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{{Infobox military conflict {{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Operation Steel<br>Çelik Harekâtı | conflict = Operation Steel<br />Çelik Harekâtı
⚫ | partof = the ]
|image=
| image =
⚫ |caption=
| image_size =
⚫ |partof=the ]
⚫ | caption =
⚫ |place=]
|date=20 March – 4 May 1995 | date = 20 March – 4 May 1995
⚫ | place = ]
|result=Turkish victory{{citation needed }}
| result = Turkish victory
|combatant1={{flag|Turkey}}
*operation success <ref>{{cite news|last1=POPE|first1=HUGH|title=Most Turkish Troops Said to Be Out of Iraq : Mideast: Ankara's army says it killed 555 Kurdish militants and lost 61 soldiers.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-05-05-mn-62674-story.html|access-date=14 January 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|date=5 May 1995|language=en-US}}</ref>
|combatant2={{flagicon image|Kd pkk1.PNG}} ] (PKK)
|commander1={{flagicon|Turkey}} Hasan Kundakçı | combatant1 = {{flag|Turkey}}
|commander2={{flagicon image|Kd pkk1.PNG}} ] | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_1978.svg}} ] (PKK)
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Turkey}} Hasan Kundakçı
|strength1=35,000+<ref name="Kurds in Turkey"/>
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_1978.svg}} ]
⚫ |strength2=2,400-2,800<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Kurds and the Future of Turkey|author=Gunter, M.M.|date=1997|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780312172657|url=http://books.google.nl/books?id=dWmd8IS06FgC|page=35|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref>
| strength1 = 100,000<ref name="Kurds in Turkey"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081035/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf |date=2011-07-16 }}</ref>
|casualties1=64 killed<ref name=hurriyet1/><br/>
⚫ | strength2 = 2,400–5,000<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Kurds and the Future of Turkey|author=Gunter, M.M.|date=1997|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780312172657|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWmd8IS06FgC|page=35|access-date=2015-04-13}}</ref>
185 wounded<ref name=hurriyet1/><br>
| casualties1 = 64 killed<br />185 wounded<ref>https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2455739 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.21yyte.org/assets/uploads/files/Ter%C3%B6rle%20M%C3%BCcadelede%20Verdi%C4%9Fimiz%20%C5%9Eehitler%20Tarihe%20G%C3%B6re%20S%C4%B1ral%C4%B1%281%29.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>
(Turkish Claim)
| casualties2 = 568 killed<br />13 captured<ref>https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2455739 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
----
800 killed<ref name="unhcr">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MARP,,TUR,,469f38e91e,0.html|title=Refworld &#124; Chronology for Kurds in Turkey|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|publisher=unhcr.org|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref><ref name="Kurds in Turkey"></ref><br/>
(PKK Claim)
|casualties2=555 killed<ref name=hurriyet1/><br/>
13 captured<ref name=hurriyet1/><br/>
(Turkish Claim)
----
60 killed<ref name="unhcr"/><br/>
(PKK Claim)
|casualties3=
200 civilians killed<ref name="kurdmedia">{{cite web|url=http://www.kurdmedia.com/article.aspx?id=13491|title=KurdishMedia.com: News about Kurds and Kurdistan|publisher=kurdmedia.com|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref>
15,000 Iraqi Kurdish civilians displaced <ref name="unhcr"/>
}} }}
{{Campaignbox Kurdish–Turkish conflict}} {{Campaignbox Kurdish–Turkish conflict}}


'''Operation Steel''' ({{lang-tr|Çelik Harekâtı}}) was a cross-border operation by the ] into northern ] between 20 March and 4 May 1995 against the ] (PKK). '''Operation Steel''' ({{langx|tr|Çelik Harekâtı}}) was a cross-border operation by the ] into northern ] between 20 March and 4 May 1995 against the ] (PKK). The invasion of Iraqi Kurdistan was a short term military operation and ended with both sides losing heavy casualties .<ref name=gg>{{cite book|last1=Fremont-Barnes|first1=Gregory|title=A History of Counterinsurgency |date=5 May 2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440804250|page=328|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOZjCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA328 |access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref>


== The battle == ==The Operation==
On March 20, 1995, some 35,000 Turkish troops launched an invasion into Northern Iraq. The effect of the attack was however relatively limited, despite high PKK casualties, as the majority of the PKK forces left the region before the offensive begun as they had noticed the military buildup on the border and were anticipating the offensive. By April 25, Turkey pulled out 20,000 of its 35,000 troops. After on May 3, the ] delegation to Turkey said they would stop PKK activities in Iraqi Kurdistan, Turkey withdrew its remaining forces on May 4. The military operation strained relations between Turkey and the ] and ] as over 15,000 Iraqi Kurdish civilians were displaced by Turkish forces.<ref name="unhcr">Minorities at Risk Project, , ''Chronology for Kurds in Turkey'', 2004. in the website of Refworld, ].</ref> On March 20, 1995, some 100,000 Turkish troops launched an invasion into northern ]. The effect of the attack was however relatively limited, despite high ] casualties, as the majority of the PKK forces fled the region to not be killed by the Turkish forces before the offensive begun. They had noticed the military buildup on the border and were anticipating the offensive. By April 25, ] pulled out 20,000 of its 100,000 troops. On May 3, after the ] delegation to Turkey said that they would stop PKK activities in Iraqi Kurdistan, Turkey withdrew its remaining forces on May 4. The military operation strained relations between Turkey and the ] and ], as over 15,000 Iraqi Kurdish civilians were displaced by Turkish forces.<ref name="unhcr">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MARP,,TUR,,469f38e91e,0.html|title=Refworld &#124; Chronology for Kurds in Turkey|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|publisher=unhcr.org|access-date=2015-04-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017233130/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MARP,,TUR,,469f38e91e,0.html|archive-date=2012-10-17}}</ref>

== Casualties ==

More than 35,000 troops took part in the operation.<ref name="Kurds in Turkey"></ref> Turkey announced fatalities at a total of 64 personnel made out of 4 commissioned officers, 5 noncommissioned officers and 55 soldiers. Turkey announced the injured at a total of 185 personnel made out of 13 commissioned officers 8 noncommissioned officers and 164 soldiers. Turkey announced the total number of militants neutralized at a total of 568 with 555 being killed and 13 being captured live or injured.<ref name=hurriyet1>{{cite web|url=http://fotoanaliz.hurriyet.com.tr/GaleriDetay.aspx?cid=6755&p=2&rid=4369|title=Çelik harekatı (20 Mart - 2 Mayıs 1994)|publisher=]|accessdate=2007-10-11}}</ref> The PKK claimed they killed 261 soldiers and only 18 of their fighters were killed during the operation.<ref name="Kurds in Turkey"/>


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
*]
*]


==References== ==References==
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{{Turkey–Kurdistan Workers Party conflict}} {{Turkey–Kurdistan Workers Party conflict}}


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Latest revision as of 11:46, 24 December 2024

Operation Steel
Çelik Harekâtı
Part of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict
Date20 March – 4 May 1995
LocationNorthern Iraq
Result

Turkish victory

  • operation success
Belligerents
 Turkey Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
Commanders and leaders
Turkey Hasan Kundakçı Abdullah Öcalan
Strength
100,000 2,400–5,000
Casualties and losses
64 killed
185 wounded		 568 killed
13 captured
Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
Timeline
First insurgency
Second insurgency
Third insurgency
Serhildan
Peace process and peace efforts
Others

Operation Steel (Turkish: Çelik Harekâtı) was a cross-border operation by the Turkish Armed Forces into northern Iraq between 20 March and 4 May 1995 against the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). The invasion of Iraqi Kurdistan was a short term military operation and ended with both sides losing heavy casualties .

The Operation

On March 20, 1995, some 100,000 Turkish troops launched an invasion into northern Iraq. The effect of the attack was however relatively limited, despite high PKK casualties, as the majority of the PKK forces fled the region to not be killed by the Turkish forces before the offensive begun. They had noticed the military buildup on the border and were anticipating the offensive. By April 25, Turkey pulled out 20,000 of its 100,000 troops. On May 3, after the Kurdistan Democratic Party delegation to Turkey said that they would stop PKK activities in Iraqi Kurdistan, Turkey withdrew its remaining forces on May 4. The military operation strained relations between Turkey and the United States and Europe, as over 15,000 Iraqi Kurdish civilians were displaced by Turkish forces.

See also

References

  1. POPE, HUGH (5 May 1995). "Most Turkish Troops Said to Be Out of Iraq : Mideast: Ankara's army says it killed 555 Kurdish militants and lost 61 soldiers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  2. Kurds in Turkey (page 18) Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  3. Gunter, M.M. (1997). The Kurds and the Future of Turkey. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 35. ISBN 9780312172657. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
  4. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2455739
  5. https://www.21yyte.org/assets/uploads/files/Ter%C3%B6rle%20M%C3%BCcadelede%20Verdi%C4%9Fimiz%20%C5%9Eehitler%20Tarihe%20G%C3%B6re%20S%C4%B1ral%C4%B1%281%29.pdf
  6. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2455739
  7. Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (5 May 2015). A History of Counterinsurgency [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 328. ISBN 9781440804250. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  8. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Turkey". unhcr.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2015-04-13.

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