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{{more citations needed|date=October 2019}}
'''Panicker''' (sometimes Panikkar) is an ]n title or last name used by members of various communities in the state of ]. The ] community of Kerala, particularly central and northern region, by virtue of their past traditional occupation as teachers of a martial art (]) are commonly known as Panicker. Some members of the ] and ] castes in the ] religion and also some Christians from the ], ] and ] churches also hold this last name.
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Panicker''' was an honorary title conferred by the King of ] in Kerala to distinguished individuals. This title was given to prominent ], ]s, ]s and ]s.<ref name="Osella50">{{cite book |last1=Osella |first1=Filippo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMRw0gTZSJwC&pg=PA50 |title=Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict |last2=Osella |first2=Caroline |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7453-1693-2 |pages=55}}</ref>


==Etymology== == History ==
]
The word ''Panicker'' was derived from the ] word ''Parinayaka'' meaning 'captain of warriors'. It was a title bestowed on Kalari masters in Kerala, who were known as the ]. They were traditional astrologer caste men of Kerala, particularly from the central region of the state.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} The ''Dravidian Etymological Dictionary'', entry number 3884, considers the word Panikkan as a word of Dravidian etymology, deriving from the Dravidian root word ''Pani'', meaning service, work etc. Panikkan could mean a person who commands as well as one who serves. The ''DED'' traces cognates of the word ''Panikkan'' in twelve Dravidian languages, besides Malayalam.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}
Kalaris in Kerala were established during different periods. The formation of Kerala is interlinked with the story of ]. It is believed that Parashurama established 108 kalaris across Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Keralolpathi (The origin of Malabar)}}</ref> Several kalaris were established during the reign of ''Kulasekharas''.<ref name=":1" /> In the 12th century towards the end of Perumal era, the present state of Kerala was divided into small autonomous provinces called ''Nadus'' and ruled by its Kings. During the ''Kulasekhara'' rule and later the kings of ''Nadus'' brought in warriors from ].


The Portuguese traveller ] said that "They are the skillful men who teach this art <nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, and they are called the Panickers: these are the captains in war."<ref>{{cite book | title = Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour | author = Lord Egerton of Tatton| publisher = Courier Dover Publications | year = 2002| page = 80}}</ref> The Portuguese traveller ] said that "''They are the skillful men who teach this art ], and they are called the Panickers: these are the captains in war."''<ref>{{cite book | title = Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour | author = Lord Egerton of Tatton| publisher = Courier Dover Publications | year = 2002| page = 80}}</ref> In Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India it, is given that "The teachers of martial arts in order to distinguish themselves from other Panikkars, named themselves as Vanma, Varma Panikkars, Other titles include a middle name of "Kalarikkal" (literally, ''<nowiki/>'of the kalari')'' generally following the name of the respective 'kalari' to which he/she belongs to.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Nossiter, T. J. (Thomas Johnson)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9602086|title=Communism in Kerala : a study in political adaptation|date=1982|publisher=University of California Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London|others=Royal Institute of International Affairs.|isbn=0-520-04667-6|location=Berkeley|oclc=9602086}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Panikkar|first=K. M.|date=July 1918|title=Some Aspects of Nayar Life.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2843423|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=48|pages=242–248|doi=10.2307/2843423|jstor=2843423|issn=0307-3114}}</ref>


Kalari Panicker is a different caste in Kerala and should not be confused with ] panicker. The National Commission of Backward Classes lists Kalari Panicker under the list of ].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvX4YwLqUBC2NUPs1mZbhKbP42N%2bXtmvwb%2bHm6V1GqYkr6sDSgvI%2fSb|title=National Commission for Backward Classes}}</ref>
==Spelling==

Following the current conventions for Romanising Malayalam without ] marks, the name would be "Panikkar". However, Panikker, Panicker, Panickar, Paniker, Panikar, Panniker, Pannikavannar and possibly other variants are to be found.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
=== Meloot Panicker ===
"Meloot is a prominent varma family in ] (descendant of Chera dynasty ). During their dynasty period, the Meloot family branched themselves into two formations - Ruling authority and Military authority. Henceforth the military authority Meloot Varmas were acknowledged as Panickers (warrior) and upheld the kingdom's shield and administration.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Thampuran .|first=Ramavarma Appan|title=Bhootharayar|year=1923|pages=86–127}}</ref> Varmas received principal royalty status from The Kingdom of Travancore Since 1827 for their service . They are chiefly known as Meloot Varma Panickers or Meloot Panickers."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sreedhara Menon, A.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/426093919|title=A survey of Kerala history|date=2007|publisher=D C Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|location=Kerala State, India|oclc=426093919}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> At present, Kalaripayattu is not practiced or followed in some of the Meloot families, yet they keep their tradition and heritage very close to them.


==Notable people== ==Notable people==
*], 19th Century Warrior and Social Reformer.
* ] * ], Malayalam poet and prominent social reformer
⚫ * ]
* ] * ], film producer and actor
* ] * ], poet
* ], Army head of Zamorin
* ]
* ] * ], literary figure
* ] (1895–1963), statesman and diplomat, professor, newspaper editor, historian and novelist
* ] (born 1936), historian
* ] (born M. R. Ramakrishna Panicker), writer
* ], diplomat and writer
⚫ * ], dramatist, theater director, and poet
* ], zoologist
* ], former General Secretary and President of the ]
* ], father of the Library Movement
* ], cricket journalist
* ]: Title held by the Padanair( head of army) from Puthumana family<ref name="localnews.manoramaonline.com">{{Cite web|url=https://localnews.manoramaonline.com/kozhikode/local-news/2019/11/05/kozhikode-mamangam.html|title=മാമാങ്കം: ചോര കൊണ്ടെഴുതിയ വീരചരിത്രങ്ങൾ; പോരാട്ടം, മരണം വരെ|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref>
* Chandroth Panicker: Title held by the Padanair from Chandroth family, 15-year-old boy warrior chandroth chanthunni hailed from chandroth family<ref name="localnews.manoramaonline.com" />
* Kokat Panicker: Title held by the Padanair from Kokat family<ref name="localnews.manoramaonline.com" />
* Verkot Panicker: Title held by the Padanair from Verkot family<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kerals.com/keralatourism/kerala.php?t=83| website = Kerals.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110019/http://kerals.com/keralatourism/kerala.php?t=83|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-04|title= Festivals in Ancient Kerala: Mamankam |date=2016-03-04|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref>
* ], entrepreneur, president and co-founder of Embrace Innovations
* ], journalist, script writer, producer, actor, and director
* Niranam poets:
** ], one of the Niranam poets
** ], one of the Niranam poets
** ], one of the Niranam poets

See also ]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

{{surname}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 09:34, 25 December 2024

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Panicker was an honorary title conferred by the King of Travancore in Kerala to distinguished individuals. This title was given to prominent Nair, Saint Thomas Christians, Kaniyars and Ezhavas.

History

A present-day Kalari in Aloor, Thrissur, Kerala (Aloor Kalari)

Kalaris in Kerala were established during different periods. The formation of Kerala is interlinked with the story of Parashurama. It is believed that Parashurama established 108 kalaris across Kerala. Several kalaris were established during the reign of Kulasekharas. In the 12th century towards the end of Perumal era, the present state of Kerala was divided into small autonomous provinces called Nadus and ruled by its Kings. During the Kulasekhara rule and later the kings of Nadus brought in warriors from Tulu Nadu.

The Portuguese traveller Duarte Barbosa said that "They are the skillful men who teach this art Kalarippayattu, and they are called the Panickers: these are the captains in war." In Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India it, is given that "The teachers of martial arts in order to distinguish themselves from other Panikkars, named themselves as Vanma, Varma Panikkars, Other titles include a middle name of "Kalarikkal" (literally, 'of the kalari') generally following the name of the respective 'kalari' to which he/she belongs to.

Kalari Panicker is a different caste in Kerala and should not be confused with Nair panicker. The National Commission of Backward Classes lists Kalari Panicker under the list of OBCs.

Meloot Panicker

"Meloot is a prominent varma family in kerala (descendant of Chera dynasty ). During their dynasty period, the Meloot family branched themselves into two formations - Ruling authority and Military authority. Henceforth the military authority Meloot Varmas were acknowledged as Panickers (warrior) and upheld the kingdom's shield and administration. Varmas received principal royalty status from The Kingdom of Travancore Since 1827 for their service . They are chiefly known as Meloot Varma Panickers or Meloot Panickers." At present, Kalaripayattu is not practiced or followed in some of the Meloot families, yet they keep their tradition and heritage very close to them.

Notable people

See also Panikkar

References

  1. Osella, Filippo; Osella, Caroline (2000). Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict. Pluto Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7453-1693-2.
  2. Keralolpathi (The origin of Malabar).
  3. ^ Thampuran ., Ramavarma Appan (1923). Bhootharayar. pp. 86–127.
  4. Lord Egerton of Tatton (2002). Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour. Courier Dover Publications. p. 80.
  5. Nossiter, T. J. (Thomas Johnson) (1982). Communism in Kerala : a study in political adaptation. Royal Institute of International Affairs. Berkeley: University of California Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London. ISBN 0-520-04667-6. OCLC 9602086.
  6. Panikkar, K. M. (July 1918). "Some Aspects of Nayar Life". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 48: 242–248. doi:10.2307/2843423. ISSN 0307-3114. JSTOR 2843423.
  7. "National Commission for Backward Classes".
  8. Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). A survey of Kerala history. Kerala State, India: D C Books. ISBN 978-81-264-1578-6. OCLC 426093919.
  9. ^ "മാമാങ്കം: ചോര കൊണ്ടെഴുതിയ വീരചരിത്രങ്ങൾ; പോരാട്ടം, മരണം വരെ". ManoramaOnline (in Malayalam). Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  10. "Festivals in Ancient Kerala: Mamankam". Kerals.com. 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
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