women and children – ], with the aim of their ].<ref name="ushmm4">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005407 |title=Resistance in Ghettos |publisher=Holocaust Encyclopedia |work=Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944 |date=June 10, 2013 |access-date=9 January 2014}}</ref>
⚫ Armed resistance was offered in over 100 ghettos.<ref name="ushmm">{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126200522/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 |title=Jewish Resistance |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |year=2011 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of such uprisings took place in ] in April–May 1943.<ref name="ushmm3">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/warsaw-ghetto-uprising |title=April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |work=Timeline of Events |year=2013 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> In the course of the ] 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard ] to ] before ] was razed to the ground, according ].<ref name="historynet">{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-warsaw-ghetto-uprising.htm |title=World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=Originally published by ''World War II'' magazine |date=12 June 2006 |accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="zssedu">{{cite web |url=http://zssedu.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/a-somber-anniversary/ |title=A Somber Anniversary |publisher=ZSSEDU |date=19 April 2011 |author=Marcin Wilczek |accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> There were also other such struggles leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos.<ref name="ushmm2">{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028122151/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |title=Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC |work=Holocaust Encyclopedia |year=2012 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref>

==History==
⚫ Armed resistance was offered in over 100 locations on either side of Polish-Soviet ], overwhelmingly in eastern Poland.<ref name=ushmm2011>{{citation |title=Armed Resistance |author=Shmuel Krakowski |publisher=YIVO |year=2010 |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Armed_Resistance}}</ref><ref name="ushmm">{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 |title=Jewish Resistance |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |year=2011 |access-date=9 January 2014 |via=Internet Archive |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126200522/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 }}</ref> Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of all Jewish uprisings during ] took place in the ] between 19 April and 16 May 1943,<ref name="ushmm3">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/warsaw-ghetto-uprising |title=April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |work=Timeline of Events |year=2013 |access-date=9 January 2014}}</ref> and ] in August. In the course of the ] 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard ] to ] before ] was razed to the ground.<ref name="historynet">{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-warsaw-ghetto-uprising.htm |title=World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=Originally published by World War II magazine |date=12 June 2006 |access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref>See also ] for supplementary data</ref><ref name="zssedu">{{cite web |url=http://zssedu.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/a-somber-anniversary/ |title=A Somber Anniversary |publisher=ZSSEDU |date=19 April 2011 |author=Marcin Wilczek |access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref> At the ], following deportations in which 10,000 Jews were led to the ], and another 2,000 were murdered locally, the ghetto underground staged an uprising, resulting in a blockade of the ghetto which lasted for a full month.<ref name="Bender">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSkendQVMbcC&q=Fleisher |title=The Jews of Bialystok During World War II and the Holocaust |publisher=UPNE |work=The End of the Ghetto |year=2008 |author=Sara Bender |pages=253–263 |via=Google Books preview |isbn=978-1584657293}}</ref> There were other such struggles, leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos such as in ] (now Kolomyia, Ukraine),<ref name="ushmm2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |title=Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |year=2012 |access-date=9 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028122151/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |archive-date=October 28, 2012 }}</ref> and mass shootings of women and children as ].<ref name="mizocz">Eve Nussbaum Soumerai, Carol D. Schulz, '''', p. 124. {{ISBN|0313353093}}.</ref><ref name="ushmm17876"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817122708/http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/result.aspx?search=MIZOCZ |date=2012-08-17 }} in the ] collection (No. 17876, , , 17879). Retrieved 26 October 2015.</ref>


==Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust== ==Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust==
{{main|Jewish resistance under Nazi rule}}
Notable instances included:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/related/maps/uprisings.pdf |title=Map of the Jewish uprisings in World War II |publisher=Yad Vashem |year=2013 |accessdate=9 January 2014 |format=PDF file, direct download 169 KB}}</ref>
The uprisings erupted in five major cities, 45 provincial towns, 5 major concentration and extermination camps, as well as in at least 18 forced labor camps.<ref name=LermanCenter>{{citation |title=Resistance during the Holocaust |author=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |publisher=The Miles Lerman Center for the Study of Jewish Resistance |at=p. 6 of 56 in current document |url=https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20000831-resistance-bklt.pdf}}.</ref> Notable ghetto uprisings included:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/related/maps/uprisings.pdf |title=Map of the Jewish uprisings in World War II |publisher=Yad Vashem |year=2013 |access-date=9 January 2014 |format=PDF file, direct download 169 KB |archive-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718220002/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/related/maps/uprisings.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
⚫ * ] Uprising also known as the Będzin-Sosnowiec Ghetto Uprising
* ] revolt of 29 June 1942
⚫ * ] - organized by the ]
* ] * ] Uprising of 3 September 1942
* ] Uprising * ] Uprising of 14 October 1942
* ] Retaliation action * ] prisoner revolt of 10 January 1943
* ] organised by the ] and ] * ] 19 April – 16 May 1943, organised by the ] and ]
* ] Resistance movement * ] of 25–30 June 1943
⚫ * ] Uprising also known as the Będzin-Sosnowiec Ghetto Uprising of 3 August 1943
{{The Holocaust sidebar}}
⚫ * ] 16–17 August 1943, organized by the ]


To some extent the armed struggle was also carried out during the final liquidation of the Ghettos as a way of meeting death with courage rather than be taken away: To some extent, the final liquidation of other ghettos was also met with armed struggle:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] - resistance of the ] * ] - resistance of the '']''


==See also== ==See also==
*]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]


==References== ==Notes==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}
⚫ * on the ] website. Retrieved 9 January 2014.


==References==
⚫ * {{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on the ] website. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.jta.org/1943/03/07/archive/58000-jews-executed-by-nazis-in-kolomyja-thousands-burned-alive |title=58,000 Jews Executed by Nazis in Kolomyja; Thousands Burned Alive |date=March 7, 1943 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |work=Archive |author=JTA |quote=A few hundred Jews remained in their ghetto hideouts. In order to make certain that not a single one of them would remain alive, the chief of the Gestapo ordered the ghetto burnt down to the ground, thus finishing the process of making Kolomyja “completely judenrein.”}}

{{Holocaust by country}}
{{Holocaust Poland}} {{Holocaust Poland}}
{{Polish wars and conflicts}} {{Polish wars and conflicts}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghetto Uprising}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghetto Uprising}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]

Latest revision as of 10:34, 2 June 2024

Jewish armed uprisings against Nazi Germany

Not to be confused with Ghetto riots (1964–1969).
Ghetto uprisings

Top: members of the United Partisan Organization (FPO) in the Vilna Ghetto, one of the first armed resistance organizations established in the Nazi ghettos during World War II.
Bottom: captured Jews during Warsaw Ghetto Uprising led by the Germans for deportation to death camps. Picture taken at Nowolipie street, near the intersection with Smocza
LocationGerman-occupied Europe
Date1941–43, World War II
Incident typeArmed revolt

The ghetto uprisings during World War II were a series of armed revolts against the regime of Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ghettos across Nazi-occupied Europe. Following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, Polish Jews were targeted from the outset. Within months inside occupied Poland, the Germans created hundreds of ghettos in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of economic exploitation. The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them. In most cities the Jewish underground resistance movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources.

The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust known as Operation Reinhard (launched in 1942), against the Nazi plans to deport all prisoners – men, women and children – to camps, with the aim of their mass extermination.

History

Armed resistance was offered in over 100 locations on either side of Polish-Soviet border of 1939, overwhelmingly in eastern Poland. Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of all Jewish uprisings during the Holocaust took place in the Warsaw Ghetto between 19 April and 16 May 1943, and in Białystok in August. In the course of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard Holocaust trains to extermination camps before the Ghetto was razed to the ground. At the Białystok Ghetto, following deportations in which 10,000 Jews were led to the Holocaust trains, and another 2,000 were murdered locally, the ghetto underground staged an uprising, resulting in a blockade of the ghetto which lasted for a full month. There were other such struggles, leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos such as in Kołomyja (now Kolomyia, Ukraine), and mass shootings of women and children as in Mizocz.

Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust

Main article: Jewish resistance under Nazi rule

The uprisings erupted in five major cities, 45 provincial towns, 5 major concentration and extermination camps, as well as in at least 18 forced labor camps. Notable ghetto uprisings included:

To some extent, the final liquidation of other ghettos was also met with armed struggle:

See also

Notes

  1. Wolf Gruner (2006), Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944, Cambridge University Press, pp. 249–250, ISBN 0521838754, By the end of 1940, the forced-labor program in the General Government had registered over 700,000 Jewish men and women who were working for the German economy in ghetto businesses and as labor for projects outside the ghetto; there would be more.
  2. Marek Edelman. "The Ghetto Fights". The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising. Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  3. ^ "Resistance in Ghettos". Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944. Holocaust Encyclopedia. June 10, 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  4. Shmuel Krakowski (2010), Armed Resistance, YIVO
  5. "Jewish Resistance". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2011. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2014 – via Internet Archive.
  6. "April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Timeline of Events. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  7. "World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Originally published by World War II magazine. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  8. See also Stroop Report for supplementary data
  9. Marcin Wilczek (19 April 2011). "A Somber Anniversary". ZSSEDU. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  10. Sara Bender (2008). The Jews of Bialystok During World War II and the Holocaust. UPNE. pp. 253–263. ISBN 978-1584657293 – via Google Books preview. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  11. "Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC. 2012. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  12. Eve Nussbaum Soumerai, Carol D. Schulz, Daily Life During the Holocaust, p. 124. ISBN 0313353093.
  13. Photographs of the Mizocz shootings Archived 2012-08-17 at the Wayback Machine in the USHMM collection (No. 17876, 17877, 17878, 17879). Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  14. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Resistance during the Holocaust (PDF), The Miles Lerman Center for the Study of Jewish Resistance, p. 6 of 56 in current document.
  15. "Map of the Jewish uprisings in World War II" (PDF). Yad Vashem. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download 169 KB) on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.

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