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| {{Short description|Essential oil distilled from lavender flower spikes}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| '''Lavender oil''' is an ] obtained by ] from the flower spikes of certain species of ]. Two forms are distinguished, ''lavender flower oil'', a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 g/mL; and ''lavender spike oil'', a distillate from the herb '']'', having density 0.905 g/mL. Like all essential oils, it is not a pure ]; it is a complex mixture of naturally occurring ], including ] and ]. Kashmir Lavender oil is famous for being produced from lavender at the foothills of the Himalayas. France, traditionally has been surpassed by Bulgaria and as of 2011, the biggest producer in the world is ].<ref>, China Post, 14 July 2011</ref> | |||
| '''Lavender oil''' is an ] obtained by ] from the flower spikes of certain species of ]. There are over 400 types of lavender worldwide with different scents and qualities. Two forms of lavender oil are distinguished, ''lavender flower oil'', a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 g/mL; and ''lavender spike oil'', a distillate from the herb '']'', having a density of 0.905 g/mL. Like all essential oils, it is not a pure ]; it is a complex mixture of ]s, including ] and ]. | |||
| == Uses == | |||
| Lavender oil has long been used in the production of ].<ref>N. Groom. New Perfume Handbook. Springer Science & Business Media, 1997 ISBN 9780751404036</ref>{{rp|184–186}} | |||
| ==Production== | |||
| It is used in ] but there is little evidence that it does anything.<ref name=NCCAM>National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Last updated March 2008. </ref> | |||
| Pure lavender essential oil is produced through ].<ref name="LavBook" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Health (U.S.) |first1=National Institute of |title=Digest of Comments on The Pharmacopœia of the United States of America and on the National Formulary for the Calendar Year ... 1905-1922 |year=1919 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfFReCRbKs8C&q=lavender+oil+steam+distillation&pg=PA345 |language=en}}</ref> This generates a greater amount of oil compared to other methods due to reduction of polar compound loss.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005-06-01|title=Cleaner production of essential oils by steam distillation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=833–839 |doi= 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.039 |issn=0959-6526 |last1=Masango |first1=Phineas | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref> Harvest of lavender blooms is typically between late June and August.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simmons |first1=Adelma Grenier |title=Country wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths |year=1989 |publisher=Rodale Press |isbn=978-0-87857-792-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lT_o0nNL1LgC&q=lavender+june+harvest |language=en}}</ref> The cut lavender flowers and stems are compacted into a lavender still. A boiler is then used to steam the bottom of the lavender flower filled still at a very low pressure.<ref name="LavBook">{{cite book |last1=Lis-Balchin |first1=Maria |title=Lavender: The Genus Lavandula |date=August 2002 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-203-21652-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmvkY60iESkC&q=lavender+still+steam&pg=PA106 |language=en}}</ref> The lavender flower pockets containing oil are broken from this heating process and a pipe of cold water is run through the center of the still.<ref name="LavBook" /> The hot lavender oil vapor condenses on the cold pipe with the cold water and is collected into a holding tank where it is allowed to settle.<ref name="LavBook" /> Due to polarity and densities of the water and oil, these two will separate in the holding tank whereupon the water is piped out, leaving just lavender essential oil.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chanamai R, Horn G, McClements DJ | title = Influence of oil polarity on droplet growth in oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a weakly adsorbing biopolymer or a nonionic surfactant | journal = Journal of Colloid and Interface Science | volume = 247 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–76 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 16290453 | doi = 10.1006/jcis.2001.8110 | bibcode = 2002JCIS..247..167C }}</ref> | |||
| Lavender oil is produced around the world, with Bulgaria, France and China leading its production.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mihala|first=Lorelei|date=2020-07-30|title=Bulgarian lavender: The sweet smell of success|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53493550|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giray |first1=Handan |title=An Analysis of World Lavender Oil Markets and Lessons for Turkey |journal=Journal of Essential Oil-bearing Plants |date=November 2018 |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=1612–1623 |doi=10.1080/0972060X.2019.1574612 |s2cid=107300743 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331664982}}</ref> | |||
| Oil of spike lavender was used as a ] in oil painting, mainly before the use of distilled turpentine became common.<ref>"Solvent", pp 605-606 in The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art, edited by Gerald W. R. Ward. Oxford University Press, 2008 ISBN 9780195313918</ref> | |||
| == |
==Uses== | ||
| Lavender oil has been used as a ], ], and ],<ref>{{cite book | vauthors =Groom N |title=The New Perfume Handbook |date=1997 |publisher=Blackie Academic & Professional |isbn=978-0-7514-0403-6 |edition=2nd}}</ref>{{rp|184–186}} but these uses have no clinical benefit.<ref name=nccih/> Lavender oil is used in ] as a way of inducing relaxation through direct skin contact, although ]s may occur.<ref name=nccih/> There is no good evidence to support the use of lavender oil for treating ].<ref name=dement>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ball EL, Owen-Booth B, Gray A, Shenkin SD, Hewitt J, McCleery J |title=Aromatherapy for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue= 8|pages=CD003150 |date=August 2020 |pmid=32813272 |pmc=7437395 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003150.pub3 |type=Meta-analysis}}</ref> | |||
| Small clinical studies of Silexan, an oral preparation of lavender oil, have been found it may be useful for alleviating low-level anxiety and sleep disorders.<ref name=NCCAM/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kasper S |title=An orally administered lavandula oil preparation (Silexan) for anxiety disorder and related conditions: an evidence based review |journal=Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract |volume=17 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=15–22 |year=2013 |pmid=23808618 |doi=10.3109/13651501.2013.813555 |type=Review}}</ref> | |||
| A 2021 ] included five studies of people with ]. All five studies were funded by the manufacturers of the lavender oil ] used, four of them were conducted by one author of the meta-analysis,<ref name="von">{{Cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=von Känel |first1=Roland |last2=Kasper |first2=Siegfried |last3=Bondolfi |first3=Guido |last4=Holsboer-Trachsler |first4=Edith |last5=Hättenschwiler |first5=Josef |last6=Hatzinger |first6=Martin |last7=Imboden |first7=Christian |last8=Heitlinger |first8=Ellen |last9=Seifritz |first9=Erich |date=2021-04-11 |title=Therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis |journal=Brain and Behavior |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e01997 |doi=10.1002/brb3.1997 |issn=2162-3279 |pmc=8035468 |pmid=33638614}}</ref> and ] was not clear.<ref name="Generoso">{{cite journal | last1=Generoso | first1=Marcelo B. | last2=Soares | first2=Amanda | last3=Taiar | first3=Ivan T. | last4=Cordeiro | first4=Quirino | last5=Shiozawa | first5=Pedro | title=Lavender Oil Preparation (Silexan) for Treating Anxiety | journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume=37 | issue=1 | year=2017 | issn=1533-712X | pmid=27861196 | doi=10.1097/jcp.0000000000000615 | pages=115–117| s2cid=42697028 }}</ref> In this analysis, an oral 80 mg dose of lavender oil per day was associated with reduced anxiety scores on the ].<ref name=von/> According to the ], the effectiveness of using oral lavender oil for treating anxiety remains undetermined due to the limitations of these studies.<ref name="nccih">{{cite web |title=Lavender |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/lavender |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=1 July 2022 |date=1 August 2020}}</ref> | |||
| Lavender oil has been implicated in prepubertal ], the abnormal development of breasts in pre-adolescent boys.<ref name=Henley2010>{{cite journal|author=Henley DV, Korach KS|title=Physiological effects and mechanisms of action of endocrine disrupting chemicals that alter estrogen signaling|journal=Hormones|volume=9|issue=3|pages=191–205|date=July 2010|pmid=20688617|url=http://www.hormones.gr/691/article/article.html|doi=10.14310/horm.2002.1270}}</ref> | |||
| Oil of spike lavender was used as a ] in ], mainly before the use of distilled ] became common.<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Ward GW |title=The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-531391-8 | pages = 605–606 }}</ref> | |||
| == Composition == | |||
| The primary components of lavender oil are ] (51%) and ] (35%).<ref>A. Prashar, I. C. Locke, C. S. Evans (2004). Cytotoxicity of lavender oil and its major components to human skin cells. Cell Proliferation 37 (3), 221–229.</ref> Other components include ], ], 1,8-], ''cis''- and ''trans''-], ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| The composition of lavender essential oil as obtained by ]: | |||
| ==Possible adverse effects== | |||
| {| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" border="1" | |||
| Although lavender oil is ] for its intended uses,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sec. 182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates) |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=182.20 |access-date=24 March 2022 |publisher=FDA}}</ref> it is a potential ] that may affect breast development in children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endocrine disruptors |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm|date=2 June 2023 |access-date=5 July 2023 |publisher=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| Many essential oils, including lavender oil, can be poisonous if swallowed.<ref name="mlp">{{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002711.htm|date=13 November 2021 | title = Lavender oil |publisher = MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health | access-date =9 January 2020 | quote = Poisonous ingredient: It is mainly the linalyl acetate and linalool in lavender oil that are poisonous.}}</ref><ref name="lee">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee KA, Harnett JE, Cairns R | title = Essential oil exposures in Australia: analysis of cases reported to the NSW Poisons Information Centre | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | date = November 2019 | volume = 212 | issue = 3 | pages = 132–133 | pmid = 31709543 | doi = 10.5694/mja2.50403| s2cid = 207940224 |quote=We found that essential oil exposures are frequent in Australia, and that more than half involve children. ... severe toxicity can be caused by as little as 5 mL| doi-access = free }}</ref> In general, {{convert|5|ml|USfloz}} of a diluted essential oil may cause toxicity in adults, whereas {{convert|2|-|3|ml|USfloz}} can be toxic in children.<ref name="royal">{{cite web |url=https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Essential_Oil_Poisoning/ |publisher=Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia |title=Essential oil poisoning |date=July 2021 |quote=Volumes of 5-15 mL are likely to cause toxicity in adults}}</ref> Over 2014-18 in ], there were 271 reported cases of lavender oil poisoning {{ndash}} mostly in children {{ndash}} accounting for 6.1% of all essential oil poisoning cases.<ref name="lee" /> The main toxic constituents of lavender oil are ] and ].<ref name="mlp" /><ref name="Els">{{cite journal | vauthors = Elshafie HS, Camele I | title = An overview of the biological effects of some Mediterranean essential oils on human health | journal = BioMed Research International | volume = 2017 | pages = 9268468 | date = 5 November 2017 | pmid = 29230418 | pmc = 5694587 | doi = 10.1155/2017/9268468 | doi-access = free }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Symptoms of lavender oil poisoning by ingestion include blurred vision, difficulty breathing, burning pain in the throat, burns to the eye, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, diarrhea, stomach pain, vomiting, and rash.<ref name=mlp/> ] of lavender oil may cause ].<ref name=royal/> | |||
| Ingestion of lavender oil may cause ] with ]s, including ]s, ]s, and ]s.<ref name=drugs/> | |||
| ==Phytochemicals== | |||
| The ] composition of lavender oil varies from species to species (table), consisting primarily of ]oid and ]oid alcohols.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web |title=Lavender |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/lavender.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=25 May 2022 |date=22 October 2021}}</ref> ] (20-35%) and ] (30-55%) dominate, with moderate levels of ], ] and ], ], ], ], and ]s.<ref name=drugs/> Lavender oil typically contains more than 100 compounds, although many of these are at negligible concentrations.<ref name=drugs/><ref name="ShellieMondello2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shellie R, Mondello L, Marriott P, Dugo G | title = Characterisation of lavender essential oils by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with correlation of linear retention indices and comparison with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography | journal = Journal of Chromatography A | volume = 970 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 225–34 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12350096 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00653-2 }}</ref> | |||
| The composition of lavender essential oil as obtained by ]:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marincaş |first1=Olivian |last2=Feher |first2=Ioana |date=2018-12-01 |title=A new cost-effective approach for lavender essential oils quality assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669018308082 |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |language=en |volume=125 |pages=241–247 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.010 |s2cid=104553013 |issn=0926-6690}}</ref> | |||
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| ! Family | ! Family | ||
| ! Composition | ! Composition | ||
| ! Lavande officinale< |
! Lavande officinale<br />'']'' | ||
| ! Lavande aspic< |
! Lavande aspic<br />'']'' | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | rowspan="8" | ]s /< |
| rowspan="8" | ]s /<br />Monoterpenols | ||
| | ]<br>] || align="right" | '''28.92 %''' | | ]<br />] || align="right" | '''28.92 %''' | ||
| | align="right" | '''49.47 %''' | | align="right" | '''49.47 %''' | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | 0.90% | | ] || align="right" | 0.90% | ||
| | align="right" | 1.08% | | align="right" | 1.08% | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | | | ] || align="right" | | ||
| | align="right" | 0.09% | | align="right" | 0.09% | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | || align="right" | 1.43% | | ] || align="right" | || align="right" | 1.43% | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | || align="right" | 0.82% | | ] || align="right" | || align="right" | 0.82% | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | 4.32% | | ] || align="right" | 4.32% | ||
| | align="right" | | | align="right" | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | 0.20% || align="right" | | | ] || align="right" | 0.20% || align="right" | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | 0.78% | | ] || align="right" | 0.78% | ||
| | align="right" | | | align="right" | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | rowspan="5" | ]s /< |
| rowspan="5" | ]s /<br />Terpene esters | ||
| | |
| ] ] || align="right" | '''32.98 %''' | ||
| | | | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | 0.60% | | ] || align="right" | 0.60% | ||
| | | | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | 0.32% | | ] || align="right" | 0.32% | ||
| | | | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | 0.65% | | ] || align="right" | 0.65% | ||
| | | | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | 4.52% | | ] || align="right" | 4.52% | ||
| | | | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | rowspan="7" | ]s /< |
| rowspan="7" | ]s /<br />]s | ||
| | ] || align="right" | 0.46% || align="right" | 0.41% | | ] || align="right" | 0.46% || align="right" | 0.41% | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || || align="right" | 0.54% | | ] || || align="right" | 0.54% | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || || align="right" | 0.33% | | ] || || align="right" | 0.33% | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || || align="right" | 0.30% | | ] || || align="right" | 0.30% | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | (''E'')-β-] || align="right" | 3.09% | | (''E'')-β-] || align="right" | 3.09% | ||
| | | | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | (''Z'')-β-Ocimene || align="right" | 4.44% | | (''Z'')-β-Ocimene || align="right" | 4.44% | ||
| | | | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | β-] || align="right" | 0.12% | | β-] || align="right" | 0.12% | ||
| | | | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ]s /< |
| ]s /<br />Terpenoid oxides | ||
| | ]<br/>]<br/>(1,8-cineol) || || align="right" | '''25.91 %''' | | ]<br />]<br />(1,8-cineol) || || align="right" | '''25.91 %''' | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | rowspan="4" | ]s /< |
| rowspan="4" | ]s /<br />Sesquiterpenes | ||
| | β-] || align="right" | 4.62% | | β-] || align="right" | 4.62% | ||
| | align="right" | 2.10% | | align="right" | 2.10% | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | β-] || align="right" | 2.73% | | β-] || align="right" | 2.73% | ||
| | | | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | 0.27% | | ] || align="right" | 0.27% | ||
| | | | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | α-] || || align="right" | 0.28% | | α-] || || align="right" | 0.28% | ||
| |- | |||
| |-align="center" | |||
| | rowspan="3" | ]s || ]<br/>] | | rowspan="3" | ]s || ]<br />] | ||
| | align="right" | 0.85% || align="right" | '''13.00 %''' | | align="right" | 0.85% || align="right" | '''13.00 %''' | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ] || align="right" | 0.72% | | ] || align="right" | 0.72% | ||
| | | | | ||
| |- | |||
| |- align="center" | |||
| | ]<br/>] || align="right" | 0.35% || | | ]<br />] || align="right" | 0.35% || | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| ==References== | |||
| == Production in Bulgaria == | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| The gentle, mesmerizing aroma of the Bulgarian lavender oil is one of the most famous fragrances used for aromatherapy, cosmetics, pharmacy and perfumery.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Into the lavender|url = http://www.intothelavender.com/|website = Into the lavender|accessdate = 2015-10-05}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Into the lavender|url = http://www.intothelavender.com/|website = Into the lavender|accessdate = 2015-10-05}}</ref> | |||
| The lavender oil is extracted by the age-old method of steam distillation used by the Bulgarian lavender producers for generations.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| The stills are loaded to capacity by hand with lavender flowers using pitchforks. Steam generated in the boiler is then passed through the still. The heat of the steam causes the oil in the flowers to vaporize and the oil vapour travels with the steam into the condenser to be cooled and to condenses back into liquid. The liquid mixture of water and oil flows into the separator where the oil rises to the top and is ready to be skimmed.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{reflist|refs = }} | |||
| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Lavender Oil}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Lavender Oil}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:12, 21 September 2024
Essential oil distilled from lavender flower spikes
Lavender oil is an essential oil obtained by distillation from the flower spikes of certain species of lavender. There are over 400 types of lavender worldwide with different scents and qualities. Two forms of lavender oil are distinguished, lavender flower oil, a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 g/mL; and lavender spike oil, a distillate from the herb Lavandula latifolia, having a density of 0.905 g/mL. Like all essential oils, it is not a pure compound; it is a complex mixture of phytochemicals, including linalool and linalyl acetate.
Production
Pure lavender essential oil is produced through steam distillation. This generates a greater amount of oil compared to other methods due to reduction of polar compound loss. Harvest of lavender blooms is typically between late June and August. The cut lavender flowers and stems are compacted into a lavender still. A boiler is then used to steam the bottom of the lavender flower filled still at a very low pressure. The lavender flower pockets containing oil are broken from this heating process and a pipe of cold water is run through the center of the still. The hot lavender oil vapor condenses on the cold pipe with the cold water and is collected into a holding tank where it is allowed to settle. Due to polarity and densities of the water and oil, these two will separate in the holding tank whereupon the water is piped out, leaving just lavender essential oil.
Lavender oil is produced around the world, with Bulgaria, France and China leading its production.
Uses
Lavender oil has been used as a perfume, aromatherapy, and skin application, but these uses have no clinical benefit. Lavender oil is used in massage therapy as a way of inducing relaxation through direct skin contact, although allergic reactions may occur. There is no good evidence to support the use of lavender oil for treating dementia.
A 2021 meta-analysis included five studies of people with anxiety disorders. All five studies were funded by the manufacturers of the lavender oil capsule used, four of them were conducted by one author of the meta-analysis, and blinding was not clear. In this analysis, an oral 80 mg dose of lavender oil per day was associated with reduced anxiety scores on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, the effectiveness of using oral lavender oil for treating anxiety remains undetermined due to the limitations of these studies.
Oil of spike lavender was used as a solvent in oil painting, mainly before the use of distilled turpentine became common.
Possible adverse effects
Although lavender oil is generally recognized as safe for its intended uses, it is a potential endocrine disruptor that may affect breast development in children.
Many essential oils, including lavender oil, can be poisonous if swallowed. In general, 5 millilitres (0.17 US fl oz) of a diluted essential oil may cause toxicity in adults, whereas 2–3 millilitres (0.068–0.101 US fl oz) can be toxic in children. Over 2014-18 in New South Wales, there were 271 reported cases of lavender oil poisoning – mostly in children – accounting for 6.1% of all essential oil poisoning cases. The main toxic constituents of lavender oil are linalyl acetate and linalool.
Symptoms of lavender oil poisoning by ingestion include blurred vision, difficulty breathing, burning pain in the throat, burns to the eye, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, diarrhea, stomach pain, vomiting, and rash. Topical application of lavender oil may cause contact dermatitis.
Ingestion of lavender oil may cause interactions with prescription drugs, including anticoagulants, statins, and anticonvulsants.
Phytochemicals
The phytochemical composition of lavender oil varies from species to species (table), consisting primarily of monoterpeneoid and sesquiterpeneoid alcohols. Linalool (20-35%) and linalyl acetate (30-55%) dominate, with moderate levels of lavandulyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol and lavandulol, 1,8-cineole, camphor, limonene, and tannins. Lavender oil typically contains more than 100 compounds, although many of these are at negligible concentrations.
The composition of lavender essential oil as obtained by chromatography:
| Family | Composition | Lavande officinale Lavandula angustifolia |
Lavande aspic Lavandula latifolia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Terpenes / Monoterpenols |
 Linalool |
28.92 % | 49.47 % |
| α-Terpineol | 0.90% | 1.08% | |
| γ-Terpineol | 0.09% | ||
| Borneol | 1.43% | ||
| Isoborneol | 0.82% | ||
| Terpinen-4-ol | 4.32% | ||
| Nerol | 0.20% | ||
| Lavandulol | 0.78% | ||
| Terpenes / Terpene esters |
 Linalyl acetate |
32.98 % | |
| Geranyl acetate | 0.60% | ||
| Neryl acetate | 0.32% | ||
| Octene-3-yl acetate | 0.65% | ||
| Lavandulyl acetate | 4.52% | ||
| Terpenes / Monoterpenes |
Myrcene | 0.46% | 0.41% |
| α-Pinene | 0.54% | ||
| β-Pinene | 0.33% | ||
| Camphene | 0.30% | ||
| (E)-β-Ocimene | 3.09% | ||
| (Z)-β-Ocimene | 4.44% | ||
| β-Phellandrene | 0.12% | ||
| Terpenes / Terpenoid oxides |
 Eucalyptol (1,8-cineol) |
25.91 % | |
| Terpenes / Sesquiterpenes |
β-Caryophyllene | 4.62% | 2.10% |
| β-Farnesene | 2.73% | ||
| Germacrene | 0.27% | ||
| α-Humulene | 0.28% | ||
| Ketones |  Camphor |
0.85% | 13.00 % |
| 3-Octanone | 0.72% | ||
 Cryptone |
0.35% |
References
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Poisonous ingredient: It is mainly the linalyl acetate and linalool in lavender oil that are poisonous.
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We found that essential oil exposures are frequent in Australia, and that more than half involve children. ... severe toxicity can be caused by as little as 5 mL
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Volumes of 5-15 mL are likely to cause toxicity in adults
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