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| {{Short description|Science that maps the universe}} | |||
| {{confused|cosmogram}} | |||
| {{distinguish|cosmogram|cosmology}} | |||
| {{More citations needed|date=April 2024}} | |||
| The term '''cosmography''' has two distinct meanings: traditionally it has been the ] of ] the general features of the ], ] and ]; more recently, it has been used to describe the ongoing effort to determine the large-scale features of the ]. | |||
| Premodern views of cosmography can be traditionally divided into those following the tradition of ], dominant in the ] and in ].{{clarification needed|this says "divided into" but then apparently names only one thing|date=November 2024}} | |||
| ⚫ | [[File:Peasants spinning.png|thumb| |
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| ⚫ | an Engraving on Wood, attributed to ], in the "Cosmographie" of Munster (Basle, 1552, folio) |
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| == Traditional usage == | |||
| '''Cosmography''' is the science that ]s the general features of the ] or ], describing both ] and ] (but without encroaching on ] or ]). The 14th-century work '']'' by ] physician ] is considered to be an early work of cosmography. | |||
| ⚫ | The 14th-century work '']'' by ] physician ] is considered to be an early work of cosmography. Traditional ], ] and ] cosmography schematize a universe centered on ] surrounded by rivers, continents and seas. These cosmographies posit a universe being repeatedly created and destroyed over time cycles of immense lengths. | ||
| ⚫ | [[File:Peasants spinning.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Sedentary Occupations of Peasants<!---Facsimile from | ||
| ⚫ | Traditional Hindu, Buddhist and Jain cosmography schematize a universe centered on ] surrounded by rivers, continents and seas. These cosmographies posit a universe being repeatedly created and destroyed over time cycles of immense lengths. | ||
| ⚫ | an Engraving on Wood, attributed to---> – by ], in the "Cosmographie" of Munster (Basle, 1552, folio)]] | ||
| In 1551, ], from ], Spain, published '']''. Translated into English and reprinted several times, the work was of great influence in Britain for many years. He proposed spherical charts and mentioned magnetic deviation and the existence of magnetic poles. | In 1551, ], from ], Spain, published '']''. Translated into English and reprinted several times, the work was of great influence in Britain for many years. He proposed spherical charts and mentioned magnetic deviation and the existence of magnetic poles. | ||
| ]'s 1652 book ''Cosmographie'' (enlarged from his ''Microcosmos'' of 1621) was one of the earliest attempts to describe the entire world in English, and |
]'s 1652 book ''Cosmographie'' (enlarged from his ''Microcosmos'' of 1621) was one of the earliest attempts to describe the entire world in English, and is the first known description of ], and among the first of ]. The book has four sections, examining the geography, politics, and cultures of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, with an addendum on '']'', including Australia, and extending to ], ], and the "Land of ]". | ||
| In 1659, Thomas Porter published a smaller, but extensive ''Compendious Description of the Whole World'', which also included a ] of world events from ] forward. These were all part of a major trend in the ] to explore (and perhaps comprehend) the known world. | In 1659, Thomas Porter published a smaller, but extensive ''Compendious Description of the Whole World'', which also included a ] of world events from ] forward. These were all part of a major trend in the ] to explore (and perhaps comprehend) the known world. | ||
| == Modern usage == | |||
| ⚫ | The word was also commonly used by ] in his lectures. | ||
| ⚫ | In ], the term "cosmography" is beginning to be used to describe attempts to determine the large-scale ] and ] of the ], dependent on the ] but independent of the temporal dependence of the ] on the matter/energy composition of the Universe.<ref>{{cite book | ||
| ⚫ | | title = Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity | ||
| ⚫ | In ], the term "cosmography" is beginning to be used to describe attempts to determine the large-scale ] and ] of the ], independent of |
||
| | pages = | |||
| ⚫ | | title= Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity | ||
| ⚫ | | last = Weinberg | ||
| | pages= 407–463 | |||
| ⚫ | | first = Steven | ||
| ⚫ | | last= Weinberg | ||
| ⚫ | | publisher = Wiley | ||
| ⚫ | | first= Steven | ||
| ⚫ | | year = 1972 | ||
| ⚫ | | publisher= Wiley | ||
| ⚫ | | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 | ||
| ⚫ | | year= 1972 | ||
| | url-access = registration | |||
| ⚫ | | isbn= 0-471-92567-5 | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/407 | |||
| }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | ||
| | arxiv= gr-qc/0411131 | | arxiv = gr-qc/0411131 | ||
| | last= Visser | | last= Visser | ||
| | first= Matt | | first= Matt | ||
| | title= Cosmography: Cosmology without the Einstein equations | | title= Cosmography: Cosmology without the Einstein equations | ||
| | journal= General Relativity and |
| journal= General Relativity and Gravitation | ||
| | year= 2005 | | year= 2005 | ||
| | volume= 37 | | volume= 37 | ||
| Line 35: | Line 39: | ||
| | pages= 1541–1548 | | pages= 1541–1548 | ||
| | doi= 10.1007/s10714-005-0134-8 | | doi= 10.1007/s10714-005-0134-8 | ||
| |bibcode = 2005GReGr..37.1541V | s2cid= 119414427 | |||
| }}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | The word was also commonly used by ] in his lectures. | ||
| Using the ] on a catalog of 10000 galaxies has allowed the construction of 3D images of the local structure of the cosmos.<ref name=SaidTF>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Khaled |title=Hubble Constant Tension |date=2023-10-24 |editor-last=Di Valentino |editor-first=E |chapter=Tully-Fisher relation |arxiv=2310.16053 |editor-last2=Brout |editor-first2=D. }}</ref> This led to the identification of a local supercluster named the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tully |first1=R. Brent |last2=Courtois |first2=Hélène |last3=Hoffman |first3=Yehuda |last4=Pomarède |first4=Daniel |date=2014-09-03 |title=The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13674 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=513 |issue=7516 |pages=71–73 |doi=10.1038/nature13674 |pmid=25186900 |arxiv=1409.0880 |bibcode=2014Natur.513...71T |s2cid=205240232 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| {{div col|colwidth=30em}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| {{div col end}} | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| <references /> | |||
| {{Portal bar|Astronomy|Space}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| {{astronomy-stub|<!-- scientific cosmography -->}} | |||
| {{cartography-stub|<!-- mapping the cosmos -->}} | |||
| {{philosophy-stub|<!-- philosophy of cosmography -->}} | |||
| {{astrology-stub|<!-- astrological cosmography -->}} | |||
| {{religion-stub|<!-- religious cosmography -->}} | |||
Latest revision as of 07:09, 23 November 2024
Science that maps the universe Not to be confused with cosmogram or cosmology. | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Cosmography" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The term cosmography has two distinct meanings: traditionally it has been the protoscience of mapping the general features of the cosmos, heaven and Earth; more recently, it has been used to describe the ongoing effort to determine the large-scale features of the observable universe.
Premodern views of cosmography can be traditionally divided into those following the tradition of ancient near eastern cosmology, dominant in the Ancient Near East and in early Greece.
Traditional usage
The 14th-century work 'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat by Persian physician Zakariya al-Qazwini is considered to be an early work of cosmography. Traditional Hindu, Buddhist and Jain cosmography schematize a universe centered on Mount Meru surrounded by rivers, continents and seas. These cosmographies posit a universe being repeatedly created and destroyed over time cycles of immense lengths.
In 1551, Martín Cortés de Albacar, from Zaragoza, Spain, published Breve compendio de la esfera y del arte de navegar. Translated into English and reprinted several times, the work was of great influence in Britain for many years. He proposed spherical charts and mentioned magnetic deviation and the existence of magnetic poles.
Peter Heylin's 1652 book Cosmographie (enlarged from his Microcosmos of 1621) was one of the earliest attempts to describe the entire world in English, and is the first known description of Australia, and among the first of California. The book has four sections, examining the geography, politics, and cultures of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, with an addendum on Terra Incognita, including Australia, and extending to Utopia, Fairyland, and the "Land of Chivalrie".
In 1659, Thomas Porter published a smaller, but extensive Compendious Description of the Whole World, which also included a chronology of world events from Creation forward. These were all part of a major trend in the European Renaissance to explore (and perhaps comprehend) the known world.
Modern usage
In astrophysics, the term "cosmography" is beginning to be used to describe attempts to determine the large-scale matter distribution and kinematics of the observable universe, dependent on the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric but independent of the temporal dependence of the scale factor on the matter/energy composition of the Universe. The word was also commonly used by Buckminster Fuller in his lectures.
Using the Tully-Fisher relation on a catalog of 10000 galaxies has allowed the construction of 3D images of the local structure of the cosmos. This led to the identification of a local supercluster named the Laniakea Supercluster.
See also
- Johann Bayer
- Andreas Cellarius
- Cosmographia
- Julius Schiller
- Star cartography
- Chronology of the Universe
- Cosmogony
- Cosmology
- Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure
References
- Weinberg, Steven (1972). Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity. Wiley. pp. 407–463. ISBN 978-0-471-92567-5.
- Visser, Matt (2005). "Cosmography: Cosmology without the Einstein equations". General Relativity and Gravitation. 37 (9): 1541–1548. arXiv:gr-qc/0411131. Bibcode:2005GReGr..37.1541V. doi:10.1007/s10714-005-0134-8. S2CID 119414427.
- Said, Khaled (2023-10-24). "Tully-Fisher relation". In Di Valentino, E; Brout, D. (eds.). Hubble Constant Tension. arXiv:2310.16053.
- Tully, R. Brent; Courtois, Hélène; Hoffman, Yehuda; Pomarède, Daniel (2014-09-03). "The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies". Nature. 513 (7516): 71–73. arXiv:1409.0880. Bibcode:2014Natur.513...71T. doi:10.1038/nature13674. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25186900. S2CID 205240232.
