Misplaced Pages

Second Empire architecture in Europe: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 22:41, 3 March 2016 editMaxmoran341 (talk | contribs)14 editsmNo edit summaryTag: Visual edit← Previous edit Latest revision as of 14:00, 21 May 2024 edit undoEcrm87 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users4,706 edits Link cleanup, minor corrections 
(113 intermediate revisions by 36 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
], a Second Empire architectural mix of ] and ] styles]]
{{multiple issues|
{{More footnotes|date=June 2011}}{{Page numbers needed|date=June 2011}}
}}
], ], (1861) one of the greatest examples of Second empire style in the United States<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/buildings-grounds/buildings/main-building/|title=Main Building - Vassar College Encyclopedia - Vassar College|website=vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu|access-date=2016-03-03}}</ref> ]]


'''Second Empire''' is an ], most popular between 1865 and 1880, and so named for the architectural elements in vogue during the era of the ]. As the Second Empire style evolved from its 17th century Renaissance foundations, it acquired an eclectic mix of earlier European styles, most notably the Baroque often combined with ] roofs and low, square based domes.<ref>], p. 310.</ref> ] is an ] rooted in the 16th-century ], which grew to its greatest popularity in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century and early years of the twentieth century. As the style evolved from its origins, it acquired a mix of European styles, most notably the ], often combined with ] roofs and low, square based domes.<ref>], p. 310.</ref> It derived its name from the ] of ].


==Development==
The style quickly spread and evolved as ] throughout Europe and across the Atlantic. Its suitability for super-scaling allowed it to be widely used in the design of municipal and corporate buildings. In the USA, where one of the leading architects working in the style was ], buildings in the style were often closer to their 17th-century roots than examples of the style found in Europe.<ref>], p. 311.</ref>
The Second Empire style quickly spread throughout Europe and evolved as a loose form of ], where its suitability for super-scaling allowed it to be widely used in the design of municipal and corporate buildings


The style is particularly prominent in Paris and Vienna, both of which were heavily redeveloped in the late 19th century. Rome also saw a huge expansion after the ], where the ] designed by ] is a notable example.<ref> retrieved 17 October 2016</ref>
==In France==
] garden façade.]]
*] (1852–57 additions), ]; ] and ], architects.
*Most buildings on the ] (1852–70), ].
*] (1853–67 renovation), ]; Joseph-Eugène Lacroix, architect.
*] (1854), ].
*] (1855–67), ].
*] (1861-1875), ].
*] (1992), ].


Second Empire became popular in Britain at the end of the nineteenth century, where it emerged as a fusion of the architecture of the classical Renaissance exemplified by ] and the solid mass Baroque of ], decorated with some of the more ornate Baroque motifs previously found only on mainland Europe.<ref>Dean, Ptolemy; Architectural Britain. P297. The National Trust. {{ISBN|9781905400492}}.</ref> It often featured a low dome, a once complex architectural feat rendered less difficult through the use of iron and reinforced concrete.
==In the United States==
]'s former ], Washington, D.C., begun during the ] administration and built between 1871 and 1888.]]
In the United States, the Empire style frequently combined a rectangular tower, or similar element, with a steep ], the roof being the most noteworthy link to the style's French roots. This tower element could be of equal height to the highest floor, or could exceed the height of the rest of the structure by a story or two. The mansard roof crest was often topped with an iron trim, sometimes referred to as "cresting". In some cases, ]s were integrated into the cresting design, making the feature useful beyond its decorative features. Although still intact in some examples, this original cresting has often deteriorated and been removed. The exterior style could be expressed in either wood, brick or stone. More elaborate examples frequently featured paired columns as well as sculpted details around the doors, windows and dormers.


In London, the style is exemplified by ], designed by ] of the firm ].<ref name="Wittich">{{cite book |title=Churches, Cathedrals and Chapels |first=John |last=Wittich |publisher=Gracewing Publishing |year=1988 |isbn=085244141X|page=102 |access-date=October 19, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPc6ZYfPYPcC&pg=PA102}}</ref> It is an early example of the use of a reinforced concrete frame for a building in Britain.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rough Guide to London |author=Rob Humphreys |publisher=Rough Guides UK |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B69mtCxyRiYC&pg=PT1322 |access-date=October 20, 2012 |isbn=978-1405384773}}</ref> The interior was similarly planned on a ] scale, although the execution was rather more economical.
Floor plans for Second Empire residences could either be symmetrical, with the tower (or tower-like element) in the center, or asymmetrical, with the tower or tower-like element to one side. Virginia and Lee McAlester divided the style into five subtypes:<ref>], {{Page needed|date=January 2014}}.</ref>
*Simple mansard roof – about 20%
*Centered wing or gable (with bays jutting out at either end)
*Asymmetrical – about 20%
*Central tower (incorporating a clock) – about 30%
*Town house


<gallery class="center" widths="140px" heights="145px">
The architect ] designed several of his early residences in the style, "evidence of his French schooling".<ref>], {{Page needed|date=January 2014}}.</ref> These projects include the ] (1868) in ], the H. H. Richardson House (1868) in ], and the ] (1868) in ].
File:Hotel de Paris (Monte-Carlo).jpg|], ], was completed in 1868

File:Bourse Bxl 01.JPG|] was designed by ] and built between 1868–73
Leland M. Roth refers to the style as "Second Empire Baroque."<ref>], {{Page needed|date=January 2014}}.</ref> Mullett-Smith terms it the "Second Empire or General Grant style" due to its popularity in designing government buildings during the ] administration.<ref>], {{Page needed|date=January 2014}}.</ref>
File:Burgtheater Weitwinkel.jpg|], Vienna, designed by ] and ] and completed in 1888, is a prime example of the Second Empire style<ref>], p. 311.</ref>

File:Methodist Central Hall.JPG|], Westminster, completed in 1911
The style was also used for commercial structures, and was often used when designing state institutions. Several psychiatric hospitals proved the style's adaptability to their size and functions. Prior to the construction of the ] during the 1940s, the Second Empire–style ] in ], was reported to be the largest building under one roof in the U.S., though the title may actually belong to ], another ] Second Empire asylum.

Second Empire was succeeded by the revival of the ] and its sub-styles, which enjoyed great popularity until the beginning of the "Revival Era" in American architecture just before the end of the 19th century, popularized by the architecture at the ] in ] in 1893.

==Notable buildings==
===United States===
*] (1861), ], ], New York, ], architect.
*] (1926), ], ] (The Gulec residence); ], architect.
*] (1862–5), ], ]; ] and ], architects.
*] (1866–9), ], ] (State of Iowa governor's residence); ], architect.
*] (1868), ], ]; Sheire and Summers, architects.
*] (1869), ], ]; Toussaint Menard, architect.
*] (1869–70), ], ]; ], architect.
*] (1869-71), ], ]; ], architect.
*] (1869–75), ], ]; ], architect.
*] (1869–80), New York City, New York; ], architect.
*] (1870), ], New York.
*] (1871-73), ]; ], architect
*] (1871), ], ]; ], architect.
*] (1871), ], ].
*] (1871–88), ]; ], architect.
*], ] (1859-1873), ]; ], architect.
*] (1871–1901), ], ]; ], architect.
*] (1873), ]; Farquharson and Kenitzer, architects.
*] (1873–84), ], ]; ], architect.
*] (1874–6), ], ]; additions by ], architect.
*] (1874–7), ], ].
*Central Hall on the ] Campus (1875), ], ].
*] (1878), ], ]; ], architect.
*Spring Hill Ranch House (1881), Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, ], ].
*] (1884–8), ], Missouri; ], architect.
*] (1884–8), ], Indiana; ], architect.
*] (1894), ], Texas; Giles and Guidon, architects.
*] (1871), ]; ], architect.
*] (1872), ]; architect unknown.
*] (1876) and adjacent ] (1879), ], ], architect.
*] (1879), ], ]; ], architect.
*158 South Willard, Burlington, VT (1877) ] built for ]
* 18 Conger Avenue (1885), ]; architect unknown. The inspiration for ]’s 1925 painting ''House by the Railroad''<ref></ref>

<gallery perrow="6">

Image:Old City Hall (Boston).jpg|], Boston, Massachusetts
Image:Terracehill.jpg|], Des Moines, Iowa
Image:Heck-Andrews-House-20080321.jpeg|], Raleigh, North Carolina
Image:Charles A. Jordan House Auburn ME 1880.jpg|], Auburn, Maine
Image:1city hall baltimore.jpg|], Baltimore, Maryland
Image:Atlunion2.jpeg|], Atlanta, Georgia (demolished in 1930)
Image:Hotelvendome.jpg|Hotel Vendome, Boston, Massachusetts (] in 1972)
Image:OEOB Penn Avenue.jpg|], Washington, D.C.
Image:Philadelphia-CityHall-2006.jpg|], Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Image:Woodburn hall.jpg|], Morgantown, West Virginia
Image:MO-Hannibal 1888 1 Ref.jpg|], Hannibal, Missouri
Image:VigoCountyCourthouse.jpg|], Terre Haute, Indiana
Image:Caldwell County Courthouse.jpg|], Lockhart, Texas
Image:Grand_Opera_House_Wilmington.JPG|], ]
Image:Mitchell Building + Chamber of Commerce.jpg|] + ], ]
File:Knowlton_Hat_Factory.jpg|], ], ]
</gallery> </gallery>


===United Kingdom=== == See also ==
{{portal|Architecture}}
*] (1863–5), ], ]; Giles and Murray, architects.
* ]
*95 Chancery Lane (1865; former Union Bank of London Limited), London; F.W. Porter, architect.
* ]
*National Bank Belgravia (1868), ], London; T. Chatfeild Clarke, architect.
*] (1871), ]; ], architect.
*] (1874), ], London; ], architect.
*Western Pumping Station (1875), ], London.
*] (1875), London; ], architect.
*Cambridge Gate (1876–80), ], London; Archer and Green, architects.
*Garden House (1879), Chelsea, London; J.T. Smith, architect.
*] (1893), ]; ], architect.
<gallery perrow="6">
Image:Grosvenorhotel.jpg|Grosvenor Hotel (1860–2), Victoria, London
Image:Langham london.jpg|], City of Westminster, London
Image:North Western Hotel August 01 2010.jpg|], Liverpool
Image:454SFEC LONDON-20070917.JPG|], London
</gallery>


===Canada=== ==References==
In Canada, Second Empire became the choice of the new Dominion government in the 1870s and 1880s for numerous public buildings and the provinces followed suit.
*] (1872–8), ], ]; Perrault and Hutchison, architects.
*General Post Office (1873, razed 1958), ], ]; ], architect.
*] (1875–8), Montreal, Quebec.
*] (1876), ], ]; McKean and Fairweather, architects.
*] (1877–86), ], Quebec; ], architect.
*Mackenzie Building (1878), ], ], Ontario; Robert Gage, architect.
*] (1882), ], New Brunswick; J.C. Dumaresq, architect.
*] (1883), ], ].
*] (1884–9), ], Ontario; ], architect.
<gallery perrow="6">
Image:Hôtel de ville (Montréal).jpg|] (original design). Rebuilt after 1922 fire in the ] style
Image:Dominion Square and Windsor Hotel, Montreal, QC, about 1890.jpg|], Montreal, Quebec
Image:SaintJohnMarketExterior.jpg|], Saint John, New Brunswick
Image:Québec - Hôtel du Parlement 3.jpg|], Quebec City, Quebec
Image:RMC Mackenzie building.JPG|Mackenzie Building, ], Kingston, Ontario
Image:Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick.jpg|], Fredericton, New Brunswick
Image:GovHouse-Man.jpg|], Winnipeg, Manitoba
Image:Ottawa Langevin Block 2010.JPG|], Ottawa, Ontario
</gallery>

===Australia===
In Australia, and especially in ], this style became popular during the boom years of the 1880s. Many grand buildings exist today, particularly many of ].
*] (1859), ], ].
*] (1859–87), ], Victoria; A.E. Johnson, architect.
*], also known as Willsmere (1864–71), ], Victoria.
*] (1865–8), ], ]; ], architect.
*] (1868–89), ], ]; J.H. Willson, architect.
*] (1879–80), Melbourne, Victoria; ], architect.
*] (1880), Melbourne, Victoria; ], architect.
*Bathurst Hospital (1880), ], New South Wales; William Boles, architect.
*] (1883–7), Bendigo, Victoria; George W. Watson, architect.
*] (1892-1896), Bendigo, Victoria;
*] (1884), Melbourne, Victoria; Charles Webb, architect.
*] (1885–90), Melbourne, Victoria; ], architect.
*] (1886), Melbourne, Victoria; ], architect.
*] (1890–5), Sydney, New South Wales; Second Empire additions by Walter L. Vernon, architect.
*] (1897), Bendigo, Victoria; Phillip Kennedy, architect.
*Former Records Office (1900–4), Melbourne, Victoria; S.E. Brindley, architect.
<gallery perrow="6">
Image:Sydney Town Hall Roof Detail.jpg|], Sydney, New South Wales (roof detail)
Image:South melbourne town hall.jpg|], Melbourne, Victoria
Image:Bathurst Base Hospital.jpg|Bathurst Hospital, Bathurst, New South Wales
Image:bendigo post office.jpg|], Bendigo, Victoria
Image:The_Hotel_Windsor,_Melbourne,_Australia.jpg|], Melbourne, Victoria
Image:Collingwood town hall 1.jpg|], Melbourne, Victoria
Image:BendigoShamrockHotel.JPG|], Bendigo, Victoria
Image:Former records office melbourne.jpg|Former Records Office, Melbourne, Victoria
</gallery>

===Argentina===
*] (1909–28), ]; Maillart and Spolsky, architects.
<gallery perrow="6">
Image:Palacio de Correos Ciudad de Buenos Aires.JPG|Buenos Aires Central Post Office, Buenos Aires
</gallery>

===Belgium===
*] (1868–73), ]; ], architect.
<gallery perrow="6">
Image:Bourse Bxl 01.JPG|Brussels Stock Exchange, Brussels
</gallery>

===Turkey (Ottoman Empire)===
*] (1861–5), ]; ] and ], architects.
<gallery perrow="6">
Image:Bosfor B17-35.jpg|Beylerbeyi Palace, Istanbul
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Commons category|Second Empire architecture}} {{Commons category|Second Empire architecture}}
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist|30em}}
*Copplestone, Trewin (1963). ''World Architecture''. Hamlyn.

==References==
*Copplestone, Trewin (1963). <cite id=Copplestone>''World Architecture''</cite>. Hamlyn.
*McAlester, Virginia & Lee, <cite id=McAlester>''A Field Guide to American Houses''</cite>, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1986
*McCue, George and Frank Peters, <cite id=McCue>''A Guide to the Architecture of St. Louis''</cite>, University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri, 1989
*Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, <cite id=Ochsner>''H. H. Richardson: Complete Architectural Works''</cite>, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1984
*Roth, Leland M., <cite id=Roth>''A Concise History of American Architecture''</cite>, Harper & Row, New York, 1980
*Scott, Pamela and Antoinette J. Lee, <cite id=Scott>''Buildings of the District of Columbia''</cite>, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991
*Smith, D. Mullett, <cite id=Smith>''A.B. Mullett: His Relevance in American Architecture and Historic Preservation''</cite>, Mullett-Smith Press, Washington, D.C., 1990
*Stern, Mellins and Fishman, <cite id=Stern>''New York 1880: Architecture and Urbanism in the Gilded Age''</cite>, The Monacelli Press, New York, 1999
*Whiffen, Marcus, <cite id=Whiffen>''American Architecture Since 1780''</cite>, The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1977


{{-}}
{{Revivals}} {{Revivals}}
{{Architecture in the United States}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 14:00, 21 May 2024

The Palais Garnier, a Second Empire architectural mix of Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque styles

Second Empire architecture is an architectural style rooted in the 16th-century Renaissance, which grew to its greatest popularity in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century and early years of the twentieth century. As the style evolved from its origins, it acquired a mix of European styles, most notably the Baroque, often combined with mansard roofs and low, square based domes. It derived its name from the Second French Empire of Napoleon III.

Development

The Second Empire style quickly spread throughout Europe and evolved as a loose form of Baroque Revival architecture, where its suitability for super-scaling allowed it to be widely used in the design of municipal and corporate buildings

The style is particularly prominent in Paris and Vienna, both of which were heavily redeveloped in the late 19th century. Rome also saw a huge expansion after the Risorgimento, where the Bank of Italy designed by Gaetano Koch is a notable example.

Second Empire became popular in Britain at the end of the nineteenth century, where it emerged as a fusion of the architecture of the classical Renaissance exemplified by Christopher Wren and the solid mass Baroque of John Vanbrugh, decorated with some of the more ornate Baroque motifs previously found only on mainland Europe. It often featured a low dome, a once complex architectural feat rendered less difficult through the use of iron and reinforced concrete.

In London, the style is exemplified by Methodist Central Hall, Westminster, designed by Edwin Alfred Rickards of the firm Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards. It is an early example of the use of a reinforced concrete frame for a building in Britain. The interior was similarly planned on a Piranesian scale, although the execution was rather more economical.

See also

References

  1. Copplestone, p. 310.
  2. Britannica.com retrieved 17 October 2016
  3. Dean, Ptolemy; Architectural Britain. P297. The National Trust. ISBN 9781905400492.
  4. Wittich, John (1988). Churches, Cathedrals and Chapels. Gracewing Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 085244141X. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  5. Rob Humphreys (2010). The Rough Guide to London. Rough Guides UK. ISBN 978-1405384773. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
  6. Copplestone, p. 311.
  • Copplestone, Trewin (1963). World Architecture. Hamlyn.
Historicism and Revivalism in architecture and decorative arts
International
France
Germany, Austria-Hungary
Great Britain
Greece
Italy
Netherlands
Nordic countries
Portugal
Poland
Romania
Russian Empire and USSR
Serbia
Spain
United States
Categories: