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{{Short description|Region inhabited by the Pashtun people}} | |||
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{{Infobox settlement | |||
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Pashtunistan | |||
| native_name = پښتونستان | |||
| native_name_lang = ps | |||
| settlement_type = ] | |||
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| image_map = Major ethnic groups of Pakistan in 1980 borders removed.jpg | |||
| map_alt = Map of Pakistan's major ethnic groups in 1980 | |||
| map_caption = Map of ], with ]-inhabited areas shown in green and shared with neighbouring Afghanistan | |||
| subdivision_type = Countries | |||
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />{{flag|Afghanistan}} | |||
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| unit_pref = Metric | |||
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| area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref name="auto"> </ref> --> | |||
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| area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref name="auto"/> --> | |||
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| area_rank = <!-- square kilometers --> | |||
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| population_total = {{circa|55–60 million}}<ref name="CIA-Pak-pop"/><ref name="CIA-Afghan-pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af®ionCode=sas&#af|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726153921/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=AF®ionCode=sas&#af|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 26, 2009|title=Afghanistan population: 30,419,928 (July 2012 est.) = 12,776,369 |work= ] |publisher= Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|access-date=20 September 2010}}</ref><ref name=Ethnologue>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu|title=Pashto, Northern|work=]|first=Paul M. |last=Lewis|quote=Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries.|publisher=], Sixteenth edition|location=Dallas, Texas|year=2009|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> | |||
| population_as_of = 2012 | |||
| population_density_km2 = auto | |||
| population_note = | |||
| timezone1 = ] (Afghanistan)<br />] (Pakistan) | |||
| blank_name = Largest cities | |||
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<!-- demographics (section 1) -->| demographics_type1 = Demographics | |||
'''Pashtunistan''' (]: پشتونستان) or '''Pakhtunistan''' (]: پختونستان), is what many ] nationalists call the Pashtun-dominated areas of ]. The Pashtuns in Afghanistan are the largest ethnic group in the country and are concentrated in the south and east, but nationalists have often included all of the western part of Pakistan as part of Pashtunistan. The Pakistani part of Pashtunistan comprises an area that runs from ] in the north (where Pashtuns are a minority, with ] people being the majority) to ] in the southwest and intentionally includes the ethnically mixed region of ]. The Pashtun majority areas in western Pakistan include the ] (NWFP), ] (FATA) and the northern portion of ]. The main language spoken in the Pashtunistan region is ], but substantial numbers of ] ]-speakers can also be found throughout the Pashtun regions of western Pakistan where many Afghan refugees have established permanent roots. Thus, Pashtunistan can be defined in various ways depending upon the point of view of the political group involved. | |||
| demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | |||
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic groups | |||
| demographics1_info1 = '''Majority''': ]<hr>'''Minorities''': ], ], ], ], ], ] | |||
| demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | |||
| demographics1_title2 = Languages | |||
| demographics1_info2 = '''Majority''': ]<hr>'''Minorities''': ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] | |||
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'''Pashtunistan''' ({{langx|ps|پښتونستان|lit=land of the ]}})<ref>Various spellings result from different pronunciation in various Pashto dialects. See ] for further information.</ref>or '''Pakhtunistan''' is a ] on the crossroads of ] and ], located on the ], inhabited by the ] of southern and eastern ]<ref>{{cite book | title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia : An Encyclopedia | author=Minahan, James | location=Santa Barbara, California | isbn=978-1-61069-018-8 | oclc=879947835 | date=10 February 2014 }}</ref> and northwestern ],<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2002 |editor-last=Roddy |editor-first=Stephen J. |editor2-last=Sharma |editor2-first=Shalendra D. |title=Asia Pacific: Perspectives |url=https://www.usfca.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/v2n2_kozicki.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804132458/https://www.usfca.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/v2n2_kozicki.pdf |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Minahan|first=James B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT318|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia|date=30 August 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598846607|via=Google Books}}</ref> wherein ], the ], and identity have been based.<ref name="Nath">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Vedanta |last1=Nath |first1=Samir |year=2002|publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=81-7890-056-4|page=273 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGBaXO54-HwC&pg=PA273|access-date=2010-09-10}}</ref><ref name="Heredotus">{{Cite web|url=http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html|title=The History of Herodotus Chapter 7|work=Translated by ]|publisher=The History Files|access-date=2007-01-10|archive-date=2012-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205055843/http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Houtsma-150">{{Cite book|title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936|last1=Houtsma|first1=Martijn Theodoor|volume=2|year=1987|publisher=BRILL|location=Leipzig|isbn=90-04-08265-4|page=150|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&pg=PA150|access-date=2010-09-24}}</ref> Alternative names historically used for the region include ''']''' or '''Pakhtūnkhwā''' ({{lang|ps|پښتونخوا}}), '''Pathānistān,'''<ref name="Review">{{cite book|title=The Modern Review, Volume 86|publisher=Prabasi Press Private|year=1949|quote=The Afghan Government is actively sympathetic towards their demand for a Pathanistan. It has been declared by the Afghan Parliament that Afghanistan does not recognise the Durand line...}}</ref><ref name="Spectator">{{cite book|title=The Spectator|publisher=F.C. Westley|year=1950|volume=184|quote=Instead it adopted the programme of an independent "Pathanistan" — a programme calculated to strike at the very roots of the new Dominion. More recently the Pathanistan idea has been taken up by Afghanistan.}}</ref> or simply the '''Pashtun Belt'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi music 'has roots in Hindu Kush's Pashtoon belt' |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2396426/hindi-music-has-roots-in-hindu-kushs-pashtoon-belt?amp=1 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=The Express Tribune| date=17 January 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Caldwell2011">{{cite book|author=Dan Caldwell|title=Vortex of Conflict: U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSvp3VTGRecC&pg=PA36|date=17 February 2011|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-7666-0|pages=36|quote=A majority of Pashtuns live south of the Hindu Kush (the 500-mile mountain range that covers northwestern Pakistan to central and eastern Pakistan) and with some Persian speaking ethnic groups. Hazaras and Tajiks live in the Hindu Kush area, and north of the Hindu Kush are Persians and Turkic ethnic groups.}}</ref><ref name="Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani">{{cite book|title=Students' Britannica India|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2000|isbn=9780852297605|volume=1-5|quote=Ghaffar Khan, who opposed the partition, chose to live in Pakistan, where he continued to fight for the rights of the Pashtun minority and for joining Afghanistan. Afghanistan means literally land of the pashtun people! the Homeland of the Pashtuns is Afghanistan}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
During ] in 1893, ] drew the ], fixing the limits of the spheres of influence between the ] and ] during the ] and leaving about half of historical Pashtun territory under British colonial rule; after the ], the Durand Line now forms the internationally recognized border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1074272.html|title=Controversial Proposal Of 'Pashtunistan'|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |last1=Synovitz |first1=Ron }}</ref> The traditional Pashtun homeland stretches roughly from the areas south of the ] in Afghanistan to the areas west of the ] in Pakistan; it predominantly comprises the southwestern, eastern and some northern and western districts of Afghanistan, as well as most of ] and northern ] in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/06/weekinreview/06shane.html|title=The War in Pashtunistan|work=The ]|first=Scott|last=Shane|date=5 December 2009|access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref> The region is bordered by ] and ] {{efn|historically, geographically and ethnolinguistically including the ] as well}} to the east, ] to the south, ] and ] to the north, and ] and ] to the west. | |||
] has more than double the number of Pashtuns compared to ]. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in ], over 4 million refugees, mostly Pashtuns, migrated to Pakistan, but they are not included in the official count of Pashtuns in Pakistan as they are not Pakistani citizens. Most of them have permanently settled in Pakistan due to continuing violence and instability in Afghanistan. The Pakistan's Pashtuns have integrated into Pakistan and have substantial representation in Pakistan armed forces, parliament, political parties, business and civil services. The Pakistani ]s are also bitterly opposed to their inclusion in Pashtunistan movement and they support their own nationalist Baloch movement. | |||
The 16th-century revolutionary leader ] of ] and the 17th-century "warrior-poet" ] assembled Pashtun armies to fight against the ] in the region. During this time, the eastern parts of Pashtunistan were ruled by the Mughals while the western parts were ruled by ]. Pashtunistan first gained an autonomous status in 1709, when ] successfully revolted against the Safavids in ]. The Pashtuns later achieved unity under the leadership of ], who founded the ] and established the ] in 1747. In the 19th century, however, the Afghan Empire lost large parts of its eastern territory to the ] and later the ]. Many famous ] emerged from the region include ] and his anti colonial ] movement to free the region from British control.<ref name="Rizwan" /> In 1969, the autonomous ] of ], ], ], and ] were merged into the Pakistani NWFP. In 2018, the Pashtun-majority ], formerly an autonomous buffer zone with Afghanistan, were also merged into the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (previously known as the NWFP), fully integrating the region with Pakistan proper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/225799-the-fata-merger-whats-happening-now-and-what-should-happen-next|title=The Fata merger: What's happening now and what should happen next?}}</ref> | |||
==Pashtunistan in History== | |||
] | |||
The Pashtuns practice '']'', the indigenous culture of the Pashtuns, and this remains significant for many Pashtuns. Although the Pashtuns are politically separated by the Durand Line between Pakistan and Afghanistan, many ] from the ] area and the adjacent regions of Afghanistan, tend to ignore the border and cross back and forth with relative ease to attend weddings, family functions and take part in the joint tribal councils known as ]<ref>Ahmed, Feroz (1998) Ethnicity and politics in Pakistan. Karachi. Oxford University Press.</ref>Depending on the source, the ethnic Pashtuns constitute 42-60% of the ].<ref name="Janda2">{{Cite book |last1=Janda |first1=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WlzlY9dv74C&pg=PA46 |title=The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America |author2=Jeffrey M. Berry |author3=Jerry Goldman |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-618-81017-8 |edition=9 |page=46 |quote=Even within the largest ethnic group, the Pashtuns (about 50 percent of the population)... |access-date=2010-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qImZpu07_UEC&pg=PA10088 |title=Congressional Record |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1955 |isbn=9780160118449 |page=10088 |access-date=2010-09-24}}</ref><ref name="Taylor2">{{Cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=William J. Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTWtThUljQC&pg=PA58 |title=Asian Security to the Year 2000 |author2=Abraham Kim |publisher=DIANE Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=1-4289-1368-8 |page=58 |access-date=2010-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AFGHANISTAN v. Languages |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages |access-date=2010-10-24 |work=Ch. M. Kieffer |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica |quote=Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA845 |title=Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world |author2=Sarah Ogilvie |publisher=Elsevie |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-08-087774-7 |page=845 |quote=Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population. |access-date=2010-09-24}}</ref><ref name="Hawthorne2">{{Cite book |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwbfD_irV_AC&pg=PA225 |title=September 11, 2001: feminist perspectives |author2=Bronwyn Winter |publisher=Spinifex Press |year=2002 |isbn=1-876756-27-6 |page=225 |quote=Over 60 percent of the population in Afghanistan is Pashtun... |access-date=2010-09-24}}</ref> In neighboring Pakistan they constitute 18 percent of over ], which does not include Pashtun diaspora in other Pakistani cities and provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-25 |title=Why Pakistan's Pashtun Minority Won't Be Easily Crushed |url=https://www.aei.org/foreign-and-defense-policy/india-afghanistan-pakistan/why-pakistans-pashtun-minority-wont-be-easily-crushed/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=American Enterprise Institute - AEI |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
The area was called Pukhtunkhwa (Pukhtun Quarter, according to Bellew) or Paktika (according to ]) and mentioned by many Pushto poets in their verses as Pakhtunkhwa since 11th century. | |||
==Origin of term== | |||
In fact the famous couplet of ] speaks of the association the people have with the region, | |||
{{Further|Name of Afghanistan|Afghan (ethnonym)|Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Name of Pakistan}} | |||
<blockquote> | |||
The name used for the region during the ] and up until the 20th century was ]. Afghanistan is a reference to this land by its ethnicity, which were the Afghans, while Pashtunistan is a reference to this land by its language. Mention of this land by the name of Afghanistan predates mention by the name of Pashtunistan,<ref name="Habibi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm |title=Afghan and Afghanistan |publisher=alamahabibi.com |work=]|year=1969|access-date=2010-10-24}}</ref> which has been mentioned by ] in his famous couplet, by 6th-century Indian astronomer ], 7th-century Chinese pilgrim ], 14th-century Moroccan scholar ], ] ], 16th-century historian ] and many others.{{Blockquote|The men of ] and ] also went home; and whenever they were questioned about the ] of the Kohistan (the mountains), and how matters stood there, they said, "Don't call it Kohistan, but ]; for there is nothing there but Afghans and disturbances." Thus it is clear that for this reason the people of the country call their home in ] Afghanistan, and themselves ]. But it occurs to me, that when, under the rule of Muhammadan sovereigns, Musulmans first came to the city of ], and dwelt there, the people of India (for that reason) called them Patans—but ] knows!<ref name="Firishta">{{Cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201016&ct=199 |title=The History of India, Volume 6, chpt. 200, Translation of the Introduction to Firishta's History (p.8) |access-date=2010-08-22 |author=Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah |work=Sir H. M. Elliot |publisher=] |location=London |year=1560 |author-link=Firishta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726121158/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201016&ct=199 |archive-date=2013-07-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|]|1560–1620}} | |||
''Da Dili takht herauma cheh rayad krhm,'' | |||
''Zma da khkule Pukhtunkhwa da ghre saroona.'' | |||
</blockquote> | |||
The Pashto name Pakhtunistan or Pashtunistan ({{langx|ps|پښتونستان}} <small>(])</small>) evolved originally from the Indian word "Pathanistan" (]: {{nastaliq|پٹھانستان}} <small>(])</small>, पठानिस्तान <small>(])</small>).<ref name="ICM2007"/><ref name="Pathanistan">{{cite web|url=http://www.pashtoonkhwa.com/?page=pashtoonkhwa&id=89|title = Pashtu Literature Part II|publisher = Pashtoonkhwa|quote=The name Pakhtunistan or in soft Pashtu dialect Pashtunistan evolved originally from the Indian word Pathanistan. The very concept of Pakhtunistan was taken from the old word Pakhtunkhwa. The British, Indian leaders and even the Khudai Khidmatgars were using Pathanistan for Pakhtunistan in the beginning, but later on they started using the word Pakhtunistan.|access-date = 2009-06-07}}</ref><ref name="Khyber – Indian">{{cite web|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2006/The_Problem_of_Pukhtunistan.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415044837/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2006/The_Problem_of_Pukhtunistan.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 15, 2013|title = The Problem of Pukhtunistan|publisher = Khyber Gateway |quote=The word Pathanistan is not Persian but Indian. It shows that the Khalifa had already acquired the consent of the Muslim leaders of India or these leaders might have motivated the Khalifa to first liberate the Pukhtuns' land (Pathanistan) to build up a strong base against the British Empire in India|access-date = 2009-06-07}}</ref> The concept of Pashtunistan was inspired by the term "]".<ref name="ICM2007"/> ] leaders, including the ], started using the word "Pathanistan" to refer to the region, and later, the word "Pashtunistan" became more popular.<ref name="ICM2007">{{cite book|title=Faultlines, Volume 18|year=2007|publisher=Institute for Conflict Management|page=59|quote=The name Pakhtunistan or in soft Pashtu dialect Pashtunistan evolved originally from the Indian word Pathanistan. The very concept of Pakhtunistan was taken from the old word Pakhtunkhwa. Obaidullah Sindhi used Pashtania for Pashtu speaking area of his Proposed People's Republic of India or Saro-Rajia-i-Hind (Obaidullah's letter to Iqbal Shaidai on 22 June 1924), Muhammad Aslam, Maulana Obaidullah Sindhi Kay Siasi Maktubat, Lahore: Niduatal Musanifeen, 1966, p. 34}}</ref><ref name="Pathanistan"/> | |||
Translation: "I forget the throne of Delhi when I recall, | |||
The mountain peaks of my beautiful Pukhtunkhwa." | |||
==The native people== | |||
Despite sharing a common language and believing in a common ancestry, Pashtuns have rarely been united and did not achieve unity until the 18th century CE. Another early Pashtun nationalist was the Pashtun "warrior-poet" ] who was imprisoned by the ] emperor ] for trying to incite the Pashtuns to rebel against the rule of the Mughals. The first Afghan empire (see ]) of ], which was established in 1747 and encompassed the Pashtun areas, united the Pashtuns until conflicts with the encroaching ] and the Ranjit Singh's Sikh Kingdom led to the eventual dismemberment of the old Durrani Empire. | |||
{{Main|Pashtuns|Pashtun tribes}} | |||
] children, ] to the Pashtunistan region]] | |||
The native or ] of Pashtunistan are the ] (also known as Pakhtuns, Pathans and historically as ethnic ]), an ] ethnic group. They are the largest ] and the ] in Pakistan. The Pashtuns are concentrated mainly in the south and east of Afghanistan but also exist in northern and western parts of the country as a minority group. In Pakistan they are concentrated in the west and north-west, inhabiting mainly ] and northern ]. In addition, communities of Pashtuns are found in other parts of Pakistan such as ], ], ] and in the nation's capital, ]. The main language spoken in the delineated Pashtunistan region is Pashto. Depending on the region other languages are also spoken such as ] in Afghanistan and ], ], ], and ] in Pakistan. | |||
The Pashtuns practice '']'', the indigenous culture of the Pashtuns, and this pre-Islamic identity remains significant for many Pashtuns and is one of the factors that have kept the Pashtunistan issue alive. Although the Pashtuns are politically separated by the ] between Pakistan and Afghanistan, many ] from the ] area and the adjacent regions of Afghanistan, tend to ignore the border and cross back and forth with relative ease to attend weddings, family functions and take part in the joint tribal councils known as ]<ref>Ahmed, Feroz (1998) Ethnicity and politics in Pakistan. Karachi. Oxford University Press.</ref> Though this was common before the war on terror but after several military operations conducted in FATA, this cross border movement is checked via military and has become much less common in comparison to the past. | |||
Following the decline of the Durrani Empire, the Pashtun domains began to shrink as they lost control of the regions now in Pakistan to the Sikhs, Balochis, Persians, and ultimately the British. The British arrived in the middle of the 19th century and the Pashtunistan region became an area of importance for both the British and the Russians. The ] were fought as part of the overall imperialistic ] that was waged between the ] and the British, and the Afghans found their territories greatly diminished as a result of border adjustments made as a result of British peace terms. During the reign of the Afghan "Iron" ], in the late 19th century CE, the Afghans reluctantly gave up nearly half of the Pashtun territories to the British. It is possible that Abdur Rahman viewed the so-called ] as a temporary arrangement rather than a permanent settlement and is known to have vocally despised the agreement and bitterly resented the British for it. Nonetheless, the British finalized the agreement as part of their permanent political border with Afghanistan. | |||
Depending on the source, the ethnic Pashtuns constitute 42-60% of the ].<ref name="Janda">{{Cite book|title=The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America|last1=Janda|first1=Kenneth |author2=Jeffrey M. Berry |author3=Jerry Goldman|edition=9|year=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|quote=Even within the largest ethnic group, the Pashtuns (about 50 percent of the population)...|isbn=978-0-618-81017-8|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WlzlY9dv74C&pg=PA46|access-date=2010-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Congressional Record|publisher=Government Printing Office|page=10088|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qImZpu07_UEC&pg=PA10088|access-date=2010-09-24|year=1955|isbn=9780160118449 }}</ref><ref name="Taylor">{{Cite book|title=Asian Security to the Year 2000|last1=Taylor|first1=William J. Jr.|author2=Abraham Kim|year=2000|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=1-4289-1368-8|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTWtThUljQC&pg=PA58|access-date=2010-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages|title=AFGHANISTAN v. Languages|quote=Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans...|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|work=Ch. M. Kieffer|access-date=2010-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world|last1=Brown|first1=Keith|author2=Sarah Ogilvie|year=2009|publisher=Elsevie|quote=Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.|isbn=978-0-08-087774-7|page=845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA845|access-date=2010-09-24}}</ref><ref name="Hawthorne">{{Cite book|title=September 11, 2001: feminist perspectives|last1=Hawthorne|first1=Susan|author2=Bronwyn Winter|year=2002|publisher=Spinifex Press|quote=Over 60 percent of the population in Afghanistan is Pashtun...|isbn=1-876756-27-6|page=225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwbfD_irV_AC&pg=PA225|access-date=2010-09-24}}</ref> In neighboring Pakistan they constitute 15.42 percent of ], which does not include ] in other Pakistani cities and provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-25 |title=Why Pakistan's Pashtun Minority Won't Be Easily Crushed |url=https://www.aei.org/foreign-and-defense-policy/india-afghanistan-pakistan/why-pakistans-pashtun-minority-wont-be-easily-crushed/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=American Enterprise Institute - AEI |language=en-US}}</ref> In the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan, Pashto speakers constitute above 73 percent of the population as of 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm |title=Pakistan Census report 1998 |publisher=Government of Pakistan |year=1998 |access-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912021653/http://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm|archive-date=2011-09-12}}</ref> | |||
In 1905, the North-West Frontier Province was created and roughly corresponded to Pashtun majority regions within the British domain and seemed to indicate the permanence of the border from the British point of view. The ] was created to further placate the Pashtun tribesmen who never fully accepted British rule and were prone to rebellions, while ] was directly administered as part of a British protectorate state with semi-autonomy. | |||
==History== | |||
During World War I, the Afghan government was contacted by the ] to join the Central Allies on behalf of the ] in a ]; some revolutionaries and Afghan leaders including a brother of the Amir named Nasrullah Khan were in favour of the delegation and wanted the Amir declare Jihad. | |||
{{Further|History of Afghanistan|History of Pakistan}} | |||
] and inhabited by a people called the Pactyans.]] | |||
Since the ], the region now inhabited by the native Pashtun people had been conquered by ], the ], ], ], ], ], ]s, ], ], ], ], and others. In recent age, people of the ] have nominally explored the area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Afghanistan|work=]|publisher=] on Afghanistan|date=August 2008|access-date=2010-09-10}}</ref><ref name="HF">{{Cite web |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/EasternAfghans.htm|title=Kingdoms of South Asia – Afghanistan (Southern Khorasan / Arachosia)|publisher=The History Files|access-date=2010-08-16}}</ref><ref name="JFS">{{Cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |title=Afghanistan – VII. History |author=John Ford Shroder |access-date=2009-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031052339/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |archive-date=October 31, 2009 }}</ref> | |||
] arrived in the 7th century and began introducing ] to the native Pashtun people. The Pashtunistan area later fell to the ] ] whose main capital was at ], with ] serving as the second power house. The Ghaznavid Empire was then taken over by the ] from today's ], Afghanistan. The army of ] arrived in the 13th century and began destroying cities in the north while the Pashtun territory was defended by the ] of ]. In the 14th and 15th century, the ] was in control of the nearby cities and towns, until ] captured ] in 1504. | |||
That delegation included Kazim Bey, a Turk minister and special envoy of the last Sultan of Turkish Usmania dynasty - ] (known as Mohammad Khamis). | |||
===Delhi Sultanate and the last Afghan Empire=== | |||
Kazim Bey carried a farman from the Khalifa in Persian. It was addressed to “the residents of Pathanistan.” It said that when the British were defeated, "His Majesty the Khalifa, in agreement with allied States, will acquire guarantee for independence of the united state of Pathanistan and will provide every kind of assistance to it. Thereafter, I will not allow any interference in the country of Pathanistan." (Ahmad Chagharzai; 1989; PP: 138-139). However the efforts failed and the Afghan Amir ] maintained Afghanistan's neutrality throughout World War I (for more information see ). | |||
{{Further|Delhi Sultanate|Durrani Empire}} | |||
] of ] in 1747 by a 20th-century Afghan artist, ].]] | |||
During the ] era, the region was ruled by mainly ] and various, largely Sunni, Hanafi-jurisprudential driven Turkic<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astrojyoti.com/medieval-history-39.htm|title=You are being redirected...|website=www.astrojyoti.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKlEXIVxwj4C&q=turko+afghan&pg=PA2001|title=Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India|first=Amalendu|last=Misra|date=30 August 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|via=Google Books|isbn=9780761932260}}</ref> dynasties from ], India. An early Pashtun nationalist was the "Warrior-poet" ], who was imprisoned by the ] emperor ] for trying to incite the Pashtuns to rebel against the rule of the Mughals. However, despite sharing a common language and believing in a common ancestry, the Pashtuns first achieved unity in the 18th century. The eastern parts of ''Pashtunistan'' were ruled by the ], while the western parts were ruled by the Persian ] as their easternmost provinces. During the early 18th century, Pashtun tribes led by ] successfully revolted against the ] in the city of Kandahar. In a chain of events, he declared ] and other parts of what is now southern Afghanistan independent. By 1738 the Mughal Empire had been crushingly defeated and their ] by forces of a new Iranian ruler; the military genius and commander ]. Besides Persian, Turkmen, and Caucasian forces, Nader was also accompanied by the young ], and 4,000 well trained Abdali Pashtun troops from what is now Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzafAAAACAAJ | title=Afghanistan: A History of Conflict | isbn=9780233050539 | last1=Griffiths | first1=John Charles | year=2001 | publisher=Andre Deutsch }}</ref> | |||
After the death of Nader Shah in 1747 and the disintegration of his massive empire, Ahmad Shah Durrani created his own large and powerful ], which included all of modern-day Afghanistan, North east Iran, Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan and Kashmir. The famous couplet by ] describes the association the people have with the regional city of Kandahar: | |||
The ] were a non-violent group and Ghaffar Khan openly claimed to have been inspired by ]. While the Red Shirts were willing to work with the ], some Pashtuns desired independence from both India and the newly created state of Pakistan following the departure of the British. When the decision for partition was announced, it included the condition of a referendum being held in the North West Frontier Province because it was ruled by the Khudai Khidmatgar backed Congress government of ]. On 21st June 1947, Khudai Khidmatgar leaders met under the presidency of Amir Mohammad Khan at Bannu as realisation that the referendum was inevitable the participants declared that Pukhtuns did not accept India or Pakistan and announced a boycott of the referendum. The voters chose Pakistan by a margin of 9 to 1 in 1947. A ] in the Tribal Areas garnered a similar result as most preferred to become part of Pakistan. Subsequent to indepenence and Pakistan's creation in August 1947 the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders reconvened at Sardaryab on 3 and 4 September 1947 and passed a resolution that accepted Pakistan's creation and they would leave in Pakistan as its bona fide citizens and would refrain from making any sort of disturbance and difficulty for the new state. | |||
<blockquote> | |||
"Da Dili takht herauma cheh rayad kam zama da khkule Pukhtunkhwa da ghre saroona". | |||
Despite some improvement provincially the Pashtunistan issue was inherited by the new state of Pakistan and would cause diplomatic problems with Afghanistan. Afghanistan was the only country in the world that voted against Pakistan's inclusion in the U.N. Assembly. While both countries showed a willingness to discuss the Durand Line, a brief period of calm was shattered in 1949 following a tribal uprising supported by Afghanistan on the Pakistani side of the border. The Afghanistan military allegedly bombed a Pashtun village in Pakistan during the conflict as to make Pakistan look bad and this led to deteriorating relations between the two countries. The Afghan government responded to the incident with a declaration that it found the Durand Line agreement of 1893 to be null and void and this prompted some measure of hostile relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan. However there was a clear divide within the Afghan government on how to handle the issue. On June 13, 1948, Shah Wali Khan, the Afghan envoy to Pakistan, at a party in his honor by the Aligarh Old Boys' Association, declared: "Our King has already stated, and I, as the representative of Afghanistan, declare that Afghanistan has no claims on frontier territory, and even if there were any, they have been given up in favor of Pakistan. Anything contrary to this which may have appeared in the Press in the past or may appear in the future should not be given credence at all and should be considered just a canard." | |||
Translation: "I forget the throne of Delhi when I recall the mountain peaks of my beautiful Pukhtunkhwa." | |||
</blockquote> | |||
Around the same time, the official Kabul daily, Anis, supported by Kabul Radio, demanded that the territory between the Durand Line and the Indus River should be amalgamated with Afghanistan. Again a statement supporting the views expressed by his Ambassador was soon issued by the Counselor of the Afghan Embassy in Karachi. This led to an unusual situation in which Kabul Radio challenged the authority of the Afghan envoy to speak for his own government. | |||
In July 1949, the Afghan Parliament declared that "it does not recognize the imaginary Durand or any similar Line." Kabul Radio and the Afghan Press intensified their propaganda, inciting the tribesmen living on the Pakistan side of the Durand Line to revolt in the name of 'Pakhtoonistan'. | |||
Afghan backed insurgents crossed the Durand Line from Afghanistan to openly combat the Pakistani military between 1950 to 1955 and diplomatic relations were briefly severed during this tense period. Relations were resumed in 1951, but the issue remained unresolved. Relations briefly improved in the mid-1950's after an abortive attempt to agree to a confederation between the two countries. The effort allegedly collapsed because President ] rejected the idea of disbanding the One Unit scheme. Subsequently problems further aggravated because of the Pakistani crackdown on the Pashtun nationalist ] movement. A constant propaganda war was waged between the two governments while there was evidence to suggest that the Afghan government intentionally or unintentionally was encouraging seccesionist activies in Pakistan, besides Afghanistan many Congress party leaders felt a sense of obligation to their former compatriots in the Khudai Khidmatgar movement. | |||
As the Cold War progressed, Pakistan formally joined the Baghdad pact and CENTO because of its underlying security needs in relation to larger ]. The Soviets had established closer ties to Afghanistan in 1955 and during a state visit by Soviet Premier Nikolay A. ], the USSR declared that it supported the right to self-determination of Pashtunistan. | |||
However despite the controversy, Afghanistan and Pashtun nationalists did not exploit Pakistan's vulnerability during the nation's 1965 and 1971 wars with India. | |||
In the 1970's, the roles between Pakistan and Afghanistan reversed despite the Pakistan government's fresh crackdown on the Baloch and Pashtun Nationalist's by the government of ]. The Pakistan government decided to retaliate against the Afghan governments pakhtunistan policy by supporting ] opponents of the Afghan government including future Mujahidin leaders ] and Ahmed Shah Masood. This operation was remarkably successful and by 1977 the Afghan government of Sardar Daud was willing to settle all outstanding issues in exchange for a lifting of the ban on the National Awami Party and a commitment towards provincial autonomy for pashtuns. | |||
The ] and civil war in Afghanistan sidelined the issue which remains a cause championed by small pockets of Pashtun nationalists in Afghanistan, but with diminished support. | |||
==Social issues and concepts surrounding Pashtunistan== | |||
Prominent 20th century proponents of the Pashtunistan cause have included the late ] and ]. Ghaffar Khan stated in the Pakistan Constituent Assembly in 1948 that he simply wanted "the renaming of his province as Pakhtoonistan. Like Sindh, Punjab, etc." Another name mentioned is ''']''' whereas the ''''A'''' in ] '''Khan's''' ] stands for ]'s second letter in the '']'' Pamplet. However this name has faield to capture political support of any group in the province. | |||
Khan Abdul Wali Khan, who founded his own faction of the ], is remembered for having eloquently replied to a Pakistani critic of the Pashtunistan cause, who asked him if he considered himself a Pakistani Muslim first or a Pashtun, by stating that: "I have been a Pashtun for six thousand years, a Muslim for thirteen hundred years, and a Pakistani for twenty-five." This has become an oft repeated sentence by Pashtun nationalists and even other Nationalist leaders in Pakistan. | |||
While some Pashtun intellectuals continue to champion the Pashtunistan cause, independent Pashtun tribes have expressed an identity that is often relegated to their tribal affiliation rather than nationality in the modern sense or even overall ethnic solidarity with other Pashtuns. In addition, Pashtuns in Afghanistan have undergone considerable "Persianization" as part of a country where Persian remains an important universal language, while in Pakistan many Pashtuns have become bilingual in the national language of Pakistan's schools, ]. The divide between Afghan and Pakistani Pashtuns was bridged during the Soviet invasion and subsequent civil wars in Afghanistan as millions of ] moved to Pakistan's border region. This served to re-establish the cultural ties, but majority of Pashtuns in Pakistan looked upon these Afghans as they though they were leeching off the Pakistani Pashtun resources who were considerably better off then their Afghani counterparts. Pashtuns. Given the current rebuilding status of Afghanistan and increasing Pashtun demographics and power within Pakistan itself, the Pashtunistan issue has become dormant in recent years. | |||
Pashtuns practice '']'', the indigenous culture of the Pashtuns, and this pre-Islamic identity remains significant for many Pashtuns and is one of the factors that have kept the Pashtunistan issue alive. Although the Pashtuns are separated by the ] between ] and ], many Pashtuns, especially tribesmen from the ] area, tend to ignore the border and cross back and forth with relative disregard. | |||
== Variations of the Pashtunistan claim == | |||
There are several different types of claims with regard to the Pashtunistan issue, they sometimes overlap but can be distinctively defined: | |||
=== Afghanistan's claim === | |||
Afghanistan makes its core claim on the Pashtun areas on the grounds that Afghanistan is the original home of all Pashtuns. According to historic sources Pukhtun/Afghan tribes did not appear in Peshawar Valley until after 800 AD (Tarikh-e-Farishtah; H.G. Raverty Notes on Afghanistan; Peshawar District Gazetteer 1897-98). As such the original Pashtun tribes migrated from Southern Afghanistan and all Pashtuns acknowledge their origin from that region. | |||
The Afghan governments claim can be based on two different concepts | |||
*One is the claim aiming for the restoration of the Afghan Empire as formed by ] as it was prior to the capture of certain areas by ] in the early 19th century. This swathe of territory includes ], much of Pakistani ] (upto ]) in particular ] and the Pashtun areas of ] especially Quetta. This claim while not formally declared is often mentioned by Afghans. The territory in question also stakes claim to ] which was not formally a part of the Afghan Empire but did however did pay tribute to it during the time of ]. | |||
* The Second claim is based on purely Pashtun inhabited territory which includes the restoration of ], ] and the Pashtun belt of ]. This overlaps with the first claim as some proponents also include ] in this claim. This claim has some legal basis as the Afghan government cites three International documents as basis for it, one of which is the limited validity of the Durand Line agreement signed between the British Empire and the Afghan government. The Durand border agreement demarcated the area between Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was originally intended to extend for a period of 100 years only. | |||
The agreements cited by the Afghan government as proof of their claim over the Pashtun tribes are: | |||
a) Article 11 of the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1921 which states: the two contracting parties, being mutually satisfied themselves each regarding the goodwill of the other and especially regarding their benevolent intentions towards the tribes residing close to their respective boundaries, hereby undertake to inform each other of any future military operations which may appear necessary for the maintenance of order among the Frontier tribes residing within their respective spheres before the commencement of such operations. | |||
b) Supplementary letter to the Anglo-Afghan treaty of 1921: As the conditions of the Frontier tribes of the two governments are of interest to the Government of Afghanistan. I inform you that the British government entertains feelings of goodwill towards all the Frontier tribes and has every intention of treating them generously, provided they abstain from outrages against the people of India (Caroe 1981). | |||
=== Advocates of Independent Pashtunistan === | |||
Some Pashtun Nationalists believe the Pashtun people are within their rights to form their own State. They believe that either ] and ] on its own or ], along with ] or the Pashtun belt of Pakistan, ], ] and ] should be granted independence from Pakistan forming a new State possibly separate from Pakistan called Pashtunistan/Pakhtunistan. They base this on the claim that the 1947 referendum was illegitimate because (i) The option of independence or joining Afghanistan was not given. (ii) The legitimacy of it is doubtful as it was not based on adult franchise but of a limited electoral college of approximately half a million and still polled barely 51% (iii) The ] provincial Assembly in 1947 was the only provincial Assembly deprived of the right to decide which choice it would have preferred. As such the decision to join Pakistan was illegal. | |||
=== Advocates of Pashtunistan within Pakistan & the renaming NWFP Pakhtunkhwa === | |||
Pashtun nationalism in the form of the previous theories is quite weak at present, the Pashtun presence within Pakistan's ruling establishment is quite significant, they are represented in the Armed forces, civil service, political system and in business both nationally and provincially. Resentment at both perceived and real discrimination in the form of provincial rights and the failure of the federal government to develop the province; has manifested itself in the form of a supporters Pashtun province within Pakistan or at the very least the renaming of ] as Pashtunkhwa/] (translates as Pashtun corner) or Pashtunistan. Begum Nasim Wali (the wife of Wali Khan) declared in an interview: ''"I want an identity.. I want the name to change so that Pathans may be identified on the map of Pakistan... the 3000 year old name of this area: the name used by Ahmed Shah Abdali who said he forgot everything including the throne of Delhi but not Pakthunkhwa".'' | |||
The last ] was established in 1747 and united all the different ] as well as many other ethnic groups. Parts of the Pashtunistan region around ] was invaded by ] and his ] army in the early part of the 19th century, but a few years later they were defeated by the ], the new powerful empire which reached the Pashtunistan region from the east. | |||
In fact the renaming issue is an emotive one which often crosses party lines. While not all supporters of a renaming agree on the name Pakhtunkhwa, some prefer Pashtunistan/Pakhtunistan, still others prefer the name ‘’Abasin’’, or ‘’Afghania’’, which they base on the word A in Pakistan which as explained by the man who named Pakistan Chaudhri Rehmat Ali in his book, Pakistan: The Fatherland of Pak Nation (Ali 1940) ''"North West Frontier Province - is semantically non-descript and socially wrongful. It is non-descript because it merely indicates their geographical situation as a province of old 'British India' . It is wrongful because it suppresses the social entity of these people. In fact, it suppresses that entity so completely that when composing the name 'Pakistan' for our homelands, I had to call the North West Frontier Province the Afghan Province."'' | |||
===European influence=== | |||
The broad based belief in ] that the Pashtuns get an unfair deal from the Pakistani government which is based on the failure to honor Hydro royalty agreements, refusal to allow the renaming of the province, refusal to grant provincial autonomy, perceived discrimination by other ethnic groups (to be more precise Pashtun Nationalists often target Punjabis) towards Pashtuns, and their language and culture, and the fact that the after the Baloch many of the regions of poverty in Pakistan are in the Pashtun belts. | |||
{{Further|European influence in Afghanistan|British Raj}} | |||
], son of ] and grandson of ].]] | |||
Following the decline of the ] and the establishment of the new ] in Afghanistan, the Pashtun domains began to shrink as they lost control over other parts of South Asia to the British, such as the ] and the ]. The ]s were fought as part of the overall imperialistic ] that was waged between the ] and the British. Poor and landlocked, newly born Afghanistan was able to defend its territory and keep both sides at bay by using them against each other. In 1893, as part of a way for fixing the limit of their respective spheres of influence, the ] was signed between Afghan "Iron" ] and British Viceroy ]. In 1905, the North-West Frontier Province (today's ]) was created and roughly corresponded to Pashtun majority regions within the British domain. The ] area was created to further placate the Pashtun tribesmen who never fully accepted British rule and were prone to rebellions, while the city of Peshawar was directly administered as part of a British protectorate state with full integration into the federal rule of law with the establishment of civic amenities and the construction of railway, road infrastructure as well as educational institutes to bring the region at par with the developed world. | |||
] (left) with ] and ]]] | |||
During World War I, the Afghan government was contacted by the ] and ], through the ], to join the Central Allies on behalf of the ] in a ]; some revolutionaries, tribals, and Afghan leaders including a brother of the Amir named ] were in favour of the delegation and wanted the Amir to declare Jihad. Kazim Bey carried a ] from the Khalifa in Persian. It was addressed to "the residents of ]." It said that when the British were defeated, "His Majesty the Khalifa, in agreement with allied States, will acquire guarantee for independence of the united state of Pathanistan and will provide every kind of assistance to it. Thereafter, I will not allow any interference in the country of Pathanistan." (Ahmad Chagharzai; 1989; pp. 138–139). However the efforts failed and the Afghan Amir ] maintained Afghanistan's neutrality throughout World War I.<ref>{{Cite web |title=باچا خان مرکز میں کلاسیکل محفل موسیقی' نامور گلوکاروں سمیت نئے چہروں نے آواز کا جادو جگایا |url=http://khyberwatch.com/cute/example2.php?subaction=showfull&id=1147384716&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819102616/http://khyberwatch.com/cute/example2.php?subaction=showfull&id=1147384716&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1& |archive-date=19 August 2011 |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=The Khyberwatch |language=ur}}</ref> | |||
Similarly, during the 1942 ], and ], the Afghan government made repeated attempts to ensure that any debate about the independence of India must include Afghanistan's role in the future of the ]. The British government wavered between reassuring the Afghan to the rejection of their role and insistence that NWFP was an integral part of British India.<ref name="Roberts">Roberts, J(2003) The origins of conflict in Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group, {{ISBN|0-275-97878-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-275-97878-5}}, pp. 92-94</ref> | |||
== Criticism of the Pashtunistan concept == | |||
Pakistani opponents of the Pashtunistan issue challenge the central tenet of the Afghan argument that Afghanistan is the natural home for Pashtuns. Pakistan's rulers like Field Marshal ] believed there was a difference between the Pakhtunistan advocated by Ghaffar Khan and the Pukhtunistan of Afghanistan. | |||
During World War II, the government of ] proposed an alliance with neutral Afghanistan in order to destabilize British control over the north-west of its domain in India. In return, the Afghans sought that NWFP and the ] would be ceded to the Kingdom of Afghanistan with German military aid, so that it could gain valuable access to the ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hauner|first=Milan L.|date=1982|title=Afghanistan between the Great Powers, 1938 - 1945|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=14|issue=4|pages=481–499|doi=10.1017/S002074380005217X|jstor=162977|s2cid=161835556 |issn=0020-7438}}</ref> Such a plan would require annexation of NWFP, Baluchistan and Sindh provinces. | |||
Critics challenge the argument that Pashtuns are discriminated in Pakistan's power matrix. They cite the facts that in fact there are more Pashtuns in Pakistan than in Afghanistan so in fact Pakistan is their natural home. In addition, critics argue Pashtuns in Pakistan, are well represented in Pakistan's power structure, particularly the Army. They have served at all levels of the Federal government, in sports and other fields. They are also well represented as far as in the business community. | |||
The ]s (also known as the "Red Shirts") were members of a ]. Its leader ] claimed to have been inspired by the Indian ] ]. While the Red Shirts were willing to work with the ] from a political point of view, the Pashtuns living in the NWFP desired independence from India. However, the Bacha Khan wanted the Pashtuns areas in British India to remain part of ] instead of gaining independence. | |||
According to some estimates there are 29 million Pashtuns in Pakistan while only 8.5 million in Afghanistan. Over 77% of all Pushtuns now live in Pakistan, this includes Pakistani Pashtuns and Afghan Pashtun refugees now permanently settled in Pakistan. | |||
===Bannu Resolution=== | |||
=== Demographics of the Pashtun population === | |||
{{Main|Bannu Resolution}} | |||
In June 1947, ] (Faqir of Ipi), ], and other ]s declared the ], demanding that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan composing all Pashtun majority territories of British India, instead of being made to join the new state of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/25-Aug-2019/past-in-perspective|title=Past in Perspective|website=The Nation|date=August 25, 2019|access-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref> However, the British Raj refused to comply with the demand of this resolution.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali Shah |first=Sayyid Vaqar |date=1993 |title=Afghanistan and the Frontier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c05uAAAAMAAJ |location=] |publisher=Emjay Books International |page=256 |editor1-first=Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan |editor1-last=Marwat}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=H Johnson |first1=Thomas |author-link1=Thomas Howard Johnson |last2=Zellen |first2=Barry |date=2014 |title=Culture, Conflict, and Counterinsurgency |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9ZZAgAAQBAJ |publisher=] |page=154 |isbn= 9780804789219}}</ref> | |||
===1947 NWFP referendum === | |||
{{Main|1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum}} | |||
The NWFP joined the ] as a result of the ], which had been boycotted by the Khudai Khidmatgar movement, including Bacha Khan and then-chief minister Dr. Khan Sahib, as they were ditched by the leadership of Congress. About (99.02%) of the votes were cast in favor of Pakistan and only 2,874 (0.98%) in favor of India.<ref name="prr.hec.gov.pk">{{cite book |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf |title=Electoral History of NWFP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810052331/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book |author=Michael Brecher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRsuDwAAQBAJ&q=referendum+nwfp+1947&pg=PA180 |title=A Century of Crisis and Conflict in the International System: Theory and Evidence: Intellectual Odyssey III |date=2017-07-25 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319571560 |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810052331/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jeffrey J. Roberts|title=The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&q=nwfp+referendum&pg=PA108|access-date=18 April 2015|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275978785|pages=108–109|year=2003}}</ref> | |||
===Independence of Pakistan in 1947=== | |||
According to ], Pashtuns constitute 42% of Afghanistan's population The Afghanistan's 2005 population was 29,928,987. The 42% of total population of Afghanistan, 29,928,987 is 12,570,174. | |||
{{Further|Pakistan Movement|Afghanistan–Pakistan relations}} | |||
], ] from 1958 to 1969, belonged to the Pashtun ] tribe of ] and fought against ] for the ]|alt=]] | |||
The concept of Pashtunistan has varying meanings across Pakistan and Afghanistan.<ref name="Rubin2015">{{cite book|author=Barnett R. Rubin|title=Afghanistan from the Cold War Through the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXIRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA367|date=25 March 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022927-6|pages=367–}}</ref> | |||
In Afghanistan, Pashtun nationalists look after the interests of the Pashtun ethnic group and have support only from them.<ref name="Khalilzad">], ''"The Security of Southwest Asia"'', ], 2006, {{ISBN|0-566-00651-0}}</ref> They favor the ideas of ''Lōy Afghānistān'' or "Greater Afghanistan", and maintain an ] claim on the entire Pashtun-populated region.<ref name="Khalilzad" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Caron |first=James M |date=2009 |title=Cultural Histories of Pashtun Nationalism, Public Participation, and Social Inequality in Monarchic Afghanistan, 1905-1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aGpYgEACAAJ}}</ref> The Pashtunistan demand also served the cause of domestic Afghan politics, where several successive governments used the idea to strengthen "Pashtun ethnic support" for the state. This policy intensified ethno-linguistic rivalry between Pashtuns and non-Pashtuns in the country.<ref name="Rubin2015"/> These claims are contested in Pakistan, where Pashtun politics centers on political autonomy rather than irredentist politics.<ref name="Rizwan"/> | |||
Since the late 1940s with the dissolution of British India and ], some rigid Pashtun ]s proposed merging with Afghanistan or creating Pashtunistan as a future ] for the local Pashtun inhabitants of the area. At first, Afghanistan became the only government to oppose the entry of Pakistan into the ] in 1947, although it was reversed a few months later. On July 26, 1949, when ] were rapidly deteriorating, a ] was held in Afghanistan after a ] from the ] bombed a village on the Afghan side of the Durand Line. As a result of this violation, the Afghan government declared that it recognized "neither the imaginary Durand nor any similar line" and that all previous Durand Line agreements were ].<ref>, ] (1997), Library of Congress Country Studies.</ref> ] when took an oath of allegiance to Pakistan in 1948 in legislation assembly and during his speech he was asked by PM ] about Pashtunistan to which he replied that it's just a name to the ] in ] same like ], ], ] and ] are the names of ] as ethno-linguistic names,<ref name="Bukhari 1991 226">{{Cite book|last=Bukhari|first=Farigh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I43pAAAAMAAJ|title=Taḥrīk-i āzādī aur Bācā K̲h̲ān|publisher=Fiction House|year=1991|pages=226}}</ref> contrary to what he believed and strived for Pashtunistan an independent state. During the 1950s to the late 1960s, Pashtuns were promoted to higher positions within the Pakistani government and military, thereby integrating Pashtuns into the Pakistani state and severely weakening secessionist sentiments to the point that by the mid-1960s, popular support for an independent Pashtunistan had all but disappeared.{{Blockquote|An important development in Pakistan during the Ayub period (1958–1969) was the gradual integration into Pakistani society and the military-bureaucratic establishment. It was a period of Pakistan's political history which saw a large number of ethnic Pashtuns holding high positions in the military and the bureaucracy. Ayub himself was a non-Pashto speaking ethnic Pashtun belonging to the ] of the Hazara District in the Frontier. The growing participation of Pashtuns in the Pakistani Government resulted in the erosion of the support for the Pashtunistan movement in the Province by the end of the 1960s.<ref name="Rizwan">Rizwan Hussain. ''Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan''. 2005. p. 74.</ref>|Rizwan Hussain|2005}} | |||
According to ], Pashtuns constitute over 15.42% of Pakistan's population. The Pakistan's population in 2005 was 162,400,000. The 15.42% of total population of Pakistan, 162,400,000 is 25,042,080. | |||
Afghanistan and Pashtun nationalists did not exploit Pakistan's vulnerability during the nation's ] and ] with India, and even backed Pakistan against a largely Hindu India. Further, had Pakistan been destabilized by India, nationalists would have had to fight against a much bigger country than Pakistan for their independence.<ref>Paul Wolf. ''Pakistan: Partition and Military Succession.'' 2004.</ref> | |||
Sardar ], who was the-then prime minister of Afghanistan supported a nationalistic reunification of the Pashtuns in Pakistan with Afghanistan. He wanted Pashtun-dominated areas like ] and Baloch-dominated areas like ] to become part of Afghanistan. However, his policy of reunification of ] antagonized Non-Pashtuns like ], ] and ] living in Afghanistan. Non-Pashtuns believed that the aim of reunification of Pashtuns areas was to increase the population of Pashtuns in Afghanistan. As a result, Daoud Khan was extremely unpopular with Non-Pashtun Afghans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theglobepost.com/2018/11/07/afghanistan-daoud-ghani/|title=Daoud's Footprints: how Afghanistan's First President Influences Ghani|date=7 November 2018|access-date=1 March 2019|work=The Globe Post|last=Saeedi|first=Sayed Ziafatullah}}</ref> ] with ], 1961]] | |||
That clearly proves that Pakistan's Pashtun population is more than double of Afghanistan's Pashtun population, even though the percentage of Afghanistan's Pashtun people are more than double than the percentage of Pakistan's Pashtun population. | |||
] stated that "Daoud Khan only exploited the idea of reunification of Pashtun people to meet his own political ends".<ref name="India Today">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19800331-everything-in-afghanistan-is-done-in-the-name-of-religion-khan-abdul-ghaffar-khan-806546-2014-01-31|title=Everything in Afghanistan is done in the name of religion: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan|access-date=13 January 2014|magazine=India Today}}</ref> In 1960 and later in 1961, Daoud Khan made two attempts to capture ] in ], Pakistan. However, all of Daoud Khan attempts failed as the Afghan army was routed with heavy casualties. Several Afghan army soldiers were also captured by Pakistani soldiers and they were paraded in front of international media which in turn caused embarrassment for Daoud Khan.<ref name="cjk">{{cite book |last=Tomsen |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86w4DgAAQBAJ |title=The Wars of Afghanistan:Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflict, and the Failures of Great Powers |date=2013 |publisher=Hachette UK |isbn=9781610394123}}</ref> As a consequence of Daoud Khan's actions, Pakistan closed its border with Afghanistan which caused economic crisis in Afghanistan. Because of continued resentment against Daoud's ], close ties with the ] and economic downturn caused by the blockade imposed by Pakistan, Daoud Khan was forced to resign by King ].<ref name="cjk"/> Under King Zahir Shah rule, relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan improved and Pakistan opened its border with Afghanistan. However, later on in 1973, Daoud Khan seized power from King Zahir Shah in a military ] and declared himself the first president of Afghanistan. After seizing the power, the Daoud Khan's government started proxy war against Pakistan. Daoud Khan's government established several training camps for anti-Pakistani militants in ] and Kandahar with the aim of training and arming those militants to carry out their activities against Pakistan.<ref name = IndiaToday>{{cite journal |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/section-66a-it-act-supreme-court-bullies-censorship-rohan-venkataramakrishnan/1/271900.html |title=Send Section 66A bullies home |first=Rohan |last=Venkataramakrishnan |newspaper=] |date=19 May 2013 |access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> | |||
On the other hand, ] and his followers continued their guerilla war against the Pakistani government from their base in ].<ref>. '']''. November 15, 2010.</ref><ref>. ''The Express Tribune''. April 18, 2016.</ref> In 1960, ] ] sent the ] across the poorly-demarcated Durand Line into the Pakistani ] in order to manipulate events in the region and press the Pashtunistan issue; these plans ultimately came to nothing after the Afghan troops were defeated by Pakistani irregular forces. In support of the quasi-invasion, the ] engaged in an intense propaganda war via radio broadcasts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan - Daoud as Prime Minister, 1953-63 |url=https://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/26.htm |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> | |||
Pakistani government decided to retaliate against the Afghan government's Pashtunistan policy by supporting Non-Pashtun opponents of the Afghan government including future Mujaheddin leaders like ] and ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428172353/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/babar.htm |date=2016-04-28 }} Interview of Maj. Gen. (Retd.) Naseerullah Khan Babar, by A. H. Amin. ''Defence Journal''. April 2001. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref> This operation was remarkably successful, and by 1977 the Afghan government of Daoud Khan was willing to settle all outstanding issues in exchange for a lifting of the ban on the ] and a commitment towards provincial autonomy for Pashtuns, which was already guaranteed by Pakistan's Constitution, but stripped by the Bhutto government when the ] scheme was introduced.{{Clarify|date=April 2010}} | |||
There are over 4 million Afghan refugees that have permanently settled in Pakistan but are still added to Afghanistan's population and excluded from Pakistan's population. If we subtract 4 million Afghan Pushtun refugees that have permanently settled in Pakistan from the Afghan Pashtun population and add to Pakistan's Pashtun population then the Afghanistan's Pashtun population will be only 8,570,174 while there will be 29,042,080 Pashtuns in Pakistan. If we subtract 4 million Afghan Pushtun refugees that have permanently settled in Pakistan from Afghanistan's population then we have more Pashtuns living in Pakistan than the total population of Afghanistan. | |||
Bacha Khan who previously strived greatly for Pashtunistan later on in 1980 during an interview with an Indian journalist, Haroon Siddiqui said that the "idea of Pashtunistan never helped Pashtuns. In fact it was never a reality". He further said that "successive ] have exploited the idea for their own political ends". It was only towards the end of ] regime that he stopped talking about Pashtunistan. Later on, even ] also talked about the idea of Pashtunistan and caused trouble for Pakistan. He also said that "Pashtun people greatly suffered because of all this."<ref name="India Today" /> | |||
'''Afghanistan''' | |||
:''Total Population'':29,928,987 | |||
:''Pashtun Population'':12,570,174 | |||
In 1976, the then president of Afghanistan, ] recognised Durand Line as international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. He made this declaration while he was on an official visit to ], ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rasanayagam|first=Angelo|title=Afghanistan: A Modern History|page=|year=2005|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=9781850438571|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00ange|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dorronsoro|first=Gilles|title=Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to present|page=84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FApipiENsgwC|publisher=Hurst & Co. Publisher|year=2005|isbn=9781850656838}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nunan|first=Timothy|title=Humanitarian Invasion: Global Development in Cold War Afghanistan|page=125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IL8wCwAAQBAJ|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107112070}}</ref> | |||
'''Pakistan''' | |||
:''Total Population'':162,400,000 | |||
:''Pashtun Population'':25,042,080 | |||
Daoud would be ] by ]ist military officers in 1978 leading to the formation of the ] which was dominated by ] ]ists who would go on to "reopen the Pashtunistan wound". In 1979 under General Secretary ] the ] in ] changed the official map to include ] and ] as new "frontier provinces" of the ].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Anthony |title=Afghanistan’s Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq |publisher=Hoover Institution Press |year=1983 |isbn=0-8179-7792-9 |pages=77}}</ref> The Khalqist regime also sought to make ] the sole language of the Afghan government and the lingua franca, they did so by undermining ].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Ahady |first=Anwar-ul-Haq |date=1995 |title=The Decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645419 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=621–634 |doi=10.2307/2645419 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref> The ] was only in Pashto and not Dari with non-Pashtuns being required to sing it in ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2012 |title=Afghanistan (1978–1992) |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/af-92.htm |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=nationalanthems.info |language=en-US}}</ref> Up until the ] of ] ] ] in 1992, Afghan governments had favored Pashto in the media and over 50% of Afghan media was in Pashto.<ref name=":02" /> After 1992 with the formation of the ] led ], this number dropped drastically.<ref name=":02" /> | |||
'''Total Pashtun Population''': 37,612,254 | |||
Following the outbreak of the ] in Afghanistan, millions of ] fled to ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/14905/ |title=The Troubled Afghan-Pakistani Border |publisher=] |first=Jayshree |last=Bajoria |date=20 March 2009 |access-date=11 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525182142/http://www.cfr.org/publication/14905/ |archive-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
=== Persian speakers dominate Afghanistan & Economic argument === | |||
Another argument against Pashtuns joining Afghanistan is that the Pashtuns of Afghanistan have in fact little interest in the promotion of Pashtun culture, they cite the widespread usage of ] and its use as the national language of Afghanistan rather than Pashto. Similarly, an independent Pashtunistan is opposed by Pakistani Pashtuns as it would merge the far better-off ], ] and Pashtun areas of ] with the economically devastated Afghanistan. In Afghanistan an alliance of ], ], ]s and ]s are reluctant to any notion of Pashtunistan as that would further dilute their numbers and political clout within Afghanistan if the areas were re-united with Afghanistan (Buzan and Rizvi 1986). | |||
==20th and 21st century== | |||
=== Durand line agreement has not lapsed === | |||
] of Afghanistan]] | |||
Both the British government after the independence the Pakistan government cite the fact that according international law the Durand line between Pakistan and Afghanistan is still valid and the agreement has not lapsed. | |||
], Afghanistan]] | |||
], Afghanistan]] | |||
] of ]<ref name="wondersofpakistan.wordpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://wondersofpakistan.wordpress.com/2009/04/13/punja-sahib-the-miracle-at-hassan-abdal/|title=Punja Sahib: The Miracle at Hassan Abdal|work=Wonders of Pakistan|date=13 April 2009|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> in the ] of ] in Afghanistan.]] | |||
Pashtuns in Pakistan make up the second largest ethnic group after ] with about 16% of the population, totaling over 30 million. This figure only includes the native Pashto speaking inhabitants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Northern Balochistan, and does not include the ] settled in Punjab and Sindh who make up significant numbers alongside the native communities of these two provinces.<ref name=CIA-Pak-pop>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#pk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#pk|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 13, 2007|title=Pakistan population: 187,342,721 |work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|year=2011|access-date=2012-02-10}}</ref> In addition, there are 1.7 million Afghan refugees of whom majority are Pashtuns. These refugees, however, are expected to leave Pakistan and settle in Afghanistan in the coming years. Three Pakistani presidents belonged to the Pashtun ethnic group. Pashtuns continue to occupy important places in the military and politics, with the former Prime Minister of Pakistan ] who leads ] (PTI) and ''Awami National Party'' led by ] . In addition to this, some Pashtun media, music and cultural activities are based out of Pakistan, with ] being a ]. Pashto cinema is based out of the Pakistani city of ]. The Pakistani city of ] is believed to host the largest concentration of Pashtuns. | |||
== Views on the issue of Pak-Afghan border == | |||
Following independence, the ] voted to join ] in a referendum in ]. However, ]'s ] of ] declared the ] invalid as they saw it as ex parte on their side since British India ceased to exist in 1947 with the ]. This had no tangible effect as there has never been a move to enforce such a declaration. Additionally, world courts have universally upheld uti possidetis juris, i.e, binding bilateral agreements with or between colonial powers are "passed down" to successor independent states, as with most of ]. A unilateral declaration by one party has no effect; boundary changes must be made bilaterally. Thus, the Durand Line boundary remains in effect today as the international boundary and is recognized as such by nearly all ]. Despite pervasive internet rumors to the contrary, U.S. Dept. of State and the British Foreign Commonwealth Office documents and spokespersons have recently confirmed that the Durand Line, like virtually all international boundaries, has no expiration date, nor is their any mention of such in any ] documents. (The 1921 treaty expiration refers only to the 1921 agreements.) | |||
There are more than 19 million Pashtuns in Afghanistan, constituting 48% of the population. Other sources say that up to 60% of Afghanistan's population is made up of ethnic Pashtuns, forming the largest ethnic group in that country. Pashto is one of the ],<ref>{{Citation |title=Afghanistan |date=2024-02-01 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref> the ] is recited in Pashto language and the ] is the national dress of Afghanistan. Since the late 19th century, the traditional Pashtunistan region has gradually expanded to the ] in the north. However, most Pashtun living in north of the ] tend to speak ] instead of ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghan Geodesy and Cartography Head Office (AGCHO) |url=http://development-tracking-helmand.wikispaces.com/AGCHO+%28Afghan+Geodesy+and+Cartography+Head+Office%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124101550/http://development-tracking-helmand.wikispaces.com/AGCHO%2B%28Afghan%2BGeodesy%2Band%2BCartography%2BHead%2BOffice%29 |website=agcho.gov.af|archive-date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> | |||
] was created in ] AD by the Punjab-born (city of ] in present-day ]) ] named ]. The fact is ] conquered the ], ], ], ], ], ], etc. This was a forceful occupation of various lands/peoples subdued to the Abdali monarchy. Per ], "Ahmad Shah began by capturing ] from the ] ], and then wresting ] from the local ruler. In ] the ] ruler ceded sovereignty over ] Province and the areas west of the ] River to Ahmad Shah in order to save his capital from ] attack. Ahmad Shah then set out westward to take possession of Herat, which was ruled by ]'s grandson, Shah Rukh. Herat fell to Ahmad after almost a year of siege and bloody conflict, as did ] (in present-day ]). Ahmad next sent an army to subdue the areas north of the ]. In short order, the powerful army brought under its control the ], ], ], and ] ]". | |||
Important government positions in Afghanistan have historically been held by Pashtuns. The ] was also traditionally dominated by Pashtuns however the fall of the ] ] in 1992 led to the creation of the ] dominated ].<ref name=":02"/> | |||
Now many people can argue that ]'s creation was illegal because the land belonged to ]-based ]/]/etc and ]-based ]/]/etc until ]'s creation in ] AD. But the fact of the matter is people and its lands constantly evolve to new geo-political environments changing boundaries and nationhoods. Prior to ] AD, the ] of ] was ruled by ] ] and ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and many others. ] and ] ruled a large portion of ] (almost all of Pashtun areas). By the way, the Muslim rulers of ] were "mostly" Turks originating from ] who also ruled the ]. | |||
The majority of the ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/afghan-government-continues-lose-ground-taliban-sigar-181101082721510.html|title=Afghan government continues to lose ground to Taliban: SIGAR|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> are ethnic Pashtuns,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Decoding the new Taliban : insights from the Afghan field|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|others=Giustozzi, Antonio.|isbn=9780231701129|location=New York|oclc=318971971|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/decodingnewtalib00anto}}</ref> with past Pashtun leaders such as ], ] and ]. The current leaders of the ] include Pashtuns such as ], ] and ]. | |||
]'s creation was legal in the same way ], ], ], etc. were created later on. The boundaries between ] and ], ] and ], ] and ]/]/], etc were created by the ] and ]. So the few Afghans beating the drum of ] (Pak-Afghan boundary) is pointless. By the same token, all boundaries of ] are questionable. Why should only Pashtun areas of ] be merged to ]? Afghanistan is a multi-ethnic country like Pakistan. Should Tajikistan lay claim to Tajik lands of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan to Uzbek lands in Afghanistan, Turkmenistan to Turkmen lands in Afghanistan, etc.? | |||
Afghanistan makes its claim on the Pashtun areas on the ground that it served as the Pashtun seat of power since 1709 with the rise of the ] followed by the establishment of the ]. According to historic sources, Afghan tribes did not appear in Peshawar valley until after 800 AD, when the Islamic conquest of this area took place.<ref>] (1898) Tarikh-e-Farishtah; Notes on Afghanistan; Peshawar District Gazetteer 1897-98.</ref> | |||
The ethnicity-based countries like ], ], & ] have much more stronger claims to Tajik, Turkmen, & Uzbek lands of ] because Afghanistan is a multi-ethnic country like ], so Afghanistan has no right to claim only Pashtun lands of Pakistan. How about Pakistan claiming Pashtun lands of Afghanistan instead since Pashtuns are being oppressed in Afghanistan, Pashtuns in Pakistan are comparatively much more prosperous, and Afghans are desperate to flee to Pakistan. | |||
Agreements cited by the Afghan government as proof of their claim over the Pashtun tribes include Article 11 of the ], which states: "The two contracting parties, being mutually satisfied themselves each regarding the goodwill of the other and especially regarding their benevolent intentions towards the tribes residing close to their respective boundaries, hereby undertake to inform each other of any future military operations which may appear necessary for the maintenance of order among the frontier tribes residing within their respective spheres before the commencement of such operations."<ref name= "Caroe">Olaf Caroe. ''The Pathans'' 1981.</ref> A supplementary letter to the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1921 reads: "As the conditions of the Frontier tribes of the two governments are of interest to the Government of Afghanistan. I inform you that the British government entertains feelings of goodwill towards all the Frontier tribes and has every intention of treating them generously, provided they abstain from outrages against the people of India."<ref name="Caroe"/> | |||
If ] of boundary is artificial, then not only Pashtun lands of Pakistan, but "all" of Pakistan should merge to Afghanistan because the "original" Afghanistan included today's Pakistan and Afghanistan. And if Durand Line of boundary is artificial then how valid are the boundaries between Afghanistan and Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, etc.... or all countries of Middle East (]).. created by former ] such as the ], ], and ]. Lets not forget the "Great Game" on how the Brits and Ruskies created Afghanistan's boundaries as a buffer zone between them. We know how the Russians (]) created Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan... now on the ]-] boundaries created by the British/Russians, according to ], "In ] ] retook ] from ] with British acquiescence.... The boundary with ] was firmly delineated in 1904, replacing the ambiguous line made by a British commission in ]". | |||
{{Blockquote|The Durand Line and Pashtunistan issues have been raised by different Afghan regimes in the past. However, it may no longer be a concern. Pashtuns are now so well integrated in Pakistani society that the majority will never opt for Pashtunistan or Afghanistan. Afghan-Pashtun refugees ] in ] for more than 30 years. Threat perceptions about Afghanistan need re-evaluation so that suitable changes are made in our Afghan policy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/379175/re-evaluation-of-our-afghan-policy/|title=Re-evaluation of our Afghan policy|work=Express Tribune|date=15 May 2012|access-date=16 May 2012}}</ref>|Asad Munir|Retired ] who has served in senior intelligence postings in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and FATA}} | |||
In ] and beyond the Congressite followers of ] continued to ask the Gandhi question "The Pathans should have had a choice between ], ] and ]". Firstly the ] had correctly argued that the British had no right to ask that particular question, since they did not ask ] if it wanted to join Burma, and it did not ask ] if it wanted to join ]. Thus rightfully the ] became the official permanent International border between ] and ]. | |||
===Khyber Pakhtunkhwa=== | |||
Knowing the bitter enmity between Tajiks/Hazaras and Pashtuns in ], Tajiks/Hazaras will never allow Afghanistan to become 75% Pashtun (from 40%) by only integrating Pashtun areas of ]. The current Tajik-dominated Afghan govt has been oppressing Pashtuns in Afghanistan. In fact there are Tajik bigoted nationalists who are fiercely anti-Pashtun/Afghanistan: http:// members.tripod.com/~khorasan/Miscellaneous/why.html And when the Afghan Pashtuns ruled Afghanistan under Taliban they massacred thousands of Hazaras in Mazar-e-Sharif, and others. | |||
{{Main|Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}} | |||
Prominent 20th century proponents of the Pashtunistan cause have included ] and ]. Ghaffar Khan stated in the Pakistan Constituent Assembly in 1948 that he simply wanted "the renaming of his province as Pashtunistan same like ], ] and ] are the names of ] as ethno-linguistic names,<ref name="Bukhari 1991 226"/> Another name mentioned is '''Afghania''' where the initial "A" in ] Khan's ] stated in the "]" pamphlet stands for the second letter in "P'''a'''kistan". However, this name has failed to capture political support in the province. | |||
There was support, however, to rename North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) as '''Pakhtunkhwa''' (which translates as "area of Pashtuns"). ] (the wife of Khan Abdul Wali Khan) declared in an interview: "I want an identity. I want the name to change so that Pathans may be identified on the map of Pakistan..."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2002|isbn=1843310309|pages=312}}</ref> | |||
The word Afghan in the past might have meant Pashtun, but that meaning evolved to another one. Today, an Afghan is defined as only a citizen of present-day Afghanistan regardless of ethnicity. There are countless other examples on how a word's meaning evolves to a different one over time. | |||
On 31 March 2010, Pakistan's Constitutional Reform Committee agreed that the province be named and recognized as ].<ref>] – Retrieved 5 April 2010</ref><ref>] – Retrieved 5 April 2010</ref> This is now the official name for the former NWFP. | |||
NWFP of Pakistan is not all Pashtun, large areas of this land are Hindkowi, Shina, Khowari, Gujjar, etc. most linguistically related to Punjabi. Majority of Baluchistan is Baluch who also have bitter rivalry with the Afghans and do not want to be part of Afghanistan. | |||
==Gallery== | |||
Millions of Pakistani Pashtuns inhabit in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh such as cities of Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad... not to mention millions of Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Since the 1980s the Durand Line has been a porus line for men and material. During the Soviet occupation of Western Afghanistan, some portions of Eastern Afghanistan (at least the Pashtun portions) literally became part of free Afghanistan, a satellite of Pakistan. 6 million Afghans came to Pakistan as refugees. One million Afghan children were born in Pakistan. | |||
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Images of the Pashtunistan region"> | |||
File:US soldiers patrolling the streets of Asadabad-6.jpg|], capital of ] in Afghanistan | |||
File:Fields in Pech River Valley-2011.jpg|] Valley | |||
File:A group of Banuchi Elders discussing in Jirga.jpg|A Group of ] and ] Elders sitting in a ], ], ]. | |||
File:Watapur district-2012.jpg|Watapur District of Kunar Province | |||
File:Branches of the Kunar River meet in Kunar Province.jpg|Branches of the ] meet in ] | |||
File:Kabulriverinjaa1.jpg|] in ], Afghanistan | |||
File:2007 08 27 Pakistan Khyber Pass Torkham IMG 9729.jpg|] in ], Pakistan | |||
File:US Navy 071121-O-0000X-001 Khost University professors and students pose for a group picture after one of many seminars held by Provincial Reconstruction Team Khost during the course of their deployment in Afghanistan.jpg|People attending ] in ], Afghanistan | |||
File:Ghazni province in April 2010.jpg|], Afghanistan | |||
File:Defense.gov photo essay 110907-A-ZU930-022.jpg|] (ABP) in ] | |||
File:US specialist helping Afghan nomads.jpg|] in ] of Afghanistan | |||
File:Kayaking in front of Hanna Lake Bridge Wall.jpg|] in ], Pakistan | |||
File:Dahla Dam-2012.jpg|] in ] | |||
File:Arghandab River Valley between Kandahar and Lashkar Gah.jpg|], Afghanistan | |||
File:Aerial photograph of Kandahar Province in 2011.jpg|] in ], Afghanistan | |||
</gallery> | |||
== Notes == | |||
Pashtuns have much more in common with Pakistanis than with Afghans (plus there are much more Pashtuns in Pakistan than in Afghanistan). Pashtuns are linguistically Indo-Iranian. Pakistanis are 99% Indo-Iranian whereas Afghans are only 84% Indo-Iranian. Punjabi, Sindhi, Baluchi, Kashmiri, Urdu, Pashto, & Dari are Indo-Iranian languages which means they are related to each other and have a common origin. About 16% of Afghans are linguistically Altaic such as the Uzbeks, Turkomens, etc. These Altaic Afghans are linguistically distinct and unrelated to the Indo-Iranians. Additionally, Pashtuns are racially mostly Caucasoid. Pakistanis are also mostly racially Caucasoid (mixed with a little Dravidoid blood). On the other hand, Afghans are only 66% Caucasoids. Hazaras, Turkomens, Uzbeks, etc. are mostly ] by race. | |||
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==See also== | ||
{{Portal|Afghanistan|Pakistan}} | |||
*Ahmed, Feroz (1998)'' Ethnicity and politics in Pakistan''. Karachi. Oxford University Press. | |||
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* Ahmad,Dr.M.(1989) ''Pukhtunkhwa Kiyun Nahin'' by Mubarak Chagharzai; PP: 138-139 | |||
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*Amin, Tahir (1988) -''National Language Movements of Pakistan''. Islamabad Institute of Policy Studies. | |||
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* Buzan, Barry and Rizvi, Gowher (1986),'' South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers'', London: Macmillan, p. 73. | |||
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*Caroe, Olaf (1983) ''The Pathans with an Epilogue on Russia''. Oxford University Press. page 464,465 | |||
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== References == | ||
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==Further reading== | |||
== External links == | |||
{{Contains special characters|Pashto}} | |||
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*Ahmed, Feroz (1998)'' Ethnicity and politics in Pakistan''. Karachi: Oxford University Press. | |||
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*Ahmad, M.(1989) ''Pukhtunkhwa Kiyun Nahin'' by Mubarak Chagharzai. pp. 138–139. | |||
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*Amin, Tahir (1988) -''National Language Movements of Pakistan''. Islamabad Institute of Policy Studies. | |||
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*] and Rizvi, Gowher (1986), ''South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers'', London: Macmillan. p. 73. | |||
*Fürstenberg, Kai (2012) ''Waziristan: Solutions for a Troubled Region'' in Spotlight South Asia, No. 1, ISSN 2195-2787 (https://web.archive.org/web/20150907205431/http://www.apsa.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/SSA-1.pdf) | |||
*] (1983) ''The Pathans, with an Epilogue on Russia''. Oxford University Press. pp. 464–465. | |||
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Latest revision as of 18:28, 15 December 2024
Region inhabited by the Pashtun people Historical regionPashtunistan پښتونستان | |
---|---|
Historical region | |
Map of ethnic groups in Pakistan, with Pashtun-inhabited areas shown in green and shared with neighbouring Afghanistan | |
Countries | Pakistan Afghanistan |
Population | |
• Total | c. 55–60 million |
Demographics | |
• Ethnic groups | Majority: Pashtuns Minorities: Baloch, Gujjar, Pashayis, Tajik, Hazaras, Indus Kohistani |
• Languages | Majority: Pashto Minorities: Dari, Hindko, Gujari, Balochi, Brahui, Ormuri, Parachi, Torwali, Pashayi languages |
Time zone | UTC+04:30 (Afghanistan) UTC+05:00 (Pakistan) |
Pashtunistan (Pashto: پښتونستان, lit. 'land of the Pashtuns')or Pakhtunistan is a historical region on the crossroads of Central and South Asia, located on the Iranian Plateau, inhabited by the Pashtun people of southern and eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan, wherein Pashtun culture, the Pashto language, and identity have been based. Alternative names historically used for the region include Pashtūnkhwā or Pakhtūnkhwā (پښتونخوا), Pathānistān, or simply the Pashtun Belt.
During British rule in India in 1893, Mortimer Durand drew the Durand Line, fixing the limits of the spheres of influence between the Emirate of Afghanistan and British India during the Great Game and leaving about half of historical Pashtun territory under British colonial rule; after the partition of British India, the Durand Line now forms the internationally recognized border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The traditional Pashtun homeland stretches roughly from the areas south of the Amu River in Afghanistan to the areas west of the Indus River in Pakistan; it predominantly comprises the southwestern, eastern and some northern and western districts of Afghanistan, as well as most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan in Pakistan. The region is bordered by Punjab and Hazara to the east, Balochistan to the south, Kohistan and Chitral to the north, and Hazarajat and Tajik-inhabited territory to the west.
The 16th-century revolutionary leader Bayazid Pir Roshan of Waziristan and the 17th-century "warrior-poet" Khushal Khan Khattak assembled Pashtun armies to fight against the Mughal Empire in the region. During this time, the eastern parts of Pashtunistan were ruled by the Mughals while the western parts were ruled by Safavid Iran. Pashtunistan first gained an autonomous status in 1709, when Mirwais Hotak successfully revolted against the Safavids in Loy Kandahar. The Pashtuns later achieved unity under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Durrani, who founded the Durrani dynasty and established the Afghan Empire in 1747. In the 19th century, however, the Afghan Empire lost large parts of its eastern territory to the Sikh Empire and later the British Empire. Many famous Indian independence activists emerged from the region include Abdul Ghaffar Khan and his anti colonial Khudai Khidmatgar movement to free the region from British control. In 1969, the autonomous princely states of Swat, Dir, Chitral, and Amb were merged into the Pakistani NWFP. In 2018, the Pashtun-majority Federally Administered Tribal Areas, formerly an autonomous buffer zone with Afghanistan, were also merged into the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (previously known as the NWFP), fully integrating the region with Pakistan proper.
The Pashtuns practice Pashtunwali, the indigenous culture of the Pashtuns, and this remains significant for many Pashtuns. Although the Pashtuns are politically separated by the Durand Line between Pakistan and Afghanistan, many Pashtun tribes from the FATA area and the adjacent regions of Afghanistan, tend to ignore the border and cross back and forth with relative ease to attend weddings, family functions and take part in the joint tribal councils known as jirgas.Depending on the source, the ethnic Pashtuns constitute 42-60% of the population of Afghanistan. In neighboring Pakistan they constitute 18 percent of over the 241 million population, which does not include Pashtun diaspora in other Pakistani cities and provinces.
Origin of term
Further information: Name of Afghanistan, Afghan (ethnonym), Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Name of PakistanThe name used for the region during the Middle Ages and up until the 20th century was Afghanistan. Afghanistan is a reference to this land by its ethnicity, which were the Afghans, while Pashtunistan is a reference to this land by its language. Mention of this land by the name of Afghanistan predates mention by the name of Pashtunistan, which has been mentioned by Ahmad Shah Durrani in his famous couplet, by 6th-century Indian astronomer Varāhamihira, 7th-century Chinese pilgrim Hiven Tsiang, 14th-century Moroccan scholar Ibn Battuta, Mughal Emperor Babur, 16th-century historian Firishta and many others.
The men of Kabull and Khilj also went home; and whenever they were questioned about the Musulmans of the Kohistan (the mountains), and how matters stood there, they said, "Don't call it Kohistan, but Afghanistan; for there is nothing there but Afghans and disturbances." Thus it is clear that for this reason the people of the country call their home in their own language Afghanistan, and themselves Afghans. But it occurs to me, that when, under the rule of Muhammadan sovereigns, Musulmans first came to the city of Patna, and dwelt there, the people of India (for that reason) called them Patans—but God knows!
— Firishta, 1560–1620
The Pashto name Pakhtunistan or Pashtunistan (Pashto: پښتونستان (Naskh)) evolved originally from the Indian word "Pathanistan" (Hindustani: پٹھانستان (Nastaleeq), पठानिस्तान (Devanagari)). The concept of Pashtunistan was inspired by the term "Pakhtunkhwa". British Indian leaders, including the Khudai Khidmatgar, started using the word "Pathanistan" to refer to the region, and later, the word "Pashtunistan" became more popular.
The native people
Main articles: Pashtuns and Pashtun tribesThe native or indigenous people of Pashtunistan are the Pashtuns (also known as Pakhtuns, Pathans and historically as ethnic Afghans), an Iranic ethnic group. They are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan and the second largest in Pakistan. The Pashtuns are concentrated mainly in the south and east of Afghanistan but also exist in northern and western parts of the country as a minority group. In Pakistan they are concentrated in the west and north-west, inhabiting mainly Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan. In addition, communities of Pashtuns are found in other parts of Pakistan such as Sindh, Punjab, Gilgit-Baltistan and in the nation's capital, Islamabad. The main language spoken in the delineated Pashtunistan region is Pashto. Depending on the region other languages are also spoken such as Dari in Afghanistan and Gujari, Balochi, Hindko, and Urdu in Pakistan.
The Pashtuns practice Pashtunwali, the indigenous culture of the Pashtuns, and this pre-Islamic identity remains significant for many Pashtuns and is one of the factors that have kept the Pashtunistan issue alive. Although the Pashtuns are politically separated by the Durand Line between Pakistan and Afghanistan, many Pashtun tribes from the FATA area and the adjacent regions of Afghanistan, tend to ignore the border and cross back and forth with relative ease to attend weddings, family functions and take part in the joint tribal councils known as jirgas. Though this was common before the war on terror but after several military operations conducted in FATA, this cross border movement is checked via military and has become much less common in comparison to the past.
Depending on the source, the ethnic Pashtuns constitute 42-60% of the population of Afghanistan. In neighboring Pakistan they constitute 15.42 percent of the 200 million population, which does not include Pashtun diaspora in other Pakistani cities and provinces. In the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan, Pashto speakers constitute above 73 percent of the population as of 1998.
History
Further information: History of Afghanistan and History of PakistanSince the 2nd millennium BC, the region now inhabited by the native Pashtun people had been conquered by Ancient Iranian peoples, the Medes, Achaemenids, Greeks, Mauryas, Kushans, Hephthalites, Sasanians, Arab Muslims, Turks, Mughals, and others. In recent age, people of the Western world have nominally explored the area.
Arab Muslims arrived in the 7th century and began introducing Islam to the native Pashtun people. The Pashtunistan area later fell to the Turkish Ghaznavids whose main capital was at Ghazni, with Lahore serving as the second power house. The Ghaznavid Empire was then taken over by the Ghorids from today's Ghor, Afghanistan. The army of Genghis Khan arrived in the 13th century and began destroying cities in the north while the Pashtun territory was defended by the Khalji dynasty of Delhi. In the 14th and 15th century, the Timurid dynasty was in control of the nearby cities and towns, until Babur captured Kabul in 1504.
Delhi Sultanate and the last Afghan Empire
Further information: Delhi Sultanate and Durrani EmpireDuring the Delhi Sultanate era, the region was ruled by mainly Afghan and various, largely Sunni, Hanafi-jurisprudential driven Turkic dynasties from Delhi, India. An early Pashtun nationalist was the "Warrior-poet" Khushal Khan Khattak, who was imprisoned by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb for trying to incite the Pashtuns to rebel against the rule of the Mughals. However, despite sharing a common language and believing in a common ancestry, the Pashtuns first achieved unity in the 18th century. The eastern parts of Pashtunistan were ruled by the Mughal Empire, while the western parts were ruled by the Persian Safavids as their easternmost provinces. During the early 18th century, Pashtun tribes led by Mirwais Hotak successfully revolted against the Safavids in the city of Kandahar. In a chain of events, he declared Kandahar and other parts of what is now southern Afghanistan independent. By 1738 the Mughal Empire had been crushingly defeated and their capital sacked and looted by forces of a new Iranian ruler; the military genius and commander Nader Shah. Besides Persian, Turkmen, and Caucasian forces, Nader was also accompanied by the young Ahmad Shah Durrani, and 4,000 well trained Abdali Pashtun troops from what is now Afghanistan.
After the death of Nader Shah in 1747 and the disintegration of his massive empire, Ahmad Shah Durrani created his own large and powerful Durrani Empire, which included all of modern-day Afghanistan, North east Iran, Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan and Kashmir. The famous couplet by Ahmad Shah Durrani describes the association the people have with the regional city of Kandahar:
"Da Dili takht herauma cheh rayad kam zama da khkule Pukhtunkhwa da ghre saroona". Translation: "I forget the throne of Delhi when I recall the mountain peaks of my beautiful Pukhtunkhwa."
The last Afghan Empire was established in 1747 and united all the different Pashtun tribes as well as many other ethnic groups. Parts of the Pashtunistan region around Peshawar was invaded by Ranjit Singh and his Sikh army in the early part of the 19th century, but a few years later they were defeated by the British Raj, the new powerful empire which reached the Pashtunistan region from the east.
European influence
Further information: European influence in Afghanistan and British RajFollowing the decline of the Durrani dynasty and the establishment of the new Barakzai dynasty in Afghanistan, the Pashtun domains began to shrink as they lost control over other parts of South Asia to the British, such as the Punjab region and the Balochistan region. The Anglo-Afghan Wars were fought as part of the overall imperialistic Great Game that was waged between the Russian Empire and the British. Poor and landlocked, newly born Afghanistan was able to defend its territory and keep both sides at bay by using them against each other. In 1893, as part of a way for fixing the limit of their respective spheres of influence, the Durand Line Agreement was signed between Afghan "Iron" Amir Abdur Rahman and British Viceroy Mortimer Durand. In 1905, the North-West Frontier Province (today's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) was created and roughly corresponded to Pashtun majority regions within the British domain. The FATA area was created to further placate the Pashtun tribesmen who never fully accepted British rule and were prone to rebellions, while the city of Peshawar was directly administered as part of a British protectorate state with full integration into the federal rule of law with the establishment of civic amenities and the construction of railway, road infrastructure as well as educational institutes to bring the region at par with the developed world.
During World War I, the Afghan government was contacted by the Ottoman Turkey and Germany, through the Niedermayer–Hentig Mission, to join the Central Allies on behalf of the Caliph in a Jihad; some revolutionaries, tribals, and Afghan leaders including a brother of the Amir named Nasrullah Khan were in favour of the delegation and wanted the Amir to declare Jihad. Kazim Bey carried a firman from the Khalifa in Persian. It was addressed to "the residents of Pathanistan." It said that when the British were defeated, "His Majesty the Khalifa, in agreement with allied States, will acquire guarantee for independence of the united state of Pathanistan and will provide every kind of assistance to it. Thereafter, I will not allow any interference in the country of Pathanistan." (Ahmad Chagharzai; 1989; pp. 138–139). However the efforts failed and the Afghan Amir Habibullah Khan maintained Afghanistan's neutrality throughout World War I.
Similarly, during the 1942 Cripps Mission, and 1946 Cabinet Mission to India, the Afghan government made repeated attempts to ensure that any debate about the independence of India must include Afghanistan's role in the future of the NWFP. The British government wavered between reassuring the Afghan to the rejection of their role and insistence that NWFP was an integral part of British India.
During World War II, the government of Nazi Germany proposed an alliance with neutral Afghanistan in order to destabilize British control over the north-west of its domain in India. In return, the Afghans sought that NWFP and the Port of Karachi would be ceded to the Kingdom of Afghanistan with German military aid, so that it could gain valuable access to the Arabian Sea. Such a plan would require annexation of NWFP, Baluchistan and Sindh provinces.
The Khudai Khidmatgars (also known as the "Red Shirts") were members of a civil rights movement. Its leader Bacha Khan claimed to have been inspired by the Indian activist Mahatma Gandhi. While the Red Shirts were willing to work with the Indian National Congress from a political point of view, the Pashtuns living in the NWFP desired independence from India. However, the Bacha Khan wanted the Pashtuns areas in British India to remain part of United India instead of gaining independence.
Bannu Resolution
Main article: Bannu ResolutionIn June 1947, Mirzali Khan (Faqir of Ipi), Bacha Khan, and other Khudai Khidmatgars declared the Bannu Resolution, demanding that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan composing all Pashtun majority territories of British India, instead of being made to join the new state of Pakistan. However, the British Raj refused to comply with the demand of this resolution.
1947 NWFP referendum
Main article: 1947 North-West Frontier Province referendumThe NWFP joined the Dominion of Pakistan as a result of the 1947 NWFP referendum, which had been boycotted by the Khudai Khidmatgar movement, including Bacha Khan and then-chief minister Dr. Khan Sahib, as they were ditched by the leadership of Congress. About (99.02%) of the votes were cast in favor of Pakistan and only 2,874 (0.98%) in favor of India.
Independence of Pakistan in 1947
Further information: Pakistan Movement and Afghanistan–Pakistan relationsThe concept of Pashtunistan has varying meanings across Pakistan and Afghanistan. In Afghanistan, Pashtun nationalists look after the interests of the Pashtun ethnic group and have support only from them. They favor the ideas of Lōy Afghānistān or "Greater Afghanistan", and maintain an irredentist claim on the entire Pashtun-populated region. The Pashtunistan demand also served the cause of domestic Afghan politics, where several successive governments used the idea to strengthen "Pashtun ethnic support" for the state. This policy intensified ethno-linguistic rivalry between Pashtuns and non-Pashtuns in the country. These claims are contested in Pakistan, where Pashtun politics centers on political autonomy rather than irredentist politics.
Since the late 1940s with the dissolution of British India and independence of Pakistan, some rigid Pashtun nationalists proposed merging with Afghanistan or creating Pashtunistan as a future sovereign state for the local Pashtun inhabitants of the area. At first, Afghanistan became the only government to oppose the entry of Pakistan into the United Nations in 1947, although it was reversed a few months later. On July 26, 1949, when Afghanistan–Pakistan relations were rapidly deteriorating, a loya jirga was held in Afghanistan after a military aircraft from the Pakistan Air Force bombed a village on the Afghan side of the Durand Line. As a result of this violation, the Afghan government declared that it recognized "neither the imaginary Durand nor any similar line" and that all previous Durand Line agreements were void. Bacha Khan when took an oath of allegiance to Pakistan in 1948 in legislation assembly and during his speech he was asked by PM Liaquat Ali Khan about Pashtunistan to which he replied that it's just a name to the Pashtun province in Pakistan same like Punjab, Bengal, Sindh and Baluchishtan are the names of provinces of Pakistan as ethno-linguistic names, contrary to what he believed and strived for Pashtunistan an independent state. During the 1950s to the late 1960s, Pashtuns were promoted to higher positions within the Pakistani government and military, thereby integrating Pashtuns into the Pakistani state and severely weakening secessionist sentiments to the point that by the mid-1960s, popular support for an independent Pashtunistan had all but disappeared.
An important development in Pakistan during the Ayub period (1958–1969) was the gradual integration into Pakistani society and the military-bureaucratic establishment. It was a period of Pakistan's political history which saw a large number of ethnic Pashtuns holding high positions in the military and the bureaucracy. Ayub himself was a non-Pashto speaking ethnic Pashtun belonging to the Tarin sub-tribe of the Hazara District in the Frontier. The growing participation of Pashtuns in the Pakistani Government resulted in the erosion of the support for the Pashtunistan movement in the Province by the end of the 1960s.
— Rizwan Hussain, 2005
Afghanistan and Pashtun nationalists did not exploit Pakistan's vulnerability during the nation's 1965 and 1971 wars with India, and even backed Pakistan against a largely Hindu India. Further, had Pakistan been destabilized by India, nationalists would have had to fight against a much bigger country than Pakistan for their independence.
Sardar Daoud Khan, who was the-then prime minister of Afghanistan supported a nationalistic reunification of the Pashtuns in Pakistan with Afghanistan. He wanted Pashtun-dominated areas like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baloch-dominated areas like Balochistan to become part of Afghanistan. However, his policy of reunification of Pashtuns antagonized Non-Pashtuns like Tajiks, Uzbeks and Hazaras living in Afghanistan. Non-Pashtuns believed that the aim of reunification of Pashtuns areas was to increase the population of Pashtuns in Afghanistan. As a result, Daoud Khan was extremely unpopular with Non-Pashtun Afghans.
Bacha Khan stated that "Daoud Khan only exploited the idea of reunification of Pashtun people to meet his own political ends". In 1960 and later in 1961, Daoud Khan made two attempts to capture Bajaur District in Khyber Pakthunkhwa, Pakistan. However, all of Daoud Khan attempts failed as the Afghan army was routed with heavy casualties. Several Afghan army soldiers were also captured by Pakistani soldiers and they were paraded in front of international media which in turn caused embarrassment for Daoud Khan. As a consequence of Daoud Khan's actions, Pakistan closed its border with Afghanistan which caused economic crisis in Afghanistan. Because of continued resentment against Daoud's autocratic rule, close ties with the Soviet Union and economic downturn caused by the blockade imposed by Pakistan, Daoud Khan was forced to resign by King Zahir Shah. Under King Zahir Shah rule, relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan improved and Pakistan opened its border with Afghanistan. However, later on in 1973, Daoud Khan seized power from King Zahir Shah in a military Coup d'état and declared himself the first president of Afghanistan. After seizing the power, the Daoud Khan's government started proxy war against Pakistan. Daoud Khan's government established several training camps for anti-Pakistani militants in Kabul and Kandahar with the aim of training and arming those militants to carry out their activities against Pakistan. On the other hand, Mirzali Khan and his followers continued their guerilla war against the Pakistani government from their base in Gurwek. In 1960, Afghan Prime Minister Mohammed Daoud Khan sent the Afghan military across the poorly-demarcated Durand Line into the Pakistani Bajaur Agency in order to manipulate events in the region and press the Pashtunistan issue; these plans ultimately came to nothing after the Afghan troops were defeated by Pakistani irregular forces. In support of the quasi-invasion, the Afghan government engaged in an intense propaganda war via radio broadcasts.
Pakistani government decided to retaliate against the Afghan government's Pashtunistan policy by supporting Non-Pashtun opponents of the Afghan government including future Mujaheddin leaders like Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Ahmad Shah Massoud. This operation was remarkably successful, and by 1977 the Afghan government of Daoud Khan was willing to settle all outstanding issues in exchange for a lifting of the ban on the National Awami Party and a commitment towards provincial autonomy for Pashtuns, which was already guaranteed by Pakistan's Constitution, but stripped by the Bhutto government when the One Unit scheme was introduced.
Bacha Khan who previously strived greatly for Pashtunistan later on in 1980 during an interview with an Indian journalist, Haroon Siddiqui said that the "idea of Pashtunistan never helped Pashtuns. In fact it was never a reality". He further said that "successive Afghan governments have exploited the idea for their own political ends". It was only towards the end of Mohammed Daoud Khan regime that he stopped talking about Pashtunistan. Later on, even Nur Muhammad Taraki also talked about the idea of Pashtunistan and caused trouble for Pakistan. He also said that "Pashtun people greatly suffered because of all this."
In 1976, the then president of Afghanistan, Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan recognised Durand Line as international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. He made this declaration while he was on an official visit to Islamabad, Pakistan.
Daoud would be overthrown by Khalqist military officers in 1978 leading to the formation of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan which was dominated by Pashtun Khalqists who would go on to "reopen the Pashtunistan wound". In 1979 under General Secretary Nur Muhammad Taraki the Khalqists regime in Afghanistan changed the official map to include NWFP and Balochistan as new "frontier provinces" of the DRA. The Khalqist regime also sought to make Pashto the sole language of the Afghan government and the lingua franca, they did so by undermining Dari. The Afghan anthem under the communist regime was only in Pashto and not Dari with non-Pashtuns being required to sing it in Pashto. Up until the overthrow of Dr Najibullah's Homeland Party regime in 1992, Afghan governments had favored Pashto in the media and over 50% of Afghan media was in Pashto. After 1992 with the formation of the Tajik led Islamic State of Afghanistan, this number dropped drastically.
Following the outbreak of the Soviet-Afghan War in Afghanistan, millions of Afghans including non-Pashtun people fled to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
20th and 21st century
Pashtuns in Pakistan make up the second largest ethnic group after Punjabis with about 16% of the population, totaling over 30 million. This figure only includes the native Pashto speaking inhabitants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Northern Balochistan, and does not include the Pathans settled in Punjab and Sindh who make up significant numbers alongside the native communities of these two provinces. In addition, there are 1.7 million Afghan refugees of whom majority are Pashtuns. These refugees, however, are expected to leave Pakistan and settle in Afghanistan in the coming years. Three Pakistani presidents belonged to the Pashtun ethnic group. Pashtuns continue to occupy important places in the military and politics, with the former Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan who leads Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) and Awami National Party led by Asfandyar Wali . In addition to this, some Pashtun media, music and cultural activities are based out of Pakistan, with AVT Khyber being a Pashto TV channel in Pakistan. Pashto cinema is based out of the Pakistani city of Peshawar. The Pakistani city of Karachi is believed to host the largest concentration of Pashtuns.
There are more than 19 million Pashtuns in Afghanistan, constituting 48% of the population. Other sources say that up to 60% of Afghanistan's population is made up of ethnic Pashtuns, forming the largest ethnic group in that country. Pashto is one of the official languages of Afghanistan, the Afghan National Anthem is recited in Pashto language and the Pashtun dress is the national dress of Afghanistan. Since the late 19th century, the traditional Pashtunistan region has gradually expanded to the Amu River in the north. However, most Pashtun living in north of the Helmand River tend to speak Dari instead of Pashto.
Important government positions in Afghanistan have historically been held by Pashtuns. The Afghan Armed Forces was also traditionally dominated by Pashtuns however the fall of the Najibullah regime in 1992 led to the creation of the Tajik dominated Islamic State of Afghanistan.
The majority of the Afghan Taliban are ethnic Pashtuns, with past Pashtun leaders such as Mullah Mohammed Omar, Mohammad Rabbani and Jalaluddin Haqqani. The current leaders of the Taliban include Pashtuns such as Abdul Kabir, Hibatullah Akhundzada and Sirajuddin Haqqani.
Afghanistan makes its claim on the Pashtun areas on the ground that it served as the Pashtun seat of power since 1709 with the rise of the Hotaki dynasty followed by the establishment of the Durrani Afghan Empire. According to historic sources, Afghan tribes did not appear in Peshawar valley until after 800 AD, when the Islamic conquest of this area took place.
Agreements cited by the Afghan government as proof of their claim over the Pashtun tribes include Article 11 of the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1921, which states: "The two contracting parties, being mutually satisfied themselves each regarding the goodwill of the other and especially regarding their benevolent intentions towards the tribes residing close to their respective boundaries, hereby undertake to inform each other of any future military operations which may appear necessary for the maintenance of order among the frontier tribes residing within their respective spheres before the commencement of such operations." A supplementary letter to the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1921 reads: "As the conditions of the Frontier tribes of the two governments are of interest to the Government of Afghanistan. I inform you that the British government entertains feelings of goodwill towards all the Frontier tribes and has every intention of treating them generously, provided they abstain from outrages against the people of India."
The Durand Line and Pashtunistan issues have been raised by different Afghan regimes in the past. However, it may no longer be a concern. Pashtuns are now so well integrated in Pakistani society that the majority will never opt for Pashtunistan or Afghanistan. Afghan-Pashtun refugees have been staying in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for more than 30 years. Threat perceptions about Afghanistan need re-evaluation so that suitable changes are made in our Afghan policy.
— Asad Munir, Retired brigadier who has served in senior intelligence postings in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and FATA
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Main article: Names of Khyber PakhtunkhwaProminent 20th century proponents of the Pashtunistan cause have included Khan Abdul Wali Khan and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. Ghaffar Khan stated in the Pakistan Constituent Assembly in 1948 that he simply wanted "the renaming of his province as Pashtunistan same like Punjab, Sindh and Baluchishtan are the names of provinces of Pakistan as ethno-linguistic names, Another name mentioned is Afghania where the initial "A" in Choudhary Rahmat Ali Khan's theory stated in the "Now or Never" pamphlet stands for the second letter in "Pakistan". However, this name has failed to capture political support in the province.
There was support, however, to rename North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) as Pakhtunkhwa (which translates as "area of Pashtuns"). Nasim Wali Khan (the wife of Khan Abdul Wali Khan) declared in an interview: "I want an identity. I want the name to change so that Pathans may be identified on the map of Pakistan..."
On 31 March 2010, Pakistan's Constitutional Reform Committee agreed that the province be named and recognized as Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. This is now the official name for the former NWFP.
Gallery
- Images of the Pashtunistan region
- Asadabad, capital of Kunar Province in Afghanistan
- Pech River Valley
- A Group of Banuchi and Wazir Elders sitting in a Jirga, Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- Watapur District of Kunar Province
- Branches of the Kunar River meet in Nangarhar Province
- Kabul River in Jalalabad, Afghanistan
- Khyber Pass in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- People attending Khost University in Khost, Afghanistan
- Ghazni Province, Afghanistan
- Afghan Border Police (ABP) in Paktika Province
- Kuchi people in Paktia Province of Afghanistan
- Hanna Lake in Quetta, Pakistan
- Dahla Dam in Kandahar Province
- Kandahar Province, Afghanistan
- Helmand River in Helmand Province, Afghanistan
Notes
- historically, geographically and ethnolinguistically including the Hazara region as well
See also
- Afghan Millat Party
- Khalq
- Awami National Party
- Bacha Khan
- Bannu Resolution
- Durand Line
- Greater Iran
- Manzoor Pashteen
- Pashtun nationalism
- Pashtunization
- Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party
- Pashtun Tahafuz Movement
References
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Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries.
- Various spellings result from different pronunciation in various Pashto dialects. See Pashto language: Dialects for further information.
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Instead it adopted the programme of an independent "Pathanistan" — a programme calculated to strike at the very roots of the new Dominion. More recently the Pathanistan idea has been taken up by Afghanistan.
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Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.
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The name Pakhtunistan or in soft Pashtu dialect Pashtunistan evolved originally from the Indian word Pathanistan. The very concept of Pakhtunistan was taken from the old word Pakhtunkhwa. Obaidullah Sindhi used Pashtania for Pashtu speaking area of his Proposed People's Republic of India or Saro-Rajia-i-Hind (Obaidullah's letter to Iqbal Shaidai on 22 June 1924), Muhammad Aslam, Maulana Obaidullah Sindhi Kay Siasi Maktubat, Lahore: Niduatal Musanifeen, 1966, p. 34
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The name Pakhtunistan or in soft Pashtu dialect Pashtunistan evolved originally from the Indian word Pathanistan. The very concept of Pakhtunistan was taken from the old word Pakhtunkhwa. The British, Indian leaders and even the Khudai Khidmatgars were using Pathanistan for Pakhtunistan in the beginning, but later on they started using the word Pakhtunistan.
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The word Pathanistan is not Persian but Indian. It shows that the Khalifa had already acquired the consent of the Muslim leaders of India or these leaders might have motivated the Khalifa to first liberate the Pukhtuns' land (Pathanistan) to build up a strong base against the British Empire in India
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - Ahmed, Feroz (1998) Ethnicity and politics in Pakistan. Karachi. Oxford University Press.
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Even within the largest ethnic group, the Pashtuns (about 50 percent of the population)...
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Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans...
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Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.
- Hawthorne, Susan; Bronwyn Winter (2002). September 11, 2001: feminist perspectives. Spinifex Press. p. 225. ISBN 1-876756-27-6. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
Over 60 percent of the population in Afghanistan is Pashtun...
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{{cite book}}
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Further reading
This article contains Pashto text. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Pashto script.- Ahmed, Feroz (1998) Ethnicity and politics in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
- Ahmad, M.(1989) Pukhtunkhwa Kiyun Nahin by Mubarak Chagharzai. pp. 138–139.
- Amin, Tahir (1988) -National Language Movements of Pakistan. Islamabad Institute of Policy Studies.
- Buzan, Barry and Rizvi, Gowher (1986), South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, London: Macmillan. p. 73.
- Fürstenberg, Kai (2012) Waziristan: Solutions for a Troubled Region in Spotlight South Asia, No. 1, ISSN 2195-2787 (https://web.archive.org/web/20150907205431/http://www.apsa.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/SSA-1.pdf)
- Caroe, Olaf (1983) The Pathans, with an Epilogue on Russia. Oxford University Press. pp. 464–465.
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Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state |