Rhopalosomatidae: Difference between revisions

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			{{Short description\|Family of insects}}
	{{Taxobox
			{{Automatic taxobox
	\| image = Olixon spec.jpg		\| image = Olixon spec.jpg
			\| fossil_range = {{fossilrange\|Cenomanian\|Present}}
	\| image_width = 240px
	\| image_caption = '']'' sp.		\| image_caption = '']'' sp.
		⚫	\| taxon = Rhopalosomatidae
	\| regnum = ]ia
		⚫	\| authority = ], 1922
	\| phylum = ]a
	\| classis = ]a
	\| ordo = ]
	\| subordo = ]
	\| superfamilia = ]
⚫	\| ~~familia~~ = ~~'''~~Rhopalosomatidae~~'''~~
⚫	\| ~~familia_authority~~ = ], 1922
	\| subdivision_ranks = Genera		\| subdivision_ranks = Genera
	\| subdivision =		\| subdivision = See text
	See text
	}}		}}
⚫	'''Rhopalosomatidae''' is a family of ] containing about 68 extant species in four genera that are found worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=World revision of the wasp genus ''Liosphex'' Townes, 1977 (Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae)\|~~author~~=Lohrmann, L & Ohl, M \|journal= Zootaxa \|year= 2010 \| issue= 2384\| pages= 1–43}}</ref> Three fossil genera are known.<ref>{{cite journal\|title= The Wasp Family Rhopalosomatidae in Mid-Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea)\|author=Engel, MS\|journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society \|year=2008\|volume=81\|issue=3\|pages=168–174\|doi=10.2317/JKES-712.11.1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|author =Brues, CT \|year=1926\|title=Note on the Hymenopterous Family Rhopalosomatidae\|journal=Psyche\|volume=33\|pages=18–19\| url=~~http~~://~~psyche~~.~~entclub~~.org/33/~~33-018.html\|doi =10.1155/1926/94196~~}}</ref>

		⚫	'''Rhopalosomatidae''' is a family of ] containing about 68 extant species in four genera that are found worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=World revision of the wasp genus ''Liosphex'' Townes, 1977 (Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae)\|author1=Lohrmann, L \|author2=Ohl, M \|name-list-style=amp \|journal= Zootaxa \|volume=2384 \|year= 2010 \| issue= 2384\| pages= 1–43 \|url=http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/7828\|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2384.1.1 \|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Three fossil genera are known.<ref>{{cite journal\|title= The Wasp Family Rhopalosomatidae in Mid-Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea)\|author=Engel, MS\|journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society \|year=2008\|volume=81\|issue=3\|pages=168–174\|doi=10.2317/JKES-712.11.1\|s2cid=85642900 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|author =Brues, CT \|year=1926\|title=Note on the Hymenopterous Family Rhopalosomatidae\|journal=Psyche: A Journal of Entomology\|volume=33\|pages=18–19\|doi =10.1155/1926/94196\|doi-access=free\|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/181761}}</ref>
⚫	The adults resemble ants and may be confused with them. They are yellowish with red or brown markings, but may be all brown in colour. Winged species are usually nocturnal, while wingless or reduced-wing species are mainly diurnal. They are solitary, and the larvae are ectoparasitic on ]n nymphs. Adults have the tips of two or more antennal segments with spines. The hindwing (when present) has distinct claval and jugal lobes. The metatibia has a calcar or curved spur.<ref>{{cite book\|editor=Goulet, H & Huber, JT \|year=1993\|title= Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families\|publisher=Agriculture Canada\|page=205}}</ref>
			]'' female]]
		⚫	The adults resemble ants and may be confused with them. They are yellowish with red or brown markings, but may be all brown in colour. Winged species are usually nocturnal, while wingless or reduced-wing species are mainly diurnal. They are solitary, and the larvae are ectoparasitic on ]n nymphs. Adults have the tips of two or more antennal segments with spines. The hindwing (when present) has distinct claval and jugal lobes. The metatibia has a calcar or curved spur.<ref>{{cite book\|editor=Goulet, H \|editor2=Huber, JT \|year=1993\|title= Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families\|publisher=Agriculture Canada\|page=205}}</ref>

	''Rhopalosoma'' is a New World genus (17 spp.) with most species from Central and South America. ''Olixon'' (26 spp.) is distributed through Africa and Australia and the New World. ''Paniscomima'' (11 spp.) is known from India, Madagascar, Africa, and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Systematics of little known parasitic wasps of the family Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea)\|author=Guidotti, A E \|year=1999\|publisher=Unpublished thesis, University of Toronto\|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/14562/1/MQ46189.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|title=A revision of the wasp genus ''Paniscomima''(Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae)and a proposal of phylogenetic relationships among species \|author=Guidotti, A E \|year=2007\|journal=Invertebrate Systematics\|volume=21\|pages=297–309\|doi=10.1071/is04027}}</ref>		''Rhopalosoma'' is a New World genus (17 spp.) with most species from Central and South America. ''Olixon'' (26 spp.) is distributed through Africa and Australia and the New World. ''Paniscomima'' (11 spp.) is known from India, Madagascar, Africa, and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Systematics of little known parasitic wasps of the family Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea)\|author=Guidotti, A E \|year=1999\|publisher=Unpublished thesis, University of Toronto\|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/14562/1/MQ46189.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|title=A revision of the wasp genus ''Paniscomima''(Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae)and a proposal of phylogenetic relationships among species \|author=Guidotti, A E \|year=2007\|journal=Invertebrate Systematics\|volume=21\|issue=4 \|pages=297–309\|doi=10.1071/is04027}}</ref>
	Most species of ''Liosphex'' (14 spp.) are found from the southern US to Central and South America, with one species, ''L. trichopleurum'', known from the Philippines and Indonesia. ''Mesorhopalosoma cearae'' is a fossil known from Brazil.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Insects from the Santana Formation, Lower Cretaceous, of Brazil. Hymenoptera\|~~author~~=Darling, DC & Sharkey, MJ \|year=1990 \|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History \|volume=195\|pages=123–153}}</ref>		Most species of ''Liosphex'' (14 spp.) are found from the southern US to Central and South America, with one species, ''L. trichopleurum'', known from the Philippines and Indonesia. ''Mesorhopalosoma cearae'' is a fossil known from Brazil.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Insects from the Santana Formation, Lower Cretaceous, of Brazil. Hymenoptera\|author1=Darling, DC \|author2=Sharkey, MJ \|name-list-style=amp \|year=1990 \|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History \|volume=195\|pages=123–153}}</ref>

	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==
	The family has four extant and ~~four~~ extinct genera:<ref>{{cite journal \|~~author~~=Krogmann, Lars; Austin, Andrew D.; Naumann, Ian D. \|year=2009 \|title=Systematics and biogeography of Australian rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae) with a global synopsis of the enigmatic genus ''Olixon'' Cameron \|journal=Systematic Entomology \|volume=34 \|issue=2 \|pages=222–251 \|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00460.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://rhopalosomatidae.hymis.eu/species/&tree_h=8.2657&sub=yes&tree_status=plus&tree_seq=3 \|title=Genus Olixon \|author=Lohrmann, V. & A.S. Kroupa (2012) ~~\|date=~~ \|work=Rhopalosomatidae of the world. Version 1. Published on the Internet \|~~accessdate~~=16 May 2015}}</ref>		The family has four extant and two extinct genera:<ref>{{cite journal \|author1=Krogmann, Lars \|author2=Austin, Andrew D. \|author3=Naumann, Ian D. \|year=2009 \|title=Systematics and biogeography of Australian rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae) with a global synopsis of the enigmatic genus ''Olixon'' Cameron \|journal=Systematic Entomology \|volume=34 \|issue=2 \|pages=222–251 \|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00460.x \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://rhopalosomatidae.hymis.net/species/&tree_h=8.2657&sub=yes&tree_status=plus&tree_seq=3 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503174900/http://rhopalosomatidae.hymis.net/species/&tree_h=8.2657&sub=yes&tree_status=plus&tree_seq=3 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=May 3, 2021 \|title=Genus Olixon \|author=Lohrmann, V. & A.S. Kroupa (2012) \|work=Rhopalosomatidae of the world. Version 1. Published on the Internet \|access-date=16 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Lohrmann \|first1=V. \|last2=Zhang \|first2=Q. \|last3=Michalik \|first3=P. \|last4=Blaschke \|first4=J. \|last5=Müller \|first5=P. \|last6=Jeanneau \|first6=L. \|last7=Perrichot \|first7=V. \|year=2020 \|title=†''Cretolixon'' – a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae \|journal=Fossil Record \|volume=23 \|issue=2 \|pages=215–236 \|doi=10.5194/fr-23-215-2020 \|doi-access=free \|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03071654/file/Lohrmann_etal_2020_BU_Rhopalosomatidae.pdf }}</ref>
	*'']~~'' †~~ <small>~~Engel~~, ~~2008~~</small>		*Subfamily ] <small>Ashmead, 1896</small>
	*'']'' <small>~~Townes~~, ~~1977~~</small>		:*{{extinct}}'']'' <small>Lohrmann in Lohrmann et al., 2020</small> ], Myanmar, mid-]
	*'']'' † <small>~~Darling~~, ~~1990~~</small>		:*{{extinct}}'']'' <small>Engel, 2008</small> Kachin amber, Myanmar, ]
	*'']'' <small>~~Cameron~~, ~~1887~~</small>		:*'']'' <small>Townes, 1977</small>
	*'']'' † <small>~~Nel, Azar & Hervet~~, ~~2010~~</small>		:*'']'' <small>Enderlein, 1904</small>
	*'']'' <small>~~Enderlein~~, ~~1904~~</small>		:*'']'' <small>Cresson, 1865</small>
	*'']~~'' †~~ <small>~~Dlussky & Rasnitsyn~~, ~~1999~~</small>		*Subfamily ] <small>Engel, 2008</small>
	*'']'' <small>~~Cresson~~, ~~1865~~</small>		:*'']'' <small>Cameron, 1887</small>
			The extinct genera †'']'' <small>Darling, 1990</small> and †'']'' <small>Nel, Azar & Hervet, 2010</small> have been moved to the separate family ].

	==References==		==References==
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	==External links==		==External links==
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	{{Hymenoptera\|2}}		{{Hymenoptera\|2}}
			{{Taxonbar\|from=Q143534}}
			{{Authority control}}

	]		]
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	{{~~Wasp~~-stub}}		{{Vespoidea-stub}}

Latest revision as of 16:28, 21 March 2024

Family of insects

Rhopalosomatidae Temporal range: Cenomanian–Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Olixon sp.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Superfamily:	Vespoidea
Family:	Rhopalosomatidae Brues, 1922
Genera
See text

Rhopalosomatidae is a family of Hymenoptera containing about 68 extant species in four genera that are found worldwide. Three fossil genera are known.

The adults resemble ants and may be confused with them. They are yellowish with red or brown markings, but may be all brown in colour. Winged species are usually nocturnal, while wingless or reduced-wing species are mainly diurnal. They are solitary, and the larvae are ectoparasitic on orthopteran nymphs. Adults have the tips of two or more antennal segments with spines. The hindwing (when present) has distinct claval and jugal lobes. The metatibia has a calcar or curved spur.

Rhopalosoma is a New World genus (17 spp.) with most species from Central and South America. Olixon (26 spp.) is distributed through Africa and Australia and the New World. Paniscomima (11 spp.) is known from India, Madagascar, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Most species of Liosphex (14 spp.) are found from the southern US to Central and South America, with one species, L. trichopleurum, known from the Philippines and Indonesia. Mesorhopalosoma cearae is a fossil known from Brazil.

Taxonomy

The family has four extant and two extinct genera:

Subfamily Rhopalosomatinae Ashmead, 1896

†Cretolixon Lohrmann in Lohrmann et al., 2020 Burmese amber, Myanmar, mid-Cretaceous
†Eorhopalosoma Engel, 2008 Kachin amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
Liosphex Townes, 1977
Paniscomima Enderlein, 1904
Rhopalosoma Cresson, 1865

Subfamily Olixoninae Engel, 2008

Olixon Cameron, 1887

The extinct genera †Mesorhopalosoma Darling, 1990 and †Paleorhopalosoma Nel, Azar & Hervet, 2010 have been moved to the separate family Angarosphecidae.

References

Lohrmann, L & Ohl, M (2010). "World revision of the wasp genus Liosphex Townes, 1977 (Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae)". Zootaxa. 2384 (2384): 1–43. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2384.1.1.
Engel, MS (2008). "The Wasp Family Rhopalosomatidae in Mid-Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 81 (3): 168–174. doi:10.2317/JKES-712.11.1. S2CID 85642900.
Brues, CT (1926). "Note on the Hymenopterous Family Rhopalosomatidae". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 33: 18–19. doi:10.1155/1926/94196.
Goulet, H; Huber, JT, eds. (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. Agriculture Canada. p. 205.
Guidotti, A E (1999). Systematics of little known parasitic wasps of the family Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) (PDF). Unpublished thesis, University of Toronto.
Guidotti, A E (2007). "A revision of the wasp genus Paniscomima(Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae)and a proposal of phylogenetic relationships among species". Invertebrate Systematics. 21 (4): 297–309. doi:10.1071/is04027.
Darling, DC & Sharkey, MJ (1990). "Insects from the Santana Formation, Lower Cretaceous, of Brazil. Hymenoptera". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 195: 123–153.
Krogmann, Lars; Austin, Andrew D.; Naumann, Ian D. (2009). "Systematics and biogeography of Australian rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae) with a global synopsis of the enigmatic genus Olixon Cameron". Systematic Entomology. 34 (2): 222–251. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00460.x.
Lohrmann, V. & A.S. Kroupa (2012). "Genus Olixon". Rhopalosomatidae of the world. Version 1. Published on the Internet. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Lohrmann, V.; Zhang, Q.; Michalik, P.; Blaschke, J.; Müller, P.; Jeanneau, L.; Perrichot, V. (2020). "†Cretolixon – a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae" (PDF). Fossil Record. 23 (2): 215–236. doi:10.5194/fr-23-215-2020.

External links

Extant Hymenopteran families

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Subclass: Pterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera
Superorder: Holometabola

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Tenthredinoidea	Argidae (argid sawflies) Blasticotomidae (fern sawflies) Cimbicidae (cimbicid sawflies) Diprionidae (conifer sawflies) Pergidae (pergid sawflies) Tenthredinidae (common sawflies)
Xyeloidea	Xyelidae
Pamphilioidea	Megalodontesidae Pamphiliidae (web-spinning sawflies)
Siricoidea	Anaxyelidae (cedar wood wasps) Siricidae (horntails)
Xiphydrioidea	Xiphydriidae (wood wasps)
Cephoidea	Cephidae (stem sawflies)
Orussoidea	Orussidae (parasitic wood wasps)

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Ichneumonoidea

Ceraphronoidea

Proctotrupomorpha

Platygastroidea	Geoscelionidae Janzenellidae Neuroscelionidae Nixoniidae Platygastridae Scelionidae Sparasionidae
Cynipoidea	Austrocynipidae Cynipidae (gall wasps) Diplolepididae Figitidae Ibaliidae Liopteridae
Proctotrupoidea (s.str.)	Proctorenyxidae Roproniidae Heloridae Pelecinidae Peradeniidae Proctotrupidae Vanhorniidae
Diaprioidea	Austroniidae Diapriidae Ismaridae Maamingidae Monomachidae
Mymarommatoidea	Mymarommatidae
Chalcidoidea (chalcid wasps)	Agaonidae (fig wasps) Aphelinidae Azotidae Baeomorphidae Boucekiidae Calesidae Ceidae Cerocephalidae Chalcedectidae Chalcididae Chrysolampidae Cleonymidae Coelocybidae Cynipencyrtidae Diparidae Encyrtidae Epichrysomallidae Eucharitidae Eulophidae Eunotidae Eupelmidae Eurytomidae Eutrichosomatidae Herbertiidae Hetreulophidae Heydeniidae Idioporidae Leucospidae Lyciscidae Macromesidae Megastigmidae Melanosomellidae Metapelmatidae Moranilidae Mymaridae (fairyflies) Neanastatidae Neodiparidae Ooderidae Ormyridae Pelecinellidae Perilampidae Pirenidae Pteromalidae Signiphoridae Spalangiidae Systasidae Tanaostigmatidae Tetracampidae Torymidae Trichogrammatidae

Evanioidea

Stephanoidea

Stephanidae

Megalyroidea

Megalyridae

Trigonaloidea

Trigonalidae

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Scoliidae (scoliid wasps)

Formicoidea

Formicidae (ants)

Apoidea

Spheciformes (sphecoid wasps)	Ammoplanidae Ampulicidae (cockroach wasps) Astatidae Bembicidae Crabronidae Mellinidae Pemphredonidae Philanthidae Psenidae Sphecidae (thread-waisted wasps)

Anthophila (bees)	Andrenidae (mason bees) Apidae (honey bees, bumblebees, cuckoo bees, carpenter bees, orchid bees, stingless bees) Colletidae (plasterer bees) Halictidae (sweat bees) Megachilidae (mason bees, leafcutter bees) Melittidae Stenotritidae

See also: Unicalcarida

Taxon identifiers
Rhopalosomatidae	Wikidata: Q143534 Wikispecies: Rhopalosomatidae AFD: Rhopalosomatidae BOLD: 212038 BugGuide: 71173 CoL: FR3 EoL: 720 GBIF: 7914 iNaturalist: 244994 IRMNG: 104415 ITIS: 154184 NCBI: 92431 Open Tree of Life: 496460 Paleobiology Database: 179817

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