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{{Short description|Microorganisms giving mental health effects}}
'''Psychobiotics''' are defined by Dinan et al.<ref name="pmid23759244">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF | title=Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. | journal=Biol Psychiatry | year= 2013 | volume= 74 | issue= 10 | pages= 720–6 | pmid=23759244 | doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23759244 }}</ref> as those living organisms that on sufficient ingestion produces a health benefit in those patients with ], or ], illnesses.<ref name="pmid25834446">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhou L, Foster JA | title=Psychobiotics and the gut-brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness. | journal=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat | year= 2015 | volume= 11 | issue= | pages= 715–23 | pmid=25834446 | doi=10.2147/NDT.S61997 | pmc=4370913 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25834446 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25722529">{{cite journal| author=Gnanavel S| title=Psychobiotics: the latest psychotropics. | journal=Indian J Psychol Med | year= 2015 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 110 | pmid=25722529 | doi=10.4103/0253-7176.150862 | pmc=4341301 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25722529 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26598580">{{cite journal|vauthors=Evrensel A, Ceylan ME | title=The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression. | journal=Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci | year= 2015 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 239–244 | pmid=26598580 | doi=10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239 | pmc=4662178 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26598580 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26528128">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP | title=Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. | journal=Front Cell Neurosci | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= | pages= 392 | pmid=26528128 | doi=10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 | pmc=4604320 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26528128 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25309394">{{cite journal|vauthors=Smythies LE, Smythies JR | title=Microbiota, the immune system, black moods and the brain-melancholia updated. | journal=Front Hum Neurosci | year= 2014 | volume= 8 | issue= | pages= 720 | pmid=25309394 | doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00720 | pmc=4163975 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25309394 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24422720">{{cite journal|vauthors=Selhub EM, Logan AC, Bested AC | title=Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry. | journal=J Physiol Anthropol | year= 2014 | volume= 33 | issue= | pages= 2 | pmid=24422720 | doi=10.1186/1880-6805-33-2 | pmc=3904694 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24422720 }}</ref> Research to understand the impact of psychobiotics on the ], ], and oral-microbiome,<ref name="pmid23963608">{{cite journal|vauthors=Noble JM, Scarmeas N, Papapanou PN | title=Poor oral health as a chronic, potentially modifiable dementia risk factor: review of the literature. | journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= 10 | pages= 384 | pmid=23963608 | doi=10.1007/s11910-013-0384-x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23963608 }}</ref> is currently under way. Research suggests modulation of ], ], ], and ], systems.<ref name="pmid27389418">{{cite journal| author=Oleskin AV, Shenderov BA| title=Neuromodulatory effects and targets of the SCFAs and gasotransmitters produced by the human symbiotic microbiota. | journal=Microb Ecol Health Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 27 | issue= | pages= 30971 | pmid=27389418 | doi=10.3402/mehd.v27.30971 | pmc=4937721 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27389418 }} </ref> Other possible mechanisms identified include modulation of the ], ], ], ], and neuronal ].<ref name="pmid27045844">{{cite journal|author1=Hoban AE |author2=Stilling RM |author3=Ryan FJ |author4=Shanahan F |author5=Dinan TG |author6=Claesson MJ | title=Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota. | journal=Transl Psychiatry | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= e774 | pmid=27045844 | doi=10.1038/tp.2016.42 | pmc= 4872400 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
{{medref|date=December 2018}}


'''Psychobiotics''' is a term used in preliminary research to refer to ] that, when ingested in appropriate amounts, might confer a ] benefit by affecting ] of the host organism.<ref name="Sarkar_2016" /> Whether bacteria might play a role in the ] is under research. A 2020 literature review suggests that the consumption of psychobiotics could be considered as a viable option to restore mental health<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Psychobiotics: Mechanisms of Action, Evaluation Methods and Effectiveness in Applications with Food Products |year=2020 |doi=10.3390/nu12123896|pmc=7767237 |doi-access=free |last1=Del Toro-Barbosa |first1=M. |last2=Hurtado-Romero |first2=A. |last3=Garcia-Amezquita |first3=L. E. |last4=García-Cayuela |first4=T. |journal=Nutrients |volume=12 |issue=12 |page=3896 |pmid=33352789 }}</ref> although lacking ] on clear mental health outcomes in humans.<ref name="romijn">{{cite journal | vauthors = Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ | title = Systematic review of evidence to support the theory of psychobiotics | journal = Nutrition Reviews | volume = 73 | issue = 10 | pages = 675–93 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26370263 | doi = 10.1093/nutrit/nuv025 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="lin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu B, He Y, Wang M, Liu J, Ju Y, Zhang Y, Liu T, Li L, Li Q | title = Efficacy of probiotics on anxiety-A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Depression and Anxiety | volume = 35 | issue = 10 | pages = 935–45 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29995348 | doi = 10.1002/da.22811| s2cid = 51615532 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Microbes that have negative neurological interactions may also be defined as psychobiotics. Recently it was shown microbes may play a role in the formation of ].<ref name="pmid27225182">{{cite journal| author=Kumar DK, Choi SH, Washicosky KJ, Eimer WA, Tucker S, Ghofrani J| title=Amyloid-β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer's disease. | journal=Sci Transl Med | year= 2016 | volume= 8 | issue= 340 | pages= 340ra72 | pmid=27225182 | doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1059 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27225182 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>


== Types ==
==Clinical significance==
]
In experimental probiotic psychobiotics, the bacteria most commonly used are ], such as '']'' and '']'' families, as these do not contain ] chains, reducing the likelihood of an ].<ref name="Sarkar_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sarkar A, Lehto SM, Harty S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Burnet PW | title = Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria-Gut-Brain Signals | journal = Trends in Neurosciences | volume = 39 | issue = 11 | pages = 763–81 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27793434 | pmc = 5102282 | doi = 10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.002 }}</ref> ] are substances, such as ] and ], that induce the growth or activity of beneficial ]s, such as bacteria on being ] in the gut.<ref name="Sarkar_2016" /><ref name="2015defRev">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hutkins RW, Krumbeck JA, Bindels LB, Cani PD, Fahey G, Goh YJ, Hamaker B, Martens EC, Mills DA, Rastal RA, Vaughan E, Sanders ME | title = Prebiotics: why definitions matter | journal = Current Opinion in Biotechnology | volume = 37 | pages = 1–7 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26431716 | pmc = 4744122 | doi = 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.001 }}</ref> Multiple bacterial species contained in a single probiotic broth is known as a polybiotic.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bambury A, Sandhu K, Cryan JF, Dinan TG | title = Finding the needle in the haystack: systematic identification of psychobiotics | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 175 | issue = 24 | pages = 4430–38 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 29243233 | pmc = 6255950 | doi = 10.1111/bph.14127 }}</ref>


== Gut-brain axis ==
A ] from 2016 found that certain commercially available strains of probiotic bacteria from the '']'' and '']'' ] ('']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''), when ] in daily doses for 1–2&nbsp;months, possess treatment efficacy (i.e., improved behavioral outcomes) in certain ]s&nbsp;– including ], ], ], and ]&nbsp;– and improved certain aspects of ].<ref name="CNS SystRev 2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Lee IS, Braun C, Enck P | title = Effect of probiotics on central nervous system functions in animals and humans - a systematic review | journal = J. Neurogastroenterol Motil. | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27413138 | doi = 10.5056/jnm16018 | quote= These probiotics showed efficacy in improving psychiatric disorder-related behaviors including anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, and memory abilities, including spatial and non-spatial memory. Because many of the basic science studies showed some efficacy of probiotics on central nervous system function, this background may guide and promote further preclinical and clinical studies.&nbsp;... According to the qualitative analyses of current studies, we can provisionally draw the conclusion that B. longum, B. breve, B. infantis, L. helveticus, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, and L. casei were most effective in improving CNS function, including psychiatric disease-associated functions (anxiety, depression, mood, stress response) and memory abilities}}</ref>
Psychobiotics are probiotics that influence the gut-brain axis, the bidirectional communication network linking the gastrointestinal system and the brain. By positively modulating the gut microbiota, psychobiotics can impact the production of neurotransmitters, reduce inflammation, and enhance neural signaling, which may improve mental health and alleviate symptoms of neurological disorders. This highlights their potential as a therapeutic tool for maintaining a healthy gut-brain connection.


== See also == == Research ==
A 2021 review showed that treating anxiety in young people with psychobiotics had no significant effect.<ref name="cohen">{{Cite journal|last1=Cohen Kadosh|first1=Kathrin|last2=Basso|first2=Melissa|last3=Knytl|first3=Paul|last4=Johnstone|first4=Nicola|last5=Lau|first5=Jennifer Y. F.|last6=Gibson|first6=Glenn R.|date=2021-06-16|title=Psychobiotic interventions for anxiety in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis, with youth consultation|journal=Translational Psychiatry|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|page=352 |doi=10.1038/s41398-021-01422-7|issn=2158-3188|pmc=8206413|pmid=34131108}}</ref> This study highlights the gut microbiome's role in brain function and mental health is a growing research area, particularly during adolescence, a critical period for gut-brain axis development. This study systematically reviewed and analyzed the effects of psychobiotic interventions on anxiety in youth (ages 10–24). Among 5416 studies identified, 14 were reviewed, and 10 included in the meta-analysis, involving 617 participants. The results showed minimal efficacy of psychobiotics in reducing anxiety, with a pooled standard mean difference of −0.03, indicating no significant effect. Despite limited evidence, future research focusing on mechanisms, causality, and youth perspectives is essential for advancing psychobiotic use in mental health management.


Another article highlights how the nervous system disorders affect millions globally each year, sparking interest in the potential of probiotics to support the gut-brain axis alongside traditional treatments. Psychobiotics, a type of probiotic, have shown promise in improving gut microbiota and alleviating symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. This study reviewed their impact on conditions like autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, and insomnia, among others. The findings suggest that psychobiotic-containing functional foods could be an effective tool for improving mental health and managing CNS disorders.
{{Columns-list|2|


There is a need for more diverse human studies, mainly because those that exist have contradictory outcomes.<ref name="romijn" /><ref name="lin" /><ref name="cohen" />
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
⚫ * '']''


===Species===
}}
]
Several species of bacteria have been used in probiotic psychobiotic research:<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF | title = Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 74 | issue = 10 | pages = 720–26 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 23759244 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001 | s2cid = 40059439 }}</ref>

* ]
⚫ * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
*]
*'']''


== References == == References ==
{{Reflist}} {{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Psychobiotic Revolution|publisher=Random House US|first1=Scott C.|last1=Anderson|first2=John F.|last2=Cryan|first3=Ted|last3=Dinan|date=17 December 2019|edition=1|isbn=9781426219641}}

{{Dietary supplement}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 01:17, 23 November 2024

Microorganisms giving mental health effects
This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Psychobiotic" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018)

Psychobiotics is a term used in preliminary research to refer to live bacteria that, when ingested in appropriate amounts, might confer a mental health benefit by affecting microbiota of the host organism. Whether bacteria might play a role in the gut-brain axis is under research. A 2020 literature review suggests that the consumption of psychobiotics could be considered as a viable option to restore mental health although lacking randomized controlled trials on clear mental health outcomes in humans.

Types

Fructans

In experimental probiotic psychobiotics, the bacteria most commonly used are gram-positive bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus families, as these do not contain lipopolysaccharide chains, reducing the likelihood of an immunological response. Prebiotics are substances, such as fructans and oligosaccharides, that induce the growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms, such as bacteria on being fermented in the gut. Multiple bacterial species contained in a single probiotic broth is known as a polybiotic.

Gut-brain axis

Psychobiotics are probiotics that influence the gut-brain axis, the bidirectional communication network linking the gastrointestinal system and the brain. By positively modulating the gut microbiota, psychobiotics can impact the production of neurotransmitters, reduce inflammation, and enhance neural signaling, which may improve mental health and alleviate symptoms of neurological disorders. This highlights their potential as a therapeutic tool for maintaining a healthy gut-brain connection.

Research

A 2021 review showed that treating anxiety in young people with psychobiotics had no significant effect. This study highlights the gut microbiome's role in brain function and mental health is a growing research area, particularly during adolescence, a critical period for gut-brain axis development. This study systematically reviewed and analyzed the effects of psychobiotic interventions on anxiety in youth (ages 10–24). Among 5416 studies identified, 14 were reviewed, and 10 included in the meta-analysis, involving 617 participants. The results showed minimal efficacy of psychobiotics in reducing anxiety, with a pooled standard mean difference of −0.03, indicating no significant effect. Despite limited evidence, future research focusing on mechanisms, causality, and youth perspectives is essential for advancing psychobiotic use in mental health management.

Another 2022 article highlights how the nervous system disorders affect millions globally each year, sparking interest in the potential of probiotics to support the gut-brain axis alongside traditional treatments. Psychobiotics, a type of probiotic, have shown promise in improving gut microbiota and alleviating symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. This study reviewed their impact on conditions like autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, and insomnia, among others. The findings suggest that psychobiotic-containing functional foods could be an effective tool for improving mental health and managing CNS disorders.

There is a need for more diverse human studies, mainly because those that exist have contradictory outcomes.

Species

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Several species of bacteria have been used in probiotic psychobiotic research:

References

  1. ^ Sarkar A, Lehto SM, Harty S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Burnet PW (November 2016). "Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria-Gut-Brain Signals". Trends in Neurosciences. 39 (11): 763–81. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.002. PMC 5102282. PMID 27793434.
  2. Del Toro-Barbosa, M.; Hurtado-Romero, A.; Garcia-Amezquita, L. E.; García-Cayuela, T. (2020). "Psychobiotics: Mechanisms of Action, Evaluation Methods and Effectiveness in Applications with Food Products". Nutrients. 12 (12): 3896. doi:10.3390/nu12123896. PMC 7767237. PMID 33352789.
  3. ^ Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ (October 2015). "Systematic review of evidence to support the theory of psychobiotics". Nutrition Reviews. 73 (10): 675–93. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv025. PMID 26370263.
  4. ^ Liu B, He Y, Wang M, Liu J, Ju Y, Zhang Y, Liu T, Li L, Li Q (July 2018). "Efficacy of probiotics on anxiety-A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Depression and Anxiety. 35 (10): 935–45. doi:10.1002/da.22811. PMID 29995348. S2CID 51615532.
  5. Hutkins RW, Krumbeck JA, Bindels LB, Cani PD, Fahey G, Goh YJ, Hamaker B, Martens EC, Mills DA, Rastal RA, Vaughan E, Sanders ME (February 2016). "Prebiotics: why definitions matter". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 37: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.001. PMC 4744122. PMID 26431716.
  6. ^ Bambury A, Sandhu K, Cryan JF, Dinan TG (December 2018). "Finding the needle in the haystack: systematic identification of psychobiotics". British Journal of Pharmacology. 175 (24): 4430–38. doi:10.1111/bph.14127. PMC 6255950. PMID 29243233.
  7. ^ Cohen Kadosh, Kathrin; Basso, Melissa; Knytl, Paul; Johnstone, Nicola; Lau, Jennifer Y. F.; Gibson, Glenn R. (2021-06-16). "Psychobiotic interventions for anxiety in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis, with youth consultation". Translational Psychiatry. 11 (1): 352. doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01422-7. ISSN 2158-3188. PMC 8206413. PMID 34131108.
  8. Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF (November 2013). "Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic". Biological Psychiatry. 74 (10): 720–26. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001. PMID 23759244. S2CID 40059439.

Further reading

  • Anderson, Scott C.; Cryan, John F.; Dinan, Ted (17 December 2019). The Psychobiotic Revolution (1 ed.). Random House US. ISBN 9781426219641.
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