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| {{Short description|Device used to adhere to nonporous surfaces}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| A '''suction cup''', also known as a '''sucker''', is |
A '''suction cup''', also known as a '''sucker''', is a device or object that uses the negative ] of air or water to adhere to ] surfaces, creating a ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/suction%20cup|title="Suction Cup" m-w.com |publisher=Merriam Webster: An Encyclopædia Britannica Company |accessdate=2012-06-01}}</ref> | ||
| Suction cups |
Suction cups occur in nature on the bodies of some animals such as ]es and ], and have been reproduced artificially for numerous purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/48054-octopus-inspired-technology.html|title=Well-Armed Design: 8 Octopus-Inspired Technologies |date=29 September 2014 |publisher=livescience.com |accessdate= July 30, 2015}}</ref> | ||
| == Theory == | == Theory == | ||
| <!--Needs updating for 2020--> | |||
| ⚫ | The working face of the suction cup is made of elastic, flexible material and has a curved surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2055397|title="Suction Cup" google.com |publisher=] |access-date=2012-06-01}}</ref> When the center of the suction cup is pressed against a flat, non-] surface, the volume of the space between the suction cup and the flat surface is reduced, which causes the air or water between the cup and the surface to be expelled past the rim of the circular cup. The cavity which develops between the cup and the flat surface has little to no air or water in it because most of the fluid has already been forced out of the inside of the cup, causing a lack of pressure. The pressure difference between the atmosphere on the outside of the cup and the low-pressure cavity on the inside of the cup keeps the cup adhered to the surface. | ||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | The working face of the suction cup is made of elastic, flexible material and has a curved surface.<ref>{{cite web|url= |
||
| ⚫ | When the user ceases to apply physical pressure to the outside of the cup, the elastic substance of which the cup is made tends to resume its original, curved shape. The length of time for which the suction effect can be maintained depends mainly on how long it takes for air or water to leak back into the cavity between the cup and the surface, equalizing the pressure with the surrounding atmosphere. This depends on the porosity and flatness of the surface and the properties of the cup's rim. A small amount of ] or ] is often employed to help maintain the seal. | ||
| ⚫ | When the user ceases to apply physical pressure to the outside of the cup, the elastic substance of which the cup is made tends to resume its original, curved shape. The length of time for which the suction effect can be maintained depends mainly on how long it takes for air or water to leak back into the cavity between the cup and the surface, equalizing the pressure with the surrounding atmosphere. This depends on the porosity and flatness of the surface and the properties of the cup's rim. | ||
| == Calculations == | == Calculations == | ||
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| # No air leaks into the gap between the cup and the surface. | # No air leaks into the gap between the cup and the surface. | ||
| # The pulling force is applied perpendicular to the surface so that the cup does not slide sideways or peel off. | # The pulling force is applied perpendicular to the surface so that the cup does not slide sideways or peel off. | ||
| # The suction cup contains a perfect ]; in reality, a small ] will remain on the interior, and ''P'' is the differential pressure. | |||
| == Artificial use == | == Artificial use == | ||
| ] devices often ship with suction cup holders for mounting on windscreens.]] | ] devices often ship with suction cup holders for mounting on windscreens.]] | ||
| ] | ] camera attached to car with suction cup]] | ||
| Artificial suction cups are believed to have first been used in the third century, ], and were made out of ]s. They were used to suction "bad blood" from internal organs to the surface. ] is believed to have invented this procedure.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} | Artificial suction cups are believed to have first been used in the third century, ], and were made out of ]s. They were used to suction "bad blood" from internal organs to the surface. ] is believed to have invented this procedure.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} | ||
| The first modern suction cup patents were issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office during the 1860s. TC Roche was awarded U.S. Patent No. 52,748 in 1866 for a "Photographic Developer Dipping Stick"; the patent discloses a primitive suction cup means for handling photographic |
The first modern suction cup patents were issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office during the 1860s. TC Roche was awarded U.S. Patent No. 52,748 in 1866 for a "Photographic Developer Dipping Stick"; the patent discloses a primitive suction cup means for handling ]s during developing procedures. In 1868, Orwell Needham patented a more refined suction cup design, U.S. Patent No. 82,629, calling his invention an "Atmospheric Knob" purposed for general use as a handle and drawer opening means.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US52748 |title=United States Patent 52,748}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US82629 |title=United States Patent 82,629}}</ref> | ||
| Suction cups have a number of commercial and industrial applications: | Suction cups have a number of commercial and industrial applications: | ||
| * To attach an object to a flat, nonporous surface, such as a refrigerator door or a tile on a wall. This is also used for ]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.professionalmariner.com/September-2015/First-inland-vacuum-based-mooring-system-installed-on-St-Lawrence-Seaway-locks/ |title=First inland vacuum-based mooring system installed on St. Lawrence Seaway locks |date= September 2015|publisher=Professional Mariner|accessdate=11 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{youTube|jYf_iHCP14Y|Hands Free Mooring}}</ref> | |||
| * To affix objects to nonporous vertical surfaces such as refrigerator doors and tiled walls | |||
| * To move |
* To move an object, such as a pane of ] or a ] tile, by attaching the suction cup to a flat, nonporous part of the object and then sliding or lifting the object. | ||
| * In toys such as ] darts | * In some toys, such as ] darts. | ||
| * |
* As toilet ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suctioncupmuseum.com/html/history.html |title= Suction Cup Museum History Page|date=2006-04-24 |accessdate=2012-01-27 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424182733/http://www.suctioncupmuseum.com/html/history.html |archivedate=April 24, 2006 }}</ref> | ||
| * |
* To climb up almost or completely vertically up or down a flat, nonporous surface, such as the sides of some buildings. This is part of ], which is also known as urban climbering.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11210846 |title= Man climbs skyscraper with suction cups |publisher=] |date=2010-09-07 |accessdate=2012-01-27}}</ref> | ||
| * To hold an object still while it is worked on, such as holding a piece of glass while performing edge grinding. | |||
| On May 25, 1981, ], a.k.a. SpiderDan, scaled ], the former world's tallest building, with a pair of suction cups. He went on to scale the Renaissance Center in Dallas, the ] in Los Angeles, the ] in New York City, Parque Central Tower in Caracas, the Nippon TV station in Tokyo, and the Millennium Tower in San Francisco.<ref> |
On May 25, 1981, ], a.k.a. SpiderDan, scaled ], the former world's tallest building, with a pair of suction cups. He went on to scale the Renaissance Center in Dallas, the ] in Los Angeles, the ] in New York City, Parque Central Tower in Caracas, the ] station in Tokyo, and the ] in San Francisco.<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref name="]">{{cite web|title=αποφραξεις τιμες (Greece)|url=http://www.ventouza.com/times.php|website=Ventouza|date=25 February 2018}}</ref> | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| {{Commons category|Suction cups}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| *] | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:48, 21 August 2024
Device used to adhere to nonporous surfaces
A suction cup, also known as a sucker, is a device or object that uses the negative fluid pressure of air or water to adhere to nonporous surfaces, creating a partial vacuum.
Suction cups occur in nature on the bodies of some animals such as octopuses and squid, and have been reproduced artificially for numerous purposes.
Theory
The working face of the suction cup is made of elastic, flexible material and has a curved surface. When the center of the suction cup is pressed against a flat, non-porous surface, the volume of the space between the suction cup and the flat surface is reduced, which causes the air or water between the cup and the surface to be expelled past the rim of the circular cup. The cavity which develops between the cup and the flat surface has little to no air or water in it because most of the fluid has already been forced out of the inside of the cup, causing a lack of pressure. The pressure difference between the atmosphere on the outside of the cup and the low-pressure cavity on the inside of the cup keeps the cup adhered to the surface.
When the user ceases to apply physical pressure to the outside of the cup, the elastic substance of which the cup is made tends to resume its original, curved shape. The length of time for which the suction effect can be maintained depends mainly on how long it takes for air or water to leak back into the cavity between the cup and the surface, equalizing the pressure with the surrounding atmosphere. This depends on the porosity and flatness of the surface and the properties of the cup's rim. A small amount of mineral oil or vegetable oil is often employed to help maintain the seal.
Calculations
The force required to detach an ideal suction cup by pulling it directly away from the surface is given by the formula:
where:
- F is the force,
- A is the area of the surface covered by the cup,
- P is the pressure outside the cup (typically atmospheric pressure)
This is derived from the definition of pressure, which is:
For example, a suction cup of radius 2.0 cm has an area of (0.020 m) = 0.0013 square meters. Using the force formula (F = AP), the result is F = (0.0013 m)(100,000 Pa) = about 130 newtons.
(0.020 m) = 0.0013 square meters. Using the force formula (F = AP), the result is
F = (0.0013 m)(100,000 Pa) = about 130 The above formula relies on several assumptions:
- The outer diameter of the cup does not change when the cup is pulled.
- No air leaks into the gap between the cup and the surface.
- The pulling force is applied perpendicular to the surface so that the cup does not slide sideways or peel off.
- The suction cup contains a perfect vacuum; in reality, a small partial pressure will remain on the interior, and P is the differential pressure.
Artificial use
Artificial suction cups are believed to have first been used in the third century, B.C., and were made out of gourds. They were used to suction "bad blood" from internal organs to the surface. Hippocrates is believed to have invented this procedure.
The first modern suction cup patents were issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office during the 1860s. TC Roche was awarded U.S. Patent No. 52,748 in 1866 for a "Photographic Developer Dipping Stick"; the patent discloses a primitive suction cup means for handling photographic plates during developing procedures. In 1868, Orwell Needham patented a more refined suction cup design, U.S. Patent No. 82,629, calling his invention an "Atmospheric Knob" purposed for general use as a handle and drawer opening means.
Suction cups have a number of commercial and industrial applications:
- To attach an object to a flat, nonporous surface, such as a refrigerator door or a tile on a wall. This is also used for mooring ships.
- To move an object, such as a pane of glass or a raised floor tile, by attaching the suction cup to a flat, nonporous part of the object and then sliding or lifting the object.
- In some toys, such as Nerf darts.
- As toilet plungers.
- To climb up almost or completely vertically up or down a flat, nonporous surface, such as the sides of some buildings. This is part of buildering, which is also known as urban climbering.
- To hold an object still while it is worked on, such as holding a piece of glass while performing edge grinding.
On May 25, 1981, Dan Goodwin, a.k.a. SpiderDan, scaled Sears Tower, the former world's tallest building, with a pair of suction cups. He went on to scale the Renaissance Center in Dallas, the Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles, the World Trade Center in New York City, Parque Central Tower in Caracas, the Nippon TV station in Tokyo, and the Millennium Tower in San Francisco.
See also
References
- ""Suction Cup" m-w.com". Merriam Webster: An Encyclopædia Britannica Company. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
- "Well-Armed Design: 8 Octopus-Inspired Technologies". livescience.com. 29 September 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ""Suction Cup" google.com". Google Patents. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
- "United States Patent 52,748".
- "United States Patent 82,629".
- "First inland vacuum-based mooring system installed on St. Lawrence Seaway locks". Professional Mariner. September 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
- Hands Free Mooring on YouTube
- "Suction Cup Museum History Page". 2006-04-24. Archived from the original on April 24, 2006. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- "Man climbs skyscraper with suction cups". BBC News. 2010-09-07. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- Spider-man aka SpiderDan Goodwin scales the Sears Tower V2 - YouTube
- Spider-man aka SpiderDan Goodwin the Skyscraperman scales the Millennium Tower in San Francisco - YouTube
- "αποφραξεις τιμες (Greece)". Ventouza. 25 February 2018.