| Revision as of 20:59, 14 August 2006 editAldux (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users27,291 editsmNo edit summary← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 01:15, 16 November 2024 edit undoBasilLeaf (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users19,620 editsNo edit summary | ||
| (462 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Short description|1913 unrecognised state in Southeast Europe}} | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Expand Turkish|topic=hist|Batı Trakya Bağımsız Hükûmeti|date=November 2020}} | |||
| {{More citations needed|date=September 2013}} | |||
| {{Infobox country | |||
| The '''Republic of Gumuljina''' (''Gumuldjina'') was a small republic that occupied ] from ] until ], ]. The country was created during the ] by a Turkish and ] rebellion against occupying ]n and ] forces in that area. Soon after, the Bulgarians took over Western Thrace, but in ] the area was transferred to ]. Gumuljina is the Turkish name of ]. | |||
| | common_name = Independent Government of Western Thrace | |||
| | native_name = Garbi Trakya Hükûmet-i Müstakilesi<br />غربی تراقیا حكومت مستقلهسی<br />Batı Trakya Geçici Hükümeti<br />Prosorini Kyvernisi Dytikis Thrakis<br />Προσωρινή Κυβέρνηση Δυτικής Θράκης<br />Vremenno pravitelstvo na Zapadna Trakiya<br />Временно правителство на Западна Тракия | |||
| | conventional_long_name = Independent Government of Western Thrace | |||
| | status = ], later Independent | |||
| | event_start = | |||
| | year_start = 1913 | |||
| | date_start = 31 August | |||
| | year_end = 1913 | |||
| | date_end = 25 October 1913 | |||
| | event_end = | |||
| | image_flag = Flag of TRWT.svg | |||
| | image_coat = | |||
| | image_map = Independent Government of Western Thrace map.png | |||
| | image_map_caption = Independent Government of Western Thrace | |||
| | capital = ] | |||
| | currency = ] | |||
| | government_type = ] under a ] system | |||
| | title_leader = | |||
| | leader1 = Hoca Salih Efendi | |||
| | year_leader1 = 1913 | |||
| | p1 = Kingdom of Bulgaria | |||
| | flag_p1 = Flag of Bulgaria.svg | |||
| | s1 = Kingdom of Bulgaria | |||
| | flag_s1 = Flag of Bulgaria.svg | |||
| | stat_area1 = 8578 | |||
| | stat_year1 = 1913 | |||
| | footnotes = <sup>1</sup> Renamed from "Provisional Government of Western Thrace" and some researchers used term of "Republic of Gumuljina" and the "Turkish Republic of Western Thrace". | |||
| | demonym = Western Thracian | |||
| | area_km2 = | |||
| | area_rank = | |||
| | GDP_PPP = | |||
| | GDP_PPP_year = | |||
| | HDI = | |||
| | common_languages = ], ], ] | |||
| | HDI_year = | |||
| | today = {{plainlist| *], ] }} | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''Provisional Government of Western Thrace'''{{efn|{{langx|ota|غربی تراقیا حكومت موقتهسی|Garbi Trakya Hükûmet-i Muvakkatesi}}; {{langx|el|Προσωρινή Κυβέρνηση Δυτικής Θράκης|Prosoriní Kyvérnisi Dytikís Thrákis}}; {{langx|tr|Batı Trakya Geçici Hükümeti}}<ref></ref><ref></ref>}}<ref name="IAA">International Affairs Agency Turkish Dossier Program, ''The Western Thrace Turks issue in Turkish-Greek relations'', International Affairs Agency, 1992, p. 105.</ref><ref>Philip Hendrick Stoddard, ''The Ottoman government and the Arabs, 1911 to 1918: a preliminary study of the Teskilât-ı Mahsusa'', Princeton University, 1963, pp. 52-53.</ref><ref>Andrew Mango, ''Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey'', Overlook Press, 2002, {{ISBN|978-1-58567-334-6}}, p. 102.</ref> later '''Independent Government of Western Thrace''',{{efn|{{langx|ota|غربی تراقیا حكومت مستقلهسی|Garbi Trakya Hükûmet-i Müstakilesi}}; {{langx|el|Αυτόνομη Κυβέρνηση Δυτικής Θράκης|Aftónomi Kyvérnisi Dytikís Thrákis}} }}<ref name="IAA" /><ref>Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, ''A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatürk'', ABC-CLIO, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-275-98876-0}}, p. 259.</ref> was a small, short-lived unrecognized republic established in ] from August 31 to October 25, 1913. It encompassed the area surrounded by the rivers ] (Evros) in the east, ] (Nestos) in the west, the ] in the north and the ] in the south. Its total territory was approximately 8600 km².<ref>]: {{cite web|url=http://www.cangelaris.com/exmuh.htm |title=The Western Thrace Autonomous Government "Muhtariyet" Issue (1913) Philatelic Exhibit |website=Cangelaris.com |access-date=2016-09-25}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| The whole of Western Thrace was captured by Bulgaria during the ] and awarded to the country by the Treaty of London. During the Second Balkan War the Greek Army captured most of the area between ] and the ] south of ] without encountering resistance by the weak Bulgarian army which retreated to the southern slopes of the Rhodope mountains (several kilometers to the north of ] and ] while the Ottoman forces occupied the regions of ], ] and ] . After the ] the treaty of Bucharest was signed which returned the area to Bulgaria and the Greek army withdrew from Western Thrace. Thereupon local Muslims and Greeks petitioned, with the encouragement of the Greek authorities, refused to recognize the Bulgarian control of the area and petitioned the Ottoman army to occupy Western Thrace. On their invitation, the region was then occupied by small Ottoman forces, largely irregulars. While the area had been returned to Bulgaria by the Bucharest treaty, the Bulgarian army wished to conflict with the Ottomans and retreated to a line coinciding with the pre-Balkan war border up to ] and from there along a ridge of the Rhodope mountains running west of ] and east of ] up to the Bulgarian-Greek border.<ref>The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913, Lybomir Miletich, 1918, p. </ref> | |||
| {{Euro-hist-stub}} | |||
| {{Greece-stub}} | |||
| After the retreat of both the Bulgarian and Greek armies, an autonomous state was declared with Ottoman support, in order to avoid Bulgarian rule after the ], in which the Ottomans had not taken part. Under British pressure, the Bulgarians and the Ottomans signed the ], which satisfied the Turkish claims to recognition of ] and recognized Western Thrace as part of Bulgaria. The Ottomans withdrew their forces and by 25 October, and the area was returned by Bulgaria.<ref name="bakalopoulos_meiz_thrakh_p234_235">{{cite book | title=History of Greater Thrace, from early Ottoman rule until nowadays | author=Constantinos Vacalopoulos | year=2004 | publisher=Publisher Antonios Stamoulis | location=Thessaloniki | page=282 | isbn=960-8353-45-9}}</ref> The southern part of the former Provisional government was occupied in 1918 by French forces. This area was finally ] Greece in 1920<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karakatsanis |first1=Leonidas |title=Review of Kevin Featherstone et al., Οι τελευταίοι Οθωμανοί: Η μουσουλμανική μειονότητα της Δυτικής Θράκης, 1940-1949 |journal=Historein |date=2017 |volume=16 |issue=1–2 |page=185 |doi=10.12681/historein.9224 |url=https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/historein/article/download/9224/12822 |access-date=18 March 2022|quote=Passing from the Ottoman state to Bulgaria in 1912, to the Entente in 1919 and then to Greece in 1920 as part of its “new lands”, Western Thrace was exempted from the population exchange between Turkey and Greece|doi-access=free }}</ref> and has been part of that country ever since, except for the Bulgarian occupation between 1941 and 1944. The northern part of the former Provisional Government remained part of Bulgaria after 1919. | |||
| The capital of Provisional Government of Western Thrace was ], now ], in Greece. | |||
| After the retreat of the Bulgarian army, irregular Ottoman forces committed numerous atrocities against Bulgarian civilians, including multiple cases of mass murder and the expulsion of a large part of the Bulgarian population of the region.,<ref name=Miletich197>Miletich (1918), p.197</ref><ref name=Miletich198>Miletich (1918), p.198</ref><ref name=Miletich218>Miletich (1918), p.218</ref><ref name=Miletich219>Miletich (1918), p.219</ref> similar to the ] during the Second Balkan War. These atrocities continued after the formation of the government of Western Thrace, with the active participation and support of its government.<ref name=Miletich217>Miletich (1918), p.217</ref><ref name=Miletich280>Miletich (1918), p.280</ref> | |||
| == Overview == | |||
| '''President''': Hoca Salih Efendi. | |||
| '''Army''': Standing force of 29,170, largely infantry. Commander of the Armed Forces <ref name="ReferenceA">Çeçen, Anıl, Tarihte Türk Devletleri, Milliyet Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 1986</ref>{{Page needed|date=May 2011}} was ]. | |||
| '''Steering Committee''': Reshid Bey, Raif Effendi, Hafous Salih Effendi, Nicodimos (commissioner of the Diocese of Maroneia, representing the Greeks), Mikirditch Tabakian (Armenian), Yaka Cassavi (Jew), Hafous Galip and Eshref Bey Kushchubasi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.triklopodia.gr/2013/09/blog-post_2868.html |title=Τουρκική Δημοκρατία Δυτικής Θράκης - Υπερβολή ή πραγματική απειλή |access-date=2013-10-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193427/http://www.triklopodia.gr/2013/09/blog-post_2868.html |archive-date=2013-10-29 }}</ref> | |||
| As soon as independence was declared, the Provisional Government of Western Thrace determined the borders of the country, put up the new flags on the official buildings, commissioned a national anthem, raised an army, published its own stamps <ref name="dcstamps.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dcstamps.com/?p=2561 |title=Western Thrace, Autonomous Government (1913) » Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |website=Dcstamps.com |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=2016-09-25}}</ref> and passports<ref name="ReferenceA" />{{Page needed|date=May 2011}}, and prepared the budget of the new country. | |||
| A Jewish citizen, Samuel Karaso, was tasked by the government with establishing an official press agency and to publish a newspaper named ''Müstakil'' ("Independent") in Turkish and ]. The Ottoman Laws and Regulations were adopted without any change, and the cases started to be heard by the Court of Western Thrace. | |||
| '''Currency''' | |||
| 40 Paras = 1 Piaster <ref name="dcstamps.com" /> | |||
| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| *] | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| '''Bibliography''' | |||
| *Miletich, Lyubomir (1918). ''. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. | |||
| == Notes == | |||
| {{Notelist}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| * | |||
| {{Balkan Wars}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Republic Of Gumuljina}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 01:15, 16 November 2024
1913 unrecognised state in Southeast Europe | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Turkish. (November 2020) Click for important translation instructions.
|
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Provisional Government of Western Thrace" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Independent Government of Western ThraceGarbi Trakya Hükûmet-i Müstakilesi غربی تراقیا حكومت مستقلهسی Batı Trakya Geçici Hükümeti Prosorini Kyvernisi Dytikis Thrakis Προσωρινή Κυβέρνηση Δυτικής Θράκης Vremenno pravitelstvo na Zapadna Trakiya Временно правителство на Западна Тракия | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1913–1913 | |||||||||
Flag | |||||||||
 Independent Government of Western Thrace | |||||||||
| Status | Provisional, later Independent | ||||||||
| Capital | Komotini | ||||||||
| Common languages | Greek, Ottoman Turkish, Bulgarian | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Western Thracian | ||||||||
| Government | Provisional Government under a Republic system | ||||||||
| • 1913 | Hoca Salih Efendi | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| • Established | 31 August 1913 | ||||||||
| • Disestablished | 25 October 1913 1913 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1913 | 8,578 km (3,312 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Currency | Ottoman lira | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||
| Renamed from "Provisional Government of Western Thrace" and some researchers used term of "Republic of Gumuljina" and the "Turkish Republic of Western Thrace". | |||||||||
The Provisional Government of Western Thrace later Independent Government of Western Thrace, was a small, short-lived unrecognized republic established in Western Thrace from August 31 to October 25, 1913. It encompassed the area surrounded by the rivers Maritsa (Evros) in the east, Mesta (Nestos) in the west, the Rhodope Mountains in the north and the Aegean Sea in the south. Its total territory was approximately 8600 km².
The whole of Western Thrace was captured by Bulgaria during the First Balkan War and awarded to the country by the Treaty of London. During the Second Balkan War the Greek Army captured most of the area between Xanthi (İskeçe) and the Maritsa river south of Soufli without encountering resistance by the weak Bulgarian army which retreated to the southern slopes of the Rhodope mountains (several kilometers to the north of Xanthi and Komotini while the Ottoman forces occupied the regions of Soufli (Sofulu), Didymoteicho (Dimetoka) and Ortaköy . After the Second Balkan War the treaty of Bucharest was signed which returned the area to Bulgaria and the Greek army withdrew from Western Thrace. Thereupon local Muslims and Greeks petitioned, with the encouragement of the Greek authorities, refused to recognize the Bulgarian control of the area and petitioned the Ottoman army to occupy Western Thrace. On their invitation, the region was then occupied by small Ottoman forces, largely irregulars. While the area had been returned to Bulgaria by the Bucharest treaty, the Bulgarian army wished to conflict with the Ottomans and retreated to a line coinciding with the pre-Balkan war border up to Aydoğmuş and from there along a ridge of the Rhodope mountains running west of Daridere and east of Madan up to the Bulgarian-Greek border.
After the retreat of both the Bulgarian and Greek armies, an autonomous state was declared with Ottoman support, in order to avoid Bulgarian rule after the Treaty of Bucharest, in which the Ottomans had not taken part. Under British pressure, the Bulgarians and the Ottomans signed the Treaty of Constantinople, which satisfied the Turkish claims to recognition of Eastern Thrace and recognized Western Thrace as part of Bulgaria. The Ottomans withdrew their forces and by 25 October, and the area was returned by Bulgaria. The southern part of the former Provisional government was occupied in 1918 by French forces. This area was finally annexed by Greece in 1920 and has been part of that country ever since, except for the Bulgarian occupation between 1941 and 1944. The northern part of the former Provisional Government remained part of Bulgaria after 1919.
The capital of Provisional Government of Western Thrace was Gümülcine, now Komotini, in Greece.
After the retreat of the Bulgarian army, irregular Ottoman forces committed numerous atrocities against Bulgarian civilians, including multiple cases of mass murder and the expulsion of a large part of the Bulgarian population of the region., similar to the atrocities carried out in Eastern Thrace during the Second Balkan War. These atrocities continued after the formation of the government of Western Thrace, with the active participation and support of its government.
Overview
President: Hoca Salih Efendi.
Army: Standing force of 29,170, largely infantry. Commander of the Armed Forces was Süleyman Askerî Bey.
Steering Committee: Reshid Bey, Raif Effendi, Hafous Salih Effendi, Nicodimos (commissioner of the Diocese of Maroneia, representing the Greeks), Mikirditch Tabakian (Armenian), Yaka Cassavi (Jew), Hafous Galip and Eshref Bey Kushchubasi.
As soon as independence was declared, the Provisional Government of Western Thrace determined the borders of the country, put up the new flags on the official buildings, commissioned a national anthem, raised an army, published its own stamps and passports, and prepared the budget of the new country.
A Jewish citizen, Samuel Karaso, was tasked by the government with establishing an official press agency and to publish a newspaper named Müstakil ("Independent") in Turkish and French. The Ottoman Laws and Regulations were adopted without any change, and the cases started to be heard by the Court of Western Thrace.
Currency 40 Paras = 1 Piaster
See also
References
- Belgeselin bu bölümünde Batı Trakya Geçici Hükümeti konu ediliyor (Metin Edirneli Rodop Hükumetleri ile ilgili olarak, TRT)
- Türkkaya Ataöv, Çatışmaların kaynağı olarak ayrımcılık, A.Ü. S.B.F. İnsan Hakları Merkezi Yayınları, Ankara, 1996
- ^ International Affairs Agency Turkish Dossier Program, The Western Thrace Turks issue in Turkish-Greek relations, International Affairs Agency, 1992, p. 105.
- Philip Hendrick Stoddard, The Ottoman government and the Arabs, 1911 to 1918: a preliminary study of the Teskilât-ı Mahsusa, Princeton University, 1963, pp. 52-53.
- Andrew Mango, Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey, Overlook Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-58567-334-6, p. 102.
- Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatürk, ABC-CLIO, 2009, ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0, p. 259.
- Panayotis D. Cangelaris: "The Western Thrace Autonomous Government "Muhtariyet" Issue (1913) Philatelic Exhibit". Cangelaris.com. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
- The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913, Lybomir Miletich, 1918, p. 205
- Constantinos Vacalopoulos (2004). History of Greater Thrace, from early Ottoman rule until nowadays. Thessaloniki: Publisher Antonios Stamoulis. p. 282. ISBN 960-8353-45-9.
- Karakatsanis, Leonidas (2017). "Review of Kevin Featherstone et al., Οι τελευταίοι Οθωμανοί: Η μουσουλμανική μειονότητα της Δυτικής Θράκης, 1940-1949 [The Last Ottomans: The Muslim Minority of Greece, 1940–1949]". Historein. 16 (1–2): 185. doi:10.12681/historein.9224. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
Passing from the Ottoman state to Bulgaria in 1912, to the Entente in 1919 and then to Greece in 1920 as part of its "new lands", Western Thrace was exempted from the population exchange between Turkey and Greece
- Miletich (1918), p.197
- Miletich (1918), p.198
- Miletich (1918), p.218
- Miletich (1918), p.219
- Miletich (1918), p.217
- Miletich (1918), p.280
- ^ Çeçen, Anıl, Tarihte Türk Devletleri, Milliyet Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 1986
- "Τουρκική Δημοκρατία Δυτικής Θράκης - Υπερβολή ή πραγματική απειλή". Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-27.
- ^ "Western Thrace, Autonomous Government (1913) » Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes". Dcstamps.com. 21 December 2012. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
Bibliography
- Miletich, Lyubomir (1918). 'Разорението на тракийските българи през 1913'. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
Notes
- Ottoman Turkish: غربی تراقیا حكومت موقتهسی, romanized: Garbi Trakya Hükûmet-i Muvakkatesi; Greek: Προσωρινή Κυβέρνηση Δυτικής Θράκης, romanized: Prosoriní Kyvérnisi Dytikís Thrákis; Turkish: Batı Trakya Geçici Hükümeti
- Ottoman Turkish: غربی تراقیا حكومت مستقلهسی, romanized: Garbi Trakya Hükûmet-i Müstakilesi; Greek: Αυτόνομη Κυβέρνηση Δυτικής Θράκης, romanized: Aftónomi Kyvérnisi Dytikís Thrákis
External links
| Balkan Wars | |
|---|---|
| Background |
|
| First Balkan War | |
| Battles | |
| Diplomacy and politics | |
| Second Balkan War | |
| Battles | |
| Diplomacy and politics | |
| Other | |
| General | |
| Aftermath | |
| Atrocities | |
| Participants |
|