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{{Short description|Territorial nationalist movement}}
'''Indian nationalism''' refers to the political and cultural expression of patriotism by peoples of ''']''', of pride in the ] and ] of India, and visions for its future. It also refers to the consciousness and expression of religious and ethnic influences that help mould the national consciousness.
{{Multiple issues|

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
] describes the many underlying forces that moulded the ], and strongly continue to influence the ], as well as being the heart of many contrasting ideologies that have caused ethnic and religious conflict in Indian society. It should be noted that, although controversial, Indian nationalism often imbibes the consciousness of Indians that prior to 1947, India embodied the broader ].
{{Original research|date=June 2022}}

{{Cleanup rewrite|reason=quality standards|date=June 2022}}
It must be noted that in ], there is no difference between ] and ], and both the words are used interchangeably; '']'' does not have a negative connotation in India, as it does in much of Europe and North America.
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
], which is often used as a symbol of Indian nationalism.]]
'''Indian nationalism''' is an instance of ], which is inclusive of all of the people of India, despite their ]. Indian nationalism can trace roots to pre-colonial India, but was fully developed during the ] which campaigned for ] from ]. Indian nationalism quickly rose to popularity in India through these united anti-colonial coalitions and movements. Independence movement figures like ], ], and ] spearheaded the Indian nationalist movement. After ], Nehru and his successors continued to campaign on Indian nationalism in face of border wars with both ] and ] After the ] and the ], Indian nationalism reached its post-independence peak. However by the 1980s, religious tensions reached a ] and Indian nationalism sluggishly collapsed in the following decades. Despite its decline and the rise of religious nationalism, Indian nationalism and its historic figures continue to strongly influence the ] and reflect an opposition to the sectarian strands of ] and ].<ref name="Lerner2011">{{citation|last=Lerner|first=Hanna|title=Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MykpY_PRtmUC&pg=PA120|date=12 May 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50292-4|pages=120–}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot1999">{{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA13|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|pages=13–15,&nbsp;83}}</ref><ref name="PachuauStackhouse2007">{{citation|last1=Pachuau|first1=Lalsangkima|last2=Stackhouse|first2=Max L.|title=News of Boundless Riches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OPJ1BJCLw8C&pg=PA149|year=2007|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-8458-013-6|pages=149–150}}</ref><ref name="Leifer2000">{{citation|last=Leifer|first=Michael|title=Asian Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eUlKdFdOvoC&pg=PA112|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-23284-5|pages=112–}}</ref>


==National consciousness in India== ==National consciousness in India==
''See Also: ], ]'' {{Main|History of India}}
] under ].]]

Among antient texts, the Indian subcontinent came to be called Bharat under the rule of ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyasa |first=Dwaipayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egw_EAAAQBAJ&dq=bharata+named+after+mahabharata&pg=PT2643 |title=The Mahabharata of Vyasa: (Complete 18 Volumes) |date=24 August 2021 |publisher=Enigma Edizioni |pages=2643 |language=en}}</ref> The ] was the first to unite all of ], and South Asia (including parts of ]).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXG8AAAAQBAJ&q=mauryan+empire+afghanistan&pg=PA63|title=Afghanistan Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments geredigeerd door Inb, Inc|date=10 September 2013|publisher=International Business Publications, USA |isbn=9781438773728|access-date=27 February 2015}}{{broken|date=April 2023}}</ref> Much of India has also been unified by later empires, such as the ],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyasa |first=Dwaipayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egw_EAAAQBAJ&dq=bharata+named+after+mahabharata&pg=PT2643 |title=The Mahabharata of Vyasa: (Complete 18 Volumes) |date=24 August 2021 |publisher=Enigma Edizioni |pages=2643 |language=en}}</ref> ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Cuthbert Collin |title=An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula |date=1959 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-635139-1 |page=54}}</ref>
The Indian civilization, its leaders and those who admired the culture and civilization of this country are a source of nationalist sentiment to its people and those who identify themselves with the Indian culture.
===Belief in the ancient nature of the Indian civilization===
]
The core of Indian nationalism lies in the belief that the Indian civilization is one of the most ancient and influential in history. A strictly abridged set of mentions highlighting the ancient nature of the Indian civilization is given below:-
*The origins of the ] can be traced to ], which the archaelogist Jean-Françoise Jarrige has dated to before 6000 BCE.<ref>Flood 1996:25</ref>
*The ] can be dated to 3500 BCE.<ref>Bryant 2001:178</ref>
*At the peak of the Indus valley civilization, around 2300–2000 BCE, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa housed some 40,000 inhabitants who enjoyed a high standard of living; for example, this developed, urban culture was sophisticated enough to have organized municipal waste management, drainage and well planned roads.<ref>Flood 1996:24-25</ref>
*The '']'', the oldest available text in ], goes back to about 1500 BCE.<ref>Houben 1996:10,13</ref> Sanskrit is one of many ] India is home to; India is also home to the ] and ] language families.
*India is the birthplace of one the two major schools of religions in the world, the ], the other school being that of the ]. The Dharmic religions include ], ], ] and ]. India is also the present home of the 14th and current ], his holiness Lama ], the equivalent of the ] in ]. ], founder of ], is described as ]n by primary sources; however, that identification is disputed by the oldest of the primary sources.<ref>Broughton 1999</ref>
*Hinduism is the oldest living religious tradition.<ref>Klostermaier 1994:1</ref>
*India is widely seen as an important bastion of the Abrahamic religions with ] and ] having lived continuously in India since 200 B.C. and 52 A.D respectively. India is home to the ] community, which claims to be a ]. According to the '']'', India is also the final resting place of ], one of the twelve apostles of ]. Islam came to India as the early as the 7th century CE with the advent of Arab traders.
*C. 300 BCE, ], prime minister to the ], wrote the '']'', a treatise on statecraft which prefigures ]'s '']'' by 18 centuries.<ref>Scharfstein 1995</ref>
*The numerals called "Arabic" in the West actually come from the Indian ] script.
*The Ancient Indian town of ] was home to the ], is regarded by many historians as the world's oldest university.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Thapar
| first = Romila
| authorlink = Romila Thapar
| title = Ashoka and the Decline of the Mauryas
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| date = 1960
}}
</ref>
John Marshall explicitly mentions the possibility of Taxila being the oldest university.{{cite book
| last = Marshall
| first = John
| authorlink = John Marshall
| title = Taxila
| publisher = Cambrisge University Press
| date = 1951
}}
</ref>


*The ancient practice of ], which includes practices for spiritual enlightenment, martial traditions, exercise and conditioning, curing diseases and ailments, learning and concentration originated in India.
*] originated in ancient India and was known as "]", which translated to four bodied.
*Several martial arts of prominence including those emanating from the ] temple and even modern martial arts such as ] officialy credit India as their origin. Sam Chan notes the influence of ] on ], including ] and ]..
*The '']'', the earliest surviving text of ]—that is, traditional Indian medicine—may date to around 100 CE.<ref>Porter 1999:138</ref>
*], who founded the ] school of philosophy in 600 BCE, was one of the (or perhaps ''the'') earliest exponents of ].<ref>{{cite book | last = Teresi | first = Dick | title = Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science—from the Babylonians to the Maya. | publisher = Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, New York | date = 2002}}</ref>
*] referred to Algebra (as Bijaganitam) in his treatise on mathematics named ''Aryabhattiya''.

*Ancient Indians are credited with discovering the arithmetic null identity (]).The concept of zero had origininated in Indian spiritual philosophy's concept of "sunya", literally "void". In around 500AD Aryabhata devised a number system which has no zero yet was of a positional nature. He had used the term "kha" for position and it would be used later as the term for the arithmetic null identity. Later Indian mathematicians had names for zero in positional numbers yet had no symbol for it. The first use of the null identity with symbol was believed to be around 876 .


*In Ancient India, the knowledge of theoretical and applied aspects of square and square root was at least as old as the ], dated around 800-500 B.C. (possibly much earlier). A method for finding very good approximations to the square roots of 2 and 3 are given in the ]<ref>Joseph, ch.8.</ref>. Aryabhata in the '']'' (section 2.4), has given a method for finding the square root of numbers having many digits.

*The second section of earlier portion of Narada Vishnu Purana (written by Veda Vyas) describes "mathematics" in the context of Triskandh Jyotish. Numbers are listed in antilogarithmic order (10 to the power n). In addition, different methods of mathematics have been elaborately discussed, most importantly the method of finding cube roots..

*A 12th century mathematician, ], authored several mathematical treatises; one of them, ''Siddantha Shiromani'', has a chapter on algebra. "The origin of the fallacy that any number divided by zero is equal to infinity goes back to the work of Bháskara." In 1816, James Taylor translated Bhaskaracharya's ''Leelavati'' into English.
::These theories have attracted attention of the Indologists, and veteran Australian Indologist ] has concluded that "they were brilliant imaginative explanations of the physical structure of the world, and in a large measure, agreed with the discoveries of modern physics."


===Conception of Pan-South Asianism===
This belief that India is one of the cradles of human civilization is one of the greatest reasons of pride and Indian nationalism.
India's concept of nationhood is based not merely on territorial extent of its sovereignty. Nationalistic sentiments and expression encompass that India's ancient history,<ref>{{cite web |last=Acharya |first=Shiva |url=http://www.sundeepbooks.com/servlet/sugetbiblio?bno=005928 |title=Nation, Nationalism and Social Structure in Ancient India By Shiva Acharya |publisher=Sundeepbooks.com |access-date=2011-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215112205/http://www.sundeepbooks.com/servlet/sugetbiblio?bno=005928 |archive-date=15 February 2012}}</ref> as the birthplace of the ], as well as four major world religions – ], ], ] and ]. Indian nationalists see India stretching along these lines across the ].{{cn|date=April 2023}}


===Ages of war and invasion=== ===Ages of war and invasion===
]
India today celebrates many kings for combating foreign invasion and domination, such as ] of the ], ] of ], ], who combated the ], ] and ] who fought the British.
] (yellow), without its vassals.|left]]
India today celebrates many kings and queens for combating foreign invasion and domination,<ref name="vedamsbooks">{{cite web|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no21816.htm |title=Mahrattas, Sikhs and Southern Sultans of India : Their Fight Against Foreign Power/edited by H.S. Bhatia |publisher=Vedamsbooks.com |access-date=2011-11-17}}</ref> such as ] of the ], Rani ] of ], ], ] of ], ] and ]. The kings of ], such as ] and ] of the ] Empire, are also remembered for their military genius, notable conquests and remarkable ].


Liberal Muslim kings are also a part of Indian pride. ] was a powerful Mughal emperor who admired ], forged familial and political bonds with Hindu ] kings, and developed for the first time in medieval India an environment of religious freedom. Akbar undid most forms of religious discrimination, and invited the participation of wise Hindu ministers and kings, and even religious scholars in his court. In his reign, India was politically powerful, prosperous and its common people secure. ] was a Mughal emperor, was known to have a good relationship with the Roman Catholic Church as well as with his subjects – Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains.<ref name="vedamsbooks" /> He forged familial and political bonds with Hindu ] kings. Although previous Sultans had been more or less tolerant, Akbar took religious intermingling to new level of exploration. He developed for the first time in Islamic India an environment of complete religious freedom. Akbar undid most forms of religious discrimination, and invited the participation of wise Hindu ministers and kings, and even religious scholars to debate in his court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lane-Poole |first=Stanley |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofindia04jackuoft |title=History of India |publisher=Grolier society |others= |editor-last=Jackson |editor-first=A. V. Williams |location=London |pages=26-}}</ref>


==Colonial-era nationalism==
===Foreign admiration===
{{Main|Indian independence movement|Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian National Congress - Freedom Era}}
India has attracted many admirers from foreign nations. Chinese travelers and observers ] and ] attest to the prosperity and glory of India's ancient kingdoms. Their documentation of times in ancient India are a great source for nationalistic pride. ], ], ] and ] were Europeans who advocated and worked for political freedom in India. Mrs. Besant led the ] in its studies of Indian religious thinking. German historian and writer ] was a pioneer in Indian historical research, tracing the roots of human civilization in India and the origins of its diverse culture and peoples. His work remains a major influence on the common understanding of India's ancient past.
{{See also|Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Sri Aurobindo|1905 Partition of Bengal}}
] during the Second World War.]]
The consolidation of the ]'s rule in the Indian subcontinent during the 18th century brought about socio-economic changes which led to the rise of an Indian ] and steadily eroded pre-colonial socio-religious institutions and barriers.<ref name=Mitra63>{{Harvnb|Mitra|2006|p=63}}</ref> The emerging economic and financial power of Indian business-owners and merchants and the professional class brought them increasingly into conflict with the British authorities. A rising political consciousness among the native Indian social elite (including lawyers, doctors, university graduates, government officials and similar groups) spawned an Indian identity<ref name=Crotty158>{{Harvnb|Croitt|Mjøset|2001|p=158}}</ref><ref name=Desaixxxiii>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=xxxiii}}</ref> and fed a growing nationalist sentiment in India in the last decades of the nineteenth century.<ref name=Desai30>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=30}}</ref> The creation in 1885 of the ] in India by the political reformer ] intensified the process by providing an important platform from which demands could be made for political liberalisation, increased autonomy, and social reform.<ref name=Yadav6>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=6}}</ref> The leaders of the Congress advocated dialogue and debate with the Raj administration to achieve their political goals. Distinct from these moderate voices (or loyalists) who did not preach or support violence was the nationalist movement, which grew particularly strong, radical and violent in ] and in ]. Notable but smaller movements also appeared in ], ] and other areas across the south.<ref name="Yadav6"/>


===''Swadeshi''===
The most famous words describing a foreigner's admiration for India are arguably those of ], his words were ''"India is, the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grand mother of tradition. Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only"''.
{{Main|Swadeshi movement}}

The controversial ] escalated the growing unrest, stimulating radical nationalist sentiments and becoming a driving force for Indian revolutionaries.<ref name=Bose117>{{Harvnb|Bose|Jalal|1998|p=117}}</ref>
More recently, Western celebrities like actor ], ] ] ] and ] tycoon ] have contributed large sums of money and visited India frequently to promote higher education and social causes. ] actor ] has studied and praised ], the ancient Indian system of spiritual and physical exercises. Their visits attract much attention from Indian media. Foreign praise and enthusiasm for Indian history, heritage and India's future has been a major source of pride for Indians. Often times, the pioneering work of foreigners like Fa-hien and Muller has helped Indians better understand their own history, while people like Richard Gere have increased Indian awareness and participation to stop a major public health crisis from ].

==Renaissance vision==
] is considered a major influence on Indian pride by his emphasis of the spiritual richness and beauty of Indian philosophy and religion.)]]
''See Also: ], ], ]''

A new generation of Western-educated Indians sought to end practices and traditions that were responsible in their view for India's economic backwardness, social depravation and political disunity. Laying a definitive national vision, this generation sought to promote western-style scientific education and democracy. ] sought to fight ] and illiteracy. He founded the ] in ], and inspired the foundation of the ], as a Hindu reform society seeking to remove the ills of ] and casteism, as well as ] domination and dogmas. ] promoted Western-style education in Muslim society, seeking to uplift Muslims in the economic and political life of British India. He founded the ], then called the ''Anglo-Oriental College''.

At the same time, Indian religious leaders like ] and ] emphasized the spiritual richness of ] and Indian philosophy. Vivekananda asserted that the West could greatly help solve India's problems of entrenched poverty and encourage economic progress, while India could bring spiritual and cultural wealth to Western societies. ] formed the ] to combat social evils within Hindu society, and increase the pride and purity of Hindu worship, returning to the ] and worship of God, not lesser deities.

==''Swaraj''==
''Main Articles: ], ], ]''
] during the Second World War.]]
In the ], Indian soldiers and regional kings fought the forces allied with the ] in different parts of India. The war arose from the racist viewpoint and disregard the British exhibited to Indian religious traditions, and the desire for Indians to retain religious purity and freedom regardless of war or violence as its expense. There were also kingdoms and peoples, such ], ] and the ], and Indian soldiers who supported the British. This event laid the foundation not only for a nationwide expression, but also future nationalism and conflict on religious and ethnic terms.

The Indian desire for complete freedom, or ''Swaraj'', was born with ], who looked to the glories of Indian history and heritage, and condemned the racist and imperialistic discrimination of common Indians, who were not permitted a voice in the affairs of their own country. Tilak and his followers were the first to express the desire for complete independence, an idea that did not catch on until after ], when the British attempted to exert totalitarian power with the ] of 1919. When the ] of hundreds of unarmed and innocent civilians by British forces took place in the same year, the Indian public was outraged and most of India's political leaders turned against the British.


===The Gandhian era=== ===The Gandhian era===
] pioneered the art of '']'', typified with a strict adherence to ] (non-violence), and ]. This permitted common individuals to engage the British in revolution, without employing violence or other distasteful means. Gandhi's equally strict adherence to democracy, religious and ethnic equality and brotherhood, as well as activist rejection of caste-based discrimination and ] united people across these demographic lines for the first time in India's history. The masses participated in India's independence struggle for the first time, and the membership of the Congress grew over tens of millions by the 1930s. In addition, Gandhi's victories in the ] and ] Satyagraha in 1918–19, gave confidence to a rising younger generation of Indian nationalists that India could gain independence from British rule. National leaders like ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] brought together generations of Indians across regions and demographics, and provided a strong leadership base giving the country political direction.
''Main Articles: ], ]''
]
] procession view at ].]]


==Beyond Indian nationalism==
] pioneered the art of '']'', typified with a strict adherence to ] (non-violence), and ]. This permitted common individuals to engage the British in revolution, without employing violence or other distasteful means. Gandhi's equally strict adherence to ], religious and ethnic equality and brotherhood, as well as activist rejection of caste-based discrimination and ] united people across these demographic lines for the first time in India's history. The masses could participate in India's freedom struggle for the first time, and the membership of the Congress grew over tens of millions by the 1930s. In addition, Gandhi's victories in the ] in 1918-19, gave confidence to a rising younger generation of Indians that the British hegemony could be defeated. National leaders like ], ], ], ], ] and ] brought together generations of Indians across regions and demographics, and provided a strong leadership base giving the country political direction.
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2019}}

{{See also|Demographics of India}}
===The INA===
Indian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are ethnically and religiously diverse. Thus the most influential undercurrents are more than just ''Indian'' in nature. The most controversial and emotionally charged fibre in the fabric of Indian nationalism is religion. Religion forms a major, and in many cases, the central element of Indian life. Ethnic communities are diverse in terms of linguistics, social traditions and history across India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://archive.org/details/globalisationhin0000lobo/page/26/mode/1up?q=Hindu+nationalism |title=Globalisation, Hindu nationalism, and Christians in India |date=2002 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-716-4 |location=Jaipur |page=26}}</ref>
''Main Articles: ], ]''

While Gandhi's leadership attracted the vast majority of Indians, ] led a forceful initiative of military revolution when he formed the ] in the early 1940s, out of Indian POWs and indentured workers in ] in ], with the help of the Japanese. Just as Gandhi had brought Indians together for peaceful, mass revolution, Bose united Hindus, Muslims and different ethic groups in a military outfit aimed at liberating Indian territory from British control.

The INA engaged the British Indian forces in ], ] and parts of ], but were overwhelmed by the better equipped enemy, the treacherous forest and mountainous environments, as well as lacklustre aid from the Japanese Army. Many thousands were killed and thousands others surrendered. Bose was killed himself in 1945 himself when flying in a Japanese plane, which crashed over the ]. However, the INA's military assault on British rule occurred concurrently with the ], and electrified many Indians with the audacity of their effort and bravery.

==More than just "Indian"==
''See Also: ]''

Indian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are ethnically and religiously diverse. Thus the most influential undercurrents are more than just ''Indian'' in nature. The most controversial and emotionally-charged fiber in the fabric of Indian nationalism is religion. Religion forms a major, and in many cases, the central element of Indian life. Ethnic communities are diverse in terms of linguistics, social traditions and history across India.


===Hindu Rashtra=== ===Hindu Rashtra===
{{main|Hindu nationalism}} {{Main|Hindu nationalism}}
An important influence upon Hindu consciousness arises from the time of ]. Entering the 20th century, Hindus formed over 75% of the population and thus unsurprisingly the backbone and platform of the nationalist movement. Modern Hindu thinking desired to unite Hindu society across the boundaries of ], linguistic groups and ethnicity. In 1925, ] founded the ] in ], Maharashtra, which grew into the largest civil organisation in the country, and the most potent, mainstream base of ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh {{!}} History, Ideology, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rashtriya-Swayamsevak-Sangh|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>
]
An important influence upon Hindu consciousness arises from the time of ], during which many Hindu temples were destroyed and Hindus forcibly converted to ], and thousands killed by Muslim invaders. Entering the 20th century, Hindus formed over 75% of the population and thus unsurprisingly the backbone and platform of the nationalist movement. Modern Hindu thinking desired to unite Hindu society across the boundaries of ], lingustic groups and ethnicity. In 1925, ] founded the ] in ], ], which grew into the largest civil organization in the country, and more potent, mainstream base of ]. The main purpose of the RSS was to unite Hindu society, with its cadets from across the caste and ethnic spectrum working to alleviate Hindus from poverty and ignorance, as well as working for social and economic development.


] coined the term '']'' for his ideology that described India as a '']'', a Hindu nation. This ideology has become the cornerstone of the political and religious agendas of modern Hindu nationalist bodies like the ] and the ]. Hindutva political demands include revoking Article 357 of the Constitution that grants a special status to the Muslim-majority state of ], adopting a uniform civil code, thus ending a special legal framework for Muslims. These particular demands are based upon ending laws that Hindu nationalists consider as offering special treatment to Muslims. Demands like banning cow slaughter and building a ] temple in ] reflect in Hindu passions to assert cultural nationalism and a reversion of the destruction of Hindu temples by Muslim invaders. ] coined the term '']'' for his ideology that described India as a '']'', a Hindu nation. This ideology has become the cornerstone of the political and religious agendas of modern Hindu nationalist bodies like the ] and the ]. Hindutva political demands include revoking Article 370 of the Constitution that grants a special semi-autonomous status to the Muslim-majority state of ], adopting a uniform civil code, thus ending a special legal frameworks for different religions in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-07|title=What is Uniform Civil Code?|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/why-uniform-civil-code-is-necessary-for-india-1477037384-1|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> These particular demands are based upon ending laws that Hindu nationalists consider to be special treatment offered to different religions.<ref>{{Cite news|title=WHAT IS UNIFORM CIVIL CODE|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-uniform-civil-code|access-date=2020-07-28}}</ref>


===The Qaum=== ===The Qaum===
{{Main|Indian Muslim nationalism|Two-nation theory}}
] strongly favored a united India.]]
In 1906–1907, the ] was founded, created due to the suspicion of Muslim intellectuals and religious leaders with the ], which was perceived as dominated by Hindu membership and opinions. However, ]'s leadership attracted a wide array of Muslims to the independence struggle and the Congress Party. The ] and the ] stand apart – the former helped form the Muslim league, while the JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic and Gandhian values and thought.
''Main Article: ]''


While prominent Muslims like ], ] and ] embraced the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations, other major leaders like ], ] and most of ] clerics strongly backed the leadership of ] and the Indian independence struggle, opposing any notion of ]. The Muslim school of Indian nationalism failed to attract Muslim masses and the ] ] enjoyed extensive popular political support. The ] was ultimately formed following the ].
In 1906-1907, the ] was founded, created due to the suspicion of Muslim intellectuals and religious leaders with the ], which was perceived as dominated by Hindu membership and opinions. However, ]'s leadership attracted a wide array of Muslims to the freedom struggle and the Congress Party. The ] and the ] stand apart - the former was averse to the freedom struggle, while the JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic and Gandhian values and thought.


==Views on the partition of India==
While prominent Muslims like ] and ] embraced the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations, other major leaders like ], ], ], ] strongly backed the leadership of ] and the Indian freedom struggle, opposing any notion of Muslim separatism. This school of Muslim nationalism did not enjoy much support in the provinces of ], ], ] and ], where the ] enjoyed extensive political power, and where Pakistan was ultimately formed. India's firm foundations of constitutional and popular secularism has brought prosperity, security and prominence to Indian Muslims who remained in India after partition. ], ] and ] were all Muslims, and holders of the Presidency of the Republic. Actors ], ], ], music legends ], ] and cricketers ], ] and ] are icons to the Indian public.
{{Main|Opposition to the partition of India}}
{{Further|Indian reunification|Hindu–Muslim unity}}
Indian nationalists led by ] and ] wanted to make what was then British India, as well as the 562 princely states under British paramountcy, into a single secular, democratic state.<ref name="Hardgrave, Robert. -India: The Dilemmas of Diversity">Hardgrave, Robert. , ''Journal of Democracy'', pp. 54–65</ref> The ], which represented nationalist Muslims, gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for an ].<ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108621236 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref> The British Government, however, sidelined the 'All India' organization from the independence process and came to see Jinnah, who advocated separatism, as the sole representative of Indian Muslims.<ref name="Shodganga">{{citation |last=Qaiser |first=Rizwan |chapter=Towards United and Federate India: 1940-47 |title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad a study of his role in Indian Nationalist Movement 1919–47 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University/Shodhganga |year=2005 |hdl=10603/31090 |at=Chapter 5, pp.&nbsp;193, 198}}</ref> This was viewed with dismay by many Indian nationalists, who viewed Jinnah's ideology as damaging and unnecessarily divisive.<ref>Raj Pruthi, ''Paradox of Partition: Partition of India and the British strategy'', Sumit Enterprises (2008), p. 444</ref>


In an interview with ], Nehru said that he and his fellow Congressmen were "tired" after the independence movement, so were not ready to further drag on the matter for years with Jinnah's Muslim League, and that, anyway, they "expected that partition would be temporary, that Pakistan would come back to us."<ref>Sankar Ghose, ''Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography'', Allied Publishers (1993), pp. 160-161</ref> Gandhi also thought that the Partition would be undone.<ref>Raj Pruthi, ''Paradox of Partition: Partition of India and the British strategy'', Sumit Enterprises (2008), p. 443</ref> The ], in a resolution adopted on 14 June 1947, openly stated that "geography and the mountains and the seas fashioned India as she is, and no human agency can change that shape or come in the way of its final destiny... at when present passions have subsided, India's problems will be viewed in their proper perspective and the false doctrine of two nations will be discredited and discarded by all."<ref>Graham Chapman, ''The Geopolitics of South Asia: From Early Empires to the Nuclear Age'', Ashgate Publishing (2012), p. 326</ref> ], who had an important role in the transfer of power in 1947, quotes another major Congress politician, ], who said that "the division is only of the map of the country and not in the hearts of the people, and I am sure it is going to be a short-lived partition."<ref>V.P. Menon, ''The Transfer of Power in India'', Orient Blackswan (1998), p. 385</ref> ], President of the Congress during the days of Partition, stated that making India "a strong, happy, democratic and socialist state" would ensure that "such an India can win back the seceding children to its lap... for the freedom we have achieved cannot be complete without the unity of India."<ref>G. C. Kendadamath, ''J.B. Kripalani, a study of his political ideas'', Ganga Kaveri Pub. House (1992), p. 59</ref> Yet another leader of the Congress, ], said that she did not consider India's flag to be India's because "India is divided" and that "this is merely a temporary geographical separation. There is no spirit of separation in the heart of India."<ref>''Constituent Assembly Debates: Official Report'', Volume 4, Lok Sabha secretariat, 14 July 1947, p. 761</ref>
Most Muslims staunchly defend their identity as Indians when questioned by radical Hindus in sensitive times. Some Indian Muslim families maintain and establish familial relations with Pakistani and Bangladeshi families, separated by partition. After especially bloody episodes of violence following the destruction of the ] in 1992, and the ], and the rise of the Hindu nationalist ], some Muslim religious leaders have called for a Muslim political party to protect the rights and interests of the Indian Muslim community. The embrace of rigid forms of ] in Muslim religious schools and mosques across India has created an atmosphere of cultural alienation in some parts of the country.


Giving a more general assessment, ] says that "many speakers in the ] expressed the belief that the ]."<ref>Paul R. Brass, ''The Politics of India Since Independence'', Cambridge University Press (1994), p. 10</ref>
===The Khalsa===
''See Also: ], ]''
<!-- Unsourced image removed: ] during ] angered Sikhs across India and the world.]] -->
The religious and cultural pride of the ], mainly based in the state of ] has played an important role in the history of medieval and modern India. Sikh forces combated Muslim armies and rescued themselves and Hindus in ] from religious pogroms. The ] of Maharaja ] was one of the first to openly challenge and weaken the Mughals, while asserting their own glory in the Punjab. Today, Sikhs form a major proportion of officers and soldiers in the Indian military services, and Punjab is one of the most economically progressive states in the country, known as the ''breadbasket of India''. Sikh political leaders like ] were responsible for politically leading Sikhs during the ], and uniting them after millions of Sikhs were displaced from ]. Tara Singh and the ] led the demand for a Sikh-majority state in Indian Punjab, which was granted in 1966. While Sikhs pride themselves for their patriotism and a great military tradition, many other Indians feared that demands of such nature would give rise to political separatism.


==See also==
] led a small extremist group demanding independence for Sikh-majority Punjab in the early 1980s. It was responsible for committing acts of terrorism, but when it was violently crushed during ] in 1984, within the sanctions of the ], thousands of militants, civilians and Army soldiers were killed. Sikhs viewed this as a desecration and insult of the holiest Sikh shrine. These led to the assassination of the Prime Minister ] by two of her Sikh bodyguards. When over 5,000 Sikhs were killed in riots perpetrated in ] after the assassination, many millions of Sikhs in India and across the world were estranged from the Indian mainstream for some time. While the negative effects of this period and events have been greatly healed over two decades, there remains some suspicion and bitterness.
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References==
===Ethnic nationalism===
{{Reflist|30em}}
''See Also: ], ], ], ]


==Bibliography==
Post-independence ] has had to deal head-on with nationalist expression based on regions, states, linguistic groups and ethnic, racial origins. The ] guerilla movement led by the ], and the ] ] movement of the 1980s represent the more violent end of the spectrum. The rise of ethnic nationalistic sentiments took place as peoples of various regions, linguistic groups and racial origins sought to discover their place within the wider expression of Indian national consciousness. Some states like ] deplored the fact that the revenue obtained from the export of tea grown in Assam ended up benefiting other states more than it did the Assamese people, and that it received lesser proportion of Government aid than did larger, more populated states. ] and neighboring states were also angered by the Chinese incursion into their territory in 1962, which the Indian army failed to prevent, giving rise to a sense of insecurity, and a notion that India would not expend resources to protect its farther, northeastern constituent parts.
{{Refbegin|30em}}

*{{citation |last1= Bose |first1= Sugata |last2= Jalal |first2= Ayesha |year= 1998 |title= Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy |place= New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 0-415-16952-6}}
Similarly, Tamil linguistic nationalism arose after politicians began pushing for ] to be adopted as the national language. Many Tamils felt that ], one of the oldest languages of India and with a rich tradition of literature of its own, would be demoted into a second-level tongue and be pushed into extinction by making of Hindi as the ] of India. Many non-Hindi speaking states have resented the adoption of Hindi, and regional languages are thus given official status for the respective state governments.
*{{citation |last1= Croitt | first1= Raymond D |last2= Mjøset | first2= Lars |year = 2001 |title= When Histories Collide |place= Oxford, UK|publisher= AltaMira |isbn= 0-7591-0158-2}}

*{{citation |last=Desai |first=A.R. |title=Social Background of Indian Nationalism (6Th-Edn) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZykLXjdG9S8C |date=2005 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-667-1}}
But ethnic nationalism also ranges all the way back to ], when the ] flourished in western India, and the ] first introduced themselves to the subcontinent. It is postulated that the early Indo-Aryans saw the indigenous peopels as ''un-Arya'' and uncivilized at times, and segregated themselves at times. It is even today a matter of debate whether it is true that the Aryans ''invaded'' India, as per the widely-debated ], or if they were actually indigenous peoples of India. The latter possibility is actively championed by Hindu nationalists in politics, seeking to amend the history curriculum in state-sponsored textbooks. At the same time, many Dravidian and ] politicians describe the Aryans as foreign and racist, and equate possible Aryan wars with indigenous peoples as ]. The conflict of modern day Indo-Aryans with the darker-skinned, South-based ] peoples, although more subtle and less important to many, still plays an interesting and indirect role in the progress and problems of India. However this division of "Aryans" and "Dravidians" is played up only by corrupt politicians and few colonial-era historians of today. It has been accepted by many scholars (including Max Muller) that this theory is nonsensical.
*{{citation |last=Mitra |first=Subrata K. |title=The Puzzle of India's Governance: Culture, Context and Comparative Theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuILNHwcT4AC |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-27493-2}}

*{{citation |last=Mukherjee |first=Bratindra Nath |author-link=B. N. Mukherjee |title=Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTGKAAAAMAAJ |date=2001 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-87498-26-1 |ref={{sfnref|Mukherjee, Nationhood and Statehood in India|2001}}}}
==Nationalism and politics==
*{{citation |last= Yadav |first= B.D |year= 1992 |title= M.P.T. Acharya, Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary |place= New Delhi |publisher= Anmol Publications Pvt ltd |isbn= 81-7041-470-9}}
''See Also: ]''
{{Refend}}
] led India to victory in ] against ], imposed the ], led it to become a nuclear power state in ] and is blamed for the ] insurgency and ] - a controversial blend of nationalism and hard politics.]]
The political identity of the ], India's largest political party and one which controlled government for over 45 years, is reliant on the connection to ] and ], and the ] which has controlled the Congress since independence. The Congress Party's fortunes up till the 1970s were single-handedly propelled by its legacy as the flagship of India's Independence Movement, and the core platform of the party today evokes that past strongly, considering itself to be the guardian of India's freedom, democracy and unity. Muslims have remained loyal voters of the Congress Party, seen as defender of Nehruvian secularism. Small religious parties have arisen, and Muslim frustrations with communal violence and the aggressive attitudes of Hindu nationalists might lead to the development of a party solely on Islamic religious lines. In contrast, the ] employs a more aggressively nationalistic expression. The BJP seeks to defend the culture and heritage of India and the majority of its people, the ] population. It ties nationalism with the aggressive defence of India's borders and interests against archrivals ] and ], with the defence of the majority's right to be a majority. The party's fortunes arose primarily in the 1990s, with the frustration of the people with over 40 years of Congress domination, corruption, sycophant leaders and lack of direction.

Ethnic nationalist parties include the ], which is closely identified with the creation of a Sikh-majority state in ] and includes many Sikh religious leaders in its organization. In ], the ] uses the legacy of the independent ] kingdom under heroes like ] to stir up support, and has adopted ] as well. In ], the ] is a more state-focused party, arising after the frustration of the ] as a benevolent expression of Assamese nationalism. In ] came the first of such parties, the ]. Today the DMK stands for a collection of parties, with the DMK, the ], the ] and the ]. Caste-based politics invite the participation of the ] and the party of ], who build upon the support of poor low-caste and ] ] in the northern, and most populated states of India like ] and ]. Almost every Indian state has a regional party devoted solely to the culture of the native people. Unlike the Akali Dal and the AGP, these mostly cannot be called nationalist, as they use regionalism as a strategy to garner votes, building on the frustration of common people with official status and the centralization of government institutions in India.

==Nationalism and military conflicts==
''See Also: ], ]''
] on a mountain peak after securing the mountain from Pakistani forces during the ].]]
India has a long military histoy, establishing some of the greatest empires in history including the ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. India's recent military history also serves as a source of nationalist sentiment.
===The scale of Indian military achievements===
Indian armed forces have been widely acclaimed for several military achievements both while fighting for objectives of national importance and for the United Nations Peacekeeping Force. Indian armed forces have achievements like destroying most tanks in a post ] battle theatre during ], taking the maximum number of post ] prisoners of war during the ], capturing the world's highest battlefield, the ] glacier and Operation Cactus in the ]. These are a source of nationalist sentiment in India.

Other incidents of particular importance to an Indian national are mentioned below :-

*During the ], the Indian army undertook the ] on the eastern front while engaging in battles such as the ] on the western front. The final result saw ] surrendering 93,000 soldiers to India on the eastern front and losing 40 tanks and a total of 100 vehicles on the western front.
*The ] saw the retreat of the combined Pakistan army and ] axis and India reclaiming its territory against well entrenced Pakistani forces. The Indians also consider not crossing the ] an act of honour when it clearly would have meant less casualties on the Indian side. Indians take pride in almost completely eliminating ememy forces like the ] and the frequent admissions of Pakistan's prime minister ] of the scale of damage inflicted by the Indian armed forces serve as reminders of the army's operations under severely unfavourable conditions.
*Indians take special pride in their forces withstanding infiltration and ]. Indians have faced cross border terrorism in ] since 1989. The ] claims that India is amongst the countries most tageted by ] .
] while the ] is under Chinese occupation]]

===Nuclear power===
''Main Article: ]''

In 1974, India tested its first ] in ], ], and thus became the 6th nation in the world to possess an arsenal of nuclear weapons. It is postulated that India's nuclear program arose in the 1960s as a response to the Chinese acquisition of the nuclear weapon. It also resulted in ] pursuing similar ambitions, resulting in the May, ] testings of five nuclear devices by both countries, opening a new era in their rivalry. India is not a signatory to the ] and ], which it considers an encroachment on its right to defend itself.

===The Kashmir issue===
''Main Article: ]''

The Kashmir question stands as a perpetual roadblock to the rise of India's economic and political power. While the Indian government is prepared to respond to attempts by other countries to seize areas currently controlled by India, it is openly questionable whether India's people would support an offensive operation to take areas that are not currently controlled by India. And as both China and Pakistan have nuclear weapons, this possibility has become even more remote.

The building of stronger commercial and culture relations may possibly point to both India and Pakistan coming closer a solution, which might involve partitioning Kashmir along the Line of Control. The military solution has weakened in practicality and popular imagination ever since the end of the ] in 1971 and the signing of the ].

==New visions==
] in ], one of the largest software parks in India.]]

A wide-spread economic boom and industrial expansion, a rising Indian middle-class and a whole new generation of young Indians hold interesting potentials to the changing expression of nationalism in India, and for Indians around the world. What issues and attitudes these ''new'' Indians hold important are considerably different from what their forefathers in the 19th and 20th centuries held as important or inviolable.

===India's Growth===
''See Also: ]; ]''

Many young Indians envisage that by ], the ] would be strong enough for India to command a formidable position in world affairs, given that India is already the world's largest democracy, a nuclear power, with the 3rd largest military services in the world and a population exceeding 1 billion. It is one of the few nations that have been considered by media as possible future ]s. It currently meets many of the characteristics of a superpower to the extent that it is labelled an ] and ]. This growth is a source of pride and nationalism amongst young Indians who foresee living in an advanced Indian society. President ] released a book '']'', outlining the necessary policies to promote India's social, economic and scientific advancement. India has conducted a major diplomatic campaign to obtain a permanent seat on the ] with veto powers. In recent years India and the ] have increased their influence. Some believe that the United States would prefer India over China as a new global power.

Emanating from Cold War times suspicions and close ties with ], portions of the Indian public perceive the ] as an arrogant superpower. The Indian government criticized the U.S. for what it saw as attempts to impose the ] upon all nations despite its eventual rejection by American politicians themselves. India also perceives the U.S. economic and military aid to ] as fueling its rival's aggressive designs, and criticizes the U.S. for ignoring Pakistan's long-standing aid to terrorism in Kashmir. Indian public opinion also sees its neighbor ], the most populated nation in the world as its biggest competitor in economic, political and military influence, and the leadership of ]. The continuing territorial dispute over Aksai Chin and China's military aid to Pakistan contributes to bringing a serious military aspect to this rivalry. However, India and China have created strategic partnerships over energy and oil, and are pursuing extensive trade relations that have created a positive atmosphere. The United States have been increasingly acceptive of India's power and the stepping stones have been laid for a positive relationship with the United States as well.

===Akhand Bharat===
It is the vision of many nationalists to one-day see the reversal of the ], and the reunification of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh into one nation. While the idea of a wide-scale war, and employing violence to force this re-unification is distasteful to all save the most hardcore, and that even hardline Hindu nationalists see the reversal to pre-1947 boundaries as impossible (especially due to the vast proportional majority enjoyed by Muslims in the populations of both Pakistan and Bangladesh), it remains the dream and fantasy of many mainstream Indians, Hindus and Muslims. And while '']'' is a term used only by Hindu nationalists, many young Indians and some Pakistanis have envisaged a possible loose constitutional union in the future, such as ], the senior leader of the ].

Support for a reversal of partition exists in some intellectual circles in Pakistan, who view partition as a great loss for the Muslim community being divided into three nations, rather than utilizing the opportunities and power presented by a united population of 400 million in one, united country. The ] and the possible success of the peace process over ] may make this dream feasible one-day in the distant future, which today remains too fantastic to contemplate practically.

See also: ]

===Trans-national expression===
{{main|Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin}}
The large expatriate Indian communities in the ], ], ], ], the ] and ] have played a role in Indian nationalism as long ago as the ] and as recently as the ]. As the Indian government's own Singhvi commission notes, "the sun never sets on the Indian diaspora." Yet the cultural transmission model is rapidly transforming from a one-way street, in which the Motherland gives and the diaspora receives, to a two-way street, in which the diaspora is as confidently Indian, sometimes more so, than India itself. Bollystan (''"Bolly-"'' for ], and "Stan", the ] suffix for ''"land"'' comprise this term) is a ] which recognizes this changing balance of power between the home country and its diaspora. Technology has enabled the diaspora to manufacture ''"Indian-ness"'' as competently as their home-bound relatives through film, dance, music and even religious practices. These externally produced symbols of Indian-ness have in many ways become the primary representation of India in the West and around the world. The term was first used by Parag Khanna, when he guest edited the UK's ethnic lifestyle magazine Another Generation in Fall 2004 (www.anothergeneration-mag.com). The entire issue was based on the theme of Bollystan, This was subsequently then used in an article in The Globalist.<ref>http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/storyid.aspx?StoryId=4279</ref> The London-based Foreign Policy Centre think-tank has also recognized Bollystan as a form of "diasporic diplomacy".<ref>http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/377.pdf</ref> In the January/February 2005 issue of Foreign Policy magazine, Mitra Kalita of the Washington Post writes, "Finally there is a name for where I live: Bollystan."<ref>http://www.foreignpolicy.com/users/login.php?story_id=2761&URL=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=2761</ref>

===The world's largest democracy===
Indians take pride in freedom and democracy reaching to the very grassroots of Indian nation, the noisy Indian political elections are enthusiastically followed by leigons of voters across rural India with the Indian media covering some of the largest political exercises in human history.

The fact that India is the world's largest democracy (by population), especially in a region where it finds itself surrounded by ] China, Pakistan (a state with over half of its history under military rule), ] (military dictaorship) and ] (long history of ] and presently under conflict with the ] rebels), ] and ], is seen as a symbol of Indian resilience and commitment to its core values of democracy and freedom.

===Film Industry and ]===
Indian Film Industry is the largest industry churning out more than 800 movies every year. The Hindi Film Industry (]), Telugu Film Industry (Tollywood), Tamil Film Industry (Kollywood) are the major contributors. Of all the major regional film industries, Bollywood has grown prominence mainly due to the wide spread diaspora across the world.
]
During recent times, ], the ] based Indian film industry has become a symbol of national pride for the Indian nationals. The industry is credited with churning out more ] than any other industry in the world. Bollywood is also the home of some of the most followed film stars in the world like ], ] and ].

India is also the home to ], a young, distinct style of music which is charecterized by the frequent remixes and multi-ethnic appeal, emphasising equally on classical Hindu songs, Muslim traditional music and Sikh music. Indipop has put Indian singers on the map throughout the world, with the stars staging concerts throughout the world with great success. Indipop is also very popular in European dance clubs, particularly the ] based dance clubs.

===Global acceptance of beauty and fashion===
Indian nationals have been immensely successful both in the major beauty peagents of the world. India, along with ], is the country awarded the most ] peagent wins. Indian representatives have also won the ] title twice.

India is also the only country in history to have twice won both ] and ] competition in the same year.

In 2000, Aishwarya Rai, Miss World 1994 from India, was awarded the ''Most Beautiful Miss World of All Times'' title.

Indian fashion is also experiencing a resurgence with some of the world's largest fashion events being held in ], including ] events. Indian fashion designers have held showcased Indian fashion in ], ], ] and ], widely acknowledged as the fashion centres of the world.

] is widely consumed outside of India]]
===Indian cuisine===
{{main|Indian cuisine}}
Indian cuisine is distinguished by its sophisticated use of spices and herbs and the influence of the longstanding and widespread practice of ] in Indian society.

] has a particularly strong tradition of Indian cuisine that originates from the ]. At this time there were a few Indian restaurants in the richer parts of ] that catered to British officers returning from their duties in India.

In the ] there was a second phase in the development of Anglo-Indian cuisine, as families from countries such as ] migrated to London to look for work. Some of the earliest such restaurants were opened in ] in the ], a place that is still famous for this type of cuisine.

After the ], South Asian immigration to the United States increased, and with it the prevalence of Indian cuisine, especially in ], ], ] and the ] neighborhoods of ], ] and East 6th Street.

Indian restaurants can also be found in many Continental European cities, particularly ].

Indian restaurants are common in the larger cities of ], particularly in ] and ] where large numbers of Indian nationals have settled since 1970. A number of the more adventurous restaurants have transformed their offerings into so-called Indian "fusion" menus, combining fresh local ingredients with traditional Indian cooking techniques.

The South Asian diaspora has resulted in a number of inauthentic "Indian" foods, like the ] of ], ] and the ].


==External links== ==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Indian nationalism}}
*
*
*
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*, a workshop on traditional Indian sciences for school children conducted by the Computer Science department of Anna University, Chennai, India.
*

==References==
<references/>


{{India topics}}
* ] ''Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God''
{{Ethnic nationalism}}
* Broughton, Jeffrey. ''The Bodhidharma Anthology''.
{{Indian Independence Movement}}
* {{cite book | last = Bryant | first = Edwin | authorlink = Edwin Bryant | title = The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2001 | location = Oxford | id = ISBN 0-19-51 3777-9 }}
{{Authority control}}
* J. N. Dixit ''India and Pakistan in War and Peace''
* {{cite book | last = Flood | first = Gavin | title = An introduction to Hinduism | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 1996 | location = Cambridge, United Kingdom | id = ISBN 0 521 43304 5 }}
* Katherine Frank ''Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi''
* ] '']''
* ] ''Patel: A Life''
* {{cite book | last = Houben | first = Jan E.M. (Ed.) | title = Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language | publisher = E.J. Brill | date = 1996 | location = Leiden | id = ISBN 90 04 10613 8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Klostermaier | first = Klaus K. | authorlink = Klaus Klostermaier | title = A Survey of Hinduism (2nd ed.) | publisher = State University of New York Press | date = 1994 | location = Albany | id = ISBN 0-7914-2109-0 }}
* Lin Boyuan. ''Zhongguo wushu shi''.
* Matsuda Ryuchi. ''Zusetsu Chugoku bujutsu shi''.
* ] ''Discovery of India''
* {{cite book | last = Porter | first = Roy | authorlink = Roy Porter | title = The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity | publisher = W.W. Norton & Company | date = 1999 | location = New York | id = ISBN 0-393-31980-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = Scharfstein | first = Ben-Ami | title = Amoral Politics: The Persistent Truth of Machiavellism | publisher = State University of New York Press | date = 1995 | location = Albany | id = ISBN 0-7914-2280-1 }}
* Tang Hao. ''Shaolin Wudang kao''
* ] ''A New History of India''
*'']''; ], ]; ''"Chindia"'': ''China and India special feature''
* Haug, Martin and Basu, Major B. D. (1974). ''The Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda, Containing the Earliest Speculations of the Brahmans on the Meaning of the Sacrifical Prayers''. ISBN 0404578489
* Joseph, George G. (2000). ''The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics'', 2nd edition. Penguin Books, London. ISBN 0-14-021118-1
* ] (2000). 'Birth and Early Development of Indian Astronomy'. In Selin, Helaine (2000). ''Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy'' (303-340). Kluwer, Boston. ISBN 0792363639
* Teresi, Dick (2002). ''Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science - from the Babylonians to the Maya''. ], New York. ISBN 0684837188
* Thurston, Hugh (1994). ''Early Astronomy''. Springer-Verlag, New York. ISBN 038794107X
* Blavatsky, H. P. (1877). , .
* Kak, Subhash C. (2003). , ].
* Malhotra, Rajiv and Patel, Jay (2003-2005). .


{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Nationalism}}
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The flag of India, which is often used as a symbol of Indian nationalism.

Indian nationalism is an instance of territorial nationalism, which is inclusive of all of the people of India, despite their diverse ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds. Indian nationalism can trace roots to pre-colonial India, but was fully developed during the Indian independence movement which campaigned for independence from British rule. Indian nationalism quickly rose to popularity in India through these united anti-colonial coalitions and movements. Independence movement figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Jawaharlal Nehru spearheaded the Indian nationalist movement. After Indian Independence, Nehru and his successors continued to campaign on Indian nationalism in face of border wars with both China and Pakistan. After the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and the Bangladesh Liberation War, Indian nationalism reached its post-independence peak. However by the 1980s, religious tensions reached a melting point and Indian nationalism sluggishly collapsed in the following decades. Despite its decline and the rise of religious nationalism, Indian nationalism and its historic figures continue to strongly influence the politics of India and reflect an opposition to the sectarian strands of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism.

National consciousness in India

Main article: History of India
The largest extent of the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka.

Among antient texts, the Indian subcontinent came to be called Bharat under the rule of Bharata. The Maurya Empire was the first to unite all of India, and South Asia (including parts of Afghanistan). Much of India has also been unified by later empires, such as the Mughal Empire, Maratha Empire.

Conception of Pan-South Asianism

India's concept of nationhood is based not merely on territorial extent of its sovereignty. Nationalistic sentiments and expression encompass that India's ancient history, as the birthplace of the Indus Valley civilisation, as well as four major world religions – Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Indian nationalists see India stretching along these lines across the Indian subcontinent.

Ages of war and invasion

The Mughal Empire at its greatest extent, in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
The extent of Maratha Empire (yellow), without its vassals.

India today celebrates many kings and queens for combating foreign invasion and domination, such as Shivaji of the Maratha Empire, Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi, Kittur Chennamma, Maharana Pratap of Rajputana, Prithviraj Chauhan and Tipu Sultan. The kings of Ancient India, such as Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka of the Magadha Empire, are also remembered for their military genius, notable conquests and remarkable religious tolerance.

Akbar was a Mughal emperor, was known to have a good relationship with the Roman Catholic Church as well as with his subjects – Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains. He forged familial and political bonds with Hindu Rajput kings. Although previous Sultans had been more or less tolerant, Akbar took religious intermingling to new level of exploration. He developed for the first time in Islamic India an environment of complete religious freedom. Akbar undid most forms of religious discrimination, and invited the participation of wise Hindu ministers and kings, and even religious scholars to debate in his court.

Colonial-era nationalism

Main articles: Indian independence movement, Indian Rebellion of 1857, and Indian National Congress - Freedom Era See also: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Sri Aurobindo, and 1905 Partition of Bengal
The flag adopted in 1931 by the Congress and used by the Provisional Government of Free India during the Second World War.

The consolidation of the British East India Company's rule in the Indian subcontinent during the 18th century brought about socio-economic changes which led to the rise of an Indian middle class and steadily eroded pre-colonial socio-religious institutions and barriers. The emerging economic and financial power of Indian business-owners and merchants and the professional class brought them increasingly into conflict with the British authorities. A rising political consciousness among the native Indian social elite (including lawyers, doctors, university graduates, government officials and similar groups) spawned an Indian identity and fed a growing nationalist sentiment in India in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The creation in 1885 of the Indian National Congress in India by the political reformer A.O. Hume intensified the process by providing an important platform from which demands could be made for political liberalisation, increased autonomy, and social reform. The leaders of the Congress advocated dialogue and debate with the Raj administration to achieve their political goals. Distinct from these moderate voices (or loyalists) who did not preach or support violence was the nationalist movement, which grew particularly strong, radical and violent in Bengal and in Punjab. Notable but smaller movements also appeared in Maharashtra, Madras and other areas across the south.

Swadeshi

Main article: Swadeshi movement

The controversial 1905 partition of Bengal escalated the growing unrest, stimulating radical nationalist sentiments and becoming a driving force for Indian revolutionaries.

The Gandhian era

Mahatma Gandhi pioneered the art of Satyagraha, typified with a strict adherence to ahimsa (non-violence), and civil disobedience. This permitted common individuals to engage the British in revolution, without employing violence or other distasteful means. Gandhi's equally strict adherence to democracy, religious and ethnic equality and brotherhood, as well as activist rejection of caste-based discrimination and untouchability united people across these demographic lines for the first time in India's history. The masses participated in India's independence struggle for the first time, and the membership of the Congress grew over tens of millions by the 1930s. In addition, Gandhi's victories in the Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha in 1918–19, gave confidence to a rising younger generation of Indian nationalists that India could gain independence from British rule. National leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, Maulana Azad, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad and Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan brought together generations of Indians across regions and demographics, and provided a strong leadership base giving the country political direction.

Beyond Indian nationalism

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See also: Demographics of India

Indian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are ethnically and religiously diverse. Thus the most influential undercurrents are more than just Indian in nature. The most controversial and emotionally charged fibre in the fabric of Indian nationalism is religion. Religion forms a major, and in many cases, the central element of Indian life. Ethnic communities are diverse in terms of linguistics, social traditions and history across India.

Hindu Rashtra

Main article: Hindu nationalism

An important influence upon Hindu consciousness arises from the time of Islamic empires in India. Entering the 20th century, Hindus formed over 75% of the population and thus unsurprisingly the backbone and platform of the nationalist movement. Modern Hindu thinking desired to unite Hindu society across the boundaries of caste, linguistic groups and ethnicity. In 1925, K.B. Hedgewar founded the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in Nagpur, Maharashtra, which grew into the largest civil organisation in the country, and the most potent, mainstream base of Hindu nationalism.

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar coined the term Hindutva for his ideology that described India as a Hindu Rashtra, a Hindu nation. This ideology has become the cornerstone of the political and religious agendas of modern Hindu nationalist bodies like the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad. Hindutva political demands include revoking Article 370 of the Constitution that grants a special semi-autonomous status to the Muslim-majority state of Kashmir, adopting a uniform civil code, thus ending a special legal frameworks for different religions in the country. These particular demands are based upon ending laws that Hindu nationalists consider to be special treatment offered to different religions.

The Qaum

Main articles: Indian Muslim nationalism and Two-nation theory

In 1906–1907, the All-India Muslim League was founded, created due to the suspicion of Muslim intellectuals and religious leaders with the Indian National Congress, which was perceived as dominated by Hindu membership and opinions. However, Mahatma Gandhi's leadership attracted a wide array of Muslims to the independence struggle and the Congress Party. The Aligarh Muslim University and the Jamia Millia Islamia stand apart – the former helped form the Muslim league, while the JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic and Gandhian values and thought.

While prominent Muslims like Allama Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan embraced the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations, other major leaders like Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Maulana Azad and most of Deobandi clerics strongly backed the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian independence struggle, opposing any notion of Muslim nationalism and separatism. The Muslim school of Indian nationalism failed to attract Muslim masses and the Islamic nationalist Muslim League enjoyed extensive popular political support. The state of Pakistan was ultimately formed following the Partition of India.

Views on the partition of India

Main article: Opposition to the partition of India Further information: Indian reunification and Hindu–Muslim unity

Indian nationalists led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to make what was then British India, as well as the 562 princely states under British paramountcy, into a single secular, democratic state. The All India Azad Muslim Conference, which represented nationalist Muslims, gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for an independent and united India. The British Government, however, sidelined the 'All India' organization from the independence process and came to see Jinnah, who advocated separatism, as the sole representative of Indian Muslims. This was viewed with dismay by many Indian nationalists, who viewed Jinnah's ideology as damaging and unnecessarily divisive.

In an interview with Leonard Mosley, Nehru said that he and his fellow Congressmen were "tired" after the independence movement, so were not ready to further drag on the matter for years with Jinnah's Muslim League, and that, anyway, they "expected that partition would be temporary, that Pakistan would come back to us." Gandhi also thought that the Partition would be undone. The All India Congress Committee, in a resolution adopted on 14 June 1947, openly stated that "geography and the mountains and the seas fashioned India as she is, and no human agency can change that shape or come in the way of its final destiny... at when present passions have subsided, India's problems will be viewed in their proper perspective and the false doctrine of two nations will be discredited and discarded by all." V.P. Menon, who had an important role in the transfer of power in 1947, quotes another major Congress politician, Abul Kalam Azad, who said that "the division is only of the map of the country and not in the hearts of the people, and I am sure it is going to be a short-lived partition." Acharya Kripalani, President of the Congress during the days of Partition, stated that making India "a strong, happy, democratic and socialist state" would ensure that "such an India can win back the seceding children to its lap... for the freedom we have achieved cannot be complete without the unity of India." Yet another leader of the Congress, Sarojini Naidu, said that she did not consider India's flag to be India's because "India is divided" and that "this is merely a temporary geographical separation. There is no spirit of separation in the heart of India."

Giving a more general assessment, Paul Brass says that "many speakers in the Constituent Assembly expressed the belief that the unity of India would be ultimately restored."

See also

References

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  2. Jaffrelot, Christophe (1999), The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India), Penguin Books India, pp. 13–15, 83, ISBN 978-0-14-024602-5
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  6. Afghanistan Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments geredigeerd door Inb, Inc. International Business Publications, USA. 10 September 2013. ISBN 9781438773728. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
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  9. Acharya, Shiva. "Nation, Nationalism and Social Structure in Ancient India By Shiva Acharya". Sundeepbooks.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
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  12. Mitra 2006, p. 63
  13. Croitt & Mjøset 2001, p. 158
  14. Desai 2005, p. xxxiii
  15. Desai 2005, p. 30
  16. ^ Yadav 1992, p. 6
  17. Bose & Jalal 1998, p. 117
  18. Lobo, Lancy (2002). Globalisation, Hindu nationalism, and Christians in India. Jaipur: Rawat Publications. p. 26. ISBN 978-81-7033-716-4.
  19. "Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh | History, Ideology, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  20. "What is Uniform Civil Code?". Jagranjosh.com. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  21. "WHAT IS UNIFORM CIVIL CODE". Business Standard. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  22. Hardgrave, Robert. "India: The Dilemmas of Diversity", Journal of Democracy, pp. 54–65
  23. Qasmi, Ali Usman; Robb, Megan Eaton (2017). Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9781108621236.
  24. Qaiser, Rizwan (2005), "Towards United and Federate India: 1940-47", Maulana Abul Kalam Azad a study of his role in Indian Nationalist Movement 1919–47, Jawaharlal Nehru University/Shodhganga, Chapter 5, pp. 193, 198, hdl:10603/31090
  25. Raj Pruthi, Paradox of Partition: Partition of India and the British strategy, Sumit Enterprises (2008), p. 444
  26. Sankar Ghose, Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography, Allied Publishers (1993), pp. 160-161
  27. Raj Pruthi, Paradox of Partition: Partition of India and the British strategy, Sumit Enterprises (2008), p. 443
  28. Graham Chapman, The Geopolitics of South Asia: From Early Empires to the Nuclear Age, Ashgate Publishing (2012), p. 326
  29. V.P. Menon, The Transfer of Power in India, Orient Blackswan (1998), p. 385
  30. G. C. Kendadamath, J.B. Kripalani, a study of his political ideas, Ganga Kaveri Pub. House (1992), p. 59
  31. Constituent Assembly Debates: Official Report, Volume 4, Lok Sabha secretariat, 14 July 1947, p. 761
  32. Paul R. Brass, The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press (1994), p. 10

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