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{{Short description|630 military campaign in the early Muslim period}}
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{{Campaignbox Rise of Islam}} {{Campaignbox Rise of Islam}}
The '''Expedition of Tabuk''', also known as the '''Expedition of Usra''', was a military expedition that was initiated by the ] ] in October 630 CE (AH 9). He led a force of as many as 30,000<ref name="Nafziger13">{{citation |author1=George F. Nafziger |author2=Mark W. Walton |title=Islam at War: A History |publisher=] |year=2003 |page=13}}</ref><ref name="OxfordIslam">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Muḥammad |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |author-link1=Alford T. Welch |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |editor-given1=John L. |editor-surname1=Esposito |editor-link1=John Esposito| url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0550?rskey=xq9Xo4&result=5 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 }}</ref> north to ], near the ], in present-day northwestern ].<ref name="OxfordIslam"/>
{{Campaignbox Byzantine-Arab Wars}}
]
{{Muhammad}}
The '''Battle of Tabouk''' (also called the '''Battle of Tabuk''') was a military expedition, which, according to Muslim biographies, was initiated by ] in October, AD 631,8 AH. Muhammad led a force of as many as 30,000 north to ] in present-day northwestern ], with the intention of engaging the ] army. Though not a battle in the typical sense, if historical the event would represent the opening conflict in the ]. There is no contemporary Byzantine account of the events, and much of the details come from later Muslim sources. Noting this, as well as the fact that the armies never met, some Western scholars have questioned the authenticity of the details surrounding the event;<ref>See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar ''Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World'' (1999, Harvard University Press) p. 597, which notes that many of the details surrounding Muhammad's life as given in the biographies, are "problematic in certain respects, the most important of which is that they represent a tradition of living narrative that is likely to have developed orally for a considerable period before it was given even a relatively fixed written form. Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence... however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632." Also cf. El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria ''Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs'' (2004, Harvard University Press) p. 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account... ...sources are not contemporaneous with the events they purport to relate and sometimes were written many centuries later. These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions. Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic."</ref> though in the ] it is widely held as historical.


==Reasons for war== ==Preparations==
⚫ Following rumours of a Byzantine invasion,<ref name="Nafziger13" /> the Muslims and allies of Muhammad received an urgent call to join the campaign, but the Arabs of the desert showed little interest. Many came up with excuses not to participate. Muhammad provided incentives to persuade the Arabs to join and provided many with gifts.<ref name="Muir 454">{{cite book|last=Muir|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA454|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=] Co|isbn=978-0-7661-7741-3|page=454}}</ref>
According to '']'', a modern Islamic biography of Muhammad written by the Indian Muslim author ], the reason for war against the Byzantine Empire, was that one of Muhammad's ambassadors was killed by Sharhabeel bin ‘Amr Al-Ghassani (the governor of Al-Balqa). This immediately led to the ]. But ] states that this event was also one of the reasons of the Battle of Tabouk. ] further mentions that the emperor of the Byzantine Empire, ] was preparing a force to demolish the growing Muslim power in the region.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA272| first=Saifur|last=Rahman al-Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=272}}</ref>

The non Muslim scholar ] claims that one of the reasons Heraclius decided to go to war was that he wanted to prevent the recurrence of the ] and military campaigns similar to it.<ref>{{cite book|last=William|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA454|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|page=454}}</ref> The Banu Udhrah was a Christian tribe that was aligned to the Byzantine Empire, before converting to Islam and aligning themselves to Muhammad.<ref>{{cite book|last=R.L. Bidwell (editor)|first=R.|title=New Arabian studies, Volume 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhturGtQIyAC&pg=PA95|publisher=University of Exeter Press|date=Feb 1996|isbn=978-0859894791|page=95}}</ref> The tribe converted to Islam after ] carried out a military campaign in the area, however there were some who were still disaffected, so another campaign was carried out in the area.<ref name="Muir 454">{{cite book|last=Muir|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA454|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|page=454}}</ref>

==Preparations for war==
⚫ All the Muslims as well as allies of Muhammad, received an urgent call to join the campaign. But the Arabs of the desert showed little interest. Many came up with excuses not to participate. Muhammad provided incentives to persuade the Arabs to join, and provided many with gifts.<ref name="Muir 454"/>

The Muslim scholar ] mentions in his ] that the Quran verse {{Quran-usc|9|49}} was revealed about the people who make excuses not to participate in the Jihad. In this case Al-Jadd bin Qays made an excuse not participate in the Battle of Tabuk, and Ibn Kathir says that {{Quran-usc|9|49}} verse was revealed because of his excuse.
<ref name="Saed Abdul-Rahman 107">{{cite book|last=Saed Abdul-Rahman|first=Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4LMAGogMjkC&pg=PA107
|title=The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur'an (Vol 4), Tafsir ibn Kathir|date=29 October 2009|publisher=MSA Publication Ltd|isbn=978-1861796509|page=107}}</ref><ref name="tafsir.com"></ref> The verse states: "Among them is (many) a man who says: "Grant me exemption and draw me not into trial." Have they not fallen into trial already? and indeed Hell surrounds the Unbelievers (on all sides)"

Many rumors of the danger threatening the Muslims was carried to ] by ] who traded from ] to ]. They carried rumors of Heraclius' preparations and the existence of an enormous army said to number anywhere from 40,000 to several 100,000 besides the Lakhm, Judham and other Arab tribes allied to the Byzantines.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Ibn Kathir stated that verse 9:81 was also revealed about the Battle of Tabuk, regarding those who made excuses<ref name="Saed Abdul-Rahman 137">{{cite book|last=Saed Abdul-Rahman|first=Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4LMAGogMjkC&pg=PA137
|title=The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur'an (Vol 4), Tafsir ibn Kathir|date=29 October 2009|publisher=MSA Publication Ltd|isbn=978-1861796509|page=137}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"></ref>

Ibn Kathir also mentions that verse {{Quran-usc|9|29}} which called for fighting against the people of the book till they pay ] was revealed while Muhammad was preparing for the Battle of Tabuk. The verse states:
{{cquote|bgcolor=#F0FFF0|Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued. {{Quran-usc|9|29}}<ref name="Saed Abdul-Rahman 107"/><ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> }}

Ibn Kathir's commentary on this verse is as follows:
{{cquote|bgcolor=#F0FFF0|'''The Order to fight People of the Scriptures until They give the Jizyah'''

(Fight against those who believe not in Allah, nor in the Last Day, nor forbid that which has been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, and those who acknowledge not the religion of truth among the People of the Scripture,) This honorable Ayah was revealed with the order to fight the People of the Book, after the pagans were defeated, the people entered Allah's religion in large numbers, and the Arabian Peninsula was secured under the Muslims' control. Allah commanded His Messenger to fight the People of the Scriptures, Jews and Christians, on the ninth year of Hijrah, and he prepared his army to fight the Romans and called the people to Jihad announcing his intent and destination. The Messenger sent his intent to various Arab areas around Al-Madinah to gather forces, and he collected an army of thirty thousand. Some people from Al-Madinah and some hypocrites, in and around it, lagged behind, for that year was a year of drought and intense heat. The Messenger of Allah marched, heading towards Ash-Sham to fight the Romans until he reached Tabuk, where he set camp for about twenty days next to its water resources.

''''''<ref name="Saed Abdul-Rahman 107"/><ref name="ReferenceB"></ref>}}


==Expedition== ==Expedition==
Muhammad and his forces marched northwards to Tabuk, near the ] in October 630<ref name="OxfordIslam"/><ref name="Gabriel197">{{citation |author=Richard A. Gabriel |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |publisher=] |year=2007 |page= |isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadislamsfi00rich/page/197 }}</ref> (Rajab AH 9). It was his largest and last military expedition.<ref name="OxfordIslam"/> ], who participated in several other expeditions of Muhammad, did not participate in Muhammad's Tabuk expedition upon Muhammad's instructions, as he held command at ].<ref name="OxfordIslamAli">{{cite encyclopedia |title=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina |editor-given1=John L. |editor-surname1=Esposito |editor-link1=John Esposito |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0049?rskey=xq9Xo4&result=1 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 }}</ref> Muhammad spent twenty days at Tabuk, scouting the area, making alliances with local chiefs.<ref name="Gabriel197" /> With no sign of the Byzantine army,<ref name="OxfordIslam"/> he decided to return to Medina.<ref name="Nafziger13" /> Though Muhammad did not encounter a Byzantine army at Tabuk, according to the ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World'', "this show of force demonstrated his intention to challenge the Byzantines for control of the northern part of the caravan route from ] to ]".<ref name="OxfordIslam"/>
Muhammad and his forces marched northwards to Tabouk in Rajab 9 AH. The army of 30,000 was a great one, when compared with the previous armies of Islam. Muslims had never marched with such a great number before.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA275| first=Saifur|last=Rahman al-Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=275}}</ref>

After arriving at Tabouk and camping there, the Muhammad's army was prepared to face the Byzantines. However the Byzantines were not at Tabouk. They stayed there for a number of days and scouted the area but they never came.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA276| first=Saifur|last=Rahman al-Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=276}}</ref>

Nevertheless, this expedition brought, in itself, credit to the Muslim forces that had gained military reputation in the remote lands of the Arabian Peninsula.The strategic long term consequence of the battle was that many Arab tribes now abandoned the Byzantines and joined with Muhammad, enlarging the Muslim state.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA279| first=Saifur|last=Rahman al-Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=279}}</ref>

==Immediate aftermath==

===Letter to Christian princes===
When Muslims arrived at Tabuk, they halted and took a rest, rumours of a Roman Byzantine Invasion had cooled down, and there was nothing to threaten Muhammad. Muhammad dispatched ] on a military expedition to Duma.<ref>{{cite book|last=William|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA456|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|page=456}}</ref> Muhammad sent him to Dumatul Jandal with 400 men.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA277| first=Saifur|last=Rahman al-Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=277}}</ref> The Jewish and Christian tribes in the surrounding area converted to Islam. According to William Muir, Muhammad sent a letter to the Christian Prince of Ayla/Aliah (called Yahna bin Rawbah<ref name="autogenerated1"/>), threatening him to submit to Islam, or pay the ], if he did not want to be attacked.<ref name="William 457">{{cite book|last=William|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA457|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|page=457}}</ref> The Letter stated:
{{cquote|bgcolor=#F0FFF0|
To John ibn Rubah and the Chiefs of Ayla (or Acaba). Peace be on you! I praise God for you, beside whom there is no Lord.

I will not fight against you until I have written thus unto you. Believe, or else pay ]. And be obedient unto the Lord and his Prophet (and the messengers of his Prophet). Honour them and clothe them with excellent vestments, not with inferior raiment. Specially clothe Zeid with excellent garments. As long as my messengers are pleased, so likewise am I. Ye know the tribute. If ye desire to have security by sea and by land, obey the Lord and his Apostle, and he will defend you from every demand whether by Arab or foreigner, saving the demand of the Lord and his Apostle.

Believe in the Lord and in his Prophets. And believe in the Messiah son of Mary; verily he is the word of God. Come then, before trouble reach you. I commend my messengers to you. Give to Harmala three measures of bailey ; and indeed Harmala hath interceded for you. As for me, if it were not for the Lord and for this (intercession of Harmala), I would not have sent any message at all unto you, until ye had seen the army. But now, if ye obey my messengers, God will be your protector, and Muhammad, and whosoever belongeth unto him. Now my messengers are Sharahbil, &c. Unto you is the guarantee of God and of Muhammad his Apostle, and peace be unto you if ye Submit.

''''''<ref name="William 457"/>}}
William Muir claims the letter is authentic and was retained by the chiefs of Ayla, as proof of the rights Muhammad gave to the people of Ayla for their conversion, he claims that it is authentic because in the letter Muhammad's name is mentioned without affixes i.e. the phrase "Prayes and blessings be upon" him (and similar phrases) are missing, he suggests it would be forged if it did not have these affixes missing, as the affixes are added by later generation Muslims when mentioning Muhammad's name. Muhammad also sent some letters to other tribes in the area, William Muir mentions that Waqidi copied the content of some of the other letters.<ref>{{cite book|last=William|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA458|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|page=458}} See notes section</ref>

The local tribes gave their allegiance to Muhammad and agreed to the payment of the ] protection tribute. The Muslim scholar, Saifur Rahman al Mubarakpuri mentions that Yahna bin Rawbah, came to ] "and made peace with him, paying him the ]" and ] in return gave each tribe a letter of guarantee, similar to Yahna's. This letter especially guaranteed the Freedom to practice Religion.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

===Return to Medina===
After returning from Medina, some companions of Muhammad believed that there was no need to fight any longer, after looking around and seeing that there were no enemies remaining to threaten the Muslims, and after the Romans had left the Muslims alone. Muhammad's followers began to sell their weapons, but Muhammad rebuked them, claiming there will always be a need to fight and a Quranic verse was revealed by Allah: {{Quran-usc|47|4}} .<ref>{{cite book|last=William|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA463|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|page=463}}</ref> ] mentions this event and the verse as follows:
{{cquote|bgcolor=#F0FFF0|
(Until the war lays down its burden.) Mujahid said: "Until `Isa bin Maryam (peace be upon him) descends. It seems as if he derived this opinion from the Prophet's saying, There will always be a group of my Ummah victorious upon the truth, until the last of them fight against Ad-Dajjal.) Imam Ahmad recorded from Jubayr bin Nufayr who reported from Salamah bin Nufayl that he went to the Messenger of Allah and said, "I have let my horse go, and thrown down my weapon, for the war has ended. There is no more fighting. Then the Prophet said to him, Now the time of fighting has come. There will always be a group of my Ummah dominant over others. Allah will turn the hearts of some people away (from the truth), so they (that group) will fight against them, and Allah will bestow on them (war spoils) from them (the enemies)
''''''<ref></ref>}}

==Islamic primary sources==

===Quran===
According to Saif ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, many verses of Surah Tawbah (chapter 9 of the Quran) are related to the Battle of Tabuk.<ref name=autogenerated6>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA280| first=Saifur|last=Rahman al-Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=280}}</ref> The Muslim scholar ] mentions that verses 9:42-48, 9:49,<ref name="Saed Abdul-Rahman 107"/><ref name="tafsir.com"/> 9:81,<ref name="Saed Abdul-Rahman 137"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> and 9:29 are all related to the Battle of Tabuk or where revealed during the Battle of Tabuk.<ref name="Saed Abdul-Rahman 107"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/>


==See also== ==See also==
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==References== ==References==
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Latest revision as of 17:34, 4 November 2024

630 military campaign in the early Muslim period
Muslim Conquest Map (Tabuk included)

Campaigns of Muhammad
Further information: Military career of Muhammad

The Expedition of Tabuk, also known as the Expedition of Usra, was a military expedition that was initiated by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in October 630 CE (AH 9). He led a force of as many as 30,000 north to Tabuk, near the Gulf of Aqaba, in present-day northwestern Saudi Arabia.

Preparations

Following rumours of a Byzantine invasion, the Muslims and allies of Muhammad received an urgent call to join the campaign, but the Arabs of the desert showed little interest. Many came up with excuses not to participate. Muhammad provided incentives to persuade the Arabs to join and provided many with gifts.

Expedition

Muhammad and his forces marched northwards to Tabuk, near the Gulf of Aqaba in October 630 (Rajab AH 9). It was his largest and last military expedition. Ali ibn Abi Talib, who participated in several other expeditions of Muhammad, did not participate in Muhammad's Tabuk expedition upon Muhammad's instructions, as he held command at Medina. Muhammad spent twenty days at Tabuk, scouting the area, making alliances with local chiefs. With no sign of the Byzantine army, he decided to return to Medina. Though Muhammad did not encounter a Byzantine army at Tabuk, according to the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, "this show of force demonstrated his intention to challenge the Byzantines for control of the northern part of the caravan route from Mecca to Syria".

See also

References

  1. ^ George F. Nafziger; Mark W. Walton (2003), Islam at War: A History, Praeger Publishers, p. 13
  2. ^ Welch, Alford T.; Moussalli, Ahmad S. (2009). "Muḥammad". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5.
  3. Muir, William (10 August 2003). Life of Mahomet. Kessinger Publishing Co. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-7661-7741-3.
  4. ^ Richard A. Gabriel (2007), Muhammad: Islam's First Great General, University of Oklahoma Press, p. 197, ISBN 978-0-8061-3860-2
  5. Sachedina, Abdulaziz (2009). "ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5.

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