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{{distinguish|Shih Tzu}} | {{distinguish|Shih Tzu}} | ||
{{Short description|Japanese alternative medicine bodywork practice}} | |||
⚫ | ]'' flows through a network of '']'' in the body.]] | ||
{{Italic title|reason=]}}{{Alternative medicine sidebar |traditional}} | |||
'''Shiatsu''' (]: 指圧; ]: しあつ) is a form of Japanese ] based on the theoretical framework of ]. | |||
{{Infobox Chinese | |||
⚫ | |title=''Shiatsu'' | ||
|pic=Shiatsu (Chinese characters).svg | |||
|piccap="Shiatsu" in new-style ('']'') '']'' | |||
|picupright=0.35 | |||
|shinjitai=指圧 | |||
|romaji=Shiatsu}} | |||
'''''Shiatsu''''' ({{IPAc-en|S|i|'|ae|t|s|-|,_|-|'|a:|t|s|u:}} {{respell|shee|AT|-,_-|AHT|soo}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|author-link=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=3 April 2008|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> {{lang|ja|指圧}}) is a form of Japanese ] based on concepts in ] such as ]. Having been popularized in the twentieth century by ] (1905–2000),<ref name=Ernst2019>{{cite book|last1=Ernst|first1=Edzard|date=2019|title=Alternative Medicine: A Critical Assessment of 150 Modalities|location=Cham|publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-12601-8|pages=193–194|isbn=978-3-030-12600-1|s2cid=34148480}}</ref> ''shiatsu'' derives from the older Japanese massage modality called '']''. | |||
There is no scientific ] that ''shiatsu'' will prevent or cure any disease.<ref name=cruk/> Although it is considered a generally safe treatment—if sometimes painful—there have been reports of adverse health effects arising from its use, a few of them serious.<ref name=Ernst2019/> | |||
⚫ | In the ], ''shiatsu'' means "finger pressure". Shiatsu techniques include massages with fingers, thumbs, and palms; assisted ]; and ] and ].<ref name=Marjay>{{cite book |title=Shiatsu: The Complete Guide |publisher=Thorsons | |
||
== Description == | |||
Shiatsu derives from a Japanese massage modality called '']'' which was itself adapted from '']''.<ref name=Marjay/> Tui na is a Chinese bodywork system that arrived in Japan by at least the ] (710–793 CE). ] (1905–2000) founded a shiatsu college in the 1940s, and is often credited with inventing modern shiatsu.<ref name=Marjay/> | |||
⚫ | In the ], ''shiatsu'' means "finger pressure". ''Shiatsu'' techniques include massages with fingers, thumbs, elbows, knuckles, feet and palms; ], assisted ]; and ] and ].<ref name=Marjay>{{cite book |title=Shiatsu: The Complete Guide |publisher=Thorsons |last1=Jarmey |first1=Chris |last2=Mojay |first2=Gabriel |year=1991 |pages=8 |quote=Shiatsu therapy is a form of manipulation administered by the thumbs, fingers and palms, without the use of any instrument, mechanical or otherwise, to apply pressure to the human skin|isbn=9780722522431}}</ref> To examine a patient, a shiatsu practitioner uses ] and, sometimes, ]. | ||
The Japanese Ministry of Health defines ''shiatsu'' as "a form of manipulation by thumbs, fingers and palms without the use of instruments, mechanical or otherwise, to apply pressure to the human skin to correct internal malfunctions, promote and maintain health, and treat specific diseases. The techniques used in ''shiatsu'' include stretching, holding, and most commonly, leaning body weight into various points along key channels."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/|title = Welcome to Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare}}</ref> | |||
Academic research into acupressure and Shiatsu has found indications that they may help with pain reduction and relieving post-operative nausea. No other evidence of medical effective has, so far, been found.<ref name=robinson/> | |||
The practice of ''shiatsu'' is based on the traditional Chinese concept of '']'', which is sometimes described as an ]. ''Qi'' is supposedly channeled through certain pathways in the human body, known as ], causing a variety of effects.<ref name="cruk2">{{cite web|date=13 December 2018|title=Shiatsu|url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/shiatsu|publisher=]}}</ref> Despite the fact that many practitioners use these ideas in explaining ''shiatsu'',<ref>E.g., {{cite book|last1=Beresford-Cooke|first1=Carola|title=Shiatsu Theory and Practice: A Comprehensive Text for the Student and Professional|date=2003|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=9780443070594}} pp. 1–2.</ref> neither ''qi'' nor meridians exist as observable phenomena.<ref name=no-qi>{{cite book|vauthors=Ernst E|title=Healing, Hype or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7O7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT203|year= 2013|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-84540-712-4|page=203 | quote = Vitalism generates no testable hypotheses and can neither be proven nor disproven. Detection of a signal on any type of physical apparatus implies that the signal mush have a physical origin—it must be a form of thermal, kinetic, electrical, electromagnetic, chemical, gravitational, or nuclear energy and, be definition, part of the mechanistic universe outside of which the hypothetical vital force dwells. Equally, even though we can't observe it directly in any way, it may still be there, in the same way that God may be there or in the same way that Russel's teapot may be there.}}</ref><ref name="Ahn2008">{{cite journal |last1=Ahn |first1=AC |last2=Colbert |first2=AP |last3=Anderson |first3=BJ |last4=Martinsen |first4=ØG |last5=Hammerschlag |first5=R |last6=Cina |first6=S |last7=Wayne |first7=PM |last8=Langevin |first8=HM |display-authors=4 |title=Electrical properties of acupuncture points and meridians: A systematic review |journal=Bioelectromagnetics |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=245–56 |year=2008 |pmid=18240287 |doi=10.1002/bem.20403 |s2cid=7001749 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bem.20403 | quote = Based on this review, the evidence does not conclusively support the claim that acupuncture points or meridians are electrically distinguishable.}}</ref> | |||
== Efficacy == | |||
There is no evidence that ''shiatsu'' is of any benefit in treating cancer or any other disease, though some evidence suggests it might help people feel more relaxed.<ref name=cruk>{{cite web | |||
⚫ | |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/shiatsu | ||
|title=Shiatsu | |||
⚫ | |publisher=] | ||
|date=13 December 2018}}</ref> In 2015, the ] published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by ]; ''shiatsu'' was one of 17 therapies evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found.<ref name="aus17">{{cite web |author=Baggoley C |title=Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance |url=https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/4899F1657E19A6F4CA2583A50020140D/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818060048/https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/4899F1657E19A6F4CA2583A50020140D/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2020 |publisher=Australian Government – Department of Health}}</ref> Accordingly, in 2017, the Australian government named ''shiatsu'' as a practice that would not qualify for insurance subsidy, to ensure the best use of insurance funds.<ref name=nosubsidy>{{cite journal |title=Homeopathy, naturopathy struck off private insurance list |author=Paola S |date=17 October 2017 |journal=Australian Journal of Pharmacy |url=https://ajp.com.au/news/homeopathy-naturopathy-struck-off-private-insurance-list/}}</ref> | |||
''Shiatsu'''s claims of having a positive impact on a recipient's sense of vitality and well-being have to some extent been supported by studies where recipients reported improved relaxation, sleep, and lessened symptom severity.<ref name=Ernst2019/> However, the state of the evidence on its efficacy for treating any malady is poor, and one recent ] did not find ''shiatsu'' to be effective for any particular health condition.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Nicola|last2=Lorenc|first2=Ava|last3=Liao|first3=Xing|date=2011|title=The evidence for Shiatsu: a systematic review of Shiatsu and acupressure|journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine|volume=11|issue=88|page=88|doi=10.1186/1472-6882-11-88|pmid=21982157|pmc=3200172 |doi-access=free }} (cited by {{harvnb|Ernst|2019|p=194}}).</ref> It is generally considered safe, though some studies have reported negative effects after a treatment with ''shiatsu'',<ref name=Ernst2019/> and examples of serious health complications exist including one case of ], one ], and a documented injury from a "shiatsu-type massaging machine".<ref>E.g., {{cite journal|last1=Wada|first1=Y.|last2=Yanagihara|first2=C.|last3=Nishimura|first3=Y.|date=2005|title=Internal jugular vein thrombosis associated with shiatsu massage of the neck|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=76|issue=1|pages=142–143|doi=10.1136/jnnp.2004.038521|pmid=15608019|pmc=1739324}} (cited by {{harvnb|Ernst|2019|p=194}}).</ref> | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
⚫ | ]'' flows through a network of '']'' in the body.]] | ||
⚫ | Shiatsu evolved from ''anma'', a Japanese |
||
⚫ | ''Shiatsu'' evolved from '']'', a Japanese style of massage developed in 1320 by Akashi Kan Ichi.<ref name=Joya/><ref name="guanInstitute1962">{{cite book|author1=Fu ren da xue (Beijing, China). Ren lei xue bo wu guan|author2=S.V.D. Research Institute|author3=Society of the Divine Word|title=Folklore studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UwsAQAAIAAJ|access-date=11 May 2012|year=1962|page=235}}</ref> Anma was popularised in the seventeenth century by ] ], and around the same time the first books on the subject, including Fujibayashi Ryohaku's ''Anma Tebiki'' ("Manual of Anma"), appeared.<ref name="DoAnn2006">{{cite book|author=Kaneko, DoAnn T|title=Shiatsu Anma Therapy|year=2006|publisher=Hmauchi |isbn=9780977212804}}</ref> | ||
⚫ | Since Sugiyama's time, massage in Japan had been strongly associated with the blind.<ref>{{cite book | title=Complementary Medicine For Dummies | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=Young, Jacqueline | year=2007 | pages=99 | isbn=9780470519684}}</ref> Sugiyama, blind himself, established a number of medical schools for the blind which taught this practice. During the ], edicts were passed which made the practice of anma solely the preserve of the blind – sighted people were prohibited from practicing the art.<ref name="Joya">{{cite book | title=Mock Jōya's Things Japanese |work=The Japan Times | author=Jōya, Moku | year=1985 | pages=55}}</ref> As a result, the "blind anma" has become a popular trope in Japanese culture.<ref>{{cite book | title=Shiatsu Theory and Practice | publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences | author=Beresford-Cooke, Carola | year=2010 | isbn=9780080982472}}</ref> This has continued into the modern era, with a large proportion of the Japanese blind community continuing to work in the profession.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The New outlook for the blind | author=American Foundation for the Blind | year=1973 | volume=67 | pages=178}}</ref> | ||
] | |||
⚫ | Abdominal palpation as a Japanese diagnostic technique was developed by Shinsai Ota in the 17th century.<ref name="Dubitsky1997">{{cite book|author=Carl Dubitsky|title=Bodywork Shiatsu: Bringing the Art of Finger Pressure to the Massage Table|url= |
||
The Fujibayashi school carried anma into the modern age.<ref name="Frédéric2002">{{cite book|author=Louis Frédéric|title=Japan Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA28|access-date=11 May 2012|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01753-5|pages=28–29}}</ref> Prior to the emergence of ''shiatsu'' in ], masseurs were often nomadic, earning their keep in mobile massage capacities, and paying commissions to their referrers.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} | |||
⚫ | During the ] by the Allies after ], traditional medicine practices were banned (along with other aspects of traditional Japanese culture) by ]. The ban prevented a large proportion of Japan's blind community from earning a living.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} Many Japanese entreated for this ban to be rescinded. Additionally, writer and advocate for blind rights ], on being made aware of the prohibition, interceded with the United States government; at her urging, the ban was rescinded.<ref>{{cite book | title=Shiatsu Theory and Practice: A Comprehensive Text for the Student and Professional | publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences | author=Beresford-Cooke, Carola | year=2003 | pages=2 | isbn=9780443070594}}</ref> | ||
⚫ | Since Sugiyama's time, massage in Japan had been strongly associated with the blind.<ref>{{cite book | title=Complementary Medicine For Dummies | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=Young, Jacqueline | year=2007 | pages=99 | isbn=9780470519684}}</ref> Sugiyama, blind himself, established a number of medical schools for the blind which taught this practice. During the ], edicts were passed which made the practice of anma solely the preserve of the blind – sighted people were prohibited from practicing the art.<ref name="Joya">{{cite book | title=Mock Jōya's Things Japanese |work=The Japan Times | author=Jōya, Moku | year=1985 | pages=55}}</ref> As a result, the "blind anma" has become a popular trope in Japanese culture.<ref>{{cite book | title=Shiatsu Theory and Practice | publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences | author=Beresford-Cooke, Carola | year=2010 | isbn=9780080982472}}</ref> This has continued into the modern era, with a large proportion of the Japanese blind community continuing to work in the profession.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The New outlook for the blind | author=American Foundation for the Blind | year=1973 | volume=67 | pages=178}}</ref> | ||
⚫ | ] (1905–2000) founded his shiatsu college in the 1940s and his legacy was the state recognition of |
||
⚫ | Abdominal palpation as a Japanese diagnostic technique was developed by Shinsai Ota in the 17th century.<ref name="Dubitsky1997">{{cite book|author=Carl Dubitsky|title=Bodywork Shiatsu: Bringing the Art of Finger Pressure to the Massage Table|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRB8DFWf1gQC&pg=PA7 |access-date=11 May 2012|date=1 May 1997|publisher=Inner Traditions * Bear & Company|isbn=978-0-89281-526-5|pages=7}}</ref><ref name="MatsumotoBirch1988">{{cite book|author1=Kiiko Matsumoto|author2=Stephen Birch|title=Hara Diagnosis: Reflections on the Sea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktO5Atic5u4C&pg=PA315 |access-date=11 May 2012|year=1988|publisher=Paradigm Publications|isbn=978-0-912111-13-1|pages=315–}}</ref> | ||
⚫ | Namikoshi's school taught shiatsu within a framework of western medical science. A student and teacher of |
||
⚫ | During the ] by the Allies after ], traditional medicine practices were banned (along with other aspects of traditional Japanese culture) by ]. The ban prevented a large proportion of Japan's blind community from earning a living.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} Many Japanese entreated for this ban to be rescinded. Additionally, writer and advocate for blind rights ], on being made aware of the prohibition, interceded with the United States government; at her urging, the ban was rescinded.<ref>{{cite book | title=Shiatsu Theory and Practice: A Comprehensive Text for the Student and Professional | publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences | author=Beresford-Cooke, Carola | year=2003 | pages=2 | isbn=9780443070594}}</ref> | ||
== Usefulness == | |||
There is no evidence that shiatsu is an effective medical treatment.<ref name=robinson>{{cite journal|quote=Shiatsu incorporates acupressure, which is similar but applies pressure for longer on specific pressure points on meridians, following Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) |doi=10.1186/1472-6882-11-88|title=The evidence for Shiatsu: A systematic review of Shiatsu and acupressure|year=2011|last1=Robinson|first1=N |last2=Lorenc|first2=A |last3=Liao|first3=X |journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine|volume=11|pages=88|pmid=21982157|pmc=3200172}}</ref> In 2015 the ] published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by ]; shiatsu was one of 17 therapies evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found.<ref name=aus17>{{cite web |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/0E9129B3574FCA53CA257BF0001ACD11/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf |publisher=Australian Government – Department of Health |format=PDF |author=Baggoley C |title=Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance |year=2015 |laysummary=https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/australian-review-finds-no-benefit-to-17-natural-therapies |lay-source=Gavura, S. Australian review finds no benefit to 17 natural therapies. Science-Based Medicine. |lay-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> | |||
⚫ | ] (1905–2000) founded his ''shiatsu'' college in the 1940s and his legacy was the state recognition of ''shiatsu'' as an independent method of treatment in Japan. He is often credited with inventing modern ''shiatsu''. However, the term ''shiatsu'' was already in use in 1919, when a book called ''Shiatsu Ho'' ("finger pressure method") was published by Tamai Tempaku.<ref name=Anderson2008>{{cite book |last= Anderson |first= Sandra K. |year= 2008 |title= The Practice of Shiatsu |publisher= ] | page= 12 |isbn= 978-0-323-04580-3}}</ref> Also prior to Namikoshi's system, in 1925 the Shiatsu Therapists Association was founded, with the purpose of distancing ''shiatsu'' from ''anma'' massage.<ref name=Anderson2008/><ref>{{cite book |last= Stillerman |first= Elaine |year= 2009 |title= Modalities for Massage and Bodywork |publisher=Mosby |pages= 281–300 |isbn= 978-0323052559}}</ref> | ||
Contemporary research has not conclusively proven the existence of ''qi'' or meridians.<ref name = Bauer>{{cite journal |first=M |last=Bauer |url=http://www.chinesemedicinetimes.com/section.php?xSec=122 |journal=Chinese Medicine Times |volume=1 |issue=4 |page=31 |year=2006 |title=The Final Days of Traditional Beliefs? – Part One}}</ref><ref name="Ahn2008">{{cite journal |last1=Ahn |first1=AC |last2=Colbert |first2=AP |last3=Anderson |first3=BJ |last4=Martinsen |first4=ØG |last5=Hammerschlag |first5=R |last6=Cina |first6=S |last7=Wayne |first7=PM |last8=Langevin |first8=HM |displayauthors=4 |title=Electrical properties of acupuncture points and meridians: A systematic review |journal=Bioelectromagnetics |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=245–56 |year=2008 |pmid=18240287 |doi=10.1002/bem.20403 |url=https://mn.uio.no/fysikk/english/research/projects/bioimpedance/publications/papers/meridian_rev.pdf}}</ref> So far, studies researching shiatsu's effectiveness have been poorly executed.<ref name=robinson/><ref name=cruk/> | |||
⚫ | Namikoshi's school taught ''shiatsu'' within a framework of western medical science. A student and teacher of Namikoshi's school, ], brought to ''shiatsu'' a traditional eastern medicine and philosophic framework. Masunaga grew up in a family of ''shiatsu'' practitioners, with his mother having studied with Tamai Tempaku.<ref name=Anderson2008/> He founded Zen Shiatsu and the Iokai Shiatsu Center school.<ref>{{cite book | title=Shiatsu: The Complete Guide | publisher=Thorsons |author1=Jarmey, Chris |author2=Mojay, Gabriel | year=1991 | pages=6 | isbn=9780722522431}}</ref> Another student of Namikoshi, ] founded the Hiron Shiatsu,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ko-shiatsu.ch/startseite/fortbildung/fortbildung-shiatsu/shiatsu-der-meister |title=Hiron Shiatsu |access-date=2016-01-02 |archive-date=2018-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092750/https://www.ko-shiatsu.ch/startseite/fortbildung/fortbildung-shiatsu/shiatsu-der-meister |url-status=dead }}</ref> a holistic technique of ''shiatsu'' that uses intuitive techniques and a spiritual approach to healing which identifies ways how to take responsibility for a healthy and happy life in the practitioner's own hands. It is practiced mainly in Switzerland, France and Italy, where its founder opened several schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.herbig.net/uploads/tx_ttipcshop/media/eisele_wisdom.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081147/http://www.herbig.net/uploads/tx_ttipcshop/media/eisele_wisdom.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> | ||
According to ], "There is no scientific evidence to prove that shiatsu can cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer. Also, a lack of high quality research so far means there is currently no scientific evidence to support the use of shiatsu for controlling cancer symptoms. This doesn't mean that shiatsu doesn't work in controlling symptoms or side effects, simply that it has not yet been tested properly."<ref name=cruk>{{cite web | |||
⚫ | |url= |
||
⚫ | |title=Shiatsu |
||
⚫ | |publisher=] | ||
|accessdate=August 2013}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* | * | ||
{{Massage types}} | {{Massage types}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 22:39, 26 April 2024
Not to be confused with Shih Tzu. Japanese alternative medicine bodywork practiceShiatsu | |||||
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"Shiatsu" in new-style (shinjitai) kanji | |||||
Japanese name | |||||
Shinjitai | 指圧 | ||||
| |||||
Shiatsu (/ʃiˈæts-, -ˈɑːtsuː/ shee-AT-, -AHT-soo; 指圧) is a form of Japanese bodywork based on concepts in traditional Chinese medicine such as qi meridians. Having been popularized in the twentieth century by Tokujiro Namikoshi (1905–2000), shiatsu derives from the older Japanese massage modality called anma.
There is no scientific evidence that shiatsu will prevent or cure any disease. Although it is considered a generally safe treatment—if sometimes painful—there have been reports of adverse health effects arising from its use, a few of them serious.
Description
In the Japanese language, shiatsu means "finger pressure". Shiatsu techniques include massages with fingers, thumbs, elbows, knuckles, feet and palms; acupressure, assisted stretching; and joint manipulation and mobilization. To examine a patient, a shiatsu practitioner uses palpation and, sometimes, pulse diagnosis.
The Japanese Ministry of Health defines shiatsu as "a form of manipulation by thumbs, fingers and palms without the use of instruments, mechanical or otherwise, to apply pressure to the human skin to correct internal malfunctions, promote and maintain health, and treat specific diseases. The techniques used in shiatsu include stretching, holding, and most commonly, leaning body weight into various points along key channels."
The practice of shiatsu is based on the traditional Chinese concept of qi, which is sometimes described as an "energy flow". Qi is supposedly channeled through certain pathways in the human body, known as meridians, causing a variety of effects. Despite the fact that many practitioners use these ideas in explaining shiatsu, neither qi nor meridians exist as observable phenomena.
Efficacy
There is no evidence that shiatsu is of any benefit in treating cancer or any other disease, though some evidence suggests it might help people feel more relaxed. In 2015, the Australian Government's Department of Health published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by health insurance; shiatsu was one of 17 therapies evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found. Accordingly, in 2017, the Australian government named shiatsu as a practice that would not qualify for insurance subsidy, to ensure the best use of insurance funds.
Shiatsu's claims of having a positive impact on a recipient's sense of vitality and well-being have to some extent been supported by studies where recipients reported improved relaxation, sleep, and lessened symptom severity. However, the state of the evidence on its efficacy for treating any malady is poor, and one recent systematic review did not find shiatsu to be effective for any particular health condition. It is generally considered safe, though some studies have reported negative effects after a treatment with shiatsu, and examples of serious health complications exist including one case of thrombosis, one embolism, and a documented injury from a "shiatsu-type massaging machine".
History
Shiatsu evolved from anma, a Japanese style of massage developed in 1320 by Akashi Kan Ichi. Anma was popularised in the seventeenth century by acupuncturist Sugiyama Waichi, and around the same time the first books on the subject, including Fujibayashi Ryohaku's Anma Tebiki ("Manual of Anma"), appeared.
The Fujibayashi school carried anma into the modern age. Prior to the emergence of shiatsu in Japan, masseurs were often nomadic, earning their keep in mobile massage capacities, and paying commissions to their referrers.
Since Sugiyama's time, massage in Japan had been strongly associated with the blind. Sugiyama, blind himself, established a number of medical schools for the blind which taught this practice. During the Tokugawa period, edicts were passed which made the practice of anma solely the preserve of the blind – sighted people were prohibited from practicing the art. As a result, the "blind anma" has become a popular trope in Japanese culture. This has continued into the modern era, with a large proportion of the Japanese blind community continuing to work in the profession.
Abdominal palpation as a Japanese diagnostic technique was developed by Shinsai Ota in the 17th century.
During the Occupation of Japan by the Allies after World War II, traditional medicine practices were banned (along with other aspects of traditional Japanese culture) by General MacArthur. The ban prevented a large proportion of Japan's blind community from earning a living. Many Japanese entreated for this ban to be rescinded. Additionally, writer and advocate for blind rights Helen Keller, on being made aware of the prohibition, interceded with the United States government; at her urging, the ban was rescinded.
Tokujiro Namikoshi (1905–2000) founded his shiatsu college in the 1940s and his legacy was the state recognition of shiatsu as an independent method of treatment in Japan. He is often credited with inventing modern shiatsu. However, the term shiatsu was already in use in 1919, when a book called Shiatsu Ho ("finger pressure method") was published by Tamai Tempaku. Also prior to Namikoshi's system, in 1925 the Shiatsu Therapists Association was founded, with the purpose of distancing shiatsu from anma massage.
Namikoshi's school taught shiatsu within a framework of western medical science. A student and teacher of Namikoshi's school, Shizuto Masunaga, brought to shiatsu a traditional eastern medicine and philosophic framework. Masunaga grew up in a family of shiatsu practitioners, with his mother having studied with Tamai Tempaku. He founded Zen Shiatsu and the Iokai Shiatsu Center school. Another student of Namikoshi, Hiroshi Nozaki founded the Hiron Shiatsu, a holistic technique of shiatsu that uses intuitive techniques and a spiritual approach to healing which identifies ways how to take responsibility for a healthy and happy life in the practitioner's own hands. It is practiced mainly in Switzerland, France and Italy, where its founder opened several schools.
See also
- Acupressure
- Alternative cancer treatments
- Jin Shin Do
- Johrei
- Kampo
- Kappo
- Kiyoshi Ikenaga
- Macrobiotic diet
- Massage chair
- Onsen
- Reflexology
- Reiki
References
- Wells, John (3 April 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^ Ernst, Edzard (2019). Alternative Medicine: A Critical Assessment of 150 Modalities. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 193–194. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12601-8. ISBN 978-3-030-12600-1. S2CID 34148480.
- ^ "Shiatsu". Cancer Research UK. 13 December 2018.
- Jarmey, Chris; Mojay, Gabriel (1991). Shiatsu: The Complete Guide. Thorsons. p. 8. ISBN 9780722522431.
Shiatsu therapy is a form of manipulation administered by the thumbs, fingers and palms, without the use of any instrument, mechanical or otherwise, to apply pressure to the human skin
- "Welcome to Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare".
- "Shiatsu". Cancer Research UK. 13 December 2018.
- E.g., Beresford-Cooke, Carola (2003). Shiatsu Theory and Practice: A Comprehensive Text for the Student and Professional. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 9780443070594. pp. 1–2.
- Ernst E (2013). Healing, Hype or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine. Andrews UK Limited. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-84540-712-4.
Vitalism generates no testable hypotheses and can neither be proven nor disproven. Detection of a signal on any type of physical apparatus implies that the signal mush have a physical origin—it must be a form of thermal, kinetic, electrical, electromagnetic, chemical, gravitational, or nuclear energy and, be definition, part of the mechanistic universe outside of which the hypothetical vital force dwells. Equally, even though we can't observe it directly in any way, it may still be there, in the same way that God may be there or in the same way that Russel's teapot may be there.
- Ahn, AC; Colbert, AP; Anderson, BJ; Martinsen, ØG; et al. (2008). "Electrical properties of acupuncture points and meridians: A systematic review". Bioelectromagnetics. 29 (4): 245–56. doi:10.1002/bem.20403. PMID 18240287. S2CID 7001749.
Based on this review, the evidence does not conclusively support the claim that acupuncture points or meridians are electrically distinguishable.
- Baggoley C. "Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance" (PDF). Australian Government – Department of Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2020.
- Paola S (17 October 2017). "Homeopathy, naturopathy struck off private insurance list". Australian Journal of Pharmacy.
- Robinson, Nicola; Lorenc, Ava; Liao, Xing (2011). "The evidence for Shiatsu: a systematic review of Shiatsu and acupressure". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 11 (88): 88. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-11-88. PMC 3200172. PMID 21982157. (cited by Ernst 2019, p. 194).
- E.g., Wada, Y.; Yanagihara, C.; Nishimura, Y. (2005). "Internal jugular vein thrombosis associated with shiatsu massage of the neck". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 76 (1): 142–143. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.038521. PMC 1739324. PMID 15608019. (cited by Ernst 2019, p. 194).
- ^ Jōya, Moku (1985). Mock Jōya's Things Japanese. p. 55.
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ignored (help) - Fu ren da xue (Beijing, China). Ren lei xue bo wu guan; S.V.D. Research Institute; Society of the Divine Word (1962). Folklore studies. p. 235. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
- Kaneko, DoAnn T (2006). Shiatsu Anma Therapy. Hmauchi. ISBN 9780977212804.
- Louis Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
- Young, Jacqueline (2007). Complementary Medicine For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 99. ISBN 9780470519684.
- Beresford-Cooke, Carola (2010). Shiatsu Theory and Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780080982472.
- American Foundation for the Blind (1973). "The New outlook for the blind". 67: 178.
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: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Carl Dubitsky (1 May 1997). Bodywork Shiatsu: Bringing the Art of Finger Pressure to the Massage Table. Inner Traditions * Bear & Company. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-89281-526-5. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
- Kiiko Matsumoto; Stephen Birch (1988). Hara Diagnosis: Reflections on the Sea. Paradigm Publications. pp. 315–. ISBN 978-0-912111-13-1. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
- Beresford-Cooke, Carola (2003). Shiatsu Theory and Practice: A Comprehensive Text for the Student and Professional. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2. ISBN 9780443070594.
- ^ Anderson, Sandra K. (2008). The Practice of Shiatsu. Mosby Elsevier. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-323-04580-3.
- Stillerman, Elaine (2009). Modalities for Massage and Bodywork. Mosby. pp. 281–300. ISBN 978-0323052559.
- Jarmey, Chris; Mojay, Gabriel (1991). Shiatsu: The Complete Guide. Thorsons. p. 6. ISBN 9780722522431.
- "Hiron Shiatsu". Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
- "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
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: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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