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|title = History of the Jews in Iraq, Farhud, Baghdad Arabic (Jewish), Lishanid Noshan, Lishana Deni, Jewish exodus from Arab lands, music of Iraq, Operation Ezra and Nehemiah, Religion in Iraq, Baghdadi Jews |title = History of the Jews in Iraq, Farhud, Baghdad Arabic (Jewish), Lishanid Noshan, Lishana Deni, Jewish exodus from Arab lands, music of Iraq, Operation Ezra and Nehemiah, Religion in Iraq, Baghdadi Jews
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== one million plan == == Quick Grammar error/Typo ==
1. Could an authorised editor please make the following 2/1 character correction in the article lede? Sentence currently flips "direction" in its final third -- jarring for native English speakers. Thanks in advance.


NOW: "In total, of the 900,000 Jews who left Arab and other Muslim countries, 600,000 settled in the new state of Israel, and 300,000 immigrated to France and the United States."
I removed the following text from the article:


BETTER AS: "~ 300,000 emigrated ~"
<blockquote>From 1944,{{sfn|Eyal|2006|p=86|ps=: "The principal significance of this plan lies in the fact, noted by Yehuda Shenhav, that this was the first time in Zionist history that Jews from Middle Eastern and North African countries were all packaged together in one category as the target of an immigration plan. There were earlier plans to bring specific groups, such as the Yemenites, but the "one million plan" was, as Shenhav says, "the zero point," the moment when the category of mizrahi jews in the current sense of this term, as an ethnic group distinct from European-born jews, was invented."}} the ], which became the top priority{{sfn|Hacohen|1991|p=262 #2|ps= :"In meetings with foreign officials at the end of 1944 and during 1945, Ben-Gurion cited the plan to enable one million refugees to enter Palestine immediately as the primary goal and top priority of the Zionist movement.}} of ] in ],<ref>{{citation|title=Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture|volume=1|first=Mark Avrum|last=Ehrlich|isbn=9781851098736|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2009|quote="A Zionist plan. designed in 1943–1944, to bring 1 million Jews from Europe and the Middle East to Palestine as a means and a stage to establish a state. It was the first time the Jews of Islamic countries were explicitly included in a Zionist plan."}}</ref>{{sfn|Meir-Glitzenstein|2004|p=44 #1|ps=: "After it was presented to the Jewish Agency Executive, the One Million Plan became the official policy of the Zionist leadership. The immigration of the Jews of Islamic countries was explicit or implicit in all the declarations, testimonies, memoranda and demands issued by the Jewish Agency from World War ll until the establishment of the state."}}{{sfn|Ofer|1991|p=239|ps= :"This tactical approach, the demand for "control of aliyah" and the immediate immigration of two million (later, one million) Jews, was the declared policy of the Jewish Agency Executive until the end of the war."}} encouraged the immigration of the Jews of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa into what became the State of Israel.<ref>Ben-Gurion's diary, 30 July 1945, Ben-Gurion Archives. Midreshet Sede Boker, Quote: "We have to bring over all of Bloc 5 , most of Bloc 4 , everything possible from Bloc 3 , and pioneers from Bloc 2 as soon as possible."</ref>{{sfn|Meir-Glitzenstein|2004|p=39}}</blockquote>
Tom Segev's quote (footnote 300)


2. "if a man as well connected and powerful as Shafiq Ades could he eliminated by the state" - change "he" to "be"
First of all, the lead is supposed to summarize the article. This information does not appear in the body of the article and thus is not a summary.


== 2024 Jewish population of Yemen ==
Second none of the sources here actually tie it to the Jews leaving their countries. There was a plan, who said it had an effect on the topic of this article? Someone bring some sources.


] says:
Third, the The One Million Plan appears in the article 3 times. Twice in the lead and once in the body (and that not related to the lead). If that's not UNDUE I don't know what is.


> As of 2024, only 5 Jew remained in Yemen, with one of them being ].
So, if someone can bring some sources to connect this to the article, and develop a section in the body, we could possibly restore it with some changes. ] (]) 06:50, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
:Great, then put it in the main body of the article.
:Yes of course the sources connect it to this topic. Read Shenhav for example. And HaCohen goes through and explains exactly how the various agencies implemented the Plan. ] (]) 16:44, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
::Perhaps I didn't explain myself clearly. WP:LEAD is an editing guideline. You can't put stuff in the lead that's not in the body, although I know some editors like to do that because it's easy and most people just read the lead. But alas, it's not allowed. I don't have the sources to write a section in the body to be summarized in the lead, nor do I have the time. Nor do I want you to think it's my job to do your homework.
::On top of that, you violated WP:V (that's ''policy'') buy restoring unsourced information.
::Also, if you have a source that directly ties the plan into the topic of this article, kindly provide it here. "Read Shenhav" is not a source.
::I'd like to remind you that you often remove large chunks of text and other editors not to restore them pending a discussion. Perhaps you should do as you preach. ] (]) 05:18, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
:::{{u|No More Mr Nice Guy}}, you deleted seven sources, many with detailed quotes, and you call that unsourced? The sources that you removed explain in plain quotes that the OMP was the first time the topic of this article was ever even conceptualised by anyone. Your claim that that is not connected closely enough to the topic of this article is patently absurd.
:::Thank you for encouraging me to add extra detail on this topic into the article. I will be glad to do so. ] (]) 20:27, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
::::First of all I didn't delete anything, I moved stuff here for discussion. Second, the unsourced stuff was where you added the plan for a second time in the lead. Twice in the lead, once in the article. Way to UNDUE. Third, the source says it was the first time this whole group was treated as one. That's not the topic of this article. I will note that if what you claim was true, it would conflict with your "modern agenda" theory, but that's besides the point.
::::By all means, develop a section in the article then we can assess both the relevance and the DUE weight to give it in the lead. ] (]) 21:06, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
:::::I have made a start. There are a lot of high quality sources out there on this topic, so please feel free to add as you see fit. ] (]) 21:12, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
::::::I see some problems already. I can't fix anything because of 1rr, so I'll edit tomorrow. But to begin with, both in the lead and in the body it quotes Ben Gurion's diary for wanting to bring all the Jews from MENA, but that's his thoughts, not what they voted on as far as I can tell. Meir-Glitzenstein 2004 says on page 39 that the Planning Committee was thinking 150,000 and that number increased later, but doesn't say to how much. She also notes (p.38) that when voted on, the plan was not presented as an operative plan, but in a political context. On p.44 she says the plan had no operative significance. Yet our article not only notes none of this, you keep restoring contested and unsourced language into the last paragraph of the lead stating that agents were working towards the plan. ] (]) 06:28, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
::::::Another thing I noticed: The source (Hachohen 1991, currently source #7) says the plan "enabled" Jewish immigration while our article says it "encouraged" such immigration. No bueno.
::::::I also see that Oncenawhile once again slipped the "minor" before expulsions back into the lead despite it not being in any source and it being contested. Who says it's minor? Stop edit warring and explain why you think it belongs in the article. You may not restore unsourced information without consensus, as I'm sure you're aware. It's called WP:V. It's Misplaced Pages policy. ] (]) 07:28, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
:::::::On the "minor", yes I see I did do that. I don't know when it came back out - all I did was go back to . I believe the word was originally added following ]. In summary, there was only one known expulsion, which was in Egypt following Suez and the Jews were one of many groups forced out. Per ] it is not known exactly how many were actually expelled, and some sources suggest that they "only expelled a small minority". ] (]) 12:04, 25 May 2015 (UTC)


Cites: https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sj7dfbxic
This plan was shelved and is therefore of only minor significance: not worth more than one paragraph and should not be mentioned in the lede. ] (]) 12:39, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
:The plan wasn't shelved per se, parts of the planning were used later in the absorption process of the immigrants that arrived after the state was established, but after making both the main article and the section here actually reflect what the sources say rather than the complete fantasy that was there before, it's pretty obvious that this is way UNDUE. As far as I'm concerned you can cut it down to size. ] (]) 17:34, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
::Correct, it was not shelved, and occupies a seminal role in the history here as the beginning of Jewish Agency's / Israeli government's policy to encourage immigration from the region. NMMNG ignores the most important part of the plan that "was later used" which is that agents were sent to every country to "agitate". NMMNG, I would also note that a number of your edits need fixing - you have misunderstood some of the points that you have clearly only read about in the last couple of days. I suggest you read the sources more fully next time. I will fix this as soon as I have the available time. ] (]) 19:10, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
:::No. If you had actually read the sources you yourself used (and I strongly suspect you were in violation of SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT), you'd see that after the end of WWII the focus on MENA dwindled and was no longer funded even to the small extent it was earlier in the 40s. The plan was mainly an economic plan for absorption, as you clearly completely failed to comprehend.
:::The article about the plan and the section here were so off base, if this was a paid job and they were something you needed to prepare for management or a client, you'd probably be fired. Tendentious doesn't being to describe it. ] (]) 19:56, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
::::Great. Please excuse me for ignoring your attempted insults. I will focus my energy on amending your numerous mistakes in the edits you have made. Such as this "dwindling" point, which shows a lack of understanding of the importance of this plan as the predecessor of subsequent operational plans such as Magic Carpet, Ezra and Nehemiah, and Yachin. That you are surprised that the focus shifted almost exclusively to Europe for the short period after the end of Holocaust makes we worry that you have a limited understanding of or empathy with the scale of that tragedy.
::::However, one point I would appreciate you clarifying in your comment above is the word "mainly". On what scale are you defining that it was "mainly" about absorption logistics?
::::] (]) 23:38, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
:::::It's not my job to define what scale or whatever, I'm just relating what the leading Zionists figures said at the time, and Hacohen says repeatedly in her 1994 book, which is considered the seminal work on this plan. You've read this book, yes? You quoted from it a few times.
:::::I will add the relevant information to the One Million Plan article as time permits. ] (]) 00:31, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
:::::I've just had a look in Hacohen 1994 and the first paragraph of chapter 9 says explicitly that the goal of the plan was to prepare for the rapid absorption of millions of immigrants. Could you perhaps show a source that says otherwise? ] (]) 05:56, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' - the entire section on the Million Plan and its relation to the exodus is a complete synthesis of Oncenawhile. Maybe he believes this, but the link between this plan (which neither in time nor in place is corrlating with the exodus) to the exodus is not sourced. Unless there is a some WP:RS claim that one million plan was directly relevant to the beginning of the Jewish exodus, i'm removing it.] (]) 10:55, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
::The article does not say it is "directly relevant to the beginning". The article says it is the first time immigration of Arab Jews became policy in what became Israel. That is well sourced (see examples below) and is deemed relevant to works on the subject of the exodus by scholars such as Meir-Glitzenstein, Shenhav and Eyal.
::* Meir-Glitzenstein, p47, "As we have seen the inclusion of the Jews of Islamic countries in the One Million Plan was the start of a reversal in immigration policy and in the overall attitude of the Zionist leadership toward these Jews. The reversal was manifested both in the conceptual switch from an ideal of selective immigration lo the reality of bringing masses of people to Palestine.... the One Million Plan augured a demographic reversal with ramifications for all areas of life. including a change in the Ashkenazic Mizrahi demographic balance in the country"
::* Shenhav, p22, "The Abadan case was the first systematic encounter between Zionist emissaries and Arab Jews following the formulation of the so-called million-person plan (which should be read as the "million Jews plan") providing for the massive immigration of these Jews to Palestine. Even if the plan was not implemented immediately, and even if some of its provisions were unfeasible, it marked the start of a discourse and the initial spotlighting of the Arab Jews as potential candidates for immigration to Palestine."
::* Eyal, p86, See section: "The "One Million Plan" and the Development of a Discourse about the Absorption of the Jews from Arab Countries"
::] (]) 00:20, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
:::] This is clear case of minority position on your behalf, trying to push your WP:SYNTH position without community consensus. The One Million Plan is a somewhat sidelined issue, related to the absorption policy of the Yishuv. It has never been executed and certainly cannot compose a full topic of this article, but rather some mention in the background section. It is especially evident that you are trying to put this here as a somewhat major issues instead of anti-Jewish violence topics and relations between some of the Arab leadership and the Axis countries, which you unilaterally erased. I'm asking for an administrative closure for this discussion.] (]) 08:59, 23 July 2015 (UTC)
:::: Since the British rulers severely limited the Jewish immigration, the one million plan was hardly relevant until 1948. At the beginning of the huge immigration wave after the establishment of Israel, the one million plan was replaced with another Israeli plan. It seems that it is better to mention the new Israeli plan rather then the hardly relevant one million plan. ] (]) 10:49, 23 July 2015 (UTC)
:::::I think we are in broad agreement actually. The Israeli policies, plans and actions relating to immigration from Arab countries are relevant across this article. The One Million Plan was just one part of it. Its particular relevance is that it was the first, marking a seminal moment, as described in the quotes above. BUT, we need to get the balance right, and I have no problem with trimming the section down, particularly if we can build further description of the various plans and policies that descended from it. ] (]) 13:45, 25 July 2015 (UTC)


The population table should be updated accordingly. ] (]) 05:42, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
== notes ==


In 2024 6 Jews were living in Yemen; 1 has died now there are five left alive
{{reflist-talk| refs=
Cite https://www.jewishrefugees.org.uk/2024/06/muslims-bury-one-of-the-last-jews-in-yemen.html <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding ] comment added by ] (]) 12:58, 23 July 2024 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->


== Lybian Jews ==
<ref name="Gat2013p2">{{cite book|author=Moshe Gat|title=The Jewish Exodus from Iraq, 1948-1951|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B_r3_-9ZU1YC&pg=PA2|date=4 July 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-24654-9|pages=2|quote=Shiblak attitude:" the threat was not grave enough to explain maas emigration of Jews to Israel." the zionists used "drastic measures, such as bomb throwing, so as to jolt the Jewish community, most of whom preferred life in Iraq to emigration to Israel."}}</ref>


In the paragraph about Lybia, it might be of interest to provide information on the number of Arabic-speaking and Italian-speaking Jews. Andrea Domenici, Pisa, Italy ] (]) 12:48, 18 August 2024 (UTC)


== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 8 October 2024 ==


{{Edit extended-protected|Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|answered=yes}}
<ref name="AdelmanBarkan2013p237">{{cite book|author1=Howard Adelman|author2=Elazar Barkan|title=No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WRpHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT237|date=13 August 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-52690-6|pages=237–}}</ref>
Change the second line of the opening paragraph to my suggestion, or another appropriately neutral phrasing


My suggested phraseology is:


'In the 20th century, approximately 900,000 Jews migrated, fled, or were expelled from Muslim-majority countries throughout Africa and Asia. Involving push factors, such as antisemitism, and pull factors, such as the appeal of the newly created state of Israel, the mass movement mainly transpired from 1948 to the early 1970s, with one final exodus of Iranian Jews occurring shortly after the Islamic Revolution in 1979–1980.'
<ref name="Bashkin2012p185">{{cite book|author=Orit Bashkin|title=New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VdDjaxqHzx8C|date=12 September 2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8201-2|page=185|quote="…fight against Zionism, the state engaged in a process of collective punishments…unjustly designated an entire community as second-rate citizens. These undemocratic measures …pushed the Jews to emigrate from Iraq"}}</ref>




The reason for this edit request is as follows:
<ref name="Bashkin2012p187">{{cite book|author=Orit Bashkin|title=New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VdDjaxqHzx8C&pg=PA187|date=12 September 2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8201-2|pages=187–|quote="Sixty year old man was sentenced to five years in jail for getting a letter from his son in Palestine…Large numbers of Jews employed at government ministries were let go from their position"}}</ref>


The opening paragraph of this page says that the exodus was 'Primarily a consequence of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War,' and is supported by a citation to Avi Beker's 2005 THE FORGOTTEN NARRATIVE: JEWISH REFUGEES FROM ARAB COUNTRIES. There are two problems with this:
<ref name="Bashkin2012p277">{{cite book|author=Orit Bashkin|title=New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VdDjaxqHzx8C|date=12 September 2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8201-2|page=277}}</ref>


The way it is currently phrased suggests that the expulsion of the Jews from the Arab world was the result of the war (And seems to allign with the 'popular' narrative that Jewish expulsion from the Middle East was a response to Palestinian expulsion in the 1948 war), and even implies that it was retributive. But even if this was the case these Jews are not responsible for what happened in Israel, and therefore their being held responsible is not a result of the war but a result of antisemitism.


<ref name=Gat1998p47>{{cite web|last1=Gat|first1=Moshe|title=The Immigration of Iraqi Jewry to Israel as Reflected in Literature|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/remi_0765-0752_1998_num_14_3_1643|publisher=Revue européenne des migrations internationales ,Year 1998 , Volume 14 , Issue 14-3|pages=47,48|date=1998|quote="Immediately after the establishment of the State of Israel, the Iraqi government adopted a policy of anti-Jewish discrimination, mass dismissals from government service, and arrests. The climax of this policy was the hanging of the Jewish millionaire, Shafiq Ades on September 1948, and the confiscation of his property. The Jews felt the ground burning under their feet."}}</ref>


The second problem is that this isn't what Beker writes in this paper (his claim is that push factors contributing to Jewish exodus began before 1948). He writes:
<ref name="Gat2013p124">{{cite book|author=Moshe Gat|title=The Jewish Exodus from Iraq, 1948-1951|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B_r3_-9ZU1YC&pg=PA124|date=4 July 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-24654-9|pages=123–125}}</ref>


'
In a few years, Jewish communities that had existed in the Middle East for more than 2,500 years were brutally expelled or had to run for their lives. The statements made in the UN were harbingers of what became a total collapse of these Jews' security. Following the Partition Resolution of November 1947, and in some countries even earlier during World War II, Middle Eastern Jews were the targets of official and popular incitement, state-legislated discrimination, and pogroms -- again, all this before the massive flight of the Arabs from Palestine.


<ref name="Morris2008p413">{{cite book|author=Benny Morris|title=1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=13 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|page=413|quote="In Iraq, following the May 1948 declaration of martial law, hundreds of Jews were arrested (the Iraqi government admitted to “276” Jews detained and “1,188” non-Jews),48 and Jewish property was arbitrarily confiscated. Jewish students were banned from high schools and universities. Some fifteen hundred Jews were dismissed from government positions, the Iraqi Ministry of Health refused to renew the licenses of Jewish physicians or issue new ones, Jewish merchants’ import and export licenses were canceled, and various economic sanctions were imposed on the Jewish community.49 In January 1949, Prime Minister Nuri Sa’id threatened “that all Iraqi Jews would be expelled if the Israelis did not allow the Arab refugees to return to Palestine.”50 A new “wave of persecution” was unleashed against the 125,000-strong community in early October 1949, with about two thousand being packed off to jails and “concentration camps” and vast amounts of money being extorted in fines on various pretexts.51 But the Iraqi government kept a tight leash on the “street.”}}</ref>


In Syria, anti-Semitism grew after the Nazis' rise to power in Germany. By the late 1930s, Syria already served as a headquarters for anti-Semitism and hosted Nazi officers. By 1945 the thirty thousand Syrian Jews already faced restrictions on emigration to Israel and some of their property was burned and looted, including the Great Synagogue in Damascus. In December 1947 there was a major pogrom against the Jews of Aleppo, the largest community with seventeen thousand; many were killed and seven thousand fled. Jewish bank accounts in the city were frozen and private property was confiscated; fifty shops, eighteen synagogues, and five schools were burned. Later, after Israel's founding, more Syrian Jews were killed and banks were instructed to freeze all Jewish accounts.
<ref name="Meir-Glitzenstein2004p206">{{cite book|author=Esther Meir-Glitzenstein|title=Zionism in an Arab Country: Jews in Iraq in the 1940s|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZU2QAgAAQBAJ|date=2 August 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76862-1|page=206|quote=(Nuri's threats) "encouraged Iraqi officials to abuse the departing jews before they boarded the planes and to destroy their baggage"}}</ref>


In Yemen, Jews were always treated as second-class citizens. As far back as the 1880s, 2,500 Jews moved from there to Jerusalem and Jaffa, and as conditions worsened another seventeen thousand left to Aden and Palestine between 1923-1945. Riots and massacres also occurred in Aden, which was in British-controlled Yemen. In three days of disturbances in December 1947, many Jews were killed and the Jewish quarter was burned to the ground, so that the community lost its business and economic base. Altogether in those three days, 82 Jews were killed, 106 shops looted out of 170,220 houses destroyed, and four synagogues gutted.
<ref name="Meir-Glitzenstein2004p216">{{cite book|author=Esther Meir-Glitzenstein|title=Zionism in an Arab Country: Jews in Iraq in the 1940s|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZU2QAgAAQBAJ|date=2 August 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76862-1|page=216|quote="Any tension in the Middle east would impinge directly on the situation of the Jews. Their chances of having stability or equality in Iraq appeared slim., and therefore it is understandable that many members of the community… wished to leave Iraq…The timing was determined by the Iraqi government, Israel was the only available option, and the magnitude of the emigration was due to the growing insecurity of the Jewish community in 1950. … In a different, non catastrophic context, as occurred in other Muslim countries such as Iran and Egypt, one might have expected a much slower, drawn out exodus and a range of destinations, with Israel being only one of them, not necessarily the main one"}}</ref>


The Iraqi Jews' condition deteriorated parallel to the rise of Nazism in Germany. Nazi ideology pervaded Iraqi society including the school curricula, which praised Hitler for his anti-Jewish policy and called the Iraqi Jews a fifth column. Hundreds of Jews were forced out of their civil service jobs in the 1930s, and during the 1936 Arab evolt in Palestine, Jews were terrorized and murdered in Baghdad.
<ref name="Tripp2002p122">{{cite book|author=Charles Tripp|title=A History of Iraq|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WR-Cnw1UCJEC|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52900-6|page=122|quote="The minister of defence, Sadiq al-Bassam, denied much say in the conduct of the war, used the opportunity to initiate systematic harassment of the Iraqi Jewish community whose loyalties were now more suspect than ever. Their movements were restricted, Jews were barred from certain government posts, courts martial were used extensively to imprison and intimidate Jews and a prominent member of the Community was executed for allegedly assisting the new state of Israel." }}</ref>


That year the Chief Rabbi of Iraq, Sassoon Khaddouri, was forced
<ref name="AdelmanBarkan2011p179">{{cite book|author1=Howard Adelman|author2=Elazar Barkan|title=No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=80j612aFo_4C|year=2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-15336-2|page=179|quote="If Arab countries took no responsibility for forcing the Jews to leave, the new Israeli state reciprocated…The de facto expulsion of the Jews from most Arab state …In expelling the Jews and encouraging anti Jewish policies, The Arab states played into Israeli"}}</ref>
to issue a statement denying any connection between Iraqi Jews and
the Zionist movement, and in 1938 thirty-three Jewish leaders cabled
to the League of Nations a strong condemnation of Zionism.18


The worst, however, came in June 1941 with the Farhud, a pro Nazi uprising against the Jews. Beginning on the Shavuot holiday, in two days incited mobs murdered two hundred Jews, wounded over two thousand, looted more than nine hundred homes, and damaged shops and warehouses.
<ref name="AdelmanBarkan2013p365">{{cite book|author1=Howard Adelman|author2=Elazar Barkan|title=No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WRpHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT365|date=13 August 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-52690-6|pages=365–|quote="At times, Iraqi politicians candidly acknowledged that they wanted to expell their Jewish population for reasons of their own, having nothing to do with the palestinian exodus...Nuri Said described a plan to expell jews from Iraq ...head of Jordanian government"}}</ref>


The Partition Resolution of November 1947 found Iraq's Jews in a state of fear. There had already been riots in the two preceding years, and Jewish children were no longer accepted in government schools. In May and again in December 1947, Jews were accused of poisoning sweets for Arab children and trying to inject cholera germs in drinking water. In 1948, Zionism was declared a crime, 1,500 Jews were dismissed from public service, and Jewish banks lost their authorization.


<ref name="Hakohen2003p124">{{cite book|author=Devorah Hakohen|title=Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fYOiPrm-6PsC&pg=PA124|year=2003|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2990-0|page=124|quote=Said had warned the Jewish community of Baghdad to make haste; otherwise, he would take the Jews to the Borders himself}}</ref


Many Jews were imprisoned and some hanged on the same "charge"; in 1948 the richest Jew in Iraq, Shafiq Adas, received the death penalty for "Zionist and communist crimes." His execution by hanging was a clear message that Jews had no future in the country.20 Again in 1949, numerous Jews were injured in a new wave of riots. Hence, the evacuation of more than one hundred thousand Jews to Israel between 1949-1951 was precipitated by Iraqi anti-Semitism and echoed the calls of Iraqi leaders for expulsion and population exchange.
<ref name="KacowiczLutomski2007">{{cite book|author1=Arie Marcelo Kacowicz|author2=Pawel Lutomski|title=Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&pg=PA124|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-1607-4|pages=124–|quote=Nuri...determined to drive the Jews out of his country as quickly as possible}}</ref>


A similar wave of persecution took place in Egypt and Libya, where in 1945 there were riots and massacres of hundreds of Jews, with destruction of synagogues and other communal buildings. This recurred in 1948 with the arrest of thousands in Egypt, and deadly attacks in both countries along with synagogue burnings and confiscation of both communal and private property.
}}

== Another revert from NMMNG ==

This revert is just another example of NMMNG's laziness or tendentiousness, or both. ] (]) 22:34, 2 July 2015 (UTC)
:You mad, bro? ] (]) 23:07, 2 July 2015 (UTC)
===Minor===
NMMNG, please respond to this comment . ] (]) 22:34, 2 July 2015 (UTC)
:My response is: Please provide a source that supports your edit, per WP:V. ] (]) 23:07, 2 July 2015 (UTC)
::I have done so - sources have been discussed in great detail on these talk pages, which show that the ONLY expulsion was in Egypt, and that is was very small in scale. More details are at ].
::Since you will likely ask for the exact wording to be sourced, let's do this the other way. I am going to remove the word "expulsions" altogether, as it is inaccurate and unsourced. There was only one expulsion, and so using the plural and including it in a paragraph of generalisations about the overall exodus is incorrect. ] (]) 21:22, 3 July 2015 (UTC)
:::Rereading it, I went instead for "an episode of expulsion". ] (]) 21:22, 4 July 2015 (UTC)
::::Greyshark, you have been adding "expulsions" in the plural. Please explain this in detail here per WP:BRD. ] (]) 23:51, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

===Opposition to large scale unrestricted immigration===
HaCohen writes "Opponents in the Jewish Agency and the government of mass immigration argued". That is NOT the same as writing "the Jewish Agency opposed..." And in fact HaCohen explains the opposite is true, seeing as the leader of the Jewish Agency successfully supported the proposal. ] (]) 22:34, 2 July 2015 (UTC)
:OK, I see what you mean there. Maybe it should say "there were those within the Jewish Agency and government who opposed...". You could have fixed the problem with 4 words. ] (]) 23:07, 2 July 2015 (UTC)
::Good solution. Well done. ] (]) 21:23, 3 July 2015 (UTC)
::OK.] (]) 10:52, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

==Split section on Iran==
Until one year ago there was an article on the ], which was merged here by Oncenawhile in June 2014. The Iranian Jewish exodus is clearly notable as a topic (for example , ) and should exist as a standalone article. Most of all because the circumstances and timing of the Iranian Jewish exodus were different from the Jewish exodus from Arab countries. The exodus first took place during the early instability in the 1950s, but during the late 1970s and early 1980s, 90% of Iranian Jews left/fled the country, due to the Islamic Revolution, with roughly 100,000 relocating to US, Europe and Israel.] (]) 11:53, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

:Agreed; had I been aware of that merge at the time, I would have objected. They were two separate and distinct events. ]&nbsp;]/] 14:43, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

::Greyshark, can you show that the Iranian exodus is any more different that the Egyptian exodus is from the Iraqi exodus or from the Maghrebi exodus or from the Turkish exodus. They are all barely related in practice. And 30,000 Iranian Jews emigrated to Israel during the first years of statehood per ]. ] (]) 23:50, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
:::You removed the split tag from the article. This is a violation of Misplaced Pages policy.] (]) 10:10, 23 July 2015 (UTC)
::::No this is not a policy question at all. Answer my question above (from 23:50, 9 July 2015). Otherwise your statement that ''"the circumstances and timing of the Iranian Jewish exodus were different from the Jewish exodus from Arab countries"'' will continue to be ignored as WP:OR. ] (]) 13:38, 25 July 2015 (UTC)

== Farhud ==

Greyshark added into the lead ''"A change came in the 1940s, with the rise of antisemitism and the events of the Second World War. In April 1941, a ] and following a widespread propaganda campaign, an anti-Jewish ] pogrom erupted in the final days of the regime in Baghdad, leading to deaths of 180 Jews. The ] pogrom was a shocking event to Iraqi Jewish community, as many displaced Iraqi Jews began fleeing for Israel reaching a rate of 1,000 per year."''

Later in the article a more balanced paragraph states ''"In some accounts the Farhud marked the turning point for Iraq's Jews. Other historians, however, see the pivotal moment for the Iraqi Jewish community much later, between 1948–51, since Jewish communities prospered along with the rest of the country throughout most of the 1940s, and many Jews who left Iraq following the Farhud returned to the country shortly thereafter and permanent emigration did not accelerate significantly until 1950–51."''

Can we please keep this article with a balanced point of view, not just one side. Thank you.

] (]) 00:25, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

== JCPA ==

Greyshark added in . This is not WP:RS.

] (]) 00:27, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

: Can you explain, why someone {{tl|who}} regards this ]'s article as "not wp:RS" ? --] (]) 08:16, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

::It was published by the ], which is an advocacy organisation. He is a professor of sociology, which explains why he can't get an article on history published anywhere credible. ] (]) 17:27, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
:::Look at the concluding paragraphs of his article:
:::<small>''"The Palestinians’ fate is mainly the result of the policy of their leadership, who have always rejected the further division of Mandatory Palestine (as proposed in 1937 and 1947). The creation of Transjordan in 1922 apparently was not sufficient. Arabs from Palestine were the allies of the five Arab states that attacked the newly created state of Israel: Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and Lebanon, as well as the Arab League. Even today, both the Palestinian Authority and Hamas reject the division of the land, denying Israel its natural right to a national existence while defining Palestine as exclusively Arab and Islamic. The Jewish people are a people with a long history – contrary to the Palestinians – and have the right of sovereignty in a land that has been the seat of three Jewish states since earliest antiquity. Zionism is the culmination of a process of self-determination, from a dominated nation in the Arab-Muslim world to an emancipated one within this world – that is, in the Middle East. There has been a population exchange. Israel’s “original sin” is a fiction. These are the historical and political facts on which Jewish discourse must be founded. It is time to take back the initiative and restore the Jewish narrative."''</small>
:::This kind of political vitriol has no place in wikipedia
:::] (]) 17:42, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

::::* "It was published by the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs"
:::: - ] - so ?
::::* "He is a professor of sociology..."
:::: According to "his" article - ],
:::: and author of the , cited more than enough in .
:::: Regarding to your claims: we may like or no what such author writes & proves, but our role isn't a censorship, but only a mirror one. :::: --] (]) 21:03, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

:::::I love the way people start crying "censorship" when somebody explains why their favored site isn't a ]. It's not censorship, so get over it. It's also probably not a reliable source for facts. See ]. —&nbsp;]&nbsp;<sup>]</sup>/<sub>]</sub> 21:36, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
:This is an NGO article by an Academic. This might be POV, but this is certainly reliable. We have the same issue with the ] as with JCPA.] (]) 10:12, 23 July 2015 (UTC)
::He is not a historian, and he was published by an advocacy website. If you genuinely believe this is reliable, open a thread at WP:RSN. ] (]) 13:36, 25 July 2015 (UTC)

== "Rise of antisemitism in the Middle East and North Africa" ==

Greyshark added a section break with the POV title "Rise of antisemitism in the Middle East and North Africa"

Please provide WP:RS supporting this title in relation to this article. This is a complex and sensitive topic. You may believe that anti-semitism drove the exodus, but that is only one point of view, and is a propagandistic oversimplification not held by serious scholars of the exodus in the various regions.

] (]) 00:30, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
:In addition to the multiple sources previously removed from this article by POV editors, i would like to add for instance a review by Prof. Carol Basri, who writes "This lengthy discussion is necessary due to the lack of general knowledge of who the Jewish refugees were, why they left Arab countries, and how their rights were violated. Further, the long exposition on the dhimmitude is critical to showing the history of religious tension and discriminatory treatment that laid the groundwork for later Nazi propaganda and religion-based discriminatory legislation." She clearly refers to the Dhimmi status and the Nazi propaganda as a background to the exodus of Jewish refugees.] (]) 10:15, 23 July 2015 (UTC)
:: is certainly a little bit too much involved to be reliable. More, her use of the concept of ], which is highly controversial, gives her even less credit.
::I'd rather agree with Onceawhile here : ''" is a complex and sensitive topic a propagandistic oversimplification."''
::We should avoid this topic and if not, deal this with the highest care and with the best wp:rs sources. ] (]) 21:28, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

== WP:BRD ==

{{u|Averysoda}}, perhaps you don't understand how WP:BRD works.

Since you have added back today's large and undiscussed edits, the ] is now on you to support what you have added. Please answer all the issues and concerns on the edit raised above. If you are unwilling or unable, your blind support for these additions will be reverted.

] (]) 00:32, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
:You reverted good content about the Iraqi farhud and the fact that "of the 900,000 Jews who left Arab and other Muslim countries, 600,000 settled in the new state of Israel, and 300,000 in France and the United States." Try not to destroy everything when you revert, specially when it is supported by reliable sources.--] (]) 00:37, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
::No, the Farhud comment was one-sided - read the thread opened just above this. If you don't know what you are reverting, join the discussion. We are not in a rush here.
::What is worse that reverting an 80% bad and 20% good edit? Re-reverting an 80% bad and 20% good edit.
::] (]) 00:40, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
:::Then stop reverting and start gaining consensus. Greyshark09 is an experienced, neutral and honest editor who doesn't have a political position about this subject like you and me (or many other users). I'm sure most of his content is very well sourced and precise. Lower your speed.--] (]) 00:44, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
::::I don't think you have read ] have you. ] (]) 00:45, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
:::::Or WP:BRD for that matter. It is not called WP:BRRD. ] (]) 00:47, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
::::::Note also that your comment "I'm sure most of his content is very well sourced and precise" is proof of the "blind" nature of your revert. ] (]) 00:48, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
:::::::You made a blind revert. I'm satisfied if the uncontroversial points stay in the article. The rest is up to Greyshark09 and you. I'm sure he can explain his edits better than me.--] (]) 00:51, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
::::::::Nope. I made a detailed analysis and concluded that the vast majority of the edits made by Greyshark need discussion. Proof of this is in the threads above. You are apparently unable to contribute to a single one. If you are not willing to enter into discussion to support your edits, then don't edit the article at all. ] (]) 00:56, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
:::::::::Again, make sure you don't remove any uncontroversial information. Try to make constructive edits and fix problems instead of destroying everything.--] (]) 01:03, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
{{od|:::::::::}}Another blind revert, this time from {{u|Plot Spoiler}}.

Plot Spoiler, since you have added back these large and undiscussed edits, the ] is now on you to support what you have added. Please answer all the issues and concerns on the edit raised above. If you are unwilling or unable, your blind support for these additions will be reverted.

] (]) 14:17, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
] - when you are editing against the community consensus (multiple examples above) - this is the true violation of WP:BRD. I remind you that you are warned for ARBPIA sanctions, so edit-warring (even if slow) might get you into trouble, no matter how much wikilawyering you are trying to utilize to insert your edits or removing entire sections for POV reasons.] (]) 10:18, 23 July 2015 (UTC)
:Thank you for taking the time to explain your edits, two weeks after you made them. Unfortunately, a number of your positions remain factually incorrect. ] (]) 13:34, 25 July 2015 (UTC)

==Edit conflict==

Another user and I appear to have clicked simultaneously. The article fails to cover widely-publicized disappearances/killings of Jews attempting to emigrate from Iran. as here: ] (]) 17:03, 28 July 2015 (UTC)


The North African countries of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia also saw periodic waves of anti-Jewish riots including mass killings, but they were less intensive and with fewer casualties because of the better protection offered by the French authorities, who were engaged in their own conflict with the Arabs. However, many testimonies express fears of sudden deterioration that were reinforced by developments in other Arab countries and in the Arab-Israeli conflict.
In an article about the better part of a million people, there has to be a damn good reason to devote a large paragraph to a handful of people whose fate is unclear. And unclear it is. All that happened is that an Israeli agency not known for dedication to the truth claimed to have information from an unnamed source, and even the claim is vague : "The statement did not detail when or where the eight were killed or by whom." As the NYT article makes clear, it is very dangerous to illegally cross those borders "The frontier with Pakistan, in particular, is treacherous territory for a stranger, with tourists and others -- including many Bahais from Iran -- disappearing in kidnappings." And "If they were behind bars, the men would be in the company of thousands of Muslims and other Iranians who have also been apprehended while fleeing the country." Actually the groups who smuggle people across the border for money are the same groups that supply Iran's enormous drug problem. Of course it is very dangerous and there is no indication that the fate of these people was related to the fact that they were Jews or that they wanted to go to Israel. As well as that, statements about Iran made by the Israeli government without external collaboration are highly suspect. The significance of this incident to this article is negligible. ]<sup><small>]</small></sup> 03:54, 29 July 2015 (UTC)
'
:I think the issue is not so much these 10-11 people, in particular (and agree that the specific individuals need not be named in the article), but about current Iranian polices towards Jewish emmigration, and these people are just one an illustrative example. The general policies of Iran are certainly notable and relevant to this article, and have been covered by mainstream reliable sources. Accordingly, I am inserting a revised version of the material, sourced to the '']''. ] (]) 22:42, 31 July 2015 (UTC)


This should be edited for neutrality and fidelity to the source. ] (]) 15:27, 8 October 2024 (UTC)
::I reverted your edit because it was almost entirely copied and pasted from the ''New York Times'' article in violation of ]. And the little bit of original content was unsupported and vague ("currently"). —&nbsp;]&nbsp;<sup>]</sup>/<sub>]</sub> 04:43, 1 August 2015 (UTC)
:{{not done}}:<!-- Template:EEp --> this is not an uncontroversial improvement. ] (]) 12:08, 22 October 2024 (UTC)
::Your statement above (" it was almost entirely copied and pasted") is false , as is your edit summary. However, to stop this kind of wiki-lawyering , I will rewrite this sentence completely. Your editing here, both with this revert and your previous ] addition of the ludicrous "not in English" tag is disruptive. ] (]) 16:34, 7 August 2015 (UTC)


==Lost property estimates== == discussion ==


see discussion at ]. I wonder if this article should have another move request. ''']'''<span style="border:2px solid #073642;background:rgb(255,156,0);background:linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255,156,0,1) 0%, rgba(147,0,255,1) 45%, rgba(4,123,134,1) 87%);">]</span> 18:35, 21 October 2024 (UTC)
In the article published by Ynet, Dr. Adam Reuter cites an estimate according to which "the lost property of Palestinians who became refugees following the War of 1948 amounts to about 60 percent of the property lost by Jews expelled from Arab states." If there is no policy based arguemnts I want to add this claim to the property estimates section of this article.] (]) 19:49, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
: I do not know much about this, but who is Adam Reuter and why is this comparison to Palestinian refugees being made? One can simply talk about the property claims of Jews who left. A scholarly source is preferred, since this is almost 70 years old, someone must have discussed property claims. ]&nbsp;]] 20:28, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
:: Adam Reuter is some businessman who wrote an article, not a recognised expert. He writes "according to one estimate" without saying who made the estimate, at which time, whether it refers to original value or value today, etc etc. In other words it is essentially useless and doesn't belong here. Michael Fischbach's detailed published studies would be a far far better source. ]<sup><small>]</small></sup> 22:08, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
::: I have removed the Adam Reuter source for now. There are other estimates in the "Property Claims" section which are suspect as well, but I don't have time to touch them for now. ]&nbsp;]] 22:57, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
:Adam Retuter was the the chief dealer of the Bank of Israel at the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE); chairman of the investment committee of the study funds of the employees of the Bank of Israel; chairman of the investment committee of the Edmund de Rothschild Bank in Israel ; deputy chairman of the investment committee of Menorah Insurance; external director for various banks' provident funds and mutual funds. Founder of the first Israeli hedge fund, "Livlov Hasigalon". Holds an MBA and a PhD in business administration with a concentration on financing, and an undergraduate degree in economics. Licensed by the Israel Securities Authority to manage investment portfolios. Author of "The Bonds Book" and "Financial Risks Management" - both used as textbooks in their respective fields. Ynetnews is per WP:RS reliable secondary source. His claim regarding the value of property was properly sourced to him and he clearly has expertise from property value estimation. His articles regarding different economic estimates are widely cited by Globes, Ynetnews, Jpost etc. ] (]) 05:10, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
:: Not a historian or expert on Arab economies then. Glad you cleared that up. Besides, it doesn't matter: he writes "according to one estimate" without saying who made the estimate, at which time, whether it refers to original value or value today, etc etc. There is nothing at all in the article about Reuter having estimated anything, it is just commentary about things that aren't identified. ]<sup><small>]</small></sup> 05:17, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
:: {{re|Tritomex}} What is the point of asking on the talk page, if you are going to ignore it and add it anyway? As discussed above, the author is not an expert in the area (which would be history). Being a dealer on the Israeli stock exchange is not a qualification for making historical estimates, and he does not make estimates, just states some estimates (he doesn't say from where). With a historical event 70 years old, surely one can find better sources than a newspaper article written by a stock exchange dealer. Kindly remove this and get consensus. I can't remove this right now because of ]. ]&nbsp;]] 07:21, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
:: {{re|Kingsindian}} The subject I asked on talk page was not the sentence you removed. This are not historical estimates as this property value has been estimated in modern currency at current time and I am not sure that an academic historian would be better source, than a widely cited economist on this matter. Beside this, his claim was attributed to him, not presented as a kind of conclusion. I can agree with Zeero regarding the second part, namely that the comparison made between Palestinian property loss and Jewish property loss needs identification of source before/if it can be added. This was my question and not whether Reuter has qualifications to make estimates regarding property value or whether Ynet is reliable source, as the answer on both question is obvious. ] (]) 10:22, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
::: {{re|Tritomex}} Perhaps you only asked about part of the material you added (which still remains by the way), but I and {{noping|Zero0000}} are objecting to the whole material. Reuter is not published for his estimates of the Jewish property losses, he wrote a book on something else entirely. He is not even referring to his own research on this matter, but quoting some estimates (not mentioned exactly which). You may have your own opinion about whether he is qualified or not, but as seen above, you do not have consensus to add this. Kindly get consensus first, per ], perhaps by using an ] or some other method. ]&nbsp;]] 10:32, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
:{{re|Kingsindian}}No it has not remained. I did not revert that part. What is your policy based argument to withhold an opinion of widely cited Israeli economic expert who holds an MBA and a PhD from economic sciences? He is maybe biased or Pro-Israeli, yet his views/estimates are just his views, not less reliable than the estimates made by others in that section and are properly attributed to him. He is one of the most prominent Israeli economist who regularly wrrites regarding economic aspects of Israeli-Palestinian conflict in numerous journals. Also, his estimates are published by reliable secondary source.--] (]) 10:43, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
:: {{re|Tritomex}} Sorry about my mistake about the claim about the part remaining. Regarding the rest, the policy based reason for not including this is given above: ]. It is incumbent on the person adding material to find consensus for adding material. Just because someone states something in a reliable source does not mean it should be included in a WP article. I have given my reasons as to why I don't think it should be included and won't repeat them. I suggest you get wider consensus, if you wish to add this. ]&nbsp;]] 11:01, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
:Consensus is not based on the numbers of those pro/contra nor on being just against adding WP:RS on the subject stated here. This is ]. There are no plicy based argeuments against adding Reuter views on the subject which this articles cover.--] (]) 17:23, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
::Yes there are policy based arguments. You need to show that Reuter (not Ynet) is a reliable source for information about the exodus. ] (]) 17:25, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
:{{re|Oncenawhile}}Ynetnews is widely used as WP:RS in hundreds of Misplaced Pages articles. So is Haaretz, New York Times and many other similar secondary sources. Reuter views are not presented as "universal truth" or "facts" but are representing his estimates and in this way ] applies. Also he does not make historic evaluation of exodus. However as you have policy based argument I can eventfully ask uninvolved editors about the reliability of sources used.--] (]) 17:38, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

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On 26 February 2024, it was proposed that this article be moved to Jewish expulsion and flight from the Muslim world. The result of the discussion was not moved.

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  • History of the Jews in Iraq, Farhud, Baghdad Arabic (Jewish), Lishanid Noshan, Lishana Deni, Jewish exodus from Arab lands, music of Iraq, Operation Ezra and Nehemiah, Religion in Iraq, Baghdadi Jews, Alphascript, 2009
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OCLC 497912591, ISBN 9786130030636.

Quick Grammar error/Typo

1. Could an authorised editor please make the following 2/1 character correction in the article lede? Sentence currently flips "direction" in its final third -- jarring for native English speakers. Thanks in advance.

NOW: "In total, of the 900,000 Jews who left Arab and other Muslim countries, 600,000 settled in the new state of Israel, and 300,000 immigrated to France and the United States."

BETTER AS: "~ 300,000 emigrated ~" Tom Segev's quote (footnote 300)

2. "if a man as well connected and powerful as Shafiq Ades could he eliminated by the state" - change "he" to "be"

2024 Jewish population of Yemen

Yemenite Jews says:

> As of 2024, only 5 Jew remained in Yemen, with one of them being Levi Marhabi.

Cites: https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sj7dfbxic

The population table should be updated accordingly. Miraj31415 (talk) 05:42, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

In 2024 6 Jews were living in Yemen; 1 has died now there are five left alive Cite https://www.jewishrefugees.org.uk/2024/06/muslims-bury-one-of-the-last-jews-in-yemen.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:6010:BB00:288B:E920:DB09:63B3:522A (talk) 12:58, 23 July 2024 (UTC)

Lybian Jews

In the paragraph about Lybia, it might be of interest to provide information on the number of Arabic-speaking and Italian-speaking Jews. Andrea Domenici, Pisa, Italy 188.217.54.52 (talk) 12:48, 18 August 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 8 October 2024

This edit request has been answered. Set the |answered= or |ans= parameter to no to reactivate your request.

Change the second line of the opening paragraph to my suggestion, or another appropriately neutral phrasing

My suggested phraseology is:

'In the 20th century, approximately 900,000 Jews migrated, fled, or were expelled from Muslim-majority countries throughout Africa and Asia. Involving push factors, such as antisemitism, and pull factors, such as the appeal of the newly created state of Israel, the mass movement mainly transpired from 1948 to the early 1970s, with one final exodus of Iranian Jews occurring shortly after the Islamic Revolution in 1979–1980.'


The reason for this edit request is as follows:

The opening paragraph of this page says that the exodus was 'Primarily a consequence of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War,' and is supported by a citation to Avi Beker's 2005 THE FORGOTTEN NARRATIVE: JEWISH REFUGEES FROM ARAB COUNTRIES. There are two problems with this:

The way it is currently phrased suggests that the expulsion of the Jews from the Arab world was the result of the war (And seems to allign with the 'popular' narrative that Jewish expulsion from the Middle East was a response to Palestinian expulsion in the 1948 war), and even implies that it was retributive. But even if this was the case these Jews are not responsible for what happened in Israel, and therefore their being held responsible is not a result of the war but a result of antisemitism.


The second problem is that this isn't what Beker writes in this paper (his claim is that push factors contributing to Jewish exodus began before 1948). He writes:

' In a few years, Jewish communities that had existed in the Middle East for more than 2,500 years were brutally expelled or had to run for their lives. The statements made in the UN were harbingers of what became a total collapse of these Jews' security. Following the Partition Resolution of November 1947, and in some countries even earlier during World War II, Middle Eastern Jews were the targets of official and popular incitement, state-legislated discrimination, and pogroms -- again, all this before the massive flight of the Arabs from Palestine.


In Syria, anti-Semitism grew after the Nazis' rise to power in Germany. By the late 1930s, Syria already served as a headquarters for anti-Semitism and hosted Nazi officers. By 1945 the thirty thousand Syrian Jews already faced restrictions on emigration to Israel and some of their property was burned and looted, including the Great Synagogue in Damascus. In December 1947 there was a major pogrom against the Jews of Aleppo, the largest community with seventeen thousand; many were killed and seven thousand fled. Jewish bank accounts in the city were frozen and private property was confiscated; fifty shops, eighteen synagogues, and five schools were burned. Later, after Israel's founding, more Syrian Jews were killed and banks were instructed to freeze all Jewish accounts.

In Yemen, Jews were always treated as second-class citizens. As far back as the 1880s, 2,500 Jews moved from there to Jerusalem and Jaffa, and as conditions worsened another seventeen thousand left to Aden and Palestine between 1923-1945. Riots and massacres also occurred in Aden, which was in British-controlled Yemen. In three days of disturbances in December 1947, many Jews were killed and the Jewish quarter was burned to the ground, so that the community lost its business and economic base. Altogether in those three days, 82 Jews were killed, 106 shops looted out of 170,220 houses destroyed, and four synagogues gutted.

The Iraqi Jews' condition deteriorated parallel to the rise of Nazism in Germany. Nazi ideology pervaded Iraqi society including the school curricula, which praised Hitler for his anti-Jewish policy and called the Iraqi Jews a fifth column. Hundreds of Jews were forced out of their civil service jobs in the 1930s, and during the 1936 Arab evolt in Palestine, Jews were terrorized and murdered in Baghdad.

That year the Chief Rabbi of Iraq, Sassoon Khaddouri, was forced to issue a statement denying any connection between Iraqi Jews and the Zionist movement, and in 1938 thirty-three Jewish leaders cabled to the League of Nations a strong condemnation of Zionism.18

The worst, however, came in June 1941 with the Farhud, a pro Nazi uprising against the Jews. Beginning on the Shavuot holiday, in two days incited mobs murdered two hundred Jews, wounded over two thousand, looted more than nine hundred homes, and damaged shops and warehouses.

The Partition Resolution of November 1947 found Iraq's Jews in a state of fear. There had already been riots in the two preceding years, and Jewish children were no longer accepted in government schools. In May and again in December 1947, Jews were accused of poisoning sweets for Arab children and trying to inject cholera germs in drinking water. In 1948, Zionism was declared a crime, 1,500 Jews were dismissed from public service, and Jewish banks lost their authorization.


Many Jews were imprisoned and some hanged on the same "charge"; in 1948 the richest Jew in Iraq, Shafiq Adas, received the death penalty for "Zionist and communist crimes." His execution by hanging was a clear message that Jews had no future in the country.20 Again in 1949, numerous Jews were injured in a new wave of riots. Hence, the evacuation of more than one hundred thousand Jews to Israel between 1949-1951 was precipitated by Iraqi anti-Semitism and echoed the calls of Iraqi leaders for expulsion and population exchange.

A similar wave of persecution took place in Egypt and Libya, where in 1945 there were riots and massacres of hundreds of Jews, with destruction of synagogues and other communal buildings. This recurred in 1948 with the arrest of thousands in Egypt, and deadly attacks in both countries along with synagogue burnings and confiscation of both communal and private property.

The North African countries of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia also saw periodic waves of anti-Jewish riots including mass killings, but they were less intensive and with fewer casualties because of the better protection offered by the French authorities, who were engaged in their own conflict with the Arabs. However, many testimonies express fears of sudden deterioration that were reinforced by developments in other Arab countries and in the Arab-Israeli conflict. '

This should be edited for neutrality and fidelity to the source. HealthyBias (talk) 15:27, 8 October 2024 (UTC)

 Not done: this is not an uncontroversial improvement. M.Bitton (talk) 12:08, 22 October 2024 (UTC)

discussion

see discussion at Talk:1948_Arab–Israeli_War#"Jewish_exodus_from_Muslim_world"_due_for_lede?. I wonder if this article should have another move request. Andre🚐 18:35, 21 October 2024 (UTC)

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