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{{Expand Russian}}{{Short description|Conflict in Eastern Europe}}
The '''Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667''', also called the ''War for Ukraine'', was the last major conflict between ] and the ]. Sometimes viewed in Poland as part of ], the war marked the beginning of the rise of Russia as the greatest power in Eastern Europe.
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
| partof = a series of ]
| image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300
| image1= Amścisłaŭ, Trubiackaja raźnia. Амсьціслаў, Трубяцкая разьня (1654, 1912).jpg
| alt1=
| image2=Osada Liahovich 1660.jpg
| alt2=
| image3=Осада Ставища 1664.jpg
| alt3=in the
| image4=Bohun vs Czernecki battle.jpg
| alt4=
| image5=Tsar Alexey Mihajlovich on review of armies in 1664.jpg
| alt5=}}'''Clockwise from top left:''' {{flatlist|
* {{Interlanguage link|Trubetsky's massacre|be-tarask|Трубяцкая разьня}}
* The ] by Russian troops (1660)
* Battle between the ] polkovnik ] (right) and the Polish nobleman ] (left)
* Departure of ] to inspect the troops (1664)
* The ] by Polish troops (1664)
}}
| date = 1654–1667
| place = ]: Eastern Borderlands of the ]
| casus = ]
| territory = Russia gains control of ], ] and ].
| result = Russian victory{{sfn|Bushkovitch|2012|p=66}}{{sfn|Gumilev|2023|p=416}}{{sfn|Perrie|2006|p=506}}{{sfn|Essen|2023|p=410}}<br>(])
| combatant1 = ]<br/>]
| combatant2 = ]<br/>]<br/>] (1658–1659, 1660–1667 in ])<br/>] (1654–1656)<ref> Овсій, Іван Олексійович. Зовнішня політика України від давніх часів до 1944 року: навч. посібник для студ. гуманітар. спец. вищих закладів освіти / І. О. Овсій . – Київ: Либідь, 1999. – 238 с. Дата обращения: 20 августа 2017. Архивировано из оригинала 13 октября 2017 года</ref>
| commander1 = ]<br/>]<br/> ]<br/>]{{KIA|Execution by shooting}}<br/>]<br/>]{{POW}}<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>] {{Natural Causes}}{{KIA}}{{efn|Polish sources testify that he died near Mogilev in 1665 , killed by meal during lunch. Russian sources say that he died in Moscow.}}
| commander2 = ]<br/>]{{POW}}<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>Aleksander Hilary Połubiński<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]{{KIA}}<ref>Killed by Polish</ref><br/> ], <br/> ]
}}
{{campaignbox Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)}}
{{Polish-Russian Wars}}

The '''Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667''', also called the '''Thirteen Years' War''',<ref name=Frost13>{{cite book|title=The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721|url=https://archive.org/details/northernwarswars00fros|url-access=limited|first=Robert I|last=Frost|publisher=Longman|year=2000|isbn=978-0-582-06429-4|page=}}</ref> '''Muscovite War of 1654–1667'''<ref>{{cite book |title=Wojna moskiewska R. 1654–1655 |date=1910 |publisher=Kubala,Ludwik |location=Warsaw |url=http://dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=21493}}</ref> and the '''First ]''',<ref name=Frost13/> was a major conflict between the ] and the ]. Between 1655 and 1660, the ] was also fought in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and so the period became known in Poland as "]".

The Commonwealth initially suffered defeats, but it regained its ground and won several decisive battles. However, its plundered economy was not able to fund the long conflict. Facing internal crisis and civil war, the Commonwealth was forced to sign a truce. The war ended with significant Russian territorial gains and marked the beginning of the rise of Russia as a ] in ].


== Background == == Background ==
In the late recent decade prior to the conflict, tensions brewed significantly between Poles and Cossacks, ranging from discontent amongst the populace towards religious strife emboldened by the Cossacks' bitterness against the Polish hierarchy; These finally broke in 1648 when the ] of ] against ] was initiated by ], obtaining his primary endorsement from ] in exchange for his allegiance within the Tsardom. During his preliminary arrangements when he was securing to receive ] support, a Polish army dispatched by ] advancing in the direction of Ukraine was destroyed within two ] ] in May. Khmelnytsky benefitted upon the victories, whom forwarded them as a signal for a popular revolt. Violence dominated Ukraine against those who were deemed to be Polish collaborators, such as authoritative officials as well as landlords, as well as the Latin and Uniate clergies. Pogroms against ] were widespread, given their recognition as ('']s''), which from the peasants' behalf identified them as oppressive. Heavy crackdowns and reprisals subjected over the revolting population only further intensified the Cossack uprising, with ] dealt against a recent Polish military formation. Khmelnytsky them subsequently advanced west on Galicia before ]. However, he did not extend his rapid campaign despite his major advantage over the Poles. Following the ] in May, his ] became King after he was elected by ] in November, incentivising Khmelnytsky to immediately withdraw, and returned to Ukraine shortly thereafter. Entering the city the very next January, he was widely acclaimed as a liberator over the region. John II Casimir Vasa immediately begun setting reforms in order to resolve political disputes, ethnic tensions and a whirlwind of conflict unleashed over the provinces.

Despite having initially requested an addressing of issues from the Polish authorities, Khmelnytsky started to shift his overall focus after civilian opinion firmly shifted in his favour. He then began conceiving Ukraine as a sovereign Cossack state. Soon afterwards, he initiated plans for a system of government and monetary authorities, founding a local administration under a governing establishment consisting of veteran Cossack officers, and also introduced relations with foreign states. Remaining prepared to formally recognise sovereignty under the Polish crown, he set about negotiations with the Poles. This resulted in the inconclusive ] in the summer of that year – likewise with ] two years afterward – with neither being acceptable to the Poles nor Ukrainians, nor radicalised general populace, the vast consensus of whom then aligned themselves with the Khmelnytsky faction. Although intermittent clashes and engagements resumed between the Poles and revolting partisans, their Tatar allies demonstrated unreliability during pivotal events, thus Khmelnytsky began searching for other allies that would assist them in their resolve for nationhood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) |url=https://www.rct.uk/group/439/content/other-17th-century-conflicts/russo-polish-war-1654-67 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.rct.uk| language=en-GB}}</ref>


The conflict was triggered by the ] of ] against the ]. The Cossack leader, ], derived his main foreign support from ], promising his allegiance in recompense. Although the ] of ] was poised to accept the Cossacks into the Muscovite sphere of influence and to enter the war against Poland on their side, the tsar temporized until ], when a new popular assembly eventually authorized the unification of ] with ]. After the Cossacks ratified this agreement at the famous ] the Russo-Polish War became inevitable. In 1654, the ] was signed between Khmelnytsky and the hierarchy of Moscow, producing some greatly disputed results; Russian historians have often highlighted Ukraine's acceptance of the Tsar's superiority, thereby legitimising Russian dominant rule, although Ukrainian historiography stressed Moscow's recognition of their autonomous rights – associating an elected hetmancy, state government along with access to foreign relations – which was essentially equivalent to independence, as mentioned within the agreement. Although the ] of 1651 was poised to accept the Cossacks into the ] and to enter the war against Poland–Lithuania; The Tsar waited until 1653, when a ] eventually authorised the protectorate of ] with ]. After the Cossacks ratified the agreement at the ], the Russo-Polish War became inevitable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=V. THe Time of the Polish-Swedish Wars (1654–1667) |url=https://www.archiv.org.lv/jekabs/?page=205&lang=en |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.archiv.org.lv |language=en-GB}}</ref>


== Invasion of the Commonwealth == == Invasion of the Commonwealth ==
In July 1654 the Russian army of 41,000 (nominally under the Tsar, but in fact commanded by Princes ], Nikita Odoevsky and ]) captured the border forts of ] and ] and laid siege to ].


The Russian position at Smolensk was endangered as long as ], Prince ], with a 10,000 man garrison, held ], slightly to the west.<ref name=kubala>{{in lang|pl}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701174153/http://www.laborunion.lt/memo/modules/myarticles/article.php?storyid=53 |date=2015-07-01 }} also available as {{cite book|author=John III Sobieski (King of Poland)|title=Ojczyste spominki w pismach do dziejów dawnéj Polski: diaryusze, relacye, pamiȩtniki ... Tudzież listy historyczne do panowania królów Jana Kazimierza i Michała Korybuta, oraz listy Jana Sobieskiego|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfcKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA114|access-date=April 20, 2011|year=1845|publisher=J. Cypcer|pages=114–115}}</ref> Cherkassky took Orsha; forces under his command, led by ] (Prince, or Duke) ], forced Radziwill to retreat in the ] (also known as the '''Battle of Szkłów''', '''Battle of Shkloŭ''', or '''Battle of Shklow''', which took place during a ], and for which both sides claimed victory), fought near ] on 12 August.<ref name=kubala/> Radziwill was again defeated twelve days later at the ]. After a three-month siege, Smolensk – the main object of the ] – fell to the Russians on 23 September.
In July ] the Russian army of 41,000 — nominally under the tsar, but in fact commanded by Princes ], ] and ] — captured the border forts of ] and ] and laid siege to ].


In the meantime, Prince ] led the southern flank of the Russian army from ] to Ukraine. The territory between the ] and ] was overrun quickly, with Trubetskoy taking ] and ] and his Ukrainian allies capturing ]. On the northern flank, V.B. Sheremetev set out from ] and seized the Lithuanian cities of ] (1 July), ] (17 July), and ] (17 November).
The Russian position at Smolensk did not lack danger as long as ] ] with 10,000 men held ], slightly to the west. Cherkassky marched on Radziwill with a velocity which paralyzed resistance and defeated him near ]. After three months of siege, Smolensk — the main object of the ] — fell to the Russian armies on ].


Thereupon the Tsar's troops in December swarmed over ] and firmly established themselves in ] and ]. Simultaneously, the combined forces of Khmelnitsky and the Russian ] ] struck against ]. Despite many disagreements between the commanders, they took hold of ] and ] by the end of the year.
In the meantime, Prince ] led the southern flank of the Russian army from ] to the Ukraine. The territory between the ] and ] was overrun quickly, with Trubetskoy taking ] and ] and his Ukrainian allies capturing ]. On the northern flank, ] set out from ] and seized the Lithuanian cities of ] (July 1), ] (July 17), and ] (November 17).

Thereupon the tsar's troops swarmed over Polish ] and firmly established themselves in ] and ]. Simultaneously, the combined forces of Khmelnitsky and the Muscovite boyar ] struck against ]. Despite many disagreements between the commanders, they took hold of ] and ] by the end of the year.


== Campaign of 1655 == == Campaign of 1655 ==
In the winter and spring of 1655, (Prince) Radziwill launched a counter-offensive in ], recapturing ] and ]. This siege continued for three months with no conclusion. In January, Sheremetev and Khmelnitsky were defeated at the ], while a second Polish army (allied with the ]) crushed a Russian-Ukrainian contingent at Zhashkov.


Alarmed by these reverses, the Tsar hastened from Moscow and at his instigation a massive offensive was launched. The Lithuanian forces offered little effective resistance and surrendered ] to the Cossacks and Cherkassky on 3 July. ], the capital of the ], was taken by the Russians on 31 July. This success was followed up by the conquest of ] and ] in August.
In the winter and spring of ], the Russians and Ukrainians suffered some setbacks. Prince Radziwill launched a counter-offensive in ], recaptured ] and besieged ]. This siege dragged on for three months with no apparent result. In January Sheremetev and Khmelnitsky routed the Poles at ]; while another Polish army joined the Tatars and crushed a Russian-Ukrainian contingent at Zhashkov.


Elsewhere, Prince ] sailed from ] up the Dnieper and the ], routing the Lithuanians and capturing ] on his way. Trubetskoy's unit overran ] and ], while Sheremetev managed little beyond seizing ] on 17 June. A Lithuanian garrison still resisted the Cossacks' siege in Stary Bykhov, when Khmelnitsky and Buturlin were already active in ]. They attacked the Polish city of ] in September and entered ] after ]'s defeat near ].
Alarmed by these reverses, the tsar hastened from Moscow to the army and at his instigation a massive offensive was launched. The ] population offered little if any resistance and surrendered ] to the Cossacks and Cherkassky on ]. ], the capital of the ], was taken by the Russians on ]. This success was followed up by the conquest of ] and ] in August.


== Armistice and campaign against Vyhovsky ==
Elsewhere, Prince ] sailed from ] up the Dnieper and the ], routing the Lithuanians and capturing ] on his way. Trubetskoy's unit overran ] and ], while Sheremetev managed little beyond seizing ] on ]. A Lithuanian garrison still resisted the Cossacks' siege in ], when Khmelnitsky and Buturlin were already active in ]. They laid siege to ] in September and entered ] after ]'s unit had been beaten near ].
The Russians advance into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth led to the kingdom of Sweden ] under King ].


] then opened negotiations with the Poles and signed an armistice, ], on 2 November. After that, Russian forces marched on Swedish Livonia and besieged ] in the ], a theater of the ]. Khmelnytsky was not against this temporary truce and supported the Tsar though he warned him of Polish furtiveness.<ref></ref> ], the newly elected hetman in 1657 upon the death of Khmelnytsky, ] in September 1658, creating the ]. However, the Cossacks were also beset with the start of a ] with this Commonwealth treaty and a new ] with Russia in 1659.
== Armistice ==


The Tsar concluded with Sweden the advantageous ], which allowed him to resume hostilities against the Poles in October, capturing ] at the ]. In the north, Sapieha's attempt to blockade Vilnius was checked by Prince {{Interlanguage link multi|Yury Dolgorukov|ru|3=Долгоруков, Юрий Алексеевич (боярин)}} on October 11. Russians under the command of Romodanovsky invaded Ukraine in the south, the Cossacks who had previously ] were defeated and Vyhovsky again swore the oath to the Russian tsar. In Belarus, the Ukrainian Cossacks staged a mutiny, but as a result of the decisive {{ill|siege of Vavry|ru|Осада Вавры}} were defeated. However, in 1659, with the support of the Tatars, he was able to inflict a ] on the Russians.
These brilliant feats of arms — utterly unprecedented in Russo-Polish relations — alarmed ] and aroused his jealousy. The Swedes ] and took hold of ] by the end of the year. After the Polish king fled abroad and the seemingly vacant Polish throne was promised by some magnates to the tsar, the Russians lost interest in further weakening Poland in the face of the Swedish invasion, as Sweden was their long-standing foe in the Baltics.
]The threat to the Russians during their conquests in Ukraine was relieved after Vyhovsky lost his alliance with ] due to a campaign against Crimea by ] ], who later attacked Chyhyryn as well.


An uprising started in the ] where Vyhovsky stationed a number of Polish garrisons, during which Ukrainian nobleman ], who was considered the original author of the Hadyach Treaty, was killed. Together with the ] colonel ] Sirko led a full scale uprising throughout Ukraine. The mutinied Cossacks demanded that Vyhovsky to surrender the hetman's attributes and return power to Khmelnitsky's son ] as the legitimate hetman of Ukraine. Both forces faced off near the village of Hermanivka. There the rest of Cossacks deserted Vyhovsky and rallied under Yuri Khmelnytsky, while Vyhovsky was left with the Polish troops and other mercenaries. A council was gathered with participation of both sides where the union with Poland–Lithuania was proclaimed invalid. Due to the rising arguments and threats Vyhovsky left the meeting. The council elected Khmelnytsky as the new hetman and an official request to surrender power was sent to Vyhovsky who had no other choice as to comply.
Accordingly, ] — who advised the tsar on foreign affairs — opened negotiations with the Poles and signed an armistice with them on ]. After that, Russian forces marched on Swedish Livonia and besieged ], in what became known as the ].


Russian forces, stunned at Konotop tried to renegotiate a peace treaty on any terms. However, the change of powers within the ] reflected the influence of the Russian foreign policy in Ukraine and reassured ] Trubetskoi. Trubetskoi invited Khmelnytsky to renegotiate.
The Livonian embroglio had unexpected repercussions in the Ukraine, too. Khmelnitsky, who considered Sweden his ally, viewed the armistice as a betrayal and prepared to break with the tsar when he died in August ]. His successor, ], ], who had largely succeeded in repelling the Swedish invasion by that time.


Advised by starshyna not to rush it Yuri Khmelnytsky, sent out ] as his envoy. Trubetskoi, however, insisted on the presence of the hetman to sign the official treaty at ].
== Campaign against Vyhovsky ==
Arriving there Khmelnytsky discovered that he was ambushed and had to comply to the terms imposed on the Cossacks by Muscovites (see ]).


== End of the war ==
Under such circumstances, the tsar concluded with Sweden the advantageous ], which allowed him to resume hostilities against the Commonwealth in October ]. During two years of peace, Belarusian nobility and many Cossack leaders had changed sides and now helped the Poles to launch a winter offensive in ].
] of 1686.|alt=]]
The tide turned in favor of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1660. King ], having concluded the ] against Sweden with the ], was now able to concentrate all his forces on the Eastern front.<ref name="Frost13" />{{rp|186}} Sapieha and ] defeated Khovansky at the ] on 27 June.<ref name="Frost13" />{{rp|186}} Then, ] and ] attacked V.B. Sheremetev in the ] and forced him to capitulate on 2 November, after persuading ] to withdraw on 17 October.<ref name="Frost13" />{{rp|186}} These reverses forced the Tsar to accept the ], by way of averting a new war against Sweden.


In July 1662, the Right-Bank forces of ], supported by Polish and Crimean Tatar troops (about 20 000 men ), were defeated in the large ] by the Russian forces of ] and the Left-Bank Cossacks of ] (about 28 000 men)..<ref>{{cite book |last=Babulin |first=I. |title=Kanevskaya bitva 16 ijulya 1662 goda. Zabytaya pobeda |trans-title=Battle of Kanev July 16, 1662 Forgotten victory |year=2015 |language=ru |page=41}}</ref>
In the north, Sapieha's attempt to blockade Wilno was promptly checked by Prince ] (October 11). In the south, Vyhovsky failed to wrest ] from Sheremetev's control. In July ], however, Vyhovsky and his ] allies inflicted a heavy defeat upon Trubetskoy's army, then besieging ].


Towards the end of 1663, the Polish-Lithuanian King crossed the Dnieper and invaded ]. Most towns in his path surrendered without resistance, but his ] in January was a costly failure, and he suffered a further setback at ], and so his Ukrainian campaign proved a fiasco. The forces of Lithuania in the summer managed to defeat the invading corps of Khovansky near ], but overall the 1664 campaigns were a disappointment.<ref name=Frost13/>{{rp|187}}
The threat to the Russian conquests in Ukraine was relieved by Sheremetev's forces, which set out from Kiev in August. Whilst Vyhovsky was defeated near ] and fled to Poland, the Cossacks deposed him and elected Khmelnitsky's son ] as a new ] of ].


Peace negotiations dragged on from 1664 until January 1667, when ] forced the Poles and Lithuanians to conclude the ], whereby the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceded to Russia the fortress of Smolensk and Ukraine on the left bank of the ] (including ]), while the Commonwealth retained the right-bank Ukraine.<ref name=Frost13/>{{rp|186}}
== End of the war ==


In addition to the territorial changes from the war, this conflict sparked major changes in the Russian military. While the Russian army was still a "semi-standing, mobilized seasonally", this conflict moved it along the path toward a standing army, laying the groundwork for Russian military successes under ] and ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Agoston|first=Gabor|title=Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800|journal=Kritika|date=Spring 2011|volume=12|issue=2|pages=284|doi=10.1353/kri.2011.0018|s2cid=19755686|url=https://georgetown.academia.edu/GaborAgoston/Papers/600779/_Military_Transformation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_and_Russia_1500-1800_|access-date=10 June 2012}}</ref>
During the ], the international situation was more favourable to Poland than ever. Although the new ] was not as outspoken a critic of the Muscovite regime as his predecessor, he was gravitating towards the Polish alliance in what was seen in Moscow as a betrayal of the common cause. On the other hand, ], having concluded the ] against Sweden with the ], was able to concentrate all his forces on the Eastern front.


This war, occurring during a time known as the ], was a major negative outcome for the Polish nation. While Poland had been able to regain some of its lost territories, in the long-term it greatly weakened and left Poland increasingly vulnerable to Russian incursions. The country found itself unable to prevent the future ], in which Russia took a major part.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://acienciala.faculty.ku.edu/hist557/lect3-4.htm|title=557lec3&4Decline&PartitionsofPoland|website=acienciala.faculty.ku.edu}}</ref>
The Poles unleashed a major offensive and drove the Russians out of Belarus by the end of ]. Khovansky was defeated by Sapieha and Sheremetev was forced to capitulate near ]. The most brilliant Polish general was ]: he routed Dolgorukov's army in the ] and recaptured Wilno in ]. Other towns of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fell to the Poles one by one. These reverses forced the tsar to accept the humiliating ], by way of averting a new war against Sweden.


== Notes ==
Towards the end of 1663, the king crossed the Dnieper and invaded Left-Bank Ukraine. Many towns surrendered to him without resistance, but his siege of ] in January was a costly failure and he suffered a further setback at ]. The last notable action of the war was a defeat of Russian forces near Vitebsk in summer 1664.
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}


==Sources==
Peace negotiations dragged on from ] until January ], when ]'s ] forced the king to conclude the ], whereby Poland ceded to Russia the fortress of Smolensk and the Left-Bank Ukraine with ]. This was the greatest loss of territory in the history of Poland up to that date.
* {{Cite book |last=Gumilev |first=Lev |author-link=Lev Gumilev |language=ru |script-title=ru:От Руси к России |trans-title=For Rus' to Russia |location=Moscow |publisher=] |year=2023 |series=Эксклюзивная классика |orig-date=1996 |isbn=978-5-17-153845-3 |edition=revised}}
* {{cite book |last=Perrie |first=Maurren |title=The Cambridge history of Russia |others=Volume 1: From early Rus' to 1689 |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-81227-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQcviLmjNm0C}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bushkovitch|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Le-n7ZYjGWkC&dq=distinct+russian+victory&pg=PA66|title=A Concise History of Russia|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50444-7|language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Essen |first=Michael Fredholm von |title=Charles X's Wars: Volume 3 - The Danish Wars, 1657-1660 |publisher=Helion & Company |year=2023 |isbn=9781915113603 |language=en}}


== References == == External links ==
{{Commonscat|Polish-Russian War 1654-1667}}
*Malov A.V. ''Russo-Polish War (1654-1667)''. Moscow: Exprint, 2006. ISBN 5-94038-111-1.
*
*

{{Lithuanian wars and conflicts}}
{{Polish wars and conflicts}}
{{Russian Conflicts}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Russo-Polish War (1654-67)}}
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Conflict in Eastern Europe
Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
Part of a series of Russo-Polish wars
in theClockwise from top left:
Date1654–1667
LocationEurope: Eastern Borderlands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Result Russian victory
(Truce of Andrusovo)
Territorial
changes		 Russia gains control of left-bank Ukraine, Kiev and Smolensk.
Belligerents
Tsardom of Russia
Cossack Hetmanate		 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Crimean Khanate
Cossack Hetmanate (1658–1659, 1660–1667 in Right-bank Ukraine)
Duchy of Prussia (1654–1656)
Commanders and leaders
Aleksey Trubetskoy
Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Yurii Khmelnytsky
Ivan Bohun †
Ivan Sirko
Vasily Sheremetev (POW)
Vasiliy Buturlin
Ivan Khovansky
Yuri Dolgorukov
Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin
Yakov Cherkassky  # †		 Stefan Czarniecki
Wincenty Gosiewski (POW)
John II Casimir
Stanisław Lanckoroński
Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski
Michał Kazimierz Pac
Aleksander Hilary Połubiński
Stanisław Rewera Potocki
Janusz Radziwiłł
Paweł Jan Sapieha
Ivan Vyhovsky †
Pavlo Teteria,
Petro Doroshenko
Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667
Polish–Russian Wars
Kievan Rus'
Tsardom of Russia
Russian Empire
Soviet Union

The Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667, also called the Thirteen Years' War, Muscovite War of 1654–1667 and the First Northern War, was a major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Between 1655 and 1660, the Swedish invasion was also fought in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and so the period became known in Poland as "The Deluge".

The Commonwealth initially suffered defeats, but it regained its ground and won several decisive battles. However, its plundered economy was not able to fund the long conflict. Facing internal crisis and civil war, the Commonwealth was forced to sign a truce. The war ended with significant Russian territorial gains and marked the beginning of the rise of Russia as a great power in Eastern Europe.

Background

In the late recent decade prior to the conflict, tensions brewed significantly between Poles and Cossacks, ranging from discontent amongst the populace towards religious strife emboldened by the Cossacks' bitterness against the Polish hierarchy; These finally broke in 1648 when the Khmelnytsky insurrection of Zaporozhian Cossacks against the Commonwealth was initiated by Bohdan Khmelnytsky, obtaining his primary endorsement from Tsar Alexis in exchange for his allegiance within the Tsardom. During his preliminary arrangements when he was securing to receive Tatar support, a Polish army dispatched by Władysław IV Vasa advancing in the direction of Ukraine was destroyed within two separate battles in May. Khmelnytsky benefitted upon the victories, whom forwarded them as a signal for a popular revolt. Violence dominated Ukraine against those who were deemed to be Polish collaborators, such as authoritative officials as well as landlords, as well as the Latin and Uniate clergies. Pogroms against Jews were widespread, given their recognition as (arendators), which from the peasants' behalf identified them as oppressive. Heavy crackdowns and reprisals subjected over the revolting population only further intensified the Cossack uprising, with yet another defeat dealt against a recent Polish military formation. Khmelnytsky them subsequently advanced west on Galicia before besieging Zamość. However, he did not extend his rapid campaign despite his major advantage over the Poles. Following the death of Władysław in May, his half-brother became King after he was elected by Parliament in November, incentivising Khmelnytsky to immediately withdraw, and returned to Ukraine shortly thereafter. Entering the city the very next January, he was widely acclaimed as a liberator over the region. John II Casimir Vasa immediately begun setting reforms in order to resolve political disputes, ethnic tensions and a whirlwind of conflict unleashed over the provinces.

Despite having initially requested an addressing of issues from the Polish authorities, Khmelnytsky started to shift his overall focus after civilian opinion firmly shifted in his favour. He then began conceiving Ukraine as a sovereign Cossack state. Soon afterwards, he initiated plans for a system of government and monetary authorities, founding a local administration under a governing establishment consisting of veteran Cossack officers, and also introduced relations with foreign states. Remaining prepared to formally recognise sovereignty under the Polish crown, he set about negotiations with the Poles. This resulted in the inconclusive Treaty of Zboriv in the summer of that year – likewise with another two years afterward – with neither being acceptable to the Poles nor Ukrainians, nor radicalised general populace, the vast consensus of whom then aligned themselves with the Khmelnytsky faction. Although intermittent clashes and engagements resumed between the Poles and revolting partisans, their Tatar allies demonstrated unreliability during pivotal events, thus Khmelnytsky began searching for other allies that would assist them in their resolve for nationhood.

In 1654, the Pereiaslav Agreement was signed between Khmelnytsky and the hierarchy of Moscow, producing some greatly disputed results; Russian historians have often highlighted Ukraine's acceptance of the Tsar's superiority, thereby legitimising Russian dominant rule, although Ukrainian historiography stressed Moscow's recognition of their autonomous rights – associating an elected hetmancy, state government along with access to foreign relations – which was essentially equivalent to independence, as mentioned within the agreement. Although the Zemsky Sobor of 1651 was poised to accept the Cossacks into the Moscow sphere of influence and to enter the war against Poland–Lithuania; The Tsar waited until 1653, when a new popular assembly eventually authorised the protectorate of Ukraine with Tsardom of Russia. After the Cossacks ratified the agreement at the Pereiaslav Council, the Russo-Polish War became inevitable.

Invasion of the Commonwealth

In July 1654 the Russian army of 41,000 (nominally under the Tsar, but in fact commanded by Princes Yakov Cherkassky, Nikita Odoevsky and Ivan Khovansky) captured the border forts of Bely and Dorogobuzh and laid siege to Smolensk.

The Russian position at Smolensk was endangered as long as Great Lithuanian Hetman, Prince Janusz Radziwiłł, with a 10,000 man garrison, held Orsha, slightly to the west. Cherkassky took Orsha; forces under his command, led by Kniaz (Prince, or Duke) Yuri Baryatinsky, forced Radziwill to retreat in the Battle of Shklov (also known as the Battle of Szkłów, Battle of Shkloŭ, or Battle of Shklow, which took place during a solar eclipse, and for which both sides claimed victory), fought near Shklov on 12 August. Radziwill was again defeated twelve days later at the Battle of Shepeleviche. After a three-month siege, Smolensk – the main object of the previous Russo-Polish War – fell to the Russians on 23 September.

In the meantime, Prince Aleksey Trubetskoy led the southern flank of the Russian army from Bryansk to Ukraine. The territory between the Dnieper and Berezina was overrun quickly, with Trubetskoy taking Mstislavl and Roslavl and his Ukrainian allies capturing Homel. On the northern flank, V.B. Sheremetev set out from Pskov and seized the Lithuanian cities of Nevel (1 July), Polotsk (17 July), and Vitebsk (17 November).

Thereupon the Tsar's troops in December swarmed over Polish Livonia and firmly established themselves in Ludza and Rezekne. Simultaneously, the combined forces of Khmelnitsky and the Russian Boyar Buturlin struck against Volynia. Despite many disagreements between the commanders, they took hold of Ostroh and Rivne by the end of the year.

Campaign of 1655

In the winter and spring of 1655, (Prince) Radziwill launched a counter-offensive in Belarus, recapturing Orsha and besieging Mogilyov. This siege continued for three months with no conclusion. In January, Sheremetev and Khmelnitsky were defeated at the Battle of Okhmativ, while a second Polish army (allied with the Tatars) crushed a Russian-Ukrainian contingent at Zhashkov.

Alarmed by these reverses, the Tsar hastened from Moscow and at his instigation a massive offensive was launched. The Lithuanian forces offered little effective resistance and surrendered Minsk to the Cossacks and Cherkassky on 3 July. Vilnius, the capital of the Great Duchy of Lithuania, was taken by the Russians on 31 July. This success was followed up by the conquest of Kaunas and Hrodno in August.

Elsewhere, Prince Volkonsky sailed from Kiev up the Dnieper and the Pripyat, routing the Lithuanians and capturing Pinsk on his way. Trubetskoy's unit overran Slonim and Kletsk, while Sheremetev managed little beyond seizing Velizh on 17 June. A Lithuanian garrison still resisted the Cossacks' siege in Stary Bykhov, when Khmelnitsky and Buturlin were already active in Galicia. They attacked the Polish city of Lwów in September and entered Lublin after Pawel Jan Sapieha's defeat near Brest.

Armistice and campaign against Vyhovsky

The Russians advance into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth led to the kingdom of Sweden invading Poland in 1655 under King Charles X.

Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin then opened negotiations with the Poles and signed an armistice, Truce of Vilna, on 2 November. After that, Russian forces marched on Swedish Livonia and besieged Riga in the Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658), a theater of the Second Northern War. Khmelnytsky was not against this temporary truce and supported the Tsar though he warned him of Polish furtiveness. Ivan Vyhovsky, the newly elected hetman in 1657 upon the death of Khmelnytsky, allied himself with the Poles in September 1658, creating the Grand Duchy of Ruthenia. However, the Cossacks were also beset with the start of a civil war with this Commonwealth treaty and a new Treaty of Pereyaslav with Russia in 1659.

The Tsar concluded with Sweden the advantageous Treaty of Valiersar, which allowed him to resume hostilities against the Poles in October, capturing Wincenty Gosiewski at the Battle of Werki. In the north, Sapieha's attempt to blockade Vilnius was checked by Prince Yury Dolgorukov [ru] on October 11. Russians under the command of Romodanovsky invaded Ukraine in the south, the Cossacks who had previously besieged Kiev were defeated and Vyhovsky again swore the oath to the Russian tsar. In Belarus, the Ukrainian Cossacks staged a mutiny, but as a result of the decisive siege of Vavry [ru] were defeated. However, in 1659, with the support of the Tatars, he was able to inflict a heavy defeat on the Russians.

Polish-Russian War 1654–1667

The threat to the Russians during their conquests in Ukraine was relieved after Vyhovsky lost his alliance with Crimean Khanate due to a campaign against Crimea by Kosh Otaman Ivan Sirko, who later attacked Chyhyryn as well.

An uprising started in the Siever Ukraine where Vyhovsky stationed a number of Polish garrisons, during which Ukrainian nobleman Yuri Nemyrych, who was considered the original author of the Hadyach Treaty, was killed. Together with the Uman colonel Mykhailo Khanenko Sirko led a full scale uprising throughout Ukraine. The mutinied Cossacks demanded that Vyhovsky to surrender the hetman's attributes and return power to Khmelnitsky's son Yurii as the legitimate hetman of Ukraine. Both forces faced off near the village of Hermanivka. There the rest of Cossacks deserted Vyhovsky and rallied under Yuri Khmelnytsky, while Vyhovsky was left with the Polish troops and other mercenaries. A council was gathered with participation of both sides where the union with Poland–Lithuania was proclaimed invalid. Due to the rising arguments and threats Vyhovsky left the meeting. The council elected Khmelnytsky as the new hetman and an official request to surrender power was sent to Vyhovsky who had no other choice as to comply.

Russian forces, stunned at Konotop tried to renegotiate a peace treaty on any terms. However, the change of powers within the Cossack Hetmanate reflected the influence of the Russian foreign policy in Ukraine and reassured voivode Trubetskoi. Trubetskoi invited Khmelnytsky to renegotiate.

Advised by starshyna not to rush it Yuri Khmelnytsky, sent out Petro Doroshenko as his envoy. Trubetskoi, however, insisted on the presence of the hetman to sign the official treaty at Pereyaslav. Arriving there Khmelnytsky discovered that he was ambushed and had to comply to the terms imposed on the Cossacks by Muscovites (see Pereyaslav Articles).

End of the war

Most of the eastern areas marked in orange were lost by the Commonwealth to Russia in 1667; the rest were lost in the Grzymułtowski's Peace Treaty of 1686.

The tide turned in favor of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1660. King John II Casimir, having concluded the Second Northern War against Sweden with the Treaty of Oliva, was now able to concentrate all his forces on the Eastern front. Sapieha and Stefan Czarniecki defeated Khovansky at the Battle of Polonka on 27 June. Then, Potocki and Lubomirski attacked V.B. Sheremetev in the Battle of Cudnów and forced him to capitulate on 2 November, after persuading Yurii Khmelnytsky to withdraw on 17 October. These reverses forced the Tsar to accept the Treaty of Kardis, by way of averting a new war against Sweden.

In July 1662, the Right-Bank forces of Yuri Khmelnytsky, supported by Polish and Crimean Tatar troops (about 20 000 men ), were defeated in the large battle of Kaniv by the Russian forces of Grigory Romodanovsky and the Left-Bank Cossacks of Yakym Somko (about 28 000 men)..

Towards the end of 1663, the Polish-Lithuanian King crossed the Dnieper and invaded Left-bank Ukraine. Most towns in his path surrendered without resistance, but his siege of Hlukhiv in January was a costly failure, and he suffered a further setback at Novgorod-Seversky, and so his Ukrainian campaign proved a fiasco. The forces of Lithuania in the summer managed to defeat the invading corps of Khovansky near Vitebsk, but overall the 1664 campaigns were a disappointment.

Peace negotiations dragged on from 1664 until January 1667, when civil war forced the Poles and Lithuanians to conclude the Treaty of Andrusovo, whereby the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceded to Russia the fortress of Smolensk and Ukraine on the left bank of the Dnieper River (including Kiev), while the Commonwealth retained the right-bank Ukraine.

In addition to the territorial changes from the war, this conflict sparked major changes in the Russian military. While the Russian army was still a "semi-standing, mobilized seasonally", this conflict moved it along the path toward a standing army, laying the groundwork for Russian military successes under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great.

This war, occurring during a time known as the Deluge, was a major negative outcome for the Polish nation. While Poland had been able to regain some of its lost territories, in the long-term it greatly weakened and left Poland increasingly vulnerable to Russian incursions. The country found itself unable to prevent the future Partitions of Poland, in which Russia took a major part.

Notes

  1. Polish sources testify that he died near Mogilev in 1665 , killed by meal during lunch. Russian sources say that he died in Moscow.

References

  1. Овсій, Іван Олексійович. Зовнішня політика України від давніх часів до 1944 року: навч. посібник для студ. гуманітар. спец. вищих закладів освіти / І. О. Овсій . – Київ: Либідь, 1999. – 238 с. Дата обращения: 20 августа 2017. Архивировано из оригинала 13 октября 2017 года
  2. Bushkovitch 2012, p. 66.
  3. Gumilev 2023, p. 416.
  4. Perrie 2006, p. 506.
  5. Essen 2023, p. 410.
  6. Killed by Polish
  7. ^ Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721. Longman. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
  8. Wojna moskiewska R. 1654–1655. Warsaw: Kubala,Ludwik. 1910.
  9. "Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)". www.rct.uk. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
  10. "V. THe Time of the Polish-Swedish Wars (1654–1667)". www.archiv.org.lv. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
  11. ^ (in Polish) Kubala L. WOJNA MOSKIEWSKA. R. 1654–1655. SZKICE HISTORYCZNE, SER.III, WARSZAWA, 1910: Chapter VII, Bitwa pod Szkłowem i pod Szepielewiczami Archived 2015-07-01 at the Wayback Machine also available as John III Sobieski (King of Poland) (1845). Ojczyste spominki w pismach do dziejów dawnéj Polski: diaryusze, relacye, pamiȩtniki ... Tudzież listy historyczne do panowania królów Jana Kazimierza i Michała Korybuta, oraz listy Jana Sobieskiego. J. Cypcer. pp. 114–115. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  12. Грамоты из переписки царя Алексея Михайловича с Богданом Хмельницким в 1656 г.
  13. Babulin, I. (2015). Kanevskaya bitva 16 ijulya 1662 goda. Zabytaya pobeda [Battle of Kanev July 16, 1662 Forgotten victory] (in Russian). p. 41.
  14. Agoston, Gabor (Spring 2011). "Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800". Kritika. 12 (2): 284. doi:10.1353/kri.2011.0018. S2CID 19755686. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  15. "557lec3&4Decline&PartitionsofPoland". acienciala.faculty.ku.edu.

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