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{{Infobox royalty
] (], 1750–53).]]
| type = monarch
'''Íñigo Arista''' ({{lang-eu|]}} "my little (love)", {{lang-ar|ونّقه}}, ''Wannaqo'', c. 790 – 851 or 852) was a ] leader considered the first ].<ref name="Collins1990">{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Roger|title=The Basques|year=1990|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=0631175652|edition=2nd |page=41|ref=harv}}</ref> He is thought to have risen to prominence after the defeat of local ] partisans in 816, and his rule is usually dated from shortly after the ] in 824.
| name = Íñigo Arista
| succession = ]
| reign = 816-851
| predecessor = ]
| successor = ]
| house = House of Íñiguez
| birth_name = Enneco Ennecois
| birth_date = c. 771-790
| birth_place = ]
| death_date = c. 852
| death_place = ]
| place of burial =
| father = Íñigo Jiménez
| mother = Onneca of Pamplona
| spouse = Onneca Velázquez
| issue = Assona Íñiguez,<br>García Íñiguez,<br>Galindo Íñiguez,<br>Nunilona? Íñiguez
}}
{{Short description|Basque military leader, first king of Pamplona}}

'''Íñigo Arista''' ({{langx|eu|]}}, {{langx|ar|ونّقه}}, ''Wannaqo'', c. 771-790 – 851 or 852) was a ] ] and the first ].{{Sfn|Collins|1990|p=41}}{{Sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1953|p=11}} He is thought to have risen to prominence after the defeat of local ] partisans at the ] in 816, and his rule is usually dated from shortly after the ] in 824.


He is first attested by chroniclers as a rebel against the ] from 840 until his death a decade later. Remembered as the nation's founder, he would be referred to as early as the 10th century by the nickname "Arista",<ref name="Lacarra">Lacarra</ref> coming either from Basque ''Aritza'' (''Haritza''/'']'', literally 'the oak', meaning 'the resilient') or Latin ''Aresta'' ('the considerable').<ref>Caro Baroja, 48</ref> He is first attested by chroniclers as a rebel against the ] from 840 until his death a decade later. Remembered as the nation's founder, he would be referred to as early as the 10th century by the nickname "Arista",{{Sfn|Lacarra de Miguel|1945|p=204}} coming either from Basque ''Aritza'' (''Haritza''/'']'', literally 'the oak', meaning 'the resilient') or Latin ''Aresta'' ('the considerable').{{Sfn|Caro Baroja|1978|p=48}}


==Origin== ==Origin==
The origin of Íñigo Arista is obscure. There is even disagreement regarding the name of his father. A charter preserved at Leyre describes him as ''Enneco ... filius Simeonis'' (Íñigo son of Jimeno) and another Leyre document reports the obituary of ''Enneco Garceanes, que fuit vulgariter vocas Areista'' (Íñigo Garcés , who is commonly called Arista). Many later historians have followed one or the other of these, but the reliability of both are questioned due to the possibility of later corruption or forgery. The origin of Íñigo Arista is obscure. There is even disagreement regarding the name of his father. A charter preserved at Leyre describes him as ''Enneco ... filius Simeonis'' (Íñigo son of Jimeno) and another Leyre document reports the obituary of ''Enneco Garceanes, que fuit vulgariter vocas Areista'' (Íñigo Garcés , who is commonly called Arista). Many later historians have followed one or the other of these, but the reliability of either is questioned due to the possibility of later corruption or forgery.


11th century chroniclers ], who calls him and his brother both ''ibn Wannaqo'' ({{lang-ar|بن&nbsp;ونّقه}}, Íñiguez), and ] (''ibn Yannaqo'') indicate that his father was likewise named Íñigo.<ref>Lacarra, Barrau-Dihigo</ref> He is said by ] (c. 1170–1247) to have been count of ], or at least to have come from there, but there is no near-contemporary evidence of this.<ref>Barrau-Dihigo</ref> Eleventh-century chroniclers ], who calls him and his brother ''ibn Wannaqo'' ({{langx|ar|بن&nbsp;ونّقه}}, Íñiguez) ''al-Bascunis'',<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vasconavarros|last=Esparza Zabalegi|first=Jose Mari|publisher=Txalaparta|year=2012|isbn=9788415313-41-0|location=Tafalla|pages=248}}</ref>{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2007|p=22}} and ], calling him ''ibn Yannaqo'', both thus indicate that his father was likewise named Íñigo.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2007|p=22}} He is said by ] (c. 1170–1247) to have been Count of ], or at least to have come from there, but there is no near-contemporary evidence of this.{{Sfn|Barrau-Dihigo|1900|p=}}


It has been speculated that he was kinsman of ], who in the late 8th century succeeded his father ] in resisting ] expansion into ]. A second dynasty of Pamplona monarchs that would supplant his, the ], are usually made to be related to him.<ref name="Lacarra" /> It has been speculated that he was kin to ], who in the late 8th century succeeded his father ] in resisting ] expansion into ]. A second dynasty of Pamplona monarchs that would supplant his, the ], is usually made to be related to him.{{Sfn|Lacarra de Miguel|1945|p=207}}


The name of Íñigo's mother is unknown (she is sometimes called Oneca, without foundation) but it is known that she also married local ] lord Musa ibn Fortun ibn Qasi, by him having son ].<ref>Íñigo and Fortún Íñiguez are explicitly called brothers of Musa ibn Musa on their mother's side by chroniclers ] and ]. The name of Íñigo's mother is unknown (she is sometimes called Onneca, without foundation) but it is known that she also married local '']'' lord Musa ibn Fortun al-Qasawi, by him having a son ].{{efn|Íñigo and Fortún Íñiguez are explicitly called brothers of Musa ibn Musa on their mother's side by chroniclers ] and ]. The order of the maternal marriages has been subject to speculation, with Lévi-Provençal and Pérez de Urbel having the widowed mother of Íñigo marrying Musà ibn Fortún, while Sánchez Albornoz ("Problemas") argued that the Christian marriage came after the Muslim.{{Sfn|Sánchez Albornoz |1959 |pp=14–15}}}} This younger Musa would become head of the ], ruler of ] and one of the chief lords of ] Valley. Due to this relationship, Íñigo and his kin frequently acted in alliance with Musa ibn Musa, a relationship that allowed Íñigo to extend his influence over large territories in the ] valleys, and was also instrumental in the rebellions that would lead to Pamplona breaking with the Emirate.

The order of the maternal marriages has been subject to speculation, with Lévi-Provençal and Pérez de Urbel having the widowed mother of Íñigo marrying Musà ibn Fortún, while Sánchez Albornoz ("Problemas") argued that the Christian marriage came after the Muslim.</ref> This younger Musa would become head of the ], ruler of ] and one of the chief lords of ] Valley. Due to this relationship, Íñigo and his kin frequently acted in alliance with Musa ibn Musa and this relationship allowed Íñigo to extend his influence over large territories in the ] valleys, and was also instrumental in the rebellions that would lead to Pamplona breaking with the Emirate.


==Rise to power== ==Rise to power==
The family came to power through struggles over ] and ] influence in northern ]. In 799, pro-Frankish assassins murdered ], governor of ], perhaps the brother of Musa ibn Musa ibn Qasi and even of Íñigo himself. Ibn Hayyan reports that in 816, Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Mugit launched a military campaign against the pro-Frankish "Enemy of God", ] ({{lang-ar|بلشك&nbsp;الجلشقي}}, ''Balašk al-Ŷalašqī''), '']'' of Pamplona ({{lang-ar|صاحب&nbsp;بنبلونة}}), who had united Christian and pagan factions. They fought ] in which the pro-] faction routed their enemies and killed Velasco, along with García López, kinsman of ], Sancho "warrior/knight of Pamplona", and pagan warrior "Ṣaltān". This defeat of the pro-Frankish force appears to have allowed the anti-Frankish Íñigo to come to power. The family came to power through struggles over ] and ] influence in northern ]. In 799, pro-Frankish assassins murdered ], governor of ], probably kinsman of Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi. Ibn Hayyan reports that in 816, Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Mugit launched a military campaign against the pro-Frankish "Enemy of God", ] ({{langx|ar|بلشك&nbsp;الجلشقي}}, ''Balašk al-Ŷalašqī''), '']'' of Pamplona ({{langx|ar|صاحب&nbsp;بنبلونة}}), who had united Christian and pagan factions. They fought ] in which the pro-] faction routed their enemies and killed Velasco, along with García López, kinsman of ], Sancho "warrior/knight of Pamplona", and pagan warrior "Ṣaltān". This defeat of the pro-Frankish force appears to have allowed the anti-Frankish Íñigo to come to power.


In 820, Íñigo is said to have intervened in the ], ejecting a Frankish vassal, count ], in favor of ] (''the Mean''), who would become Íñigo's son-in-law. In 824, a Carolingian force led by counts ] and ] made an expedition against Pamplona, but were defeated in the ]. In 820, Íñigo is said to have intervened in the ], ejecting a Frankish vassal, count ], in favor of ], who became Íñigo's son-in-law. In 824, a Carolingian force led by counts ] and ] made an expedition against Pamplona, but were defeated in the ].{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2007|p=23}}


Traditionally, this battle is portrayed as resulting in the crowning of Íñigo as "King of Pamplona", but there is no direct evidence of his involvement in the battle or his crowning thereafter, and he is referred to by Arabic chroniclers with the same title as given Velasco, "Lord of Pamplona". His realm would continually play Muslim and Christian against themselves and each other to maintain independence against the outside powers. Traditionally, this battle is portrayed as resulting in the crowning of Íñigo as ], but there is no direct evidence of his involvement in the battle or his crowning thereafter, and he is referred to by Arab chroniclers with the same title as given Velasco, "lord of Pamplona". His realm continually played Muslims and Christians against themselves and each other to maintain independence against the outside powers.


==Rebellion and death== ==Rebellion and death==
In 840 Íñigo's lands were attacked by Abd Allah ibn Kulayb, '']'' of Zaragoza, leading his half-brother, Musa ibn Musa into rebellion.<ref>de la Granja, p. 468-9.</ref> Íñigo's son ] acted as ], in concert with Íñigo's warrior brother ] ({{lang-ar|فرتون&nbsp;بن&nbsp;ونّقه}}, ''Fortūn ibn Wannaqo''), who was also half-brother of Musa, and they joined Musa in an uprising against the ]. ], ], launched reprisal campaigns in the succeeding years. In 840 Íñigo's lands were attacked by Abd Allah ibn Kulayb, '']'' of Zaragoza, leading his half-brother, Musa ibn Musa, into rebellion.{{Sfn|Granja|1967|pp=468–69}} Íñigo's son ] acted as ], in concert with Íñigo's warrior brother ] ({{langx|ar|فرتون&nbsp;بن&nbsp;ونّقه}}, ''Fortūn ibn Wannaqo''), who was also half-brother of Musa, and they joined Musa in an uprising against the Emirate of Córdoba. ], ], launched reprisal campaigns in the succeeding years.


In a 843 battle, Fortún Íñiguez was killed, and Musa unhorsed and forced to escape on foot, while Íñigo and his son Galindo escaped with wounds and several nobleman, most notably Velasco Garcés, defected to Abd-ar-Rahman. The subsequent year, Íñigo's own son, Galindo Íñiguez and Musa's son Lubb ibn Musa went over to Córdoba, and Musa was forced to submit. Following a brief campaign in 845, a general peace was achieved.<ref>Lévi-Provençal and García Gómez; Sánchez Albornoz ("Problemas")</ref> In 850, Mūsā again rose in open rebellion, supported by Pamplona,<ref>''ibid''</ref> and envoys of ''Induo'' (thought to be Íñigo) and ''Mitio'',<ref>Identified by Pérez de Urbel with ], but Sánchez Albornoz rejects this.</ref> "Dukes of the Navarrese", were received at the ] court. In an 843 battle, Fortún Íñiguez was killed, and Musa unhorsed and forced to escape on foot, while Íñigo and his son Galindo escaped with wounds--and several noblemen, most notably Velasco Garcés, defected to Abd-ar-Rahman. The subsequent year, Íñigo's own son, Galindo Íñiguez, and Musa's son Lubb ibn Musa went over to Córdoba, and Musa was forced to submit. Following a brief campaign in 845, a general peace was achieved. In 850, Mūsā again rose in open rebellion, supported by Pamplona,{{Sfn|Granja|1967|pp=468–69}} and envoys of ''Induo'' (thought to be Íñigo) and ''Mitio'',{{efn|Identified by Pérez de Urbel with ], but Sánchez Albornoz rejects this.}} "Dukes of the Navarrese", were received at the ] court.


Íñigo died in the ] 237 A.H., which is late 851 or early 852, and was succeeded by his son García Íñiguez.<ref>Lévi-Provençal and García Gómez; Sánchez Albornoz ("Problemas"). It has been suggested that either ] or his son ] served as regent following the death of Íñigo, but as the chroniclers of Al-Andalus show García Íñiguez already taking a leadership role before his father's death, this is unlikely.</ref> Íñigo died in the ] 237 A.H., which is late 851 or early 852, and was succeeded by his son García Íñiguez who was already governing the kingdom during his father's long illness prior to his death.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2007|p=23}}{{efn|Lévi-Provençal and García Gómez; Sánchez Albornoz ("Problemas"). It has been suggested that either ] or his son ] served as regent following the death of Íñigo, but as the chroniclers of Al-Andalus show García Íñiguez already taking a leadership role before his father's death, this is unlikely.}}


==Leyre, major monastery of Navarre== ==Leyre, major monastery of Navarre==
During the lifetime of Íñigo, the existence of several monasteries is attested across Navarre, when the Cordovan priest ] had to stay in the area (848). In a letter written to Willesind, not only does Eulogius reveal that the Basque leader was a ''christicola princeps'' but he provides the names of three monasteries not far from Pamplona: Siresa, St. Zacharias and Leyre. During the lifetime of Íñigo, the existence of several monasteries is attested across Navarre, when the Cordovan priest ] had to stay in the area (848). In a letter written to ], not only does Eulogius reveal that the Basque leader was a ''christicola princeps'' but he provides the names of three monasteries not far from Pamplona: Siresa, St. Zacharias and Leyre.


The iconic ], founded in the 9th century<ref name=Collins1990>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Roger|title=The Basques|year=1990|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=0631175652|edition=2nd |page=146|ref=harv}}</ref> and claimed later to be founded by the king of Pamplona, was fostered by granting lands and estates to it. A document in the archives of the monastery shows that in 842, Íñigo bestowed the town and lands of Yesa on Leyre ("''Ego rex Eneco concedo...''"), although the authenticity of the document recording this grant is disputed. Íñigo himself is reported to have been buried in the monastery after his death in 851/852. The iconic ], founded in the 9th century{{Sfn|Collins|1990|p=146}} and claimed later to be founded by the king of Pamplona, was fostered by granting lands and estates to it. A document in the archives of the monastery shows that in 842, Íñigo bestowed the town and lands of Yesa on Leyre ("''Ego rex Eneco concedo...''"), although the authenticity of the document recording this grant is disputed. Íñigo himself is reported to have been buried in the monastery after his death in 851/852.


==Lineage and family links== ==Lineage and family links==
The name of the wife (or wives) of Íñigo is not reported in contemporary records, although sources from centuries later assign her the name of Toda or Oneca.<ref>Settipani</ref> There is also scholarly debate regarding her derivation, some hypothesizing that she was daughter of Velasco, lord of Pamplona (killed 816), and others making her kinswoman of ].<ref>Mello Vaz de São Payo;Stasser. These identifications are based on the names given in subsequent generations, but Sánchez Albornoz ("Problemas") wrote of the danger of assuming such name usage demonstrate specific familial linkages.</ref> He was father of the following known children:<ref>Lacarra;Lévi-Provençal and García Gómez; Sánchez Albornoz, ("Problemas")</ref> The name of the wife (or wives) of Íñigo is not reported in contemporary records, although sources from centuries later assign her the name of Toda or Onneca.{{Sfn|Settipani|2004|p=}} There is also scholarly debate regarding her derivation, some hypothesizing that she was daughter of ], lord of Pamplona (killed 816), and others making her kinswoman of ].{{efn|Mello Vaz de São Payo; Stasser. These identifications are based on the names given in subsequent generations, but Sánchez Albornoz ("Problemas") wrote of the danger of assuming that such name usage demonstrates specific familial linkage.}} He was father of the following known children:
* Assona Íñiguez, who married her father's half-brother, Musa ibn Musa ibn Fortun ibn Qasi, lord of Tudela and ] * Assona Íñiguez, who married her father's half-brother, ], lord of Tudela and ]
* ], regent and then Íñigo's successor as 'king'. * ], regent and then Íñigo's successor as 'king'.
* Galindo Íñiguez, fled to Córdoba where he was friend of Eulogio of Córdoba. The ], ''Amil'' of ] in 860, assassinated in 870, was apparently his son.<ref>Sánchez Albornoz ("S. Eulogio y el Muqtabis")</ref> * Galindo Íñiguez, fled to Córdoba where he was friend of Eulogius of Córdoba. ], ''Amil'' of ] in 860, assassinated in 870, was apparently his son.{{Sfn|Sánchez Albornoz|1959|p=32}}
* a daughter, ], wife of Count ] (''the Mean'') of ]. * A daughter (Nunilona?), who married Count ] (''the Bad'') of ].{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2007|p=23}}


==Historical Legacy== ==Historical Legacy==
{{expand section|date=June 2013}} {{expand section|date=June 2013}}
The dynasty founded by Íñigo reigned for about 80 years, being supplanted by a rival dynasty in 905. However, due to intermarriages, subsequent kings of ] descended from Íñigo, and some accounts even wrongly showed them to descend from Íñigo in the direct male line. He is remembered as the founder of the nation of Navarre. The dynasty founded by Íñigo reigned for about 80 years, being supplanted by a rival dynasty in 905. However, due to intermarriages, subsequent kings of ] descended from Íñigo, and some accounts even wrongly showed them to descend from Íñigo in the direct male line. He is remembered as the founder of the nation of Navarre.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist|2}}


===Sources=== ==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* Barrau-Dihigo, Louis. "Les origines du royaume de Navarre d'apres une théorie récente." ''Revue Hispanique''. 7: 141–222 (1900).
* {{cite journal |last=Barrau-Dihigo|first= Lucien|title= Les origines du royaume de Navarre d'apres une théorie récente|journal= Revue Hispanique|volume = 7|number= 21–22 | pages =141–222|year= 1900|issn= 9965-0355|language=FR|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2768633}}
* Caro Baroja, Julio. ''Sondeos históricos''. Txertoa, 1978.
*{{cite book|last =Caro Baroja|first = Julio|author-link= Julio Caro Baroja|title = Sondeos históricos| year=1978|publisher= Txertoa|location= San Sebastián|language=ES|isbn= 9788471480385}}
* de la Granja, Fernando. "La Marca Superior en la obra de Al-'Udri". ''Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragon''. 8:447–545 (1967).
* {{cite book|last=Collins|first=Roger|author-link= Roger Collins|title=The Basques|year=1990|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=0631175652|edition=2nd }}
* Lacarra de Miguel, José María. "Textos navarros del Códice de Roda". ''Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragon''. 1:194–283 (1945).
* {{cite journal|last1= García Gómez|first1=Emilio|author-link=Emilio García Gómez|last2=Lévi-Provençal|first2= Évariste|title= Textos inéditos del ''Muqtabis'' de Ibn Hayyan sobre los orígines del Reino de Pamplona|year = 1954|journal = Al-Andalus|volume= 19|number = 2|pages = 295–316|issn= 0304-4335|language=ES}}
* ]. "Du nouveau sur le Royaume de Pampelune au IXe Siècle". ''Bulletin Hispanique''. 55:5–22 (1953).
* {{cite journal|last=Granja|first = Fernando de la|title = La Marca Superior en la obra de Al-'Udri| year = 1967|journal = Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragón|volume = 8| pages= 447–545|oclc =694519776|url =http://cema.unizar.es/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/la-marca-superior.pdf}}
* Lévi-Provençal, Évariste and ]. "Textos inéditos del ''Muqtabis'' de Ibn Hayyan sobre los orígines del Reino de Pamplona". ''Al-Andalus''. 19:295–315 (1954).
* {{cite journal|last=Lacarra de Miguel|first = José María|title = Textos navarros del Códice de Roda| year = 1945|journal = Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragón|volume = 1| pages= 193–284|oclc =694519776|url =http://cema.unizar.es/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/textos-navarros-codice-roda.pdf}}
* Mello Vaz de São Payo, Luiz. "A Ascendência de D. Afonso Henriques". ''Raízes & Memórias'' 6:23–57 (1990).
* {{cite journal|last = Lévi-Provençal|first= Évariste|author-link=Évariste Lévi-Provençal|title = Du nouveau sur le royaume de Pampelune au IXe siècle|year = 1953|journal = Bulletin Hispanique|volume= 55|number = 1|pages = 5–22|language=FR| publisher=Université de Bordeaux |issn =0007-4640|doi= 10.3406/hispa.1953.3340}}
* Pérez de Urbel, Justo. "Lo viejo y lo nuevo sobre el origin del Reino de Pamplona". ''Al-Andalus''. 19:1–42 (1954).
*{{cite book| last = Martínez Díez | first = Gonzalo|title = Sancho III el Mayor Rey de Pamplona, Rex Ibericus| year = 2007| publisher = Marcial Pons Historia| location = Madrid|language=ES| isbn = 978-84-96467-47-7}}
* Sánchez Albornoz, Claudio. "La Epistola de S. Eulogio y el Muqtabis de Ibn Hayan". ''Princípe de Viana''. 19:265-66 (1958).
* {{cite journal|last= Pérez de Urbel|first=Justo|author-link=Justo Pérez de Urbel|title= Lo viejo y lo nuevo sobre el origin del Reino de Pamplona|year = 1954|journal = Al-Andalus|volume= 19|number = 1|pages = 1–42|issn= 0304-4335|language=ES}}
* Sánchez Albornoz, Claudio. "Problemas de la historia Navarra del siglo IX". ''Princípe de Viana'', 20:5–62 (1959).
* {{cite journal |last=Sánchez Albornoz|first= Claudio|author-link =Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña |title= La epístola de S. Eulogio y el Muqtabis de Ibn Hayan|journal= Príncipe de Viana|volume= 19|number= 72–73|pages =265–266 |year= 1958|issn= 0032-8472|language=ES|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2255952.pdf}}
* ]. ''La Noblesse du Midi Carolingien'', Occasional Publiucations of the Unit for Prosopographical Research, Vol. 5. (2004).
* {{cite journal|last=Sánchez Albornoz|first= Claudio|author-link =Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña|title=Problemas de la historia Navarra del siglo IX|journal= Príncipe de Viana|number=20|pages =5–62|year= 1959|issn= 0032-8472 |language=ES|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2255995.pdf}}
* Stasser, Thierry. "Consanguinity et Alliances Dynastiques en Espagne au Haut Moyen Age: La Politique Matrimoniale de la Reinne Tota de Navarre". ''Hidalguia''. No. 277: 811–39 (1999).
*{{cite book|last =Settipani|first = Christian|author-link= Christian Settipani|title = La Noblesse du Midi Carolingien| year=2004|publisher= Unit for Prosopographical Research | location= Oxford | language=FR | isbn= 9781900934046}}
*{{cite journal|last =Stasser|first = Thierry|title = Consanguinity et Alliances Dynastiques en Espagne au Haut Moyen Age: La Politique Matrimoniale de la Reinne Tota de Navarre|journal=Hidalguía: La revista de Genealogía, Nobleza y Armas|year=1999|publisher= Instituto Salazar y Castro|location= Madrid|language=FR|pages= 811–839|issn= 0018-1285}}
{{refend}}


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{{end}} {{s-end}}

{{Navarrese monarchs}}


{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Inigo Arista of Pamplona}}
{{Persondata
]
| NAME = Inigo I Of Pamplona
]
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
]
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = king of Pamplona
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 851/2
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Inigo I Of Pamplona}}
]
]
]
] ]
]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 18:37, 16 December 2024

Íñigo Arista
King of Pamplona
Reign816-851
PredecessorVelasco the Basque
SuccessorGarcía Íñiguez of Pamplona
BornEnneco Ennecois
c. 771-790
County of Bigorre
Diedc. 852
Isaba
ConsortOnneca Velázquez
IssueAssona Íñiguez,
García Íñiguez,
Galindo Íñiguez,
Nunilona? Íñiguez
HouseHouse of Íñiguez
FatherÍñigo Jiménez
MotherOnneca of Pamplona
Basque military leader, first king of Pamplona

Íñigo Arista (Basque: Eneko, Arabic: ونّقه, Wannaqo, c. 771-790 – 851 or 852) was a Basque chieftain and the first king of Pamplona. He is thought to have risen to prominence after the defeat of local Frankish partisans at the Battle of Pancorbo in 816, and his rule is usually dated from shortly after the defeat of a Carolingian army in 824.

He is first attested by chroniclers as a rebel against the Emirate of Córdoba from 840 until his death a decade later. Remembered as the nation's founder, he would be referred to as early as the 10th century by the nickname "Arista", coming either from Basque Aritza (Haritza/Aiza, literally 'the oak', meaning 'the resilient') or Latin Aresta ('the considerable').

Origin

The origin of Íñigo Arista is obscure. There is even disagreement regarding the name of his father. A charter preserved at Leyre describes him as Enneco ... filius Simeonis (Íñigo son of Jimeno) and another Leyre document reports the obituary of Enneco Garceanes, que fuit vulgariter vocas Areista (Íñigo Garcés , who is commonly called Arista). Many later historians have followed one or the other of these, but the reliability of either is questioned due to the possibility of later corruption or forgery.

Eleventh-century chroniclers Ibn Hayyan, who calls him and his brother ibn Wannaqo (Arabic: بن ونّقه, Íñiguez) al-Bascunis, and Al-Udri, calling him ibn Yannaqo, both thus indicate that his father was likewise named Íñigo. He is said by Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada (c. 1170–1247) to have been Count of Bigorre, or at least to have come from there, but there is no near-contemporary evidence of this.

It has been speculated that he was kin to García Jiménez, who in the late 8th century succeeded his father Jimeno the Strong in resisting Carolingian expansion into Vasconia. A second dynasty of Pamplona monarchs that would supplant his, the Jimena, is usually made to be related to him.

The name of Íñigo's mother is unknown (she is sometimes called Onneca, without foundation) but it is known that she also married local muwallad lord Musa ibn Fortun al-Qasawi, by him having a son Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi. This younger Musa would become head of the Banu Qasi, ruler of Tudela and one of the chief lords of Ebro Valley. Due to this relationship, Íñigo and his kin frequently acted in alliance with Musa ibn Musa, a relationship that allowed Íñigo to extend his influence over large territories in the Pyrenean valleys, and was also instrumental in the rebellions that would lead to Pamplona breaking with the Emirate.

Rise to power

The family came to power through struggles over Frankish and Córdoban influence in northern Iberia. In 799, pro-Frankish assassins murdered Mutarrif ibn Musa, governor of Pamplona, probably kinsman of Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi. Ibn Hayyan reports that in 816, Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Mugit launched a military campaign against the pro-Frankish "Enemy of God", Velasco the Gascon (Arabic: بلشك الجلشقي, Balašk al-Ŷalašqī), Sahib of Pamplona (Arabic: صاحب بنبلونة), who had united Christian and pagan factions. They fought a three-day battle in which the pro-Córdoba faction routed their enemies and killed Velasco, along with García López, kinsman of Alfonso II of Asturias, Sancho "warrior/knight of Pamplona", and pagan warrior "Ṣaltān". This defeat of the pro-Frankish force appears to have allowed the anti-Frankish Íñigo to come to power.

In 820, Íñigo is said to have intervened in the County of Aragon, ejecting a Frankish vassal, count Aznar I Galíndez, in favor of García Galíndez, who became Íñigo's son-in-law. In 824, a Carolingian force led by counts Aeblus and Aznar Sánchez made an expedition against Pamplona, but were defeated in the second battle of Roncesvalles.

Traditionally, this battle is portrayed as resulting in the crowning of Íñigo as king of Pamplona, but there is no direct evidence of his involvement in the battle or his crowning thereafter, and he is referred to by Arab chroniclers with the same title as given Velasco, "lord of Pamplona". His realm continually played Muslims and Christians against themselves and each other to maintain independence against the outside powers.

Rebellion and death

In 840 Íñigo's lands were attacked by Abd Allah ibn Kulayb, wali of Zaragoza, leading his half-brother, Musa ibn Musa, into rebellion. Íñigo's son García acted as regent, in concert with Íñigo's warrior brother Fortún Íñiguez (Arabic: فرتون بن ونّقه, Fortūn ibn Wannaqo), who was also half-brother of Musa, and they joined Musa in an uprising against the Emirate of Córdoba. Abd-ar-Rahman II, emir of Córdoba, launched reprisal campaigns in the succeeding years.

In an 843 battle, Fortún Íñiguez was killed, and Musa unhorsed and forced to escape on foot, while Íñigo and his son Galindo escaped with wounds--and several noblemen, most notably Velasco Garcés, defected to Abd-ar-Rahman. The subsequent year, Íñigo's own son, Galindo Íñiguez, and Musa's son Lubb ibn Musa went over to Córdoba, and Musa was forced to submit. Following a brief campaign in 845, a general peace was achieved. In 850, Mūsā again rose in open rebellion, supported by Pamplona, and envoys of Induo (thought to be Íñigo) and Mitio, "Dukes of the Navarrese", were received at the French court.

Íñigo died in the Muslim year 237 A.H., which is late 851 or early 852, and was succeeded by his son García Íñiguez who was already governing the kingdom during his father's long illness prior to his death.

Leyre, major monastery of Navarre

During the lifetime of Íñigo, the existence of several monasteries is attested across Navarre, when the Cordovan priest Eulogius had to stay in the area (848). In a letter written to Wiliesind, not only does Eulogius reveal that the Basque leader was a christicola princeps but he provides the names of three monasteries not far from Pamplona: Siresa, St. Zacharias and Leyre.

The iconic monastery of Leyre, founded in the 9th century and claimed later to be founded by the king of Pamplona, was fostered by granting lands and estates to it. A document in the archives of the monastery shows that in 842, Íñigo bestowed the town and lands of Yesa on Leyre ("Ego rex Eneco concedo..."), although the authenticity of the document recording this grant is disputed. Íñigo himself is reported to have been buried in the monastery after his death in 851/852.

Lineage and family links

The name of the wife (or wives) of Íñigo is not reported in contemporary records, although sources from centuries later assign her the name of Toda or Onneca. There is also scholarly debate regarding her derivation, some hypothesizing that she was daughter of Velasco, lord of Pamplona (killed 816), and others making her kinswoman of Aznar I Galíndez. He was father of the following known children:

Historical Legacy

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The dynasty founded by Íñigo reigned for about 80 years, being supplanted by a rival dynasty in 905. However, due to intermarriages, subsequent kings of Navarre descended from Íñigo, and some accounts even wrongly showed them to descend from Íñigo in the direct male line. He is remembered as the founder of the nation of Navarre.

Notes

  1. Íñigo and Fortún Íñiguez are explicitly called brothers of Musa ibn Musa on their mother's side by chroniclers Ibn Hayyan and Al-Udri. The order of the maternal marriages has been subject to speculation, with Lévi-Provençal and Pérez de Urbel having the widowed mother of Íñigo marrying Musà ibn Fortún, while Sánchez Albornoz ("Problemas") argued that the Christian marriage came after the Muslim.
  2. Identified by Pérez de Urbel with Jimeno of Pamplona, but Sánchez Albornoz rejects this.
  3. Lévi-Provençal and García Gómez; Sánchez Albornoz ("Problemas"). It has been suggested that either Jimeno of Pamplona or his son García Jiménez served as regent following the death of Íñigo, but as the chroniclers of Al-Andalus show García Íñiguez already taking a leadership role before his father's death, this is unlikely.
  4. Mello Vaz de São Payo; Stasser. These identifications are based on the names given in subsequent generations, but Sánchez Albornoz ("Problemas") wrote of the danger of assuming that such name usage demonstrates specific familial linkage.

References

  1. Collins 1990, p. 41.
  2. Lévi-Provençal 1953, p. 11.
  3. Lacarra de Miguel 1945, p. 204.
  4. Caro Baroja 1978, p. 48.
  5. Esparza Zabalegi, Jose Mari (2012). Vasconavarros. Tafalla: Txalaparta. p. 248. ISBN 9788415313-41-0.
  6. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, p. 22.
  7. Barrau-Dihigo 1900.
  8. Lacarra de Miguel 1945, p. 207.
  9. Sánchez Albornoz 1959, pp. 14–15.
  10. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, p. 23.
  11. ^ Granja 1967, pp. 468–69.
  12. Collins 1990, p. 146.
  13. Settipani 2004.
  14. Sánchez Albornoz 1959, p. 32.

Sources

New title King of Pamplona
824–851/2
Succeeded byGarcía Íñiguez
Monarchs of Navarre
House of Íñiguez
House of Jiménez
House of Champagne
House of Capet
House of Évreux
House of Trastámara
House of Foix
House of Albret
House of Albret - Lower Navarre
House of Bourbon - Lower Navarre
House of Trastámara - Upper Navarre
House of Habsburg - Upper Navarre
House of Bourbon - Upper Navarre
Also King of Aragon. Also King of France. Also King/Queen of Spain.
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