Revision as of 15:15, 6 September 2006 editRobertmark (talk | contribs)63 edits →Psychedelic experiments and experiences← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 02:29, 24 December 2024 edit undoAlsoWukai (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users31,707 edits ce, rm triviaTag: Visual edit | ||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|American psychologist (1920–1996)}} | |||
{{Infobox Biography | |||
{{About|the 1960s counterculture figure|the baseball player|Tim Leary}} | |||
|subject_name=Timothy Leary | |||
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2021}} | |||
|image_name=Timothy-Leary-Los-Angeles-1989.jpg | |||
{{Infobox person | |||
|image_caption=Timothy Leary | |||
| name = Timothy Leary | |||
|date_of_birth=], ] | |||
| image = Dr. Timothy Leary (1970 AP Photo).jpg | |||
|place_of_birth= ], ], ] | |||
| caption = Leary in 1970 | |||
|date_of_death=], ] | |||
| birth_name = Timothy Francis Leary | |||
|place_of_death=], ], ] | |||
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1920|10|22}} | |||
| birth_place = ], U.S. | |||
| death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1996|5|31|1920|10|22}} | |||
| death_place = ], U.S. | |||
| education = {{Plain list| | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] (]) | |||
* ] (]) | |||
* ] (]) | |||
}} | }} | ||
| occupation = {{Hlist|Psychologist|activist|author}} | |||
| employer = | |||
| known = {{Plain list| | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* "]" | |||
* "]" | |||
* "]" | |||
}} | |||
| spouse = {{Plain list| | |||
* {{Marriage|Marianne Busch|1945|1955|end=died}} | |||
* {{Marriage|Mary Della Cioppa|1956|1957|end=divorced}} | |||
* {{Marriage|]|1964|1965|end=divorced}} | |||
* {{Marriage|Rosemary Woodruff|1967|1976|end=divorced}} | |||
* {{Marriage|Barbara Chase|1978|1992|end=divorced}}{{efn-ua|Barbara Chase, Timothy Leary's fifth wife, is the sister of ].<ref name=NYTimesDeath>{{cite news|last=Gates|first=Anita|date=January 5, 2021|title=Tanya Roberts, a Charlie's Angel and a Bond Girl, Is Dead at 65|newspaper=]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/arts/television/tanya-roberts-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/arts/television/tanya-roberts-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|access-date=January 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} | |||
}} | |||
| partner = ] (1972–1977) | |||
| children = 3 | |||
| module = {{Infobox scientist | |||
| embed = yes | |||
| fields = {{Plain list| | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
}} | |||
| workplaces = {{Plain list| | |||
* {{No wrap|]}} | |||
* ] | |||
* ]}} | |||
| thesis_title = The Social Dimensions of Personality: Group Process and Structure | |||
| thesis_year = 1950 | |||
| thesis_url = https://archive.org/details/leary/leary.300dpi/page/n3/mode/2up | |||
| doctoral_advisor = Hubert Stanley Coffey | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
{{Psychedelic sidebar|History}} | |||
'''Timothy Francis Leary''' (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American psychologist and author known for his strong advocacy of ]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/people/timothy-leary |title=Timothy Leary |website=psychology.fas.harvard.edu |language=en |access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref> Evaluations of Leary are polarized, ranging from "bold oracle" to "publicity hound". According to poet ], he was "a hero of American consciousness", while writer ] called him a "brave ]".{{sfnp|Leary|1998|p=back cover}} President ] disagreed, calling Leary "the most dangerous man in America".<ref name="Mansnerus" /> During the 1960s and 1970s, at the height of the ], Leary was arrested 36 times.{{sfnp|Higgs|2006|p=233}} | |||
:''For the American baseball player use ]'' | |||
As a clinical psychologist at ], Leary founded the ] after a revealing experience with ] he had in Mexico in 1960. For two years, he tested the therapeutic effects of ], in the ] and the ]. He also experimented with ] (LSD), which was also legal in the U.S. at the time. Other Harvard faculty questioned his research's scientific legitimacy and ethics because he took psychedelics himself along with his subjects and allegedly pressured students to join in.<ref name=Kansra>{{cite news |last1=Kansra |first1=Nikita |last2=Shih |first2=Cynthia W. |title=Harvard LSD Research Draws National Attention |newspaper=] |date=May 21, 2012 |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/21/harvard-lsd-project-leary/ |access-date=March 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320064322/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/21/harvard-lsd-project-leary/ |archive-date=March 20, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Harvard>{{cite web |author=Department of Psychology |title=Timothy Leary (1920–1996) |publisher=] |url=https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/people/timothy-leary |access-date=February 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405155113/https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/people/timothy-leary |archive-date=April 5, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Weil|1963}} Harvard fired Leary and his colleague Richard Alpert (later known as ]) in May 1963.{{sfnp|Stevens|1983|pp=273–274}} In fact, many people only learned of psychedelics ''after'' the Harvard scandal.<ref name=Junker>{{cite news |last=Junker |first=Howard |title=LSD: 'The Contact High' |work=The Nation |date=July 5, 1965 |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/lsd-contact-high/ |access-date=May 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924191157/https://www.thenation.com/article/lsd-contact-high/ |archive-date=September 24, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Leary continued to publicly promote psychedelic drugs and became a well-known figure of the ]; he popularized ]s that promoted his philosophy, such as "]", "]", and "]". | |||
'''Timothy Francis Leary''', ] (], ] – ], ]) was an ] ], ], ] designer, and advocate of ] research and use. As a 1960s ] icon, he is most famous as a proponent of the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of ]. During the ], he coined and popularized the ] "]." | |||
Leary believed that LSD showed potential for ] in ]. He developed an ] in his 1977 book ''Exo-Psychology'' and gave lectures, occasionally calling himself a "performing philosopher".{{sfnp|Greenfield|2006|p=537}} He also developed a philosophy of ] and personal truth through LSD.<ref> | |||
== Biography == | |||
{{cite book | |||
=== Early life === | |||
| title = Drug Use: A Reference Handbook | |||
] | |||
| last = Isralowitz | |||
Leary was born in ], an only child<ref name="multiple1"> "Timothy Leary, Pied Piper Of Psychedelic 60's, Dies at 75," obituary, New York Times Book Review, June 1, 1996</ref> and the son of an ] dentist who abandoned the family when Timothy was 13. Leary attended three different colleges and was disciplined in each.<ref name="multiple1"/> He studied for two years at the ] in ] and was known for cutting classes, drinking, and chasing girls. He transferred to ] to please his mother but was forced to resign after an incident involving smuggling liquor during a school field exercise. An extended period of a schoolwide "silent treatment" followed. | |||
| first = Richard | |||
| page = | |||
| isbn = 978-1576077085 | |||
| publisher = ABC-CLIO | |||
| date = May 14, 2004 | |||
| url = https://archive.org/details/drugusereference0000isra | |||
| url-access = registration | |||
| access-date = April 1, 2016 | |||
| quote = Leary explored the cultural and philosophical implications of psychedelic drugs | |||
}} | |||
</ref><ref> | |||
{{cite book | |||
| title = Modern America: A Documentary History of the Nation Since 1945 | |||
| last = Donaldson | |||
| first = Robert H. | |||
| page = 128 | |||
| isbn = 978-0765615374 | |||
| publisher = Routledge | |||
| date = 2015 | |||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=t0TfBQAAQBAJ&q=timothy+leary+philosopher&pg=PA128 | |||
| access-date = April 1, 2016 | |||
| quote = Leary not only used and distributed the drug, he founded a sort of LSD philosophy of use that involved aspects of mind expansion and the revelation of personal truth through 'dropping acid'. | |||
}}</ref> He also wrote and spoke frequently about ], ], intelligence increase, and ] (SMI²LE).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/14/AR2006061402139.html |newspaper=] |first=Nick |last=Gillespie |title=Psychedelic, Man |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=September 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331171613/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/14/AR2006061402139.html |archive-date=March 31, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
== Early life and education == | |||
He earned a ] in ] at the ] in 1943. An obituary of Leary in The New York Times said he was a "discipline problem" there as well and "finally earned his bachelor's degree in the Army during World War II."<ref name="multiple1"/> | |||
Leary was born in ], an ]<ref name=Mansnerus>{{cite news |last=Mansnerus |first=Laura |title=Timothy Leary, Pied Piper of Psychedelic 60s, Dies at 75 |series=Obituary |work=The New York Times |date=June 1, 1996 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E0DD1E39F932A35755C0A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |access-date=July 11, 2008}}</ref> in an ] household. His father, Timothy "Tote" Leary, was a dentist who left his wife Abigail Ferris when Timothy was 14.{{sfnp|Higgs|2006|p=17}} He graduated from Classical High School in Springfield.{{sfnp|Greenfield|2006|pp=7, 11–12, 18}} | |||
Leary attended the ] in ], from 1938 to 1940. He received a Jesuit education there, and was required to learn Latin, rhetoric, and Greek.{{Sfn|Greenfield|2006|p=20}} Under pressure from his father, he left to become a cadet in the ]. In his first months at West Point, he received numerous demerits for rule infractions and then got into serious trouble for failing to report rule breaking by cadets he supervised. He was also accused of going on a drinking binge and failing to admit it, and was asked by the Honor Committee to resign. He refused and was shunned by fellow cadets. He was acquitted by a court-martial, but the silencing continued, as well as the onslaught of demerits for small rule infractions. In his sophomore year, his mother appealed to a family friend, United States Senator ], head of the Senate Naval Affairs Committee, who investigated personally. The Honor Committee quietly revised its position and announced that it would abide by the court-martial verdict. Leary then resigned and was honorably discharged by the Army.<ref>Peter O. Whitmer, ''Aquarius Revisited: Seven Who Created the Sixties Counterculture That Changed America'' (NY: Citadel Press, 1991), 21–25</ref> About 50 years later he said that it was "the only fair trial I've had in a court of law".{{sfnp|Greenfield|2006|pp=28–55}} | |||
His education also included a ] at ] in 1946, and a ] in psychology at the ] in 1950. During ], Leary served in the ], as a sergeant in the Medical Corps. He went on to become an assistant professor at Berkeley (1950-1955), director of psychiatric research at the ] (1955-1958), and a lecturer in psychology at ] (1959-1963). | |||
To his family's chagrin, Leary transferred to the ] (UA) in late 1941 because it admitted him expeditiously. He enrolled in the university's ] program, maintained top grades, and began to cultivate academic interests in ] (under the aegis of the Middlebury and Harvard-educated Donald Ramsdell) and ]. Leary was expelled a year later for spending a night in the female dormitory and lost his ] in the midst of ]. | |||
In 1955, his first wife, Marianne, committed suicide, leaving him a single father with a son and daughter.<ref name="multiple1"/> | |||
Leary was drafted into the ] and received ] at ] in 1943. He remained in the non-commissioned officer track while enrolled in the psychology subsection of the ], including three months of study at ] and six months at ].{{sfnp|Greenfield|2006|p=65}} With limited need for officers late in the war, Leary was briefly assigned as a ] to the ]-bound ] (which he later characterized as "a suicide command ... whose main mission, as far as I could see, was to eliminate the entire civilian branch of American aviation from post-war rivalry") at ] in ].{{sfnp|Leary|1983|p=144}} After a fateful reunion with Ramsdell (who was assigned to Deshon General Hospital in ], as chief psychologist) in ], he was promoted to ] and reassigned to his mentor's command as a staff ].{{sfnp|Greenfield|2006|p=65}} He remained in Deshon's deaf rehabilitation clinic for the remainder of the war. | |||
Leary later described these years disparagingly, writing that he had been: | |||
While stationed in Butler, Leary courted Marianne Busch; they married in April 1945. Leary was discharged at the rank of ] in January 1946, having earned such standard decorations as the ], the ], the ], and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Leary__Timothy.html |title=Timothy Leary |publisher=Pabook.libraries.psu.edu |access-date=May 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028072448/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Leary__Timothy.html |archive-date=October 28, 2014}}</ref> | |||
{{cquote|an anonymous institutional employee who drove to work each morning in a long line of commuter cars and drove home each night and drank ]s ... like several million middle-class, liberal, intellectual robots...}} | |||
As the war concluded, Leary was reinstated at UA and received credit for his Ohio State psychology coursework. He completed his degree via ] and graduated in August 1945. After receiving his undergraduate degree, Leary pursued an academic career. In 1946, he received a ] in psychology at the ] in ], where he studied under educational psychologist ]. His M.S. thesis was on clinical applications of the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=WSU - Myths and Legends |publisher=Washington State Magazine |date=2010 |url=http://wsm.wsu.edu/s/index.php?id=793#a3 |access-date=January 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208095736/http://wsm.wsu.edu/s/index.php?id=793#a3 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Psychedelic experiments and experiences === | |||
In 1947, Marianne gave birth to their first child, Susan. Their son, Jack, arrived two years later. In 1950, Leary received a ] in ] from the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Timothy Leary Papers 1910 - 2009 |publisher=New York Public Library |date=2009 |url=http://archives.nypl.org/mss/18400 |access-date=January 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116034624/http://archives.nypl.org/mss/18400 |archive-date=January 16, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the postwar era, Leary was galvanized by the objectivity of ];{{sfnp|Leary|2000|p=13}} his doctoral dissertation (''The Social Dimensions of Personality: Group Process and Structure''){{sfnp|Leary|1950}} approached ] as a "psychlotron"{{sfnp|Leary|2000|pp=13–15}} from which behavioral characteristics could be derived and quantified in a manner analogous to the ], foreshadowing his later development of the ]. | |||
On May 13, 1957, ] published an article by ] that documented (and popularized) the use of ] in the religious ceremony of the indigenous ] people of ]. Anthony Russo, a colleague of Leary's, had recently taken the ] (]), ] during a trip to Mexico, and shared the experience with Leary. In the summer of 1960, Leary traveled to Mexico with Russo and after drinking several shots of ] tried ] mushrooms for the first time, an experience that drastically altered the course of his life. (Ram Dass Fierce Grace, 2001, Zeitgeist Video). In 1965 Leary commented that he "...learned more about...(his)brain and its possibilities....(and) more about psychology in the five hours after taking these mushrooms than...(he)had in the preceding fifteen years of studying doing (sic) research in psychology..." (Ram Dass Fierce Grace, 2001, Zeitgeist Video). Upon his return to Harvard that fall, Leary and his associates, notably Richard Alpert (later known as ]), began a research program known as the ]. The goal was to analyze the effects of psilocybin on human subjects using a synthesized version of the drug--one of two active compounds in the so-called Mexican mushroom--that was produced according to a recipe concocted by ], a research chemist at ] Pharmaceuticals. The experiment later involved giving ] to graduate students. | |||
== Professorship == | |||
Leary argued that ], used with the right dosage, ], and with the guidance of professionals, could alter behavior in unprecedented and beneficial ways. His experiments produced no murders, suicides, psychoses, and no bad trips. The goals of Leary's research included finding better ways to treat ] and to reform convicted ]s. Many of Leary's research participants reported profound ]al and spiritual experiences, which they claim permanently altered their lives in a very positive manner. | |||
Leary stayed on in the ] as an assistant clinical professor of medical psychology at the ]; concurrently, he co-founded Kaiser Hospital's psychology department in ], and maintained a private consultancy.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XP02AQAAMAAJ&q=%22timothy+f.+leary%22+%22university+of+california,+san+francisco%22&pg=RA4-PA24 |title=Announcement of the School of Medicine - Fall and Spring Semesters, 1950 - 1951 |publisher=University of California Medical Center |access-date=May 19, 2014 |year=1950}}</ref>{{efn-ua|name=The Friday Project|{{harvnb|Higgs|2006|p=18}}: "In 1954 he became Director of Psychology Research at the Kaiser Foundation Hospital, and published nearly 50 papers in psychology journals."}} In 1952, the Leary family spent a year in Spain, living on a research grant. According to Berkeley colleague Marv Freedman, "Something had been stirred in him in terms of breaking out of being another cog in society."{{sfnp|Greenfield|2006|pp=68–77}} | |||
Leary's marriage was strained by infidelity and mutual ]. Marianne eventually died by suicide in 1955, leaving him to raise their son and daughter alone.<ref name="Mansnerus" /> He described himself during this period as "an anonymous institutional employee who drove to work each morning in a long line of commuter cars and drove home each night and drank ] ... like several million middle-class, liberal, intellectual robots".<ref name=Torgoff>{{cite book |last=Torgoff |first=Martin |title=Can't Find My Way Home: America in the Great Stoned Age |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2004 |isbn=0-7432-3010-8 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/cantfindmywayhom00torgo/page/72}}</ref>{{sfnp|Leary|Ginsberg|1995|p=4}} | |||
{{cquote|It wasn't long before any pretense to scientific detachment fell away and controlled experiments were chucked in favor of missionary zeal and contempt for all mundane exigencies. Chaotic tripping parties ensued, involving students, under "spiritual" or "philosophical" pretexts.<ref name="multiple2"> "The Nutty Professor," by Luc Sante, New York Times Book Review, June 24, 2006, review of "Timothy Leary: A Biography," by Robert Greenfield</ref>''}} | |||
From 1954{{efn-ua|name=The Friday Project}} or 1955 to 1958, Leary directed psychiatric research at the ].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIU3AAAAMAAJ&q=kaiser |title=Current Biography - Volume 31 |publisher=H. W. Wilson Company |access-date=January 8, 2016 |year=1970 }}</ref> In 1957, he published ''The Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality'', which the '']'' called the "most important book on psychotherapy of the year".{{sfnp|Stevens|1983|p=186}} | |||
In ], Leary and Alpert were dismissed from Harvard after college authorities confirmed that undergraduates had shared in the researchers' stash.<ref name="multiple1"/> According to another account, Leary was fired for not showing up to his classes while Alpert was fired for giving ] to an undergraduate in an off campus apartment. Their colleagues were uneasy about the nature of their research, and some parents complained to the university administration about the distribution of hallucinogens to their students. To further complicate matters their research attracted a great deal of public attention. As a result, many people wanted to participate in the experiments but were unable to do so because of the high demand. In order to satisfy the curiosity of those who were turned away a black market for psychedelics formed near the ] University Campus. Sensing the growing opposition to their research Leary and Alpert founded the ] in 1962 in ]. | |||
In 1958, the ] terminated Leary's research grant after he failed to meet with a NIMH investigator. Leary and his children relocated to Europe, where he attempted to write his next book while subsisting on small grants and insurance policies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Conners |first1=Peter |title=White Hand Society - The Psychedelic Partnership of Timothy Leary and Allen Ginsberg |publisher=City Lights Books |year=2010 |isbn=9780872865358 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780872865358/page/22 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stevens|1983|p=187}} His stay in ] was unproductive and indigent, prompting a return to academia. | |||
Leary's activities attracted siblings Peggy, Billy and Tommy Hitchcock, heirs to the ] fortune, who in 1963 helped Leary and his associates acquire the use of a rambling mansion on an estate near ] in a town called ] and continued their experiments.<ref name="multiple2"/> Leary later wrote: | |||
In late 1959, Leary started as a lecturer in clinical psychology at ] at the behest of Frank Barron (a colleague from Berkeley) and ]. Leary and his children lived in ]. In addition to teaching, Leary was affiliated with the Harvard Center for Research in Personality under McClelland. He oversaw the Harvard Psilocybin Project and conducted experiments in conjunction with assistant professor ]. In 1963, Leary was terminated for failing to attend scheduled class lectures, though he maintained that he had met his teaching obligations.<ref name="termination" /> The decision to dismiss him may have been influenced by his promotion of psychedelic drug use among Harvard students and faculty. The drugs were legal at the time.{{sfnp|Stevens|1983|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} | |||
{{cquote|We saw ourselves as anthropologists from the twenty-first century inhabiting a time module set somewhere in the dark ages of the 1960s. On this space colony we were attempting to create a new paganism and a new dedication to life as art.''}} | |||
Leary's work in academic psychology expanded on the research of ] and ], which sought to better understand interpersonal processes to help diagnose ]. Leary's dissertation developed the interpersonal circumplex model, later published in ''The Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality''.{{sfnp|Leary|1957}} The book demonstrated how psychologists could use ] (MMPI) scores to predict how respondents might react to various interpersonal situations. Leary's research was an important harbinger of ], directly prefiguring the popular work of ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Timothy Leary, Pied Piper Of Psychedelic 60's, Dies at 75 |newspaper=New York Times |date=June 1, 1996 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/01/us/timothy-leary-pied-piper-of-psychedelic-60-s-dies-at-75.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=January 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208134906/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/01/us/timothy-leary-pied-piper-of-psychedelic-60-s-dies-at-75.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=She Comes in Colors |magazine=Playboy |publisher=HMH Publishing Company Inc. |date=September 1, 1966}}</ref> | |||
Later the Millbrook estate was described as "the headquarters of Leary and gang for the better part of five years, a period filled with endless parties, epiphanies and breakdowns, emotional dramas of all sizes, and numerous raids and arrests, many of them on flimsy charges concocted by the local assistant district attorney, G. Gordon Liddy."<ref name="multiple2"/> | |||
== Psychedelic experiments and experiences == | |||
It was in Millbrook, that Leary's son and daughter, "Susan and Jack, who had been dragged through so much, beginning with their mother's death, and had been neglected and passively abused for many years, began to fall apart. (In 1988 Susan shot her boyfriend, and eventually killed herself in jail; Jack managed to repair himself, but has avoided publicity ever since.)"<ref name="multiple2"/> | |||
===Mexico and Harvard research (1957–1963)=== | |||
In 1964, Leary co-authored a book with ] called ''The Psychedelic Experience'', ostensibly based upon the ]. In it he writes: | |||
==== Introduction to psychedelic mushrooms ==== | |||
{{cquote|A psychedelic experience is a journey to new realms of consciousness. The scope and content of the experience is limitless, but its characteristic features are the transcendence of verbal concepts, of space-time dimensions, and of the ego or identity. Such experiences of enlarged consciousness can occur in a variety of ways: sensory deprivation, yoga exercises, disciplined meditation, religious or aesthetic ecstasies, or spontaneously. Most recently they have become available to anyone through the ingestion of psychedelic drugs such as ], ], ], ], etc. Of course, the drug does not produce the transcendent experience. It merely acts as a chemical key - it opens the mind, frees the nervous system of its ordinary patterns and structures.}} | |||
] during a lecture tour in 1969]] | |||
On May 13, 1957, '']'' magazine published "]", an article by ] about the use of ] in religious rites of the indigenous ] of Mexico.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Life on LSD |url=http://www.life.com/image/50711262/in-gallery/50751/life-on-lsd |url-status=dead|magazine=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026205242/http://www.life.com/image/50711262/in-gallery/50751/life-on-lsd |archive-date=October 26, 2010}}</ref> Anthony Russo, a colleague of Leary's, had experimented with ] '']'' mushrooms on a trip to Mexico and told Leary about it. In August 1960,<ref>Cashman, John. "The LSD Story". Fawcett Publications, 1966</ref> Leary traveled to ], Mexico, with Russo and consumed ] mushrooms for the first time, an experience that drastically altered the course of his life.<ref name="video">''Ram Dass Fierce Grace'', 2001, Zeitgeist Video</ref> In 1965, Leary said that he had "learned more about ... brain and its possibilities ... more about psychology in the five hours after taking these mushrooms than ... in the preceding 15 years of studying and doing research".<ref name="video"/> | |||
Back at Harvard, Leary and his associates (notably Alpert) began a research program known as the ]. The goal was to analyze the effects of ] on human subjects (first prisoners, and later ] students) from a synthesized version of the drug, one of two active compounds found in a wide variety of hallucinogenic mushrooms, including '']''. Psilocybin was produced in a process developed by ] of ], who was famous for synthesizing LSD.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Sandison | first1 = Ronald|title = Psychedelia Britannica - Hallucinogenic Drugs in Britain| publisher = Turnaround| page = 57| date = 1997| isbn = 1873262051}} 'Psilocybin...was synthesised in Dr Hofmann's laboratory in 1958.'</ref> | |||
Repeated ] raids ended the Millbrook era. Regarding a 1966 raid by ], Leary told ], "He was a government agent entering our bedroom at midnight. We had every right to shoot him. But I've never owned a weapon in my life. I have never had and never will have a gun around." | |||
] ] heard about the Harvard research project and asked to join. Leary was inspired by Ginsberg's enthusiasm, and the two shared an optimism that psychedelics could help people discover a higher level of consciousness. They began introducing psychedelics to intellectuals and artists including ], ], ] and ].<ref>Goffman, K. and Joy, D. 2004. ''Counterculture Through the Ages: From Abraham to Acid House''. New York: Villard, 250–252</ref> | |||
On September 19th 1966, Leary founded the ], a religion with LSD as its holy sacrament (by doing this, he hoped to legalize ] based on a "freedom of religion" argument). Although ] would subsequently consider Leary their spiritual leader, The Brotherhood did not evolve out of IFIF. | |||
==== Concord Prison Experiment ==== | |||
[[Image:tim_leary.jpeg|thumb|250px|left|Tim Leary 1969 <sub> | |||
Leary argued that ]s—in proper doses, a stable setting, and under the guidance of psychologists—could benefit behavior in ways not easily obtained by regular therapy. He experimented in treating ] and reforming criminals, and many of his subjects said they had profound ] and spiritual experiences that permanently improved their lives.{{sfnp|Leary|1969}} | |||
<br> By ]''</sub>]] | |||
The ] evaluated the use of psilocybin and psychotherapy in the rehabilitation of released prisoners. Thirty-six prisoners were reported to have repented and sworn off criminality after Leary and his associates guided them through the psychedelic experience. The overall ] rate for American prisoners was 60%, whereas the rate for those in Leary's project reportedly dropped to 20%. The experimenters concluded that long-term reduction in criminal recidivism could be effected with a combination of psilocybin-assisted group psychotherapy (inside the prison) along with a comprehensive post-release follow-up support program modeled on ].{{sfnp|Metzner|Weil|1963}}{{sfnp|Metzner|1965}} | |||
==== Dissension over studies ==== | |||
During late 1966 and early 1967, Leary toured college campuses to spread the ] gospel by presenting a multi-media performance called "the Death of the Mind" which attempted to artistically replicate the LSD experience. Leary said the ] was limited to 360 members and was already at its membership limit, but he encouraged others to form their own ] religions. He published a pamphlet in 1967 called ''Start Your Own Religion'' to encourage people to do so (see below under "writings"). | |||
] | |||
The Concord conclusions were contested in a follow-up study on the basis of time differences monitoring the study group vs. the control group and differences between subjects re-incarcerated for parole violations and those imprisoned for new crimes. The researchers concluded that statistically only a slight improvement could be attributed to psilocybin, in contrast to the significant improvement reported by Leary and his colleagues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v09n4/09410con.html |title=Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34 Year Follow-Up Study |publisher=Maps.org |access-date=May 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322200535/http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v09n4/09410con.html |archive-date=March 22, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> ] suggested that Leary had fallen prey to the ], skewing the results and clinical conclusions. Doblin further accused Leary of lacking "a higher standard" or "highest ethical standards in order to regain the trust of regulators". ] rebuked Doblin for these assertions: "In my opinion, the existing accepted standards of honesty and truthfulness are perfectly adequate. We have those standards, not to curry favor with regulators, but because it is the agreement within the scientific community that observations should be reported accurately and completely. There is no proof in any of this re-analysis that Leary unethically manipulated his data."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maps.org/research/ralphmetzner_concord_follow-up.pdf |title=Reflections on the Concord Prison Project and the Follow-Up Study |publisher=Maps.org |access-date=May 19, 2014 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505094936/http://www.maps.org/research/ralphmetzner_concord_follow-up.pdf |archive-date=May 5, 2014 }} Archived from the original on July 24, 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Doblin |first=Rick|title= Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment:A 34 Year Follow-Up Study|work=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |issue=4 |pages=419–426|date=1998|volume=30 }}</ref> | |||
On ], ], Leary spoke at the ], a gathering of 30,000 ]s in ] in ] and uttered his famous phrase, "]." | |||
Leary and Alpert founded the International Federation for Internal Freedom (IFIF) in 1962 in ], to carry out studies in the religious use of psychedelic drugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timothylearyarchives.org/international-federation-for-internal-freedom-statement-of-purpose/|title=International Federation For Internal Freedom – Statement of Purpose|publisher=timothylearyarchives.org|date=March 21, 2009|access-date=September 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823073645/http://www.timothylearyarchives.org/international-federation-for-internal-freedom-statement-of-purpose/|archive-date=August 23, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Lee|Shlain|1992|p=36}} This was run by Lisa Bieberman (now known as Licia Kuenning), a friend of Leary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lycaeum.org/drugs.old/hyperreal/millbrook/ch-04.html |title=4: Sir Dinadan the Humorist |publisher=Lycaeum.org |access-date=May 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122442/http://www.lycaeum.org/drugs.old/hyperreal/millbrook/ch-04.html |archive-date=December 24, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfnp|Higgs|2006|p=50}} '']'' called her a "disciple" who ran a Psychedelic Information Center out of her home and published a national LSD newspaper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=134589 |title=Court Finds Lisa Bieberman Guilty Of Violations of Federal Drug Laws | News | The Harvard Crimson |publisher=Thecrimson.com |date=November 18, 1966 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225080415/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=134589 |archive-date=February 25, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> That publication was actually Leary and Alpert's journal ''Psychedelic Review'' and Bieberman (a graduate of the ] at Harvard, who had volunteered for Leary as a student) was its circulation manager.<ref name=HiattJune2016>{{cite news|last=Hiatt|first=Nathaniel J.|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/5/23/trip-down-memory-lane/|title=A Trip Down Memory Lane: LSD at Harvard|newspaper=Harvard Crimson|date=May 23, 2016|access-date=September 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919105932/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/5/23/trip-down-memory-lane/|archive-date=September 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=hanna|first=jon|url=https://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/bieberman_lisa/bieberman_lisa_biography1.shtml|title=Erowid Character Vaults: Lisa Bieberman Extended Biography|publisher=Erowid.org|date=March 28, 2012|access-date=September 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925132326/https://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/bieberman_lisa/bieberman_lisa_biography1.shtml|archive-date=September 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Leary's and Alpert's research attracted so much attention that many who wanted to participate in the experiments had to be turned away. To satisfy the curiosity of those who were turned away, a black market for psychedelics sprang up near the Harvard campus.{{sfnp|Weil|1963}} | |||
The phrase came to him in the shower one day after ] suggested to Leary that he come up with "something snappy" to promote the benefits of LSD.<ref name="multiple1"/> | |||
==== Firing by Harvard ==== | |||
At some point in the late Sixties, Leary moved to California. He made a number of friends in Hollywood. "When he married his third wife, Rosemary Woodruff, in 1967, the event was directed by Ted Markland of '].' All the guests were on acid."<ref name="multiple1"/> | |||
Other professors in the Harvard Center for Research in Personality raised concerns about the experiments' legitimacy and safety.<ref name=Kansra /><ref name=Harvard /><ref name=SaraDavidson>{{cite journal |last=Davidson |first=Sara |title=The Ultimate Trip |journal=] |date=Fall 2006 |url=http://www.tufts.edu/alumni/magazine/fall2006/features/ultimate-trip.html |access-date=March 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304021804/http://www.tufts.edu/alumni/magazine/fall2006/features/ultimate-trip.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Leary and Alpert taught a class that was required for graduation and colleagues felt they were abusing their power by pressuring graduate students to take hallucinogens in the experiments. Leary and Alpert also went against policy by giving psychedelics to undergraduate students and did not select participants through ]. It was also ethically questionable that the researchers sometimes took hallucinogens along with the subjects they were studying. These concerns were printed in '']'', leading the university to halt the experiments. The ] launched an investigation that was later dropped but the university eventually fired Leary and Alpert. | |||
According to ], Leary (who held an untenured teaching appointment) was fired for missing his scheduled lectures, while Alpert (a ] assistant professor) was dismissed for allegedly giving an undergraduate psilocybin in an off-campus apartment.{{sfnp|Weil|1963}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Russin |first1=Joseph M. |last2=Weil |first2=Andrew T. |date=January 24, 1973 |title=The Crimson Takes Leary, Alpert to Task |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1973/1/24/the-crimson-takes-leary-alpert-to/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Harvard Crimson}}</ref> Harvard President ] released a statement on May 27, 1963, reporting that Leary had left campus without authorization and "failed to keep his classroom appointments". His salary was terminated on April 30, 1963.<ref name="termination">''New York Times'', December 3, 1966, p. 25</ref> | |||
In the late ] and early ], Leary formulated his ], in which he claimed that the human mind/nervous system consisted of eight circuits which when activated produce eight levels of consciousness. The model bears a superficial resemblance to and could be regarded as an elaboration of the Hindu system of ]; not coincidentially, the concept drew its birth pangs from discussions with an Indian swami who visited Millbrook. | |||
===Millbrook and psychedelic counterculture (1963–1967)=== | |||
Leary believed that most people only access the first four of these circuits ("the Larval Circuits") in their lifetimes. The second four circuits ("the Stellar Circuits"), Leary claimed, were evolutionary off-shoots of the first four and were equipped to encompass life in space, as well as expansion of consciousness that would be necessary to make further scientific and social progress. Leary suggested that some people may shift to the latter four gears by delving into ] and other spiritual endeavors such as ] as well as by taking ]. An example of the information Leary cited as evidence for the purpose of the "higher" four circuits was the feeling of floating and uninhibited motion experienced by users of ]. In the ], a primary theoretical function of the fifth circuit (the first of the four developed for life in outer space) is to allow humans to become accustomed to life in a zero or low gravity environment. | |||
Leary's psychedelic experimentation attracted the attention of three heirs to the ] fortune, siblings Peggy, Billy, and Tommy Hitchcock. In 1963, they gave Leary and his associates access to a sprawling 64-room mansion on an estate in ], where they continued their psychedelic sessions. Peggy directed the International Federation for Internal Freedom (IFIF)'s New York branch, and Billy rented the estate to IFIF.{{sfnp|Lee|Shlain|1992|p=97}} Peggy persuaded her brothers to let Leary rent a room at the mansion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/02/us/peggy-mellon-hitchcock-dead.html|title=Peggy Mellon Hitchcock, Who Helped Timothy Leary Turn On, Dies at 90|first=Penelope|last=Green|newspaper=]|date=May 2, 2024|accessdate=May 3, 2024}}</ref> Leary and Alpert set up a communal group with former Psilocybin Project members at the ] (commonly known as "Millbrook"). One of the IFIF's founding board members, ], a Harvard theologian, a participant at ] and a member of the Leary circle, said of the group's formation: | |||
{{Blockquote|text=There was a big discussion about whether to go underground with it and make it a kind of secret initiation issue, or go public. But Leary was an Irish revolutionary and he wanted to shout it from the rooftops. So it went that way. It simply became a tsunami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timothy Leary Turns 100: America's LSD Messiah, Remembered By Those Who Knew Him |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epdg3k/timothy-leary-lsd-acid-history |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.vice.com |date=October 23, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>}} | |||
The model was first unveiled to the world in the rare 1973 pamphlet ''Neurologic'' (written with Joanna Leary while he was in prison) but was not exhaustively formulated until the publication of ''Exo-Psychology'' (by Leary) and ]'s ''Cosmic Trigger'' in 1977. Wilson contributed significantly to the model after befriending Leary in the early 70s and has used it as a framework for further exposition in his ''Prometheus Rising'', among other works. | |||
The IFIF was reconstituted as the Castalia Foundation after the intellectual colony in ]'s 1943 novel '']''.<ref name="Chevallier">Chevallier, Jim. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604120540/http://www.chezjim.com/ovum/castalia2.html |date=June 4, 2016 }}, ''Chez Jim/Ovum'', March 3, 2003</ref>{{sfnp|Lee|Shlain|1992|p=98}}<ref name="Lander">{{cite web |url=http://wrldrels.org/profiles/LeagueForSpiritualDiscovery.htm |title=League for Spiritual Discovery |last=Lander |first=Devin |date=January 30, 2012 |work=World Religions and Spiritualities Project |access-date=September 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118050115/http://wrldrels.org/profiles/LeagueForSpiritualDiscovery.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Castalia group's journal was the ''Psychedelic Review''.{{sfnp|Lee|Shlain|1992|p=98}} The core group at Millbrook wanted to cultivate the divinity within each person and regularly joined LSD sessions facilitated by Leary.{{sfnp|Lee|Shlain|1992|p=98}} The Castalia Foundation also hosted non-drug weekend retreats for meditation, ], and group therapy.<ref name="Lander" /><ref name="UlrichJune2012">Ulrich, Jennifer. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924224659/https://www.nypl.org/blog/2012/06/04/transmissions-timothy-leary-papers-psychedelic-show |date=September 24, 2017 }}, New York Public Library, June 4, 2012</ref> Leary later wrote: | |||
=== Trouble with the law === | |||
] (l.) arrest Leary in 1972]] | |||
<blockquote>We saw ourselves as anthropologists from the 21st century inhabiting a time module set somewhere in the dark ages of the 1960s. On this space colony we were attempting to create a new ] and a new dedication to life as art.{{sfnp|Stevens|1983|p=208}}</blockquote> | |||
Leary's first run in with the law came in 1965. During a border crossing from ] into the United States, his daughter was caught with marijuana. After taking responsibility for the controlled substance, Leary was convicted of possession under the ] and sentenced to 30 years in jail. Soon after, however, he appealed the case, claiming the Marijuana Tax Act was in fact unconstitutional, as it required a degree of ]. Leary claimed this was in stark violation of the ]. The ] concurred. In ], the Marijuana Tax Act was declared unconstitutional, and Timothy Leary's conviction was quashed. | |||
] of ''The New York Times'' later described the Millbrook estate as: | |||
In 1970, Leary received a ten-year sentence for possessing two ]es of marijuana, which he claimed were planted by the arresting officer. When Leary arrived in prison, he was given psychological tests that were used to assign inmates to appropriate work details. Having designed many of the tests himself, Leary answered them in such a way that he seemed to be a very conforming, conventional person with a great interest in forestry and gardening. | |||
<blockquote>the headquarters of Leary and gang for the better part of five years, a period filled with endless parties, epiphanies and breakdowns, emotional dramas of all sizes, and numerous raids and arrests, many of them on flimsy charges concocted by the local assistant district attorney, ].<ref name=Sante>{{cite news |last=Sante |first=Lucy |title=The Nutty Professor |series='Timothy Leary: A Biography,' by Robert Greenfield |work=] |date=June 26, 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/books/review/25sante.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=July 12, 2008 |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509165407/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/books/review/25sante.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote> | |||
As a result, Leary was assigned to work as a gardener in a lower security prison, which made escape possible. Leary claimed his non-violent escape was a humorous prank and left a challenging note for the authorities to find after he was gone. For a fee paid by ], the ] smuggled Leary and his wife ] out of the United States and into ]. The couple's plan to take refuge with the ] ] failed after Cleaver attempted to hold Leary hostage. | |||
Others contest the characterization of Millbrook as a party house. In '']'', ] portrays Leary as using psychedelics only for research, not recreation. When ]'s ] visited the estate, they received a frosty reception.{{sfnp|Wolfe|1989|p=99}} Leary had the flu and did not play host.{{sfnp|Higgs|2006|p=78}} After a private meeting with Kesey and ] in his room, he promised to remain an ally in the years ahead.{{sfnp|Leary|1983|p=206}} | |||
In 1971 the couple fled to ], "where they were sheltered and effectively imprisoned by a large-living arms dealer, Michel Hauchard, who claimed he had an 'obligation as a gentleman to protect philosophers,' but mostly had a film deal in mind." | |||
In 1964, Leary, Alpert, and ] coauthored '']'', based on the '']''. In it, they wrote: | |||
In 1972, Nixon's attorney general, John Mitchell, convinced the Swiss government to imprison Leary, which they did for a month, but the Swiss refused to extradite him back to the US. | |||
<blockquote>A psychedelic experience is a journey to new realms of consciousness. The scope and content of the experience is limitless, but its characteristic features are the transcendence of verbal concepts, of ] dimensions, and of the ego or identity. Such experiences of enlarged consciousness can occur in a variety of ways: sensory deprivation, yoga exercises, disciplined meditation, religious or aesthetic ecstasies, or spontaneously. Most recently they have become available to anyone through the ingestion of psychedelic drugs such as LSD, ], ], ], etc. Of course, the drug does not produce the transcendent experience. It merely acts as a chemical key—it opens the mind, frees the nervous system of its ordinary patterns and structures.{{sfnp|Leary|Alpert|Metzner|2008|p=11}}</blockquote> | |||
In that same year, Leary and Rosemary separated. After a brief spell with heroin addiction, Leary became involved with French-born socialite Joanna Harcourt-Smith. Leary "married" Harcourt-Smith in a pseudo-occult ceremony at a hotel two weeks after they were first introduced; she would use his surname until their breakup in early 1977. They travelled to Vienna, then Beirut and finally went to ], ] in 1973. "Afghanistan had no extradition treaty with the United States, but this stricture did not apply to American airliners," Luc Sante wrote in a review of a biography of Leary. That interpretation of the law was used by U.S. authorities to capture the fugitive. "Before Leary could deplane, he was arrested by an agent of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs."<ref name="multiple2"/> | |||
] | |||
Leary married model ] in 1964 at Millbrook. Both Nena and her brother Bjorn were friends of the Hitchcocks. ], also a Hitchcock friend, and cinematographer Nicholas Proferes documented the event in the short film ''You're Nobody Till Somebody Loves You''.<ref>{{cite web| last = Pennebaker| first = D. A.| title = ''You're Nobody Till Somebody Loves You''| publisher = Pennebaker Hegedus Films| url = https://phfilms.com/films/youre-nobody-till-somebody-loves-you/| access-date = February 3, 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124446/https://phfilms.com/films/youre-nobody-till-somebody-loves-you/| archive-date = February 4, 2018| url-status = live}}</ref> ] played piano. The marriage lasted a year before von Schlebrügge divorced Leary in 1965. She married ] scholar and ex-monk ] in 1967 and gave birth to Ganden Thurman that same year. Actress ], her second child, was born in 1970. | |||
Leary met Rosemary Woodruff in 1965 at a ] art exhibit, and invited her to Millbrook.<ref>{{cite news| title = Timothy Leary's Wife Drops Out| newspaper = ]| date = February 5, 2002| url = https://www.villagevoice.com/2002/02/05/timothy-learys-wife-drops-out/| access-date = September 27, 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150149/https://www.villagevoice.com/2002/02/05/timothy-learys-wife-drops-out/| archive-date = September 28, 2017| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = McLellan | first = Dennis | title = Rosemary W. Leary, 66; Ex-Wife of 1960s Psychedelic Guru | newspaper = ] | date = February 9, 2002 | url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-feb-09-me-leary9-story.html | access-date = September 27, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150503151636/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/feb/09/local/me-leary9 | archive-date = May 3, 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Sward | first = Susan | title = Rosemary Woodruff – LSD guru's ex-wife | newspaper = ] | date = February 9, 2002 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Rosemary-Woodruff-LSD-guru-s-ex-wife-2876113.php | access-date = September 27, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170928103348/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Rosemary-Woodruff-LSD-guru-s-ex-wife-2876113.php | archive-date = September 28, 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> After moving in, she co-edited the manuscript for Leary's 1966 book ''Psychedelic Prayers: And Other Meditations'' with Ralph Metzner and ].<ref name=MAPS>{{cite web | last = Hoffmann | first = Martina | title = Rosemary Woodruff Leary – Psychedelic Pioneer | publisher = ] | date = 2002 | url = https://www.maps.org/news-letters/v12n2/12253hof.html | access-date = September 27, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170710001312/http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v12n2/12253hof.html | archive-date = July 10, 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> The poems in the book were inspired by the '']'', and meant to be used as an aid to LSD trips.<ref name=MAPS/><ref name=Chevallier2>Chevallier, Jim. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150008/http://www.chezjim.com/ovum/castalia3.html#jean |date=September 28, 2017 }}, ''Chez Jim/Ovum'', March 3, 2003</ref> Woodruff helped Leary prepare weekend multimedia workshops simulating the psychedelic experience, which were presented around the East Coast.<ref name=MAPS/> | |||
At a layover in the ], as Leary was being flown back to the United States, he requested ] from Her Majesty's Government, to no avail. He was then held on five million dollars bail ($21 mil. in 2006), the highest in U. S. history to that point {{fact}}; President ] had earlier labeled him "the most dangerous man in America."<ref name="multiple1"/> | |||
In September 1966, Leary said in a '']'' magazine interview that LSD could cure homosexuality. According to him, a lesbian became heterosexual after using the drug.<ref>Marwick, Arthur. ''The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States''. Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 312.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| title = Playboy Interview: Timothy Leary| magazine = ]| date = 1966| url = https://archive.org/stream/playboylearyinte00playrich#page/4/mode/2up| access-date = May 8, 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011095538/https://archive.org/stream/playboylearyinte00playrich#page/4/mode/2up| archive-date = October 11, 2017| url-status = live}} "...the fact is that LSD is a specific cure for homosexuality."</ref> Like most of the psychiatric field, he later decided that homosexuality was not an illness.{{efn-ua|{{harvnb|Leary|1982|p=256}}: "Since homosexuality has always been a part of every society, you have to assume that there is something necessary, correct and valid - genetically natural - about it."}} | |||
The judge remarked, "If he is allowed to travel freely, he will speak publicly and spread his ideas."{{fact}} Facing a total of 95 years in prison, Leary was put into solitary confinement in ], California, where at one point he was in a cell immediately adjacent to ]. Manson had difficulty understanding why Leary didn't try to control people when he gave them LSD (like ] attempted to do). "They took you off the streets," Manson allegedly said, "so that I could continue with your work."{{fact}} | |||
By 1966, use of psychedelics by America's youth had reached such proportions that serious concern about the drugs and their effect on American culture was expressed in the national press and halls of government. In response to this concern, Senator ] convened Senate subcommittee hearings to try to better understand the drug-use phenomenon, eventually with the intention of "stamping out" such usage by criminalizing it. Leary was one of several expert witnesses called to testify at these hearings. In his testimony, Leary said, "the challenge of the psychedelic chemicals is not just how to control them, but how to use them."{{sfnp|Leary|1982|p=144}} He implored the subcommittee not to criminalize psychedelic drug use, which he felt would only serve to exponentially increase its usage among America's youth while removing the safeguards that controlled "set and setting" provided. When subcommittee member ] asked Leary whether LSD usage was "extremely dangerous", Leary replied, "Sir, the motorcar is dangerous if used improperly...Human stupidity and ignorance is the only danger human beings face in this world."{{sfnp|Leary|1982|p=151}} To conclude his testimony, Leary suggested that legislation be enacted that would require LSD users to be adults who were competently trained and licensed, so that such individuals could use LSD "for serious purposes, such as spiritual growth, pursuit of knowledge, or their own personal development."<ref>{{cite web| title = Legend of a Mind: Timothy Leary and LSD| publisher = The Pop History Dig| date = 2014| url = http://www.pophistorydig.com/topics/timothy-leary-1960s/| access-date = May 10, 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160324040757/http://www.pophistorydig.com/topics/timothy-leary-1960s/| archive-date = March 24, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> He argued that without such licensing, the U.S. would face "another era of prohibition."{{sfnp|Leary|1982|p=148}} Leary's testimony proved ineffective; on October 6, 1966, just months after the subcommittee hearings, LSD was banned in California, and by October 1968, it was banned nationwide by the Staggers-Dodd Bill.{{sfnp|Stevens|1983|p=431}} | |||
Leary cooperated with the FBI's investigation of the ] and radical attorneys, and soon the underground became aware that he had become an informant, implicating friends and helpers in exchange for a reduced sentence. Leary would later claim no one was ever prosecuted based on any information he gave to the FBI (as noted in an : | |||
In 1966, ] recorded Leary reading from his book ''The Psychedelic Experience'', and released the album ''The Psychedelic Experience: Readings from the Book "The Psychedelic Experience. A Manual Based on the Tibetan...".''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.folkways.si.edu/timothy-leary/readings-from-the-book-the-psychedelic-experience-a-manual-based-on-the-tibetan-book-of-the-dead/documentary-prose/album/smithsonian |title=Smithsonian Folkways - The Psychedelic Experience: Readings from the Book "The Psychedelic Experience. A Manual Based on the Tibetan..." - Timothy Leary |work=Folkways.si.edu |date=March 20, 2013 |access-date=May 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529221650/http://www.folkways.si.edu/timothy-leary/readings-from-the-book-the-psychedelic-experience-a-manual-based-on-the-tibetan-book-of-the-dead/documentary-prose/album/smithsonian |archive-date=May 29, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
{{cquote|The Weather Underground, the radical left organization responsible for his escape, was not impacted by his testimony. Histories written about the Weather Underground usually mention the Leary chapter in terms of the escape for which they proudly took credit. Leary sent information to the Weather Underground through a sympathetic prisoner that he was considering making a deal with the FBI and waited for their approval. The return message was "we understand."}} | |||
On September 19, 1966, Leary reorganized the IFIF/Castalia Foundation under the name the ], a religion with LSD as its holy ], in part as an unsuccessful attempt to maintain legal status for the use of LSD and other psychedelics for the religion's adherents, based on a "freedom of religion" argument.<ref name=Lander/><ref name=UlrichJune2012/> Leary incorporated the League for Spiritual Discovery as a religious organization in ], and its dogma was based on Leary's mantra: "drop out, turn on, tune in".<ref name=Lander/> (] later considered Leary its spiritual leader, but it did not develop out of the IFIF.) ], the clandestine chemist for the Brotherhood of Eternal Love, followed Leary to Millbrook and joined the League for Spiritual Discovery. Sand was designated the "alchemist" of the new religion.<ref name=Grimesmay>Grimesmay, William. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912102731/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/12/us/nicholas-sand-chemist-who-sought-to-bring-lsd-to-the-world-dies-at-75.html?mcubz=0 |date=September 12, 2017 }}, '']'', May 12, 2017</ref> At the end of 1966, ], a friend and colleague of Leary's who had spent time with him at Millbrook, became the director of the Center for the League of Spiritual Discovery in ].<ref name=Forte>{{cite book|last=Forte|first=Robert|title=Timothy Leary: Outside Looking In|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXqrOQAACAAJ|date=March 1, 1999|publisher=Park Press|page=79|isbn=978-0892817863|access-date=September 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430042452/https://books.google.com/books/about/Timothy_Leary_Outside_Looking_In.html?id=NXqrOQAACAAJ|archive-date=April 30, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Graboi|1991|p=207}} The Center opened in March 1967.{{sfnp|Graboi|1991|p=220}} Leary and Alpert gave free weekly talks there; other guest speakers included Ralph Metzner and Allen Ginsberg.<ref name=Forte/>{{sfnp|Graboi|1991|pp=222–224}} Leary's papers at the ] include complete records of the IFIF, the Castalia Foundation, and the League for Spiritual Discovery.<ref name=StatonJune2011>Staton, Scott. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924224924/https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/turn-on-tune-in-drop-by-the-archives-timothy-leary-at-the-n-y-p-l |date=September 24, 2017 }}, '']'', June 11, 2011</ref> | |||
While this claim evidently discounts the documented involvement of Leary in the set-up of Brotherhood of Eternal Love attorney George Chula and ignores his repeated attempts to set-up his fugitive ex-wife Rosemary, it should also be pointed out that Leary's affidavits and archives provided the government with a significant amount of intelligence on the American left and drug scenes and the lack of convictions directly based on Leary's testimony does not mean that his information did not strengthen the government's hand considerably. | |||
In late 1966 and early 1967, Leary toured college campuses presenting a multimedia performance called "The Death of the Mind", attempting an artistic replication of the LSD experience.<ref name=Chevallier/>{{sfnp|Graboi|1991|p=206}} He said that the League for Spiritual Discovery was limited to 360 members and was already at its membership limit, but encouraged others to form their own psychedelic religions. He published a pamphlet in 1967 called to encourage people to do so.<ref name=Chevallier/> | |||
The testimony, which had been primarily instigated by Joanna, served as a controversial rallying point for the declining American counterculture. Many of his oldest friends, including ], ], ], ], and ], were openly contemptuous of Harcourt-Smith and felt that she had "lead him by his dick" (in the words of Krassner) into serving as a traitorous pawn in a vast governmental conspiracy against the left wing. These sentiments were echoed at a rally against the "new" Leary organized by Kesey at Stamford University. | |||
] | |||
Leary was invited to attend the January 14, 1967 ] by ], the primary organizer of the event,<ref>{{cite web| title = Human Be-In in San Francisco 1967| work = The Allen Ginsburg Project| date = July 9, 2011| url = http://ginsbergblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/human-be-in-in-san-francisco-1967-asv8.html| access-date = May 27, 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160630044906/http://ginsbergblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/human-be-in-in-san-francisco-1967-asv8.html| archive-date = June 30, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> a gathering of 30,000 ]s in San Francisco's ]. In speaking to the group, Leary coined the famous phrase "]". In a 1988 interview with ], he said the slogan was "given to him" by ] when the two had lunch in New York City, adding, "Marshall was very much interested in ideas and marketing, and he started singing something like, 'Psychedelics hit the spot / Five hundred micrograms, that's a lot,' to the tune of . Then he started going, 'Tune in, turn on, and drop out.'"<ref>Strauss, Neil. ''Everyone Loves You When You're Dead: Journeys into Fame and Madness.'' New York: HarperCollins, 2011, 337-38</ref> Though the more popular "turn on, tune in, drop out" became synonymous with Leary, his actual definition with the League for Spiritual Discovery was: "''Drop Out''—detach yourself from the external social drama which is as dehydrated and ersatz as TV. ''Turn On''—find a sacrament which returns you to the temple of God, your own body. Go out of your mind. Get high. ''Tune In''—be reborn. Drop back in to express it. Start a new sequence of behavior that reflects your vision."<ref name=Lander/> | |||
Repeated ] raids ended the Millbrook era. Leary told author and Prankster ] of a 1966 raid by Liddy, "He was a government agent entering our bedroom at midnight. We had every right to shoot him. But I've never owned a weapon in my life. I have never had and never will have a gun around."{{sfnp|Krassner|2000|p=304}} | |||
While imprisoned Leary remained a productive writer, sowing the seeds for his incarnation as a futurist lecturer with the StarSeed Series. In (1973), , & ''Terra II: A Way Out''(1974), Leary transitioned from Eastern philosophy and ] to outer space being a medium for spiritual transcendence as his principal frame of reference. ''Neurologic'' also added the idea of "time dilation/contraction" available to the activated brain through the cellular, DNA, or atomic level of reality. ''Terra II'' is his first detailed proposal for ]. | |||
In November 1967, Leary engaged in ] on drug use with ] professor ].<ref name="debate">{{Citation |title=LSD: Lettvin vs Leary |date=November 30, 1967 |url=http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/7df2a7-lsd-lettvin-vs-leary |work=Open Vault from WGBH |access-date=December 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027114834/http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/7df2a7-lsd-lettvin-vs-leary |archive-date=October 27, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==Hollywood== | |||
===Post-Millbrook=== | |||
Leary was released from prison on ], ] by Governor ]. The image of his ostensible betrayal still fresh in the eyes of most of his old base, he briefly contemplated a return to mainstream ], but his applications were ignored, ushering in a period of despondent ] and bitter fighting with Joanna. After briefly relocating to ], he left Joanna after she became pregnant with what may or may not have been his child (she professed to sleeping with another man earlier on the day of conception; Leary refused to take a ]). | |||
At the end of 1967, Leary moved to ], and made many friends in Hollywood. "When he married his third wife, Rosemary Woodruff, in 1967, the event was directed by Ted Markland of '']''. All the guests were on acid."<ref name="Mansnerus"/> | |||
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Leary formulated what became his ] in collaboration with writer ]. The essay "The Seven Tongues of God" claimed that human brains have seven circuits producing seven levels of consciousness. This later became seven circuits in Leary's 1973 monograph '']'', which he wrote while he was in prison. The eight-circuit idea was not exhaustively formulated until the publication of ''Exo-Psychology'' by Leary and ]'s '']'' in 1977. Wilson contributed to the model after befriending Leary in the early 1970s, and used it as a framework for further exposition in his book '']'', among other works.{{efn-ua|{{harvnb|Wilson|2000|p=6}}: "The eight-circuit model of consciousness in this book and much of its future-vision derive from the writings of Dr. Timothy Leary, whose letters and conversations have also influenced many other ideas herein."}} | |||
Loading his few possessions into a ], Leary established residence in ] and commenced the final phase of his career as a lecturer and (by his own terminology) "stand up philosopher". In ], he married filmmaker Barbara Blum and raised her young son as his own; they would divorce in ]. | |||
Leary believed that the first four of these circuits ("the Larval Circuits" or "Terrestrial Circuits") are naturally accessed by most people at transition points in life such as puberty. The second four circuits ("the Stellar Circuits" or "Extra-Terrestrial Circuits"), Leary wrote, were "evolutionary offshoots" of the first four that would be triggered at transition points as humans evolve further. These circuits, according to Leary, would equip humans to live in space and expand consciousness for further scientific and social progress. Leary suggested that some people might trigger these circuits sooner through meditation, yoga, or psychedelic drugs specific to each circuit. He suggested that the feelings of floating and uninhibited motion sometimes experienced with marijuana demonstrated the purpose of the higher four circuits. The function of the fifth circuit was to accustom humans to life at a zero gravity environment.{{sfnp|Wilson|1991|pp=211–213}} Leary did not specify the location of the eight circuits in any brain structures, neural organization, or chemical pathways.{{sfnp|Leary|1977|p=11}} He wrote that a higher intelligence "located in interstellar nuclear-gravitational-quantum structures" gave humans the eight circuits. A "U.F.O. message" was encoded in human DNA.{{sfnp|Leary|1977|p=16}} | |||
Leary cultivated a friendship with former foe ]. At the time, both men were near financial insolvency, and in ] they toured the lecture circuit as ex-cons debating the soul of America. The tour generated massive publicity and considerable funds for both figures. Along with the personal appearances, a successful documentary that chronicled the tour and the concurrent release of the wildly inaccurate ], '']'' helped to return Leary to the spotlight. | |||
Many researchers believed that Leary provided little scientific evidence for his claims. Even before he began working on psychedelics, he was known as a theoretician rather than a data collector. His most ambitious pre-psychedelic work was ''Interpersonal Diagnosis Of Personality''. The reviewer for ''The British Medical Journal'', H. J. Eysenck, wrote that Leary created a confusing and overly broad rubric for testing psychiatric conditions. "Perhaps the worst failing of the book is the omission of any kind of proof for the validity and reliability of the diagnostic system," Eysenck wrote. "It is simply not enough to say" that the accuracy of the system "can be checked by the reader" in clinical practice.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eysenck |first1=H. J. |title=Review of Reviewed Work(s): Interpersonal Diagnosis Of Personality |journal=The British Medical Journal |date=December 21, 1957 |volume=2 |issue=5059 |page=1478|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5059.1478-a |s2cid=220136866 |pmc=1962952 }}</ref> In 1965, Leary co-edited ''The Psychedelic Reader''. Penn State psychology researcher Jerome E. Singer reviewed the book and singled out Leary as the worst offender in a work containing "melanges of hucksterism". In place of scientific data about the effects of LSD, Leary used metaphors about "galaxies spinning" faster than the speed of light and a cerebral cortex "turned on to a much higher voltage".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=Jerome |title=Review: The Psychedelic Reader |journal=American Sociological Review |date=April 1966 |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=284|doi=10.2307/2090932 |jstor=2090932 }}</ref> | |||
While his stated ambition was to eventually cross over as a mainstream Hollywood personality, reticent studios and sponsors ensured that this never occurred. Nonetheless, constant touring ensured that he was able to maintain a very comfortable lifestyle by the mid-], while his colorful past made him a desirable guest at A-list parties throughout the decade. He also attracted a more intellectual crowd which counted ], ], ] '']'' ], and ] amongst its ranks. | |||
== Legal troubles == | |||
Leary's lecture remained fairly static throughout the era. While he continued to frequently use drugs on a private basis, rather than evangelizing and proselytizing the use of psychedelics as he had in the 1960s, the latter day Leary emphasized the importance of space colonization and an ensuing extension of the human lifespan while also providing a detailed explanation of the eight-circuit model of consciousness. He adopted the acronym "'''SMI<sup>2</sup>LE'''" as a succinct summary of his pre-] agenda: '''SM''' (Space Migration) + '''I<sup>2</sup>''' (intelligence increase) + '''LE''' (]). | |||
] agents ] and Don Strange arrest Leary in 1972.]] | |||
Leary's first run-in with the law came on December 23, 1965, when he was arrested for marijuana possession.<ref>Harvard Crimson. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215083857/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1966/1/3/leary-arrested-on-drug-charge-ptimothy/ |date=December 15, 2017 }}, ''Harvard Crimson'', January 3, 1966</ref>{{sfnp|Graboi|1991|pp=140–146}}{{sfnp|Leary|1983|pp=234-241}} 20 December, 1965 Leary took his two children, Jack and Susan, and his girlfriend Rosemary Woodruff to Mexico for an month-long vacation to rest and write an autobiography. Two days later they had crossed into ], Mexico, in the late afternoon and discovered that they would have to wait until morning for the appropriate visa for an extended stay. They decided to cross back into ] to spend the night, and were on the US–Mexico bridge when Rosemary remembered that she had a small amount of marijuana in her possession. It was impossible to throw it out on the bridge, so Susan put it in her clothes. On their return from Mexico to the United States, a ] woman officer searched Susan and found a silver snuffbox with marijuana.<ref name="Drugs: The Silver Snuffbox">{{Cite web |url=https://time.com/archive/6875062/drugs-the-silver-snuffbox/ |title=Drugs: The Silver Snuffbox |publisher=Time |date=1966-03-16 |access-date=2024-12-22 |archive-date=2024-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222133146/https://time.com/archive/6875062/drugs-the-silver-snuffbox/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Leary Gets 30 Years On Marijuana Charge">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1966/3/12/leary-gets-30-years-on-marijuana |title=Leary Gets 30 Years On Marijuana Charge |author=Stephen D. Lerner |publisher=The Harvard Crimson |date=1966-03-16 |access-date=2024-12-22 |url-status=live |archive-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210162307/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1966/3/12/leary-gets-30-years-on-marijuana/ |quote="While the prosecution contended in the indictment that three ounces had been found, a government witness said that Miss Leary carried only 11 grams and the total amount found in the car was less than one-half ounce." }}</ref> After taking responsibility for the controlled substance, Leary was convicted of possession under the ] on March 11, 1966, sentenced to 30 years in prison, fined $30,000, and ordered to undergo psychiatric treatment. He appealed the case on the basis that the Marihuana Tax Act was unconstitutional, as it required a degree of ] in blatant violation of the ]. His challenge was successful in both overturning his conviction and ]. | |||
Leary's colonization plan varied greatly throughout the years. According to his initial plan, 5,000 of Earth's most virile and intelligent individuals would be launched on a vessel (Starseed 1) equipped with luxurious amenities. This idea was entirely plagarized from the plotline of ]'s ] '']'', which in turn was derived from ]'s ] series. In the 1980s, he came to embrace ] scientist ]'s more realistic and egalitarian plans to construct giant ]-like orbiting mini-Earths using existing technology and raw materials from the ]. | |||
On December 26, 1968, Leary was arrested again in ], this time for the possession of two marijuana "roaches". Leary alleged that they were planted by the arresting officer, but was convicted of the crime. On May 19, 1969, The ] concurred with Leary in '']'', declared the Marihuana Tax Act unconstitutional, and overturned his 1965 conviction.{{efn-ua|{{harvnb|Higgs|2006|p=99}}: "His lawyers took the appeal against the Laredo arrest all the way to the Supreme Court, and on May 19, 1969 succeeded in getting the antiquated marijuana tax law declared unconstitutional."}} | |||
By the early 1980s, Leary had begun to incorporate computers, the ], and ] into his aegis of thought. In spite of establishing one of the earliest sites on the World Wide Web and his oft-quoted insight that the Internet was "the LSD of the 1990s", Leary essentially remained computer illiterate and required assistance in checking his email. | |||
On that same day, Leary announced his candidacy for ] against the Republican incumbent, ]. His campaign slogan was "Come together, join the party." On June 1, 1969, Leary joined ] and ] at their ] ], and Lennon subsequently wrote Leary a campaign song called "]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldies.about.com/od/thebeatlessongs/a/cometogether.htm |title=The Beatles - Come Together - History and Information from the Oldies Guide at About.com |publisher=Oldies.about.com |access-date=May 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412224327/http://oldies.about.com/od/thebeatlessongs/a/cometogether.htm |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
In 1989 Leary's eldest daughter, Susan, committed suicide after years of mental instability. Relations between the two had been tenuous for years, with the younger woman often casting her father as a negligent alcoholic and drug fiend responsible for her mother's death. Leary had not spoken to son Jack on a regular basis since the early 1970s. | |||
On January 21, 1970, Leary received a ten-year sentence for his 1968 offense, with a further ten added later while in custody for a prior arrest in 1965, for a total of 20 years to be served consecutively. On his arrival in prison, he was given psychological tests used to assign inmates to appropriate work details. Having designed some of these tests himself (including the "Leary Interpersonal Behavior Inventory"), Leary answered them in such a way that he seemed to be a very conforming, conventional person with a great interest in forestry and gardening.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.researchpubs.com/books/prankexc2.shtml |title=RE/Search Publications – Pranks! – Timothy Leary |access-date=June 28, 2006 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050328092027/http://www.researchpubs.com/books/prankexc2.shtml |archive-date=March 28, 2005 }}</ref> As a result, he was assigned to work as a gardener in a lower-security prison from which he escaped in September 1970, saying that his nonviolent escape was a humorous prank and leaving a challenging note for the authorities to find after he was gone.{{sfnp|Wilson|1991|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} | |||
After splitting from Barbara Leary in 1992, Leary began to ensconce himself with a much younger, artistic, and tech-savy crowd that included his granddaughters, stepson, author ], publisher ], and goddaughter ]. He was frequently spotted at ] and ] concerts, including a memorable ] experience at an early ] concert. Attempting to maintain the pace of the average twentysomething in his early seventies, Leary began to develop poor eating habits and steadily abused ] and prescription medication. This culminated in a likely overdose in late 1993 that was misdiagnosed at the time as ]. | |||
For a fee of $25,000, paid by ], the ] smuggled Leary out of prison in a pickup truck driven by ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rudd |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Rudd |title=Underground: My Life with SDS and the Weathermen |year=2009 |publisher=] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-06-147275-6 |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/undergroundmylif00rudd/page/225 }}</ref> The truck met Leary after he had escaped over the prison wall by climbing along a telephone wire. The Weathermen then helped both Leary and Rosemary out of the U.S. (and eventually into Algeria).<ref>{{cite video |people=] |year=2002 |title=The Weather Underground |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kg7N6lhjZeA | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519210045/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kg7N6lhjZeA| archive-date=2015-05-19 | url-status=dead|publisher=The Free History Project |access-date=August 9, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He sought the patronage of ] for $10,000 and the remnants of the ]'s "government in exile" in Algeria, but after a short stay with them said that Cleaver had attempted to hold him and his wife hostage.{{sfnp|Leary|1983|pp=304-306}}<ref name="Coleman2009">{{cite news |last=Coleman |first=Kate |title=Acid Trips and Frozen Heads at San Francisco's Trippiest Party |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/acid-trips-and-frozen-heads-at-san-franciscos-trippiest-party |website=Daily Beast |date=February 18, 2009 |access-date=February 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910035850/http://www.thedailybeast.com/acid-trips-and-frozen-heads-at-san-franciscos-trippiest-party |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cleaver had put Leary and his wife under "house arrest" due to exasperation with their socialite lifestyle.<ref name="Coleman2009"/> | |||
Aging perceptibly after his hospitalization, he nonetheless managed to fufill his unceasing schedule of public apperances in 1994 while continuing to frequent the LA club scene at a slightly decelerated pace. He drank heavily and seemed prone to bouts of ] for the first time in his life, but as one friend pointed out in Robert Greenfield's biography of Leary, "there were always three to four hours per day of the lucid Tim". Later that year, Leary was arrested for the final time with girlfriend Aileen Getty, charged with illegally smoking in the baggage claim area of an Austin airport. Leary hoped that this would result in endorsement deals from the tobacco industry, but nothing materialized. | |||
In 1971, the couple fled to Switzerland, where they were sheltered and effectively imprisoned by a high-living arms dealer, Michel Hauchard, who claimed he had an "obligation as a gentleman to protect philosophers"; Hauchard intended to broker a surreptitious film deal, and forced Leary to assign his future earnings (which Leary eventually won back).<ref name=Sante/><ref name=Rein2017>{{cite web |last=Rein |first=Lisa |url=https://boingboing.net/2017/08/30/interview-with-timothy-leary-a.html |title=Interview with Timothy Leary Archivist Michael Horowitz |publisher=Boing Boing |date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=February 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217141920/https://boingboing.net/2017/08/30/interview-with-timothy-leary-a.html |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1972, Nixon's attorney general, ], persuaded the Swiss government to imprison Leary, which it did for a month, but refused to extradite him to the U.S.<ref name=Rein2017/> | |||
=== Death === | |||
In early ], Leary discovered that he was terminally ill with inoperable ]. Uncharacteristically, he chose not to reveal the condition to the press upon diagnosis, but capitulated after the death of ] in August. | |||
Leary and Rosemary separated later that year; she traveled widely, then moved back to the U.S., where she lived as a fugitive until the 1990s.<ref name=Rein2017/><ref name=RL /> Shortly after his separation from Rosemary in 1972, Leary became involved with Swiss-born British socialite ], a stepdaughter of financier ] and ex-girlfriend of Hauchard.<ref name=Rein2017/> The couple married in a hotel under the influence of cocaine and LSD {{citation needed|date=January 2023}} two weeks after they were introduced, and Harcourt-Smith used his surname until their breakup in 1977. They traveled to ], then ], and finally ended up in ], Afghanistan, in 1972; according to ], "Afghanistan had no extradition treaty with the United States, but this stricture did not apply to American airliners."<ref name=Sante/> American authorities used that interpretation of the law to interdict Leary. "Before Leary could deplane, he was arrested by an agent of the federal ]."<ref name=Sante/> Leary asserted a different story on appeal before the ], namely:<ref>People v. Leary, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110651/http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp3d/40/527.html |date=December 24, 2013 }} (1974)</ref> | |||
Leary authored an outline for a book called ''Design for Dying,'' which attempted to show people a new perspective of ] and ]. "The most important thing you do in your life is to die" he claimed happily, welcoming death with the same energetic excitement he had welcomed most other challenges in his life. Unwilling to flesh out his outline, the book was delegated to another author. Leary's de facto "family"--his staff of technophilic ]ers--updated his website on a daily basis as a sort of proto-], noting his daily intake of various illicit and legal chemical substances, with a prediliction for ], cigarettes, his trademark "Leary biscuits" (see below), and eventually ] and ]. His sterile house was completely redecorated by the staff, who had more or less moved in, with an array of surreal ornery. | |||
{{blockquote|He testified further that he had a valid ] in Kabul and that it was confiscated while he was in a line at the American Embassy in Kabul a few days prior to the day when he boarded the airplane; after his passport was confiscated, he was taken to "Central Police Headquarters"; he did not attempt to contact the American Embassy; the Kabul police held him in custody and took him to a "police hotel". The cousin of the King of Afghanistan came to see him and told him that it was a national holiday, that the King and the officials were out of Kabul, and that he (the cousin) would get a lawyer and see that Leary "had a hearing". On the morning the airplane left Kabul, officials of Afghanistan told him he was to leave Afghanistan. Leary replied he would not leave without a hearing and until he got his passport back; they said the Americans had his passport, and he was taken to the airplane.}} | |||
In his final months thousands of visitors, well wishers and old friends visited him in his California home. An attempt at reconcilation with Jack proved to be a failure when Leary spent their alotted time conferring with Ram Dass and two of the ex-convicts from the Harvard psilocybin experiment. Until the final weeks of his illness, Leary gave many interviews discussing his new philosophy of embracing death. | |||
Leary's bail was set at $5 million.<ref name=Rein2017/>{{sfnp|Greenfield|2006|pp=436-467}} The judge at his remand hearing said, "If he is allowed to travel freely, he will speak publicly and spread his ideas".<ref>and also reportedly declared, "He has preached the length and breadth of the land, and I am inclined to the view that he would pose a danger to the community if released." ] (2006) "The Acid Guru's Long, Strange Trip" ''The American Conservative'', November 6, 2006.</ref> Facing 95 years in prison, Leary hired criminal defense attorney ]. Leary mostly directed his own defense strategy, which proved unsuccessful: the jury convicted him after deliberating for less than two hours.<ref name=Rein2017/> Leary received five years for his prison escape, added to his original 10-year sentence.<ref name=Rein2017/> In 1973, he was sent to ] in California, and put in solitary confinement.<ref name=Rein2017/><ref>{{vague|reason= was he awaiting trial, found guilty, or confined for in-court behavior|date=March 2017}} ], ", {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226074050/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/14/AR2006061402139_pf.html |date=February 26, 2017 }}" ''Washington Post'', June 15, 2006</ref> While in Folsom, he was placed in a cell right next to ], and though they could not see each other, they could talk together. In their discussions, Manson was surprised and found it difficult to understand why Leary had given people LSD without trying to control them. At one point, Manson said to Leary, "They took you off the streets so that I could continue with your work."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rawstory.com/2017/11/he-was-no-hippie-remembering-manson-prison-scientology-and-mind-control/|title=He was no hippie: Remembering Manson, prison, Scientology and mind control|date=November 26, 2017|website=Raw Story|access-date=November 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126164330/https://www.rawstory.com/2017/11/he-was-no-hippie-remembering-manson-prison-scientology-and-mind-control/|archive-date=November 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
For a number of years, Leary was reported to have been excited by the possibility of freezing his body in ]. As a scientist, he didn't believe that he would be resurrected in the future, but he recognized the importance of cryonic possibilities. He called it his "duty as a ]," and helped publicize the process. Privately he dismissed cryonics as "a joke" and did not seem to regard the process with much seriousness. Leary had relationships with two cryonic organizations, the original ] and then the offshoot ]. A cryonic tank was delivered to Leary's house in the months before his death, but when these relationships soured due to a great lack of trust Leary requested that his body be cremated, which it was, and distributed among his friends and family. He briefly considered ], ultimately relenting at his granddaughter's bequest, and also contemplated ingesting LSD in his final hours (á la ]). | |||
Leary became an FBI informant in order to shorten his prison sentence and entered the witness protection program upon his release in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=Timothy Leary was FBI informer |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/380815.stm |website=BBC World News |access-date=December 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Menand |first1=Louis |title=Acid Redux |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/06/26/acid-redux |magazine=The New Yorker |date=June 18, 2006 |access-date=December 25, 2019}}</ref> He claimed that he feigned cooperation with the FBI investigation of ] by providing information that they already had or that was of little consequence. The FBI gave him the code name "Charlie Thrush".{{sfnp|Lee|Shlain|1992|p=274}} In a 1974 news conference, Allen Ginsberg, Ram Dass, and Leary's 25-year-old son Jack denounced Leary, calling him a "cop informant", "liar", and "paranoid schizophrenic".<ref>{{cite news |last=Fosburgh |first=Lacey |title=Leary Scored as 'Cop Informant' By His Son and 2 Close Friends |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/19/archives/leary-scored-as-cop-informant-by-his-son-and-2-close-friends.html |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York, NY |date=September 10, 1974 |access-date=February 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204642/http://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/19/archives/leary-scored-as-cop-informant-by-his-son-and-2-close-friends.html |archive-date=February 16, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> No prosecutions stemmed from his FBI reporting. In 1999, a letter from 22 "Friends of Timothy Leary" sought to soften impressions of the FBI episode. It was signed by authors such as ], ], and ]. ], ] and Leary's goddaughter ] also signed.<ref name="Coleman2009"/><ref name="Letter1999">{{cite web |title=Open Letter from the Friends of Timothy Leary |url=http://www.konformist.com/1999/leary.htm |access-date=July 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207180329/http://www.konformist.com/1999/leary.htm |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The letter said that Leary had smuggled a message to the Weather Underground informing it "that he was considering making a deal with the FBI" and he then "waited for their approval". The reported reply was, "We understand."<ref name="Letter1999"/>{{sfnp|Higgs|2006|p=273}} The letter writers did not provide confirmation that the Weather Underground okayed his cooperation with the FBI. | |||
Leary's death was videotaped for posterity at his request, capturing his final words forever. This video has never been publicly seen but will be included in a documentary currently in production. At one point in his final delirium, he said, "Why not?" to his son Zachary. He uttered the phrase repeatedly, in different intonations and died soon after. His last word, according to Zach Leary, was "beautiful". With the movie ''Timothy Leary's Dead,'' filmmakers capitalised on his initial desire for cryogenic preservation by secretly creating a fake ] sequence. | |||
While in prison, Leary was sued by the parents of Vernon Powell Cox, who had jumped from a third-story window of a Berkeley apartment while under the influence of LSD. Cox had taken the drug after attending a lecture by Leary promoting LSD use. Leary was unable to be present due to his incarceration, and unable to arrange for legal representation; a default judgment was entered against him in the amount of $100,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Notes on People |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/25/archives/notes-on-people-ford-to-name-judge-for-jersey.html |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York, NY |date=January 25, 1975 |access-date=June 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001165412/http://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/25/archives/notes-on-people-ford-to-name-judge-for-jersey.html |archive-date=October 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Seven grams of Leary's ashes were arranged by his friend at ] to be ] aboard a rocket carrying the remains of 24 other people including ] (creator of '']''), ] (space physicist), ] (rocket scientist), and others. A ] containing their remains was launched on ] ], and remained in orbit for six years until it burnt up in the atmosphere. | |||
== Post-prison == | |||
On April 21, 1976, Governor ] released Leary from prison. After briefly relocating to ], with Harcourt-Smith under the auspices of the ], the couple separated in early 1977. | |||
'']'' was the influence for ]'s song "Tomorrow Never Knows" on ]' album '']''. Leary once recruited ] to write a theme song for his ] campaign (which was interrupted by his prison sentence), inspiring Lennon to come up with "Come Together", based on Leary's theme and catchphrase for the campaign. Leary was also present when Lennon and his wife ] recorded '']'' during one of their ]s in Montreal, and is mentioned in the lyrics of the song. (Lennon later denounced Leary, calling ''The Psychedelic Experience'' "that stupid book", but credited Leary's role in his life.) | |||
Leary then moved to the ] neighborhood of ], where he resided for the rest of his life. Unable to secure a conventional academic, research, or clinical appointment due to his reputation, he continued to publish books through the independent press while maintaining an ] lifestyle by making paid appearances at colleges and nightclubs as a self-described "stand-up philosopher".{{sfnp|Higgs|2006|p=256}} In 1978, he married filmmaker Barbara Blum, also known as Barbara Chase, sister of actress ]. He adopted Blum's young son Zachary and raised him as his own. He also took on several godchildren, including Winona Ryder (the daughter of his archivist ]) and technologist ].{{sfnp|Leary|Horowitz|Marshall|1994|pp=72-73}}<ref>The Godparent: Conversation with Winona Ryder</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = It's All Happening Poscast 36, Joi Ito Interview| publisher = It's All Happening| date = 2016| url = http://itsallhappeningshow.com/index.php/2016/04/08/episode-36-joi-ito/| access-date = May 25, 2016| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160513010012/http://itsallhappeningshow.com/index.php/2016/04/08/episode-36-joi-ito/| archive-date = May 13, 2016}} 'Joi was an integral part of my formative years...he was my dad's Godson....' - Zachary Leary.</ref> | |||
Leary was the explicit subject of the ] song "Legend of a Mind", which memorialized him with the words, "Timothy Leary's dead. No, no, no, no he's outside looking in" (a lyric later incorporated into the ]'s ] of the Moody Blues song "Ride My Seesaw"). At first, Leary detested the line, but later found the sense of humor to adopt "Legend of a Mind" as his theme song when he hit the lecture circuit. | |||
] <br> ]] | |||
A number of other musical groups have admired and been influenced by Leary, including the progressive metal band ], the metal band ], ], new wave band ] (Leary even appearing in one of their films), and ]. Nevermore mentions Leary in their lyrics, and titled one of their albums "The Politics of Ecstasy" (after Leary's book by the same name). Also, on Nevermore's self entitled album there is a song named "Timothy Leary". The Psychadelic Trance band ] uses a soundclip of Leary saying "Tune in, turn on, and drop out" in a song. Leary made a cameo appearance in "STUFF," a short film directed by ] and Gibson Haynes about the ] guitar player ]. He also appears on 'Gila Copter' off the 'Linger Fickin Good' album by the ] and also appears in the video for 'Cracking Up'. Leary also appears as the father in the ] video "Possessed to Skate". He is also mentioned in the song "The Seeker" by ]: "I asked Timothy Leary/ But he couldn't help me either". | |||
Leary developed an improbable partnership with former Millbrook-era foe G. Gordon Liddy, the ] burglar and conservative radio talk-show host. They toured the lecture circuit in 1982 as ex-cons debating a range of issues, including ], ], ] and the environment. Leary generally espoused ] views, while Liddy generally espoused ] perspectives. The tour generated massive publicity and considerable funds for both. The 1983 documentary '']'' chronicled the tour and the release of '']'', Leary's long-germinating memoir; biographer Robert Greenfield has since asserted that much of what Leary "reported as fact in ''Flashbacks'' is pure fantasy."{{sfnp|Greenfield|2006|p=186}} | |||
In the movie, '']'', the character, Jack Gurney (played by ]), who thinks he is ], claims that the voice of "Timothy O'Leary" told him he was God (see film clip ). | |||
On September 25, 1988, Leary held a fundraiser for ] presidential candidate ].<ref> Los Angeles (1988) | |||
Timothy Leary's ideas also heavily influenced the work of ]. This influence went both ways and Leary admittedly took just as much from Wilson. Wilson's book ''Prometheus Rising'' was an in depth, highly detailed and inclusive work documenting Leary’s ]. Although the theory originated in discussions between Leary and a Hindu holy man at Millbrook, Wilson was one of the most ardent proponents of it and introduced the theory to a mainstream audience in 1977's bestselling ''Cosmic Trigger''. In ], they appeared together on stage in a dialog entitled ''The Inner Frontier'' in ] hosted by the ]. Wilson and Leary conversed a great deal on philosophical, political and futurist matters and became close friends who remained in contact through Leary's time in prison and up until his death. Wilson regarded Leary as a brilliant man and often is quoted as saying (paraphrase) "Leary had a great deal of 'hilaritose', the type of cheer and good humour by which it was said you could recognise a deity". | |||
:: "On the 25th of September we're going to have, in the room upstairs, a bone fide candidate for the President of the United States. The Libertarian Party, he's running, a man, for president... his name is Ron Paul. Many of you are probably closet ]..." ()</ref><ref>Caldwell, Christopher (July 22, 2007). '']''. Archived from </ref><ref>] (December 9, 2011). '']''. Archived from </ref> Journalist Debra Saunders attended and wrote about her experience.<ref>Saunders, Debra. '']'' (December 22, 2011). Archived from </ref> | |||
Leary's extensive touring on the lecture circuit continued to ensure his family a comfortable lifestyle throughout the mid-1980s. He associated with a variety of cultural figures, including longtime interlocutors ] and Allen Ginsberg; science fiction writers ] and ]; and rock musicians ] and ].{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} In addition, he appeared in ]'s and ]'s 1994 film ], which chronicled Frusciante's squalid living conditions at that time.<ref>{{cite web| title = Stuff| publisher = Invisible Movement| date = 2014| url = http://invisible-movement.net/release/stuff| access-date = May 25, 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160927095532/http://invisible-movement.net/release/stuff| archive-date = September 27, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> | |||
Leary's endorsement of carefree LSD usage is also reflected upon in a more negative light in the concluding chapter of ]'s '']''. | |||
Leary continued to take a wide array of drugs (ranging from serotonergic psychedelics to the nascent ] ] and ] and ])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rawillumination.net/2017/08/more-on-timothy-leary-and-drinking.html|title=More on Timothy Leary and drinking}}</ref> in private, but consciously eschewed proselytizing substances in media appearances amid the escalation of the ] throughout the ]. Instead, he served as a prominent advocate for ] and ]. He expounded on the ] in books such as ''Info-Psychology: A Re-Vision of Exo-Psychology''.<ref name=Rein2017/> He invented the acronym "'''SMI²LE'''" as a succinct summary of his pre-transhumanist agenda: '''SM''' (]) + '''I²''' (]) + '''LE''' (]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Conners |first1=Peter |title=White Hand Society - The Psychedelic Partnership of Timothy Leary and Allen Ginsberg |publisher=City Lights Books |year=2010 |isbn=9780872865358 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780872865358/page/258 }}</ref> | |||
World religion scholar ] was turned on by Leary after the two were introduced to one another by ] in the early ]. The experience was interpreted as deeply religious by Smith, and is captured in detailed religious terms in Smith's later work ''Cleansing of the Doors of Perception''. This was Smith's one and only entheogenic experience, at the end of which he asked Leary, to paraphase, if Leary knew the power and danger of that with which he was conducting research. In ''Mother Jones Magazine,'' 1997, Smith commented: | |||
], Timothy Leary, and ] in 1991]] | |||
<blockquote>"First, I have to say that during the three years I was involved with that ], | |||
LSD was not only legal but respectable. Before Tim went on his unfortunate careening course, it was a legitimate research project. Though I did find evidence that, when recounted, the experiences of the | |||
Harvard group and those of mystics were impossible to tell apart -- | |||
descriptively indistinguishable -- that's not the last word. There is still a | |||
question about the truth of the disclosure." <sup></sup></blockquote> | |||
Leary's space colonization plan evolved over the years. Initially, 5,000 of Earth's most virile and intelligent individuals would be launched on a vessel (Starseed 1) equipped with luxurious amenities. This idea was inspired by musician ]'s 1970 concept album '']'', which was derived from ]'s ] series. While incarcerated in ] during the winter of 1975–76, he became enamored of ] physicist ]'s plans to construct giant ]-like High Orbital Mini-Earths, as documented in the Robert Anton Wilson lecture ''H.O.M.E.s on LaGrange'', using raw materials from the Moon, orbital rock, and obsolete satellites.{{efn-ua|{{harvnb|Leary|1982|p=231}}: "O'Neill's proposal for mini-Earths was obviously the next step in human evolution..."}} | |||
=== Trivia === | |||
In the 1980s, Leary became fascinated by computers, the internet, and virtual reality. He proclaimed that "the PC is the LSD of the 1990s" and enjoined historically technophobic bohemians to "turn on, boot up, jack in."{{sfnp|Leary|Horowitz|Marshall|1994|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}}<ref name="Ruthofer 1997">{{cite web |last=Ruthofer |first=Arno |title=Think for Yourself; Question Authority |year=1997 |url=http://www.geocities.com/arno_3/menu.html |access-date=February 2, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112225454/http://www.geocities.com/arno_3/menu.html |archive-date=November 12, 2007}}</ref> He became a promoter of virtual reality systems,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Elmer-Dewitt/Dallas |first=Philip |title=Technology: (Mis)Adventures In Cyberspace |journal=Time Magazine |date=September 3, 1990 |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,971015-2,00.html |access-date=December 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224134636/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,971015-2,00.html |archive-date=December 24, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and sometimes demonstrated a prototype of the ] ] as part of his lectures (as in ''From Psychedelics to Cybernetics''). He befriended a number of notable people in the field, such as ]<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Forte | first1 = Robert| publisher = Park Street Press| date = 1999| isbn =0892817860 | title = Timothy Leary - Outside Looking In | pages = 129141}}</ref> and ], a pioneer in virtual environments and human–computer interaction. During the evanescent heyday of the ] subculture, he served as a consultant to ] in the production of the 1993 album '']''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saunders |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Saunders |title=Billy Idol turns 'Cyberpunk' on new CD |url=http://jlrinteractive.com/press/billy-idol-turns-cyberpunk-on-new-cd/ |work=The Boston Globe |publisher=P. Steven Ainsley |location=135 Morrissey Boulevard. Boston, Massachusetts, United States |date=May 19, 1993 |access-date=May 29, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530004709/http://jlrinteractive.com/press/billy-idol-turns-cyberpunk-on-new-cd/ |archive-date=May 30, 2015 }}</ref> | |||
* The term "Timothy Leary tickets" is an affectionate nickname given to the small squares of blotter paper to which liquid LSD has been applied. Presumably, this is because such tabs offer a "ticket" to a whole new show: a "trip" to lands hitherto unexplored. | |||
In January 1989, his daughter Susan, then 41, was arrested in Los Angeles for non-fatally shooting her boyfriend in the head as he slept in December 1988.<ref name="Timothy Leary's daughter charged with attempted murder">{{Cite web |date=1990-01-09 |title=Timothy Leary's daughter charged with attempted murder. |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/01/09/Timothy-Learys-daughter-charged-with-attempted-murder/3211600325200/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=UPI |language=en-US}}</ref> She was ruled mentally unfit to stand trial for attempted murder on two occasions.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Timothy Leary 1920-1996 |first=Mikal |last=Gilmore |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=July 11–25, 1996<!--http://www.tacethno.com/info/leary/gilmore.txt-->}}</ref> After years of mental instability, she died by suicide in jail in September 1990.<ref name="Los Angeles Times-1990">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-06-mn-1266-story.html |title=Timothy Leary Daughter Hangs Self in Cell, Dies in Hospital |date=September 6, 1990 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=October 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100725/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-09-06/news/mn-1266_1_timothy-leary |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mansnerus" /> | |||
* Leary on several occasions flirted with the ] and was a member of the magical order of the ]. | |||
Although he considered her the "great love of his life", Leary and Barbara divorced in 1992; according to friend and collaborator ], "Tim basically gave me permission to be her lover. He couldn't be for her what she needed sexually, so it made more sense for him to anoint someone to do that for him."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrmWDwAAQBAJ&q=Tim%20basically%20gave%20me%20permission|isbn=9781524760199|title=Mother American Night: My Life in Crazy Times|date=May 28, 2019|publisher=Crown Archetype}}</ref> Thereafter, he ensconced himself in a diverse circle of prominent figures, including ], ], ], Zach Leary,<ref name="Coleman2009"/> author Douglas Rushkoff, and '']'' magazine publisher ].{{sfnp|Greenfield|2006|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} Despite declining health, he maintained a regular schedule of public appearances through 1994.{{efn-ua|{{harvnb|Higgs|2006|p=268}}: "The last 17 months of Tim's life were a flurry of activity. There were records to be made, documentaries to film… and countless personal appearances. A stream of press flocked to his door."}} Reflecting a modicum of ] after several failed attempts to adapt ''Flashbacks'' as a film or television miniseries, he was the subject of a symposium of the ] that year.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Forte | first1 = Robert| publisher = Park Street Press| date = 1999| isbn =0892817860 | title = Timothy Leary – Outside Looking In | page =8 }}</ref> | |||
* Leary appeared at the ] in 1991 and 1992. In front of hundreds of ] in 1991, he declared, "I have always considered myself, when I learned what the word meant, I've always considered myself a ]." | |||
From 1989 on, Leary began to reestablish his connection to unconventional religious movements with an interest in altered states of consciousness. In 1989, he appeared with Robert Anton Wilson in a dialog called ''The Inner Frontier'' for the ], a Cleveland-based group that had been responsible for his first Cleveland appearance in 1979. After that, he appeared at the ], a major Neo-Pagan event run by ACE in 1992 and 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rosencomet.com/starwood/CircleofAsh/CircleofAsh.htm |title=The Cleveland Free Times :: Archives :: Circle Of Ash<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=October 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116082713/http://www.rosencomet.com/starwood/CircleofAsh/CircleofAsh.htm |archive-date=November 16, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> His planned 1994 WinterStar Symposium appearance was canceled due to his declining health. In 1992, in front of hundreds of Neo-Pagans, Leary declared, "I've always considered myself a Pagan."<ref>Quote from CD: ''Timothy Leary Live at Starwood''</ref> He also collaborated with Eric Gullichsen on ''Load and Run High-tech Paganism: Digital Polytheism''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deoxy.org/l_digpol.htm |title=Digital Polytheism |publisher=Deoxy.org |access-date=May 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519225833/http://deoxy.org/l_digpol.htm |archive-date=May 19, 2014 }}</ref> Shortly before his death on May 31, 1996, he recorded the album ''Right to Fly'' with Simon Stokes, which was released in July 1996.<ref>{{cite web| title = Timothy Leary / Simon Stokes – Right To Fly| publisher = Discogs| date = 1996| url = https://www.discogs.com/Timothy-Leary-Simon-Stokes-Right-To-Fly/master/349850| access-date = May 25, 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161027134526/https://www.discogs.com/Timothy-Leary-Simon-Stokes-Right-To-Fly/master/349850| archive-date = October 27, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> | |||
* ]s are crackers topped by a piece of cheese, butter, or other fatty topping, covered in turn with a bud of marijuana and microwaved briefly.<ref> from ].org</ref> | |||
== Death == | |||
* Film rights for a were bought by ] in April 2006. is now in development. | |||
] | |||
In January 1995, Leary was diagnosed with inoperable ].{{sfnp|Higgs|2006|p=258}} He then notified ] and other old friends and began the process of directed dying, which he termed "designer dying".<ref name="Mansnerus1995">{{cite news |last=Mansnerus |first=Laura |title=Conversations/Timothy Leary; At Death's Door, the Message Is Tune In, Turn On, Drop In |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/26/weekinreview/conversations-timothy-leary-death-s-door-message-tune-turn-drop.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 26, 1995 |access-date=February 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204803/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/26/weekinreview/conversations-timothy-leary-death-s-door-message-tune-turn-drop.html |archive-date=February 16, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Leary did not reveal the condition to the press at that time, but did so after ]'s death in August.<ref name="Mansnerus1995"/> Leary and Ram Dass reunited before Leary's death in May 1996, as seen in the documentary film '']''.<ref name="Dying to Know">{{cite web |title=Dying to Know: Ram Dass & Timothy Leary |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2516424/?ref_=ttpl_pl_tt |website=IMDb |date = August 26, 2016|access-date=February 16, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Turan2016">{{cite news |last=Turan |first=Kenneth |title='Dying to Know: Ram Dass & Timothy Leary' documents two men and their trip of a lifetime |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-dying-to-know-review-20160613-snap-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=June 16, 2016 |access-date=February 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202934/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-dying-to-know-review-20160613-snap-story.html |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
* Leary was the ] of ], ] (daughter of his ex-wife Nena), ], ]'s daughters Caresse and Genesse P-Orridge, and ]. | |||
Leary's last book was ''Chaos & Cyber Culture'', published in 1994. In it he wrote: "The time has come to talk cheerfully and joke sassily about personal responsibility for managing the dying process."<ref name="Mansnerus1995"/> His book ''Design for Dying'', which tried to give a new perspective on death and dying, was published posthumously.<ref name="Mitchell1997">{{cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Chris |title=Timothy Leary: ''Design For Dying'' |url=https://www.spikemagazine.com/1097dead.php |publisher=Spike Magazine |date=October 1, 1997 |access-date=February 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209112236/http://www.spikemagazine.com/1097dead.php |archive-date=December 9, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Leary wrote about his belief that death is "a merging with the entire life process".<ref name="Mitchell1997"/> | |||
* Timothy Leary is mentioned in ] song "Technical (You're So)" off the album "]." | |||
His website team, led by Chris Graves, updated his website on a daily basis as a proto-].<ref name="Mansnerus1995"/> The website noted his daily intake of various illicit and legal chemical substances, with a predilection for ], LSD and other psychedelic drugs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rothstein |first1=Edward |title=Tuning In to Timothy Leary |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/techcol/0429techcol.html |website=www.archives.nytimes.com |access-date=January 23, 2021 |date=April 29, 1996}}</ref> He was also noted for his trademark "Leary Biscuit", a ] consisting of a snack cracker with cheese and a small marijuana bud, briefly microwaved.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lei |first1=Richard |title=Online, In Pain, The Apostle of Acid Prepares To Truly Drop Out |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1996/03/10/on-line-in-pain-the-apostle-of-acid-prepares-to-truly-drop-out/75a61716-d7c6-4431-b6a7-38654a6b1e31/ |newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=January 23, 2021 |date=March 10, 1996}}</ref> At his request, his sterile house was redecorated by the staff with an array of surreal ornamentation.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} In his final months, thousands of visitors, well-wishers and old friends visited him in his California home.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} Until his last weeks, he gave many interviews discussing his new philosophy of embracing death.<ref name="Mitchell1997"/> | |||
* The rock band Tiamat named a song "Four Leary Biscuits" on their album "A Deeper Kind of Slumber". | |||
] agents with mortal remains of Timothy Leary in 2007]] | |||
* ] band ] released a song about Leary in 1995 that bears his name. | |||
Leary was reportedly excited for a number of years by the possibility of freezing his body in ], and he announced in September 1988 that he had signed up with ] for such treatment after having appeared at Alcor's grand opening the year before.<ref name="alcor 1988">{{cite news |last=Darwin |first=Mike |title=Dr. Leary Joins Up... |date=September 1988 |publisher=Alcor Life Extension Foundation |url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8809.txt |access-date=August 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520015759/http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8809.txt |archive-date=May 20, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> He did not believe he would be resurrected in the future, but did believe that cryonics had important possibilities, even though he thought it had only "one chance in a thousand".<ref name="alcor 1988"/> He called it his "duty as a futurist", helped publicize the process and hoped that it would work for his children and grandchildren if not for him, although he said that he was "lighthearted" about it.<ref name="alcor 1988"/> He was connected with two cryonic organizations—first Alcor and then CryoCare—one of which delivered a cryonic tank to his house in the months before his death. Leary initially announced that he would freeze his entire body, but due to lack of funds decided to freeze his head only.<ref name="Coleman2009"/><ref name="Mansnerus1995"/> Three weeks before his death, Leary changed his mind again and generally refused cryopreservation from both Alcor and CryoCare.<ref name="The Strange Case">{{cite web |last=Platt |first= Charles |title=The Strange Case of Timothy Leary |publisher=CryoCare Report |date=July 1996 |url=http://www.cryocare.org/index.cgi?subdir=&url=ccrpt8.html#LEARY|access-date=2024-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221110558/http://www.cryocare.org/index.cgi?subdir=&url=ccrpt8.html#LEARY |archive-date=2024-02-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> He requested that his body be cremated, with his ashes scattered in space.<ref name="Coleman2009"/> | |||
* In ] Leary's father, "Tote" Leary, was drafted as a dental surgeon into the U.S. Army (commissioned a first lieutenant,<ref name="multiple3"></ref> then promoted to captain just before the war ended in 1918) and assigned to ], where he | |||
Leary died aged 75 on May 31, 1996. His death was videotaped for posterity at his request by Denis Berry and Joey Cavella, capturing his final words.<ref name="Coleman2009"/> Berry was the trustee of Leary's archives, and Cavella had filmed Leary during his later years.<ref name="Coleman2009"/> According to his son Zachary, during his final moments, he clenched his fist and said: "Why?", then, unclenching his fist, said: "Why not?". He uttered the phrase repeatedly, in different intonations, and died soon after. His last word, according to Zach, was "beautiful".{{sfnp|Leary|n.d.}} | |||
{{cquote|consorted with fellow officers and gentlemen such as General ], then the superintendent of West Point; Captain ]; and Lieutenant ]. It was at West Point on January 17, 1920, on the day after ] became the law of the land, that Tim Leary was conceived. Abigail would later recall that during her pregnancy, the smell of distilling moonshine and bathtub gin hung over officers' row like a "rowdy smog." Tote once told his son that while Prohibition itself was bad, it was not nearly as bad as no booze at all. At 10:45 A.M. on October 22, 1920, seven days before his father's thirty-second birthday, Timothy Francis Leary was born in Springfield, Massachusetts. Once Abigail gave birth to a son, General MacArthur, who had also been raised on an army post, took a special interest in the family.}} | |||
The film ''Timothy Leary's Dead'' (1996) contains a simulated sequence in which he allows his bodily functions to be suspended for the purposes of cryonic preservation. His head is removed and placed on ice. The film ends with a sequence showing the creation of the artificial head used in the film. | |||
-- "Timothy Leary" a biography by Robert Greenfield, Chapter 1."<ref name="multiple3"/> | |||
Seven grams (¼ oz) of Leary's ashes were arranged by his friend at ] to be ] aboard a rocket carrying the remains of 23 others, including '']'' creator ], space colonization advocate Gerard O'Neill and German-American rocket engineer ]. A ] containing their remains was launched on April 21, 1997, and remained in orbit for six years until it burned up in the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite news |last=Simons |first=Marlise |title=A Final Turn-On Lifts Timothy Leary Off |date=April 22, 1997 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/22/world/a-final-turn-on-lifts-timothy-leary-off.html |access-date=May 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630021355/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/22/world/a-final-turn-on-lifts-timothy-leary-off.html |archive-date=June 30, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==Creative works== | |||
===Writings=== | |||
* ''The Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality''. Leary, Timothy. 1957. | |||
* '']''. Leary, Timothy and ], ], ]. 1964. (ISBN 0-8065-1652-6) | |||
* ''Psychedelic Prayers & Other Meditations''. Leary, Timothy. 1966. (ISBN 0-914171-84-4) | |||
* ''Start Your Own Religion''. Leary, Timothy. 1967. (ISBN 1-57951-073-6) | |||
* '']''. Leary, Timothy. 1968. (ISBN 0-914171-33-X) | |||
* '']''. Leary, Timothy. 1968. (ISBN 0-914171-80-1) | |||
* ''Confessions of a Hope Fiend''. Leary, Timothy. 1973. | |||
* ''Mystery, magic & miracle: Religion in a post-Aquarian age, (A Spectrum book)''. Heenan, Edward F. and Jack Fritscher, Timothy Leary. 1973. Prentice-Hall. (ISBN 0-13-609032-X) | |||
* ''What Does WoMan Want?: Adventures Along the Schwartzchild Radius''. Leary, Timothy. 1976. Describes techniques of "Hedonic Engineering" (Leary's name for ]). | |||
* ''The Periodic Table of Evolution''. Leary, Timothy. 1977 | |||
* ''Exo-Psychology: A Manual on The Use of the Nervous System According to the Instructions of the Manufacturers''. Leary, Timothy. 1977. Starseed/Peace Press. | |||
* ''Changing My Mind Among Others''. Leary, Timothy. 1982. Prentice Hall Trade. (ISBN 0-13-127829-0) | |||
* ''Flashbacks''. Leary, Timothy. 1983. Tarcher. (ISBN 0-87477-177-3) | |||
* '']''. Leary, Timothy. 1983. (ISBN 0-87477-497-7) | |||
* ''What Does Woman Want''. Leary, Timothy. 1987. New Falcon Publications. (ISBN 0-941404-62-5) | |||
* ''Info-Psychology''. Leary, Timothy. 1987. (ISBN 1-56184-105-6) | |||
* ''Info-Psychology: A Revision of Exo-Psychology''. Leary, Timothy. 1988. Falcon Pr. (ISBN 0-941404-60-9) | |||
* ''Change Your Brain''. Leary, Timothy. 1988. (ISBN 1-57951-017-5) | |||
* ''Your Brain is God''. Leary, Timothy. 1988. (ISBN 1-57951-052-3) | |||
* ''Game of Life''. Leary, Timothy. 1989. New Falcon Publications. (ISBN 0-941404-64-1).(Original Edition Published in 1977) | |||
* ''Uncommon Quotes: Timothy Leary''. Leary, Timothy. Audio tape. 1990. Pub Group West. (ISBN 0-929856-01-5) | |||
* '']''. Leary, Timothy and Michael Horowitz, Vicki Marshall. 1994. Ronin Publishing. (ISBN 0-914171-77-1) | |||
* ''HR GIGER ARh+''. Giger, H. R. (foreward). 1994. Benedikt Taschen Verlag. (ISBN 3-8228-9642-X) | |||
* ''Surfing the Conscious Nets: A Graphic Novel''. Leary, Timothy and Robert Williams. 1995. Last Gap. (ISBN 0-86719-410-3) | |||
* '']'' Leary, Timothy (Afterword) and Geoffrey Giuliano, Brenda Giuliano. 1996. Plume. (ISBN 0-452-27025-1) | |||
* ''Intelligence Agents''. Leary, Timothy. 1996. Ronin Publishing. (ISBN 1-56184-038-6) | |||
* ''Concrete & Buckshot: William S. Burroughs Paintings''. Leary, Timothy and Benjamin Weissman. 1996. Smart Art Press. (ISBN 1-889195-01-4) | |||
* ''Design for Dying''. Leary, Timothy, with Sirius, R. U. 1997. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-06-018700-X (cloth); ISBN 0-06-092866-2 (pbk.); ISBN 0-06-018250-4 (intl). | |||
* ''El Trip de La Muerte''. Leary, Timothy. 1998. Editorial Kairos. SPANISH. (ISBN 84-7245-408-8) | |||
* ''The Delicious Grace of Moving One's Hand: The Collected Sex Writings'' Leary, Timothy. 1999. Thunder's Mouth Press. (ISBN 1-56025-181-6) | |||
* '']''. Leary, Timothy. 1999. Ronin Publishing. (ISBN 1-57951-009-4) | |||
* ''Politics of Self-Determination (Self-Mastery Series)''. Leary, Timothy. 2001. Ronin Publishing. (ISBN 1-57951-015-9) | |||
* ''The Politics of Psychopharmacology''. Leary, Timothy. 2001. Ronin Publishing. (ISBN 1-57951-056-6) | |||
* ''Musings on Human Metamorphoses''. Leary, Timothy. 2002. Ronin Publishing. (ISBN 1-57951-058-2) | |||
* ''Evolutionary Agents''. Leary, Timothy and Beverly A. Potter. 2004. Ronin Publishing. (ISBN 1-57951-064-7) | |||
* ''Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality: A Functional Theory and Methodology for Personality Evaluation''. Leary, Timothy. 2004. Resource Publications. (ISBN 1-59244-776-7)(Original Edition Published in 1957) | |||
Leary's ashes were given to close friends and family. In 2015, Susan Sarandon brought some of his ashes to the ] festival in ], ], and put them into an art installation there. The ashes were burned along with the installation on September 6, 2015.<ref name="sarandon ashes">{{cite magazine |last=Kimble |first=Lindsay |title=Susan Sarandon Takes the Ashes of Timothy Leary to Burning Man |url=http://www.people.com/article/susan-sarandon-brings-timothy-leary-ashes-burning-man |date=September 7, 2015 |magazine=People |access-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910020713/http://www.people.com/article/susan-sarandon-brings-timothy-leary-ashes-burning-man |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==Partial Discography== | |||
* ''L.S.D.'' (1966) | |||
* ''Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out'' (The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (1967) | |||
* ''You Can Be Anyone This Time Around'' (1970) | |||
* ''The Inner Frontier'' with Robert Anton Wilson (1989) | |||
* ''From Psychedelics to Cybernetics'' (1989) | |||
* ''Origins of Dance'' (1990) | |||
* ''How to Operate Your Brain'' (1992) | |||
* ''Right to Fly'' (1996) | |||
* ''Beyond Life With Timothy Leary'' (1996) | |||
* ''Timothy Leary Live at Starwood'' (2001) recorded in 1991 | |||
* ''Timothy Leary: A Cheerleader for Change'' (2001) ACE/Llewellyn Collection - Recorded in 1985 | |||
* ''The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on Tibetan Book of the Dead'' (with Richard Alpert & Ralph Metzner) (2003) | |||
==Personal life== | |||
Also Appears On: | |||
] | |||
Leary was legally married five times, sired three biological children and adopted a fourth child. He also regarded ] (his domestic partner from 1972 to 1977) as his ] for the duration of their relationship. His first wife, Marianne Busch, died by suicide.<ref name="Washington Post 1996">{{cite news | title=LSD ADVOCATE, '60S ICON TIMOTHY LEARY DIES AT 75 | newspaper=Washington Post | date=1996-06-01 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/06/01/lsd-advocate-60s-icon-timothy-leary-dies-at-75/d853cd36-5bf3-4fbd-8e14-20f9cd3e01e4/ | access-date=2022-03-11}}</ref> | |||
* 1945–1955 Marianne Busch (1921–1955) | |||
** daughter Susan<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-07-me-694-story.html |title=Leary's Daughter Dies After Hanging: Death: She was in custody after twice being judged mentally unfit to stand trial on charges of shooting her boyfriend last year |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=September 7, 1990 |access-date=September 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925194033/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-07-me-694-story.html |archive-date=September 25, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> (1947–1990) | |||
** son Jack<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observer.com/2006/06/a-long-strange-trip-learys-circus-chronicled/ |title=A Long, Strange Trip: Leary's Circus Chronicled |website=] |date=June 19, 2006 |access-date=September 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925194030/https://observer.com/2006/06/a-long-strange-trip-learys-circus-chronicled/ |archive-date=September 25, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> (1949–) | |||
* 1956–1957 Mary Cioppa<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/tdowling?lang=en&n=della+cioppa&oc=0&p=mary |title=Family tree of Mary Della Cioppa |website=Geneanet}}</ref> (1920–1996) | |||
* 1964–1965 ] (1941–) | |||
* 1967–1976 (separated 1972) Rosemary Woodruff<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maps.org/news-letters/v12n2/12253hof.html |title=Rosemary Woodruff Leary -- Psychedelic Pioneer By Martina Hoffmann with Friends of Rosemary Woodruff Leary |access-date=September 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710001312/http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v12n2/12253hof.html |archive-date=July 10, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> (1935–2002)<ref name=RL>{{cite news|last1=Martin |first1=Douglas |title=Rosemary Woodruff, 66, Wife And Fellow Fugitive of Leary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/16/us/rosemary-woodruff-66-wife-and-fellow-fugitive-of-leary.html |access-date=November 16, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=February 16, 2002}}</ref> | |||
* 1972–1977 ] (domestic partner) (1946–2020)<ref name=telegraph>. ''The Telegraph''. November 6, 2020.</ref> | |||
** son Marlon Gobel (1976–)<ref name=telegraph/> | |||
* 1978–1992 Barbara Blum Chase (1946–)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0153690/ |title=Barbara Chase |website=] |access-date=September 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410000957/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0153690/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fycharliesangels.tumblr.com/post/28604402094/barbara-leigh-blum-chase-leary-was-the-fifth-wife |title=FY! Charlie's Angels |access-date=September 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925194350/https://fycharliesangels.tumblr.com/post/28604402094/barbara-leigh-blum-chase-leary-was-the-fifth-wife |archive-date=September 25, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/wikifrat?lang=en&n=blum&oc=0&p=barbara |title=Family tree of Barbara BLUM |website=Geneanet}}</ref> | |||
** son Zach (1973–) (adopted){{sfnp|Leary|2019}} | |||
== Influence == | |||
* ''Seven Up'' - Ash Ra Temple (1972) | |||
Leary was an early influence on applying ] to psychology, having introduced the concept to the ] in 1961 at its annual conference in Copenhagen.<ref name="G. P. Putnam's Sons">{{cite book| last1 = Solomon | first1 = David| title = LSD: The Consciousness-Expanding Drug| publisher = G. P. Putnam's Sons| pages = 97–113| date = 1964| isbn = 129929507X }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Conners |first1=Peter |title=White Hand Society - The Psychedelic Partnership of Timothy Leary and Allen Ginsberg |publisher=City Lights Books |year=2010 |isbn=9780872865358 |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780872865358/page/113 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Leary|1982|p=45}}{{efn-ua|{{harvnb|Leary|1983|p=196}}: "Psychiatrist Eric Berne popularised my concepts of transactional analysis and game theory in ''Games People Play'', making accessible to the public concepts of behaviour-change that had formerly been reserved to the psychological priesthood."}} He was also an early influence on ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Timothy Leary|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-timothy-leary-1334884.html|author=Morton Schatzman|date=June 1, 1996|work=The Independent|access-date=August 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925115021/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-timothy-leary-1334884.html|archive-date=September 25, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Libertarian Psychology|url=https://mises.org/library/libertarian-psychology|author=Jeff Riggenbach|date=July 1, 2011|work=Mises Daily|access-date=August 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927132024/https://mises.org/library/libertarian-psychology|archive-date=September 27, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> His concept of the four ], dating to 1951,{{sfnp|Leary|Freeman|Ossorio|Coffey|1951}} became an influence on transactional analysis by the late 1960s, popularized by Thomas Harris in his book, ''I'm OK, You're OK''.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Harris| first1 = Thomas| title = I'm Ok - You're Ok| publisher = Pan Books| date = 1973| isbn = 0-330-23543-5| url = https://archive.org/details/imokyoureok00thom}}</ref> | |||
* ''Trance-Techno Express: From Detroit to Berlin & Back'' - Various (1993) | |||
* ''Ancient Lights and the Blackcore'' - with Scorn, Seefeel, Yanomami Shamans from the Amazon, and DJ Cheb I. Sabbah (1995) | |||
* ''Krautrock'' - Various (1997) | |||
* ''Sub Rosa Underwood, Vol. 3: A Sampler'' - Various (1998) | |||
* ''Intermenstral'' - Various (2001) | |||
Many consider Leary one of the most prominent figures of the ], and since those times he has remained influential on ], literature, television,<ref name="G. P. Putnam's Sons" /> film and, especially, music. | |||
===Multimedia performances=== | |||
The progressive rock band ] used a sample of Leary's speech for the intro to their song ''Third Eye'' as heard live on the ] CD. The short excerpt started with the repeating phrase "Think for yourself; question authority." | |||
Leary coined the influential term ], a kind of ]. The theory states that, with a subconscious set of mental filters formed from their beliefs and experiences, everyone interprets the same world differently, hence "Truth is in the eye of the beholder."{{efn-ua|{{harvnb|Higgs|2006|p=282}}: " Wilson is often credited with creating the phrase 'reality tunnels', but when asked about it, he is quick to give Leary the credit."}} | |||
*In 1966 he recorded an album "Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out" (Original release: Mercury 21131 (mono) /61131 (stereo), US 1967) which was ostensibly a "user manual" for a self-guided LSD "trip". While the album did poorly in general release, it has become one of the rarest "memorabilia" and prized of possessions of many Leary collections. One track, "All The Girls Are Yours" has been performed repeatedly by others, and was even in 2004. | |||
His ideas influenced the work of his friend ].<ref name="SLATE-20170103">{{cite news |last=Lattin |first=Don |title=The War on Drugs Halted Research Into the Potential Benefits of Psychedelics - Now it's finally starting up again. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2017/01/the-war-on-drugs-halted-research-into-the-potential-benefits-of-psychedelics.html |date=January 3, 2017 |work=] |access-date=January 27, 2020 }}</ref> This influence went both ways, with Leary taking just as much from Wilson. Wilson's 1983 book '']'' was an in-depth, highly detailed and inclusive work documenting Leary's ]. Although the theory originated in discussions between Leary and a Hindu holy man at Millbrook, Wilson was one of its most ardent proponents and introduced it to a mainstream audience in 1977's bestselling ''Cosmic Trigger''. In 1989, they appeared together on stage in a dialog called ''The Inner Frontier''<ref>Lesie, Michele (1989) ''High Priest of LSD To Drop In''. '']''</ref> hosted by the ],<ref>''Local Group Hosts Dr. Timothy Leary'' by Will Allison (''The Observer'' September 29, 1989)</ref> the same group that had hosted Leary's first Cleveland appearance in 1979.<ref>''Two 60s Cult Heroes, on the Eve of the 80s'' by James Neff (''Cleveland Plain Dealer'' October 30, 1979)</ref><ref>''Timothy Leary: An LSD Cowboy Turns Cosmic Comic'' by Frank Kuznik. ''Cleveland'' magazine, November 1979.</ref> | |||
*In 1973 he recorded the album "Seven Up" with the German band Ash Ra Tempel. | |||
World religion scholar ] was "turned on" by Leary after being introduced to him by ] in the early 1960s. Smith interpreted the experience as deeply religious, and described it in detailed religious terms in his book ''Cleansing of the Doors of Perception''.{{sfnp|Smith|2001|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} Smith asked Leary whether he knew the power and danger of what he was conducting research with. In ''Mother Jones Magazine'', 1997, Smith commented: | |||
*He was also mentioned in the musical ''Hair'' in the two songs ''Manchester, England'' and ''The Flesh Failures''. | |||
<blockquote>First, I have to say that during the three years I was involved with that ], LSD was not only legal but respectable. Before Tim went on his unfortunate careening course, it was a legitimate research project. Though I did find evidence that, when recounted, the experiences of the Harvard group and those of mystics were impossible to tell apart—descriptively indistinguishable—that's not the last word. There is still a question about the truth of the disclosure. Was the drug-induced mystical experience just an emotional jag that messed up some neural connections? Or was it a genuine disclosure, an epiphany?<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Marilyn Berlin Snell |url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/1997/11/world-religion-according-huston-smith?page=1 |title=The World of Religion According to Huston Smith |magazine=Mother Jones |access-date=May 19, 2014 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208111520/http://www.motherjones.com/politics/1997/11/world-religion-according-huston-smith?page=1 |archive-date=December 8, 2013 }}</ref></blockquote> | |||
*In 1981, he had a cameo in ]'s film '']'', wherein he played a doctor who had "the key" to ]'s escape from a mental hospital. Rather than giving him the key to his straightjacket, however, he gives him a dose of LSD. | |||
==In popular culture== | |||
*In 1984, ] created a controversy when it juxtaposed Leary and his work with excerpts from ]'s play ''The Crucible'' in their ensemble performance piece ''L.S.D. (... Just the High Points...)'' | |||
===In film=== | |||
]"]] | |||
In the 1968 '']'' episode "The Big Prophet", ] played Brother William Bentley, leader of the Temple of the Expanded Mind, a thinly fictionalized Leary. Bentley held forth for the entire half-hour on the rights of the individual and the benefits of LSD and marijuana, while Joe Friday argued the contrary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/shows/dragnet/the-big-prophet-142783/|title=Dragnet: The Big Prophet|website=TV.com|access-date=February 3, 2020|archive-date=September 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928044103/http://www.tv.com/shows/dragnet/the-big-prophet-142783/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
The 1979 musical '']'' and ] make multiple references to Leary.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://genius.com/Galt-macdermot-the-flesh-failures-eyes-look-your-last-let-the-sunshine-in-medley-lyrics |title=Galt MacDermot (Ft. Caissie Levy, Gavin Creel & Sasha Allen) – the Flesh Failures / Eyes Look Your Last / Let the Sunshine in (Medley) |access-date=May 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717231654/https://genius.com/Galt-macdermot-the-flesh-failures-eyes-look-your-last-let-the-sunshine-in-medley-lyrics |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
*On three occasions a multi-media maze based on Timothy Leary's ] designed by ] co-director Joseph Rothenberg was presented at the ], and it was presented for 30 days at the Starwood Center in Cleveland, OH. ], ], and ] have all been participants in presentations of the 8-Circuit Maze. http://www.rosencomet.com/starwoodcenter/mm-pics.html | |||
*In 1990 he recorded the album "The Origins of Dance" with The Grid. | |||
Leary appears in ]'s 1981 film '']'', featured in a scene in which he gives Cheech "the key to the universe".<ref>{{cite web |title=Nice Dreams (1981) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082163/quotes/qt5101248 |website=IMDb |access-date=December 30, 2020}}</ref> | |||
*In 1993 he was credited with the opening track "The Incredible Lightness Of Being Molecular" on the "Fifty Years of Sunshine," a CD that celebrated the invention of LSD. Recorded in Los Angeles by Genesis P-Orridge and Doug Rushkoff on March 14, 1993. Written by Dr. Timothy Leary for the special publication Lysergic Times, edited by Michael Horowitz to commemorate 50 years of LSD, and launched on April 16th 1993 in San Francisco, USA. | |||
In 1994, Leary appeared as himself in the '']'' episode "Elevator",<ref>{{cite web |title=Space Ghost Coast to Coast (TV Series) Elevator (1994) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0706051/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |website=IMDb}}</ref> and also appeared in an episode of '']'' as the character Dr. Milo.<ref>{{Citation|title="The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr." Stagecoach (TV Episode 1994) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0505814/characters/nm0495276|access-date=June 23, 2021}}</ref> | |||
*He appeared as guest vocalist on the opening track ''Gila Copter'' of the ] ] album ''Linger Ficken' Good... and Other Barnyard Oddities''. | |||
In 1996, months before his death, Leary appeared in the ] feature film '']''.<ref>Mark Savlov, , 'The Austin Chronicle', June 11, 1999. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114044440/https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/film/1999-06-11/139701/ |date=January 14, 2019 }}.</ref> | |||
*He is also mentioned in ] song "Technical (You're So)" ; "You dance like a Hindu deity/Best friends with Timothy Leary" | |||
The 1998 movie '']'', adapted from ]'s ], portrays heavy psychedelic drug use and mentions Leary when the protagonist ponders the meaning of the acid wave of the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120669/trivia?tab=qt&item=qt0471605 |title=Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998) : Quotes |publisher=IMDb.com |access-date=May 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623193336/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120669/trivia?tab=qt&item=qt0471605 |archive-date=June 23, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
*He sings in the chorus of the ] song ]. | |||
===In music=== | |||
*He is also mentioned in ] song "The Seeker" ; "I asked Bobby Dylan, I asked The Beatles/I asked Timothy Leary, but he couldn't help me either." | |||
'']'' (1964) was the inspiration for ]'s song "]", on ]' album '']'' (1966).<ref name=Sante/> | |||
] recorded two songs about Leary. "]", written and sung by ] on their album '']'' (1968), begins: "Timothy Leary's dead. No, no, no, no, he's outside looking in".<ref name=Lattin/> The second was "When You're a Free Man" on the '']'' album.{{sfnp|Higgs|2006|p=173}} | |||
*He is the subject of "Legend of a Mind" by the ] | |||
Leary recruited Lennon to write a theme song for his ] campaign against Ronald Reagan (which was interrupted by Leary's prison sentence for cannabis possession), inspiring Lennon to come up with "]" (1969), based on Leary's campaign theme and catchphrase.<ref name=Lattin>{{cite book |last=Lattin |first=Don |title=The Harvard Psychedelic Club: How Timothy Leary, Ram Dass, Huston Smith, and Andrew Weil Killed the Fifties and Ushered in a New Age for America |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2011 |page=13 |isbn=978-0-06-165594-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beatlesbible.com/songs/come-together/ |title=Come Together |date=March 15, 2008 |publisher=The Beatles Bible |access-date=May 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726210303/http://www.beatlesbible.com/songs/come-together/ |archive-date=July 26, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
*His speech appears on a song called "Left Handshake" by ]. cEvin Key tried to obtain the permission to put his speech on that track, but he didn't because of copyright terms. Also, the same speech was used for a ] track called "Fixed". | |||
Leary was present and sang back-up vocals when Lennon and his wife, ], recorded "]" (1969) during their ] in Montreal and is mentioned in the lyrics of the song.<ref>{{cite book |last=Perlstein |first=Rick |title=Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2008 |page=386 |isbn=978-0-7432-4302-5}}</ref> | |||
*The phrase "turn on, tune in, drop out" appears on the ] song "The Revolution will not be televised". | |||
]'s 1970 single "]" mentions Leary in a sequence where the song's protagonist claims that Leary (among other high-profile people) was unable to help them with their search for answers.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.americansongwriter.com/2012/09/the-who-the-seeker/ |title=The Who, "The Seeker" |magazine=American Songwriter |date=September 17, 2012 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723123727/http://www.americansongwriter.com/2012/09/the-who-the-seeker/ |archive-date=July 23, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
*A song called "Timothy Leary" appears on the 1995 album "Nevermore" by the band ], lamenting his persecution by authorities. The following album was also entitled "]" the title of a book written by Timothy Leary in 1968. | |||
While in exile in ], Leary and British writer Brian Barritt collaborated with the German band ] and recorded the album '']'' (1973).{{sfnp|Higgs|2006|pp=182–185}} He is credited as a songwriter, and his lyrics and vocals can be heard throughout the album.<ref>Article, "It's Frothy Man", ''Mojo'', issue #113, April 2003.</ref> Commenting on the work of his friend ], a ] from Switzerland who won an ] for his work on the film '']'', Leary noted: | |||
*A South African hardcore/punk band is named "timothylearyisinnocent" after him. However the name is more of a joke than an actual testament to Timothy Leary. The band can be found at www.myspace.com/wefuckingrockdotcom | |||
{{blockquote|Giger's work disturbs us, spooks us, because of its enormous evolutionary time span. It shows us, all too clearly, where we come from and where we are going.|author=Timothy Leary |source='']''<ref name="NYT-20140514">{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |title=H. R. Giger, Swiss Artist, Dies at 74; His Vision Gave Life to 'Alien' Creature |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/14/arts/h-r-giger-swiss-artist-dies-at-74-his-vision-gave-life-to-alien-creature.html |date=May 14, 2014 |work=] |access-date=May 14, 2014 |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921095733/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/14/arts/h-r-giger-swiss-artist-dies-at-74-his-vision-gave-life-to-alien-creature.html |archive-date=September 21, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | |||
In 1995, Leary had a cameo at the end of the music video for the song "]" by ] group ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktZoUHcP0wI |title=Blind Melon – Galaxie |author=BlindMelonVEVO |date=October 12, 2012 |via=YouTube |access-date=January 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224124347/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktZoUHcP0wI |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
*He is mentioned in the fact track on the DVD of Blow | |||
The ] song "It's Saturday", from their 1999 album '']'', mentions joining Timothy Leary "in a cryogenic freeze."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marcy Playground - It's Saturday Lyrics |url=https://www.musixmatch.com/lyrics/Marcy-Playground/It-s-Saturday |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=musiXmatch |language=en}}</ref> | |||
*Cameo appearance in 1992's "Roadside Prophets" where he educates Adam Horwitz's (Beastie Boys) character on ]. | |||
===In comic books=== | |||
*He is mentioned on a track of ]'s CD, "True Stories I Made Up", where he states "I believe the act of non-doing is the most important act of all. Thanks Uma's Dad!" - Referring to Leary as Uma Thurman's father | |||
In 1973, ''El Perfecto Comics'' was organized by ] and published by ] to raise funds for the Timothy Leary Defense Fund. The comic features 31 underground artists contributing mostly one-pagers about drug experiences (primarily LSD). The front cover and a contributed one-page story are by ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://comixjoint.com/elperfecto-1st.html |title=El Perfecto Comics 1st Printing |website=comixjoint.com |access-date=September 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205180723/http://comixjoint.com/elperfecto-1st.html |archive-date=December 5, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 1979, ] published a one-shot edition of Neurocomics titled ''Timothy Leary''. "Evolved from transmissions of Dr. Timothy Leary as filtered through Pete Von Sholly & ]", it is based on Leary's writings related to life, the brain, and intelligence. DiCaprio collaborated with Leary on the script.<ref>{{cite web | last = Lauren | first = Davis | title = Read Timothy Leary's brain-melting comic about space migration and the future of human consciousness | website = ] | url = https://io9.gizmodo.com/5988180/read-timothy-learys-brain-melting-comic-about-space-migration-and-the-future-of-human-consciousness | date = March 3, 2013 | access-date = February 15, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180215083840/https://io9.gizmodo.com/5988180/read-timothy-learys-brain-melting-comic-about-space-migration-and-the-future-of-human-consciousness | archive-date = February 15, 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
===Games=== | |||
* Equal parts party game, roleplaying game and social simulation, ''Timothy Leary's Mind Mirror'' was released for ], ], and ] computers by ] in 1985. The game was a digital reinterpreting of Leary's doctoral thesis. | |||
== Works == | |||
He later stated that he had plans to release an updated version of the program with advanced graphics (including ] and ] versions), but that never occurred. | |||
{{main|Timothy Leary bibliography}} | |||
Leary authored and coauthored more than 20 books and was featured on more than a dozen audio recordings. His acting career included over a dozen appearances in movies and television shows in various roles and over 30 appearances as himself. He also produced and/or collaborated with others in the creation of multimedia presentations and computer games. | |||
===TV appearances=== | |||
* He appeared as a Harvard professor in the episode Stagecoach of the TV show ] with ]. | |||
In 2011, '']'' reported that the ] had acquired Leary's personal archives, including papers, videotapes, photographs and other archival material from the Leary estate, including correspondence and documents relating to ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and other prominent cultural figures.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Patricia |title=New York Public Library Buys Timothy Leary's Papers |work=] |date=June 15, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/16/books/new-york-public-library-buys-timothy-learys-papers.html?ref=arts |access-date=December 23, 2013 |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424084121/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/16/books/new-york-public-library-buys-timothy-learys-papers.html?ref=arts |archive-date=April 24, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The collection became available in September 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/what-trip-timothy-learys-files-go-public-ny |title=What a trip: Timothy Leary's files go public in NY |first=Ula |last=Ilnytzky |date=September 18, 2013 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=November 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207183320/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/what-trip-timothy-learys-files-go-public-ny |archive-date=December 7, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
* He appeared in "]" first chapter. | |||
* Has a cameo at the end of the 1995 music video "Galaxie" by the rock group ]. | |||
== See also == | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* '']'' | |||
* ] | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
===Citations=== | |||
<div class="references-small"> | |||
{{full citations needed|date=July 2024}} | |||
<references /> | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
</div> | |||
===Works cited=== | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Graboi |first=Nina |title=One Foot in the Future: A Woman's Spiritual Journey |year=1991 |publisher=Aerial Press |isbn=978-0942344103}} | |||
* {{cite book |title=Timothy Leary: A Biography |first=Robert |last=Greenfield |year=2006 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0151005000 |author-link=Robert Greenfield |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/timothylearybiog00gree}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Higgs |first=John |title=I Have America Surrounded: The Life of Timothy Leary |location=United Kingdom |publisher=Friday Books |year=2006 |isbn=1905548257}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Krassner |first=Paul |publisher=Seven Stories Press |year=2000 |isbn=1888363924 |title=Paul Krassner's Impolite Interviews}} | |||
* {{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Leary |first=Timothy |date=1950 |title=The Social Dimensions of Personality: Group Process and Structure |publisher=University of California |url=https://archive.org/details/leary}} | |||
* {{cite journal |last1=Leary |first1=Timothy |last2=Freeman |first2=Mervin |last3=Ossorio |first3=Abel |last4=Coffey |first4=Hubert |title=The Interpersonal Dimension of Personality |journal=] |pages=143–161 |date=1951 |volume=20 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.1951.tb01518.x |pmid=14918048}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Leary |first=Timothy |title=Interpersonal diagnosis of personality: a functional theory and methodology |url=https://archive.org/details/interpersonaldia00learrich |year=1957|publisher=New York, Ronald Press Co }} | |||
* {{cite journal |last=Leary |first=Timothy |title=The Effects of Consciousness Expanding Drugs in Prisoner Rehabilitation |journal=Psychedelic Review |issue=10 |date=1969}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Leary |first=Timothy |title=Exo-Psychology: A Manual on the Use of the Human Nervous System According to the Instructions of the Manufacturers |year=1977 |publisher=Star Seed/Peace Press |location=Los Angeles |isbn=0-915238-16-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/exopsychologyman00learrich/mode/2up |access-date=January 27, 2020}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Leary |first=Timothy |title=Changing My Mind, Among Others: Lifetime Writings|url=https://archive.org/details/changingmymindam00learrich |publisher=Prentice Hall Inc. |year=1982 |isbn=0131278118}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Leary |first=Timothy |title=Flashbacks |publisher=Heinemann |year=1983 |isbn=0874773172}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Leary |first1=Timothy |last2=Horowitz |first2=Michael |last3=Marshall |first3=Vicky |title=Chaos & Cyber Culture |publisher=Ronin Publishing |year=1994 |isbn=0-914171-77-1}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Leary |first1=Timothy |last2=Ginsberg |first2=Allen |author2-link=Allen Ginsberg |title=High Priest |url=https://archive.org/details/highpriest00learrich |publisher=Ronin Publishing |year=1995 |isbn=0-914171-80-1}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Leary |first=Timothy |title=The Politics of Ecstasy |year=1998 |publisher=Ronin |isbn=978-1579510312}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Leary |first=Timothy |title=The Politics of Self-Determination |year=2000 |publisher=Ronin |isbn=1-57951-015-9}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Leary |first1=Timothy |last2=Alpert |first2=Richard |author2-link=Ram Dass |last3=Metzner |first3=Ralph |author3-link=Ralph Metzner |title=The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=2008 |isbn=978-0141189635}} | |||
* {{cite web |title=It Was Twenty Years Ago Today... |first=Zachary |last=Leary |website=zachleary.com |date=n.d. |url=https://zachleary.com/2016/05/31/it-was-20-years-ago-today/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601153720/https://zachleary.com/2016/05/31/it-was-20-years-ago-today/ |archive-date=June 1, 2016}} | |||
* {{cite web |last=Leary |first=Zachary |date=January 8, 2019 |url=http://zachleary.com/2019/01/08/private-guided-journeys/ |title=Private Guided Journeys |access-date=September 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925194031/http://zachleary.com/2019/01/08/private-guided-journeys/ |archive-date=September 25, 2019 |url-status=dead}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Martin A. |last2=Shlain |first2=Bruce |year=1992 |title=Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0802130624 |url=https://archive.org/details/aciddreamscomple00leem}} | |||
* {{cite journal |last1=Metzner |first1=Ralph |author1-link=Ralph Metzner |last2=Weil |first2=G.|title=Predictive Recidivism: Base Rates for Concord Constitution |journal=Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science |date=1963|doi=10.2307/1140984 |jstor=1140984 |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5174&context=jclc }} | |||
* {{cite journal |last=Metzner |first=Ralph |title=A New Behavior Change Program for Adult Offenders Using Pscilocybin |journal=Psychotherapy |date=July 1965}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Huston |title=Cleansing the Doors of Perception: The Religious Significance of Entheogenic Plants and Chemicals |publisher=Jeremy P Tarcher |year=2001 |isbn=1585420344 |url=https://archive.org/details/cleansingdoorsof00hust}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Stevens |first=Jay |publisher=Flamingo |year=1983 |isbn=0586087966 |title=Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream}} | |||
* {{cite news |last=Weil |first=Andrew T. |author-link=Andrew Weil |title=The Strange Case of the Harvard Drug Scandal |work=] |issue=27 |date=November 5, 1963}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Robert Anton |author-link=Robert Anton Wilson |title=Prometheus Rising |publisher=Falcon Press |orig-date=1983 |year=2000|isbn=0941404196}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Robert Anton |title=Cosmic Trigger |volume=1 |publisher=New Falcon Publications |year=1991 |isbn=0941404463}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Wolfe |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Wolfe |title=The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test |publisher=Black Swan |year=1989 |isbn=0552993662}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
== Further reading == | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
* {{cite book |first=Duncan |last=Fallowell |author-link=Duncan Fallowell |title=20th Century Characters |chapter=Timothy Leary, Wonderland Park, Los Angeles |location=London |publisher=Vintage Books |year=1994 |ref=none}} | |||
* {{cite book |title=The Most Dangerous Man in America: Timothy Leary, Richard Nixon and the Hunt for the Fugitive King of LSD |first1=Bill |last1=Minutaglio |first2=Steven L. |last2=Davis |year=2018 |publisher=Grand Central |isbn=978-1455563586 |ref=none}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
== |
== External links == | ||
{{Wikiquote}} | |||
*] | |||
{{Commons category}} | |||
*] | |||
* | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002142417/http://www.matrixmasters.net/salon/?category_name=timothy-leary%2F |date=October 2, 2011 }} | |||
* {{IMDb name|0495276}} | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817145103/http://www.artfutura.org/v2/artthought.php?idcontent=10&idcreation=65&mb=6&lang=En |date=August 17, 2011 }}, ], 1990. | |||
* , held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, ]. | |||
* {{NYPL Archives & Manuscripts|23932|mss|Rosemary Woodruff Leary papers, 1935-2006}} | |||
* ] Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, ], ]. | |||
{{Timothy Leary|state=expanded}} | |||
==External links == | |||
{{ |
{{Chicago Seven}} | ||
{{Ram Dass}} | |||
*— Leary’s Eight-Circuit model of developmental psychology assigns extraterrestrial status to the final four (psychedelic) "circuits." | |||
{{Weather Underground}} | |||
* - How Timothy Leary became credited with discovering an extra primary color named "gendale." | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* - website for a Timothy Leary biography. | |||
* - Rotten Library article. | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* - Zero Sum Mind article. | |||
* | |||
* {{moby game|id=/windows/timothy-learys-mind-mirror|name=''Timothy Leary's Mind Mirror''}} | |||
* by Michael Dare | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* -- Leary Interviewed by ] | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Leary, Timothy}} | |||
] | |||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | ] | ||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] |
Latest revision as of 02:29, 24 December 2024
American psychologist (1920–1996) This article is about the 1960s counterculture figure. For the baseball player, see Tim Leary.
Timothy Leary | |
---|---|
Leary in 1970 | |
Born | Timothy Francis Leary (1920-10-22)October 22, 1920 Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S. |
Died | May 31, 1996(1996-05-31) (aged 75) Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
Education | |
Occupations |
|
Known for | |
Spouses |
|
Partner | Joanna Harcourt-Smith (1972–1977) |
Children | 3 |
Scientific career | |
Fields | |
Institutions | |
Thesis | The Social Dimensions of Personality: Group Process and Structure (1950) |
Doctoral advisor | Hubert Stanley Coffey |
Timothy Francis Leary (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American psychologist and author known for his strong advocacy of psychedelic drugs. Evaluations of Leary are polarized, ranging from "bold oracle" to "publicity hound". According to poet Allen Ginsberg, he was "a hero of American consciousness", while writer Tom Robbins called him a "brave neuronaut". President Richard Nixon disagreed, calling Leary "the most dangerous man in America". During the 1960s and 1970s, at the height of the counterculture movement, Leary was arrested 36 times.
As a clinical psychologist at Harvard University, Leary founded the Harvard Psilocybin Project after a revealing experience with magic mushrooms he had in Mexico in 1960. For two years, he tested the therapeutic effects of psilocybin, in the Concord Prison Experiment and the Marsh Chapel Experiment. He also experimented with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which was also legal in the U.S. at the time. Other Harvard faculty questioned his research's scientific legitimacy and ethics because he took psychedelics himself along with his subjects and allegedly pressured students to join in. Harvard fired Leary and his colleague Richard Alpert (later known as Ram Dass) in May 1963. In fact, many people only learned of psychedelics after the Harvard scandal. Leary continued to publicly promote psychedelic drugs and became a well-known figure of the counterculture of the 1960s; he popularized catchphrases that promoted his philosophy, such as "turn on, tune in, drop out", "set and setting", and "think for yourself and question authority".
Leary believed that LSD showed potential for therapeutic use in psychiatry. He developed an eight-circuit model of consciousness in his 1977 book Exo-Psychology and gave lectures, occasionally calling himself a "performing philosopher". He also developed a philosophy of mind expansion and personal truth through LSD. He also wrote and spoke frequently about transhumanism, human space migration, intelligence increase, and life extension (SMI²LE).
Early life and education
Leary was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, an only child in an Irish Catholic household. His father, Timothy "Tote" Leary, was a dentist who left his wife Abigail Ferris when Timothy was 14. He graduated from Classical High School in Springfield.
Leary attended the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, from 1938 to 1940. He received a Jesuit education there, and was required to learn Latin, rhetoric, and Greek. Under pressure from his father, he left to become a cadet in the United States Military Academy. In his first months at West Point, he received numerous demerits for rule infractions and then got into serious trouble for failing to report rule breaking by cadets he supervised. He was also accused of going on a drinking binge and failing to admit it, and was asked by the Honor Committee to resign. He refused and was shunned by fellow cadets. He was acquitted by a court-martial, but the silencing continued, as well as the onslaught of demerits for small rule infractions. In his sophomore year, his mother appealed to a family friend, United States Senator David I. Walsh, head of the Senate Naval Affairs Committee, who investigated personally. The Honor Committee quietly revised its position and announced that it would abide by the court-martial verdict. Leary then resigned and was honorably discharged by the Army. About 50 years later he said that it was "the only fair trial I've had in a court of law".
To his family's chagrin, Leary transferred to the University of Alabama (UA) in late 1941 because it admitted him expeditiously. He enrolled in the university's ROTC program, maintained top grades, and began to cultivate academic interests in psychology (under the aegis of the Middlebury and Harvard-educated Donald Ramsdell) and biology. Leary was expelled a year later for spending a night in the female dormitory and lost his student deferment in the midst of World War II.
Leary was drafted into the United States Army and received basic training at Fort Eustis in 1943. He remained in the non-commissioned officer track while enrolled in the psychology subsection of the Army Specialized Training Program, including three months of study at Georgetown University and six months at Ohio State University. With limited need for officers late in the war, Leary was briefly assigned as a private first class to the Pacific War-bound 2d Combat Cargo Group (which he later characterized as "a suicide command ... whose main mission, as far as I could see, was to eliminate the entire civilian branch of American aviation from post-war rivalry") at Syracuse Army Air Base in Mattydale, New York. After a fateful reunion with Ramsdell (who was assigned to Deshon General Hospital in Butler, Pennsylvania, as chief psychologist) in Buffalo, New York, he was promoted to corporal and reassigned to his mentor's command as a staff psychometrician. He remained in Deshon's deaf rehabilitation clinic for the remainder of the war.
While stationed in Butler, Leary courted Marianne Busch; they married in April 1945. Leary was discharged at the rank of sergeant in January 1946, having earned such standard decorations as the Good Conduct Medal, the American Defense Service Medal, the American Campaign Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal.
As the war concluded, Leary was reinstated at UA and received credit for his Ohio State psychology coursework. He completed his degree via correspondence courses and graduated in August 1945. After receiving his undergraduate degree, Leary pursued an academic career. In 1946, he received a M.S. in psychology at the Washington State College in Pullman, where he studied under educational psychologist Lee Cronbach. His M.S. thesis was on clinical applications of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
In 1947, Marianne gave birth to their first child, Susan. Their son, Jack, arrived two years later. In 1950, Leary received a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University of California, Berkeley. In the postwar era, Leary was galvanized by the objectivity of modern physics; his doctoral dissertation (The Social Dimensions of Personality: Group Process and Structure) approached group therapy as a "psychlotron" from which behavioral characteristics could be derived and quantified in a manner analogous to the periodic table, foreshadowing his later development of the interpersonal circumplex.
Professorship
Leary stayed on in the Bay Area as an assistant clinical professor of medical psychology at the University of California, San Francisco; concurrently, he co-founded Kaiser Hospital's psychology department in Oakland, California, and maintained a private consultancy. In 1952, the Leary family spent a year in Spain, living on a research grant. According to Berkeley colleague Marv Freedman, "Something had been stirred in him in terms of breaking out of being another cog in society."
Leary's marriage was strained by infidelity and mutual alcohol abuse. Marianne eventually died by suicide in 1955, leaving him to raise their son and daughter alone. He described himself during this period as "an anonymous institutional employee who drove to work each morning in a long line of commuter cars and drove home each night and drank martinis ... like several million middle-class, liberal, intellectual robots".
From 1954 or 1955 to 1958, Leary directed psychiatric research at the Kaiser Family Foundation. In 1957, he published The Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality, which the Annual Review of Psychology called the "most important book on psychotherapy of the year".
In 1958, the National Institute of Mental Health terminated Leary's research grant after he failed to meet with a NIMH investigator. Leary and his children relocated to Europe, where he attempted to write his next book while subsisting on small grants and insurance policies. His stay in Florence was unproductive and indigent, prompting a return to academia.
In late 1959, Leary started as a lecturer in clinical psychology at Harvard University at the behest of Frank Barron (a colleague from Berkeley) and David McClelland. Leary and his children lived in Newton, Massachusetts. In addition to teaching, Leary was affiliated with the Harvard Center for Research in Personality under McClelland. He oversaw the Harvard Psilocybin Project and conducted experiments in conjunction with assistant professor Richard Alpert. In 1963, Leary was terminated for failing to attend scheduled class lectures, though he maintained that he had met his teaching obligations. The decision to dismiss him may have been influenced by his promotion of psychedelic drug use among Harvard students and faculty. The drugs were legal at the time.
Leary's work in academic psychology expanded on the research of Harry Stack Sullivan and Karen Horney, which sought to better understand interpersonal processes to help diagnose disorders. Leary's dissertation developed the interpersonal circumplex model, later published in The Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality. The book demonstrated how psychologists could use Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scores to predict how respondents might react to various interpersonal situations. Leary's research was an important harbinger of transactional analysis, directly prefiguring the popular work of Eric Berne.
Psychedelic experiments and experiences
Mexico and Harvard research (1957–1963)
Introduction to psychedelic mushrooms
On May 13, 1957, Life magazine published "Seeking the Magic Mushroom", an article by R. Gordon Wasson about the use of psilocybin mushrooms in religious rites of the indigenous Mazatec people of Mexico. Anthony Russo, a colleague of Leary's, had experimented with psychedelic Psilocybe mexicana mushrooms on a trip to Mexico and told Leary about it. In August 1960, Leary traveled to Cuernavaca, Mexico, with Russo and consumed psilocybin mushrooms for the first time, an experience that drastically altered the course of his life. In 1965, Leary said that he had "learned more about ... brain and its possibilities ... more about psychology in the five hours after taking these mushrooms than ... in the preceding 15 years of studying and doing research".
Back at Harvard, Leary and his associates (notably Alpert) began a research program known as the Harvard Psilocybin Project. The goal was to analyze the effects of psilocybin on human subjects (first prisoners, and later Andover Newton Theological Seminary students) from a synthesized version of the drug, one of two active compounds found in a wide variety of hallucinogenic mushrooms, including Psilocybe mexicana. Psilocybin was produced in a process developed by Albert Hofmann of Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, who was famous for synthesizing LSD.
Beat poet Allen Ginsberg heard about the Harvard research project and asked to join. Leary was inspired by Ginsberg's enthusiasm, and the two shared an optimism that psychedelics could help people discover a higher level of consciousness. They began introducing psychedelics to intellectuals and artists including Jack Kerouac, Maynard Ferguson, Charles Mingus and Charles Olson.
Concord Prison Experiment
Leary argued that psychedelic substances—in proper doses, a stable setting, and under the guidance of psychologists—could benefit behavior in ways not easily obtained by regular therapy. He experimented in treating alcoholism and reforming criminals, and many of his subjects said they had profound mystical and spiritual experiences that permanently improved their lives.
The Concord Prison Experiment evaluated the use of psilocybin and psychotherapy in the rehabilitation of released prisoners. Thirty-six prisoners were reported to have repented and sworn off criminality after Leary and his associates guided them through the psychedelic experience. The overall recidivism rate for American prisoners was 60%, whereas the rate for those in Leary's project reportedly dropped to 20%. The experimenters concluded that long-term reduction in criminal recidivism could be effected with a combination of psilocybin-assisted group psychotherapy (inside the prison) along with a comprehensive post-release follow-up support program modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous.
Dissension over studies
The Concord conclusions were contested in a follow-up study on the basis of time differences monitoring the study group vs. the control group and differences between subjects re-incarcerated for parole violations and those imprisoned for new crimes. The researchers concluded that statistically only a slight improvement could be attributed to psilocybin, in contrast to the significant improvement reported by Leary and his colleagues. Rick Doblin suggested that Leary had fallen prey to the Halo Effect, skewing the results and clinical conclusions. Doblin further accused Leary of lacking "a higher standard" or "highest ethical standards in order to regain the trust of regulators". Ralph Metzner rebuked Doblin for these assertions: "In my opinion, the existing accepted standards of honesty and truthfulness are perfectly adequate. We have those standards, not to curry favor with regulators, but because it is the agreement within the scientific community that observations should be reported accurately and completely. There is no proof in any of this re-analysis that Leary unethically manipulated his data."
Leary and Alpert founded the International Federation for Internal Freedom (IFIF) in 1962 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to carry out studies in the religious use of psychedelic drugs. This was run by Lisa Bieberman (now known as Licia Kuenning), a friend of Leary. The Harvard Crimson called her a "disciple" who ran a Psychedelic Information Center out of her home and published a national LSD newspaper. That publication was actually Leary and Alpert's journal Psychedelic Review and Bieberman (a graduate of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard, who had volunteered for Leary as a student) was its circulation manager. Leary's and Alpert's research attracted so much attention that many who wanted to participate in the experiments had to be turned away. To satisfy the curiosity of those who were turned away, a black market for psychedelics sprang up near the Harvard campus.
Firing by Harvard
Other professors in the Harvard Center for Research in Personality raised concerns about the experiments' legitimacy and safety. Leary and Alpert taught a class that was required for graduation and colleagues felt they were abusing their power by pressuring graduate students to take hallucinogens in the experiments. Leary and Alpert also went against policy by giving psychedelics to undergraduate students and did not select participants through random sampling. It was also ethically questionable that the researchers sometimes took hallucinogens along with the subjects they were studying. These concerns were printed in The Harvard Crimson, leading the university to halt the experiments. The Massachusetts Department of Public Health launched an investigation that was later dropped but the university eventually fired Leary and Alpert.
According to Andrew Weil, Leary (who held an untenured teaching appointment) was fired for missing his scheduled lectures, while Alpert (a tenure-track assistant professor) was dismissed for allegedly giving an undergraduate psilocybin in an off-campus apartment. Harvard President Nathan Pusey released a statement on May 27, 1963, reporting that Leary had left campus without authorization and "failed to keep his classroom appointments". His salary was terminated on April 30, 1963.
Millbrook and psychedelic counterculture (1963–1967)
Leary's psychedelic experimentation attracted the attention of three heirs to the Mellon fortune, siblings Peggy, Billy, and Tommy Hitchcock. In 1963, they gave Leary and his associates access to a sprawling 64-room mansion on an estate in Millbrook, New York, where they continued their psychedelic sessions. Peggy directed the International Federation for Internal Freedom (IFIF)'s New York branch, and Billy rented the estate to IFIF. Peggy persuaded her brothers to let Leary rent a room at the mansion. Leary and Alpert set up a communal group with former Psilocybin Project members at the Hitchcock Estate (commonly known as "Millbrook"). One of the IFIF's founding board members, Paul Lee, a Harvard theologian, a participant at Marsh Chapel and a member of the Leary circle, said of the group's formation:
There was a big discussion about whether to go underground with it and make it a kind of secret initiation issue, or go public. But Leary was an Irish revolutionary and he wanted to shout it from the rooftops. So it went that way. It simply became a tsunami.
The IFIF was reconstituted as the Castalia Foundation after the intellectual colony in Hermann Hesse's 1943 novel The Glass Bead Game. The Castalia group's journal was the Psychedelic Review. The core group at Millbrook wanted to cultivate the divinity within each person and regularly joined LSD sessions facilitated by Leary. The Castalia Foundation also hosted non-drug weekend retreats for meditation, yoga, and group therapy. Leary later wrote:
We saw ourselves as anthropologists from the 21st century inhabiting a time module set somewhere in the dark ages of the 1960s. On this space colony we were attempting to create a new paganism and a new dedication to life as art.
Lucy Sante of The New York Times later described the Millbrook estate as:
the headquarters of Leary and gang for the better part of five years, a period filled with endless parties, epiphanies and breakdowns, emotional dramas of all sizes, and numerous raids and arrests, many of them on flimsy charges concocted by the local assistant district attorney, G. Gordon Liddy.
Others contest the characterization of Millbrook as a party house. In The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Tom Wolfe portrays Leary as using psychedelics only for research, not recreation. When Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters visited the estate, they received a frosty reception. Leary had the flu and did not play host. After a private meeting with Kesey and Ken Babbs in his room, he promised to remain an ally in the years ahead.
In 1964, Leary, Alpert, and Ralph Metzner coauthored The Psychedelic Experience, based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. In it, they wrote:
A psychedelic experience is a journey to new realms of consciousness. The scope and content of the experience is limitless, but its characteristic features are the transcendence of verbal concepts, of spacetime dimensions, and of the ego or identity. Such experiences of enlarged consciousness can occur in a variety of ways: sensory deprivation, yoga exercises, disciplined meditation, religious or aesthetic ecstasies, or spontaneously. Most recently they have become available to anyone through the ingestion of psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, DMT, etc. Of course, the drug does not produce the transcendent experience. It merely acts as a chemical key—it opens the mind, frees the nervous system of its ordinary patterns and structures.
Leary married model Birgitte Caroline "Nena" von Schlebrügge in 1964 at Millbrook. Both Nena and her brother Bjorn were friends of the Hitchcocks. D. A. Pennebaker, also a Hitchcock friend, and cinematographer Nicholas Proferes documented the event in the short film You're Nobody Till Somebody Loves You. Charles Mingus played piano. The marriage lasted a year before von Schlebrügge divorced Leary in 1965. She married Indo-Tibetan Buddhist scholar and ex-monk Robert Thurman in 1967 and gave birth to Ganden Thurman that same year. Actress Uma Thurman, her second child, was born in 1970.
Leary met Rosemary Woodruff in 1965 at a New York City art exhibit, and invited her to Millbrook. After moving in, she co-edited the manuscript for Leary's 1966 book Psychedelic Prayers: And Other Meditations with Ralph Metzner and Michael Horowitz. The poems in the book were inspired by the Tao Te Ching, and meant to be used as an aid to LSD trips. Woodruff helped Leary prepare weekend multimedia workshops simulating the psychedelic experience, which were presented around the East Coast.
In September 1966, Leary said in a Playboy magazine interview that LSD could cure homosexuality. According to him, a lesbian became heterosexual after using the drug. Like most of the psychiatric field, he later decided that homosexuality was not an illness.
By 1966, use of psychedelics by America's youth had reached such proportions that serious concern about the drugs and their effect on American culture was expressed in the national press and halls of government. In response to this concern, Senator Thomas Dodd convened Senate subcommittee hearings to try to better understand the drug-use phenomenon, eventually with the intention of "stamping out" such usage by criminalizing it. Leary was one of several expert witnesses called to testify at these hearings. In his testimony, Leary said, "the challenge of the psychedelic chemicals is not just how to control them, but how to use them." He implored the subcommittee not to criminalize psychedelic drug use, which he felt would only serve to exponentially increase its usage among America's youth while removing the safeguards that controlled "set and setting" provided. When subcommittee member Ted Kennedy asked Leary whether LSD usage was "extremely dangerous", Leary replied, "Sir, the motorcar is dangerous if used improperly...Human stupidity and ignorance is the only danger human beings face in this world." To conclude his testimony, Leary suggested that legislation be enacted that would require LSD users to be adults who were competently trained and licensed, so that such individuals could use LSD "for serious purposes, such as spiritual growth, pursuit of knowledge, or their own personal development." He argued that without such licensing, the U.S. would face "another era of prohibition." Leary's testimony proved ineffective; on October 6, 1966, just months after the subcommittee hearings, LSD was banned in California, and by October 1968, it was banned nationwide by the Staggers-Dodd Bill.
In 1966, Folkways Records recorded Leary reading from his book The Psychedelic Experience, and released the album The Psychedelic Experience: Readings from the Book "The Psychedelic Experience. A Manual Based on the Tibetan...".
On September 19, 1966, Leary reorganized the IFIF/Castalia Foundation under the name the League for Spiritual Discovery, a religion with LSD as its holy sacrament, in part as an unsuccessful attempt to maintain legal status for the use of LSD and other psychedelics for the religion's adherents, based on a "freedom of religion" argument. Leary incorporated the League for Spiritual Discovery as a religious organization in New York State, and its dogma was based on Leary's mantra: "drop out, turn on, tune in". (The Brotherhood of Eternal Love later considered Leary its spiritual leader, but it did not develop out of the IFIF.) Nicholas Sand, the clandestine chemist for the Brotherhood of Eternal Love, followed Leary to Millbrook and joined the League for Spiritual Discovery. Sand was designated the "alchemist" of the new religion. At the end of 1966, Nina Graboi, a friend and colleague of Leary's who had spent time with him at Millbrook, became the director of the Center for the League of Spiritual Discovery in Greenwich Village. The Center opened in March 1967. Leary and Alpert gave free weekly talks there; other guest speakers included Ralph Metzner and Allen Ginsberg. Leary's papers at the New York Public Library include complete records of the IFIF, the Castalia Foundation, and the League for Spiritual Discovery.
In late 1966 and early 1967, Leary toured college campuses presenting a multimedia performance called "The Death of the Mind", attempting an artistic replication of the LSD experience. He said that the League for Spiritual Discovery was limited to 360 members and was already at its membership limit, but encouraged others to form their own psychedelic religions. He published a pamphlet in 1967 called Start Your Own Religion to encourage people to do so.
Leary was invited to attend the January 14, 1967 Human Be-In by Michael Bowen, the primary organizer of the event, a gathering of 30,000 hippies in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. In speaking to the group, Leary coined the famous phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out". In a 1988 interview with Neil Strauss, he said the slogan was "given to him" by Marshall McLuhan when the two had lunch in New York City, adding, "Marshall was very much interested in ideas and marketing, and he started singing something like, 'Psychedelics hit the spot / Five hundred micrograms, that's a lot,' to the tune of . Then he started going, 'Tune in, turn on, and drop out.'" Though the more popular "turn on, tune in, drop out" became synonymous with Leary, his actual definition with the League for Spiritual Discovery was: "Drop Out—detach yourself from the external social drama which is as dehydrated and ersatz as TV. Turn On—find a sacrament which returns you to the temple of God, your own body. Go out of your mind. Get high. Tune In—be reborn. Drop back in to express it. Start a new sequence of behavior that reflects your vision."
Repeated FBI raids ended the Millbrook era. Leary told author and Prankster Paul Krassner of a 1966 raid by Liddy, "He was a government agent entering our bedroom at midnight. We had every right to shoot him. But I've never owned a weapon in my life. I have never had and never will have a gun around."
In November 1967, Leary engaged in a televised debate on drug use with MIT professor Jerry Lettvin.
Post-Millbrook
At the end of 1967, Leary moved to Laguna Beach, California, and made many friends in Hollywood. "When he married his third wife, Rosemary Woodruff, in 1967, the event was directed by Ted Markland of Bonanza. All the guests were on acid."
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Leary formulated what became his eight-circuit model of consciousness in collaboration with writer Brian Barritt. The essay "The Seven Tongues of God" claimed that human brains have seven circuits producing seven levels of consciousness. This later became seven circuits in Leary's 1973 monograph Neurologic, which he wrote while he was in prison. The eight-circuit idea was not exhaustively formulated until the publication of Exo-Psychology by Leary and Robert Anton Wilson's Cosmic Trigger in 1977. Wilson contributed to the model after befriending Leary in the early 1970s, and used it as a framework for further exposition in his book Prometheus Rising, among other works.
Leary believed that the first four of these circuits ("the Larval Circuits" or "Terrestrial Circuits") are naturally accessed by most people at transition points in life such as puberty. The second four circuits ("the Stellar Circuits" or "Extra-Terrestrial Circuits"), Leary wrote, were "evolutionary offshoots" of the first four that would be triggered at transition points as humans evolve further. These circuits, according to Leary, would equip humans to live in space and expand consciousness for further scientific and social progress. Leary suggested that some people might trigger these circuits sooner through meditation, yoga, or psychedelic drugs specific to each circuit. He suggested that the feelings of floating and uninhibited motion sometimes experienced with marijuana demonstrated the purpose of the higher four circuits. The function of the fifth circuit was to accustom humans to life at a zero gravity environment. Leary did not specify the location of the eight circuits in any brain structures, neural organization, or chemical pathways. He wrote that a higher intelligence "located in interstellar nuclear-gravitational-quantum structures" gave humans the eight circuits. A "U.F.O. message" was encoded in human DNA.
Many researchers believed that Leary provided little scientific evidence for his claims. Even before he began working on psychedelics, he was known as a theoretician rather than a data collector. His most ambitious pre-psychedelic work was Interpersonal Diagnosis Of Personality. The reviewer for The British Medical Journal, H. J. Eysenck, wrote that Leary created a confusing and overly broad rubric for testing psychiatric conditions. "Perhaps the worst failing of the book is the omission of any kind of proof for the validity and reliability of the diagnostic system," Eysenck wrote. "It is simply not enough to say" that the accuracy of the system "can be checked by the reader" in clinical practice. In 1965, Leary co-edited The Psychedelic Reader. Penn State psychology researcher Jerome E. Singer reviewed the book and singled out Leary as the worst offender in a work containing "melanges of hucksterism". In place of scientific data about the effects of LSD, Leary used metaphors about "galaxies spinning" faster than the speed of light and a cerebral cortex "turned on to a much higher voltage".
Legal troubles
Leary's first run-in with the law came on December 23, 1965, when he was arrested for marijuana possession. 20 December, 1965 Leary took his two children, Jack and Susan, and his girlfriend Rosemary Woodruff to Mexico for an month-long vacation to rest and write an autobiography. Two days later they had crossed into Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, in the late afternoon and discovered that they would have to wait until morning for the appropriate visa for an extended stay. They decided to cross back into Texas to spend the night, and were on the US–Mexico bridge when Rosemary remembered that she had a small amount of marijuana in her possession. It was impossible to throw it out on the bridge, so Susan put it in her clothes. On their return from Mexico to the United States, a US Customs Service woman officer searched Susan and found a silver snuffbox with marijuana. After taking responsibility for the controlled substance, Leary was convicted of possession under the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 on March 11, 1966, sentenced to 30 years in prison, fined $30,000, and ordered to undergo psychiatric treatment. He appealed the case on the basis that the Marihuana Tax Act was unconstitutional, as it required a degree of self-incrimination in blatant violation of the Fifth Amendment. His challenge was successful in both overturning his conviction and declaring the act unconstitutional.
On December 26, 1968, Leary was arrested again in Laguna Beach, California, this time for the possession of two marijuana "roaches". Leary alleged that they were planted by the arresting officer, but was convicted of the crime. On May 19, 1969, The Supreme Court concurred with Leary in Leary v. United States, declared the Marihuana Tax Act unconstitutional, and overturned his 1965 conviction.
On that same day, Leary announced his candidacy for governor of California against the Republican incumbent, Ronald Reagan. His campaign slogan was "Come together, join the party." On June 1, 1969, Leary joined John Lennon and Yoko Ono at their Montreal bed-in, and Lennon subsequently wrote Leary a campaign song called "Come Together".
On January 21, 1970, Leary received a ten-year sentence for his 1968 offense, with a further ten added later while in custody for a prior arrest in 1965, for a total of 20 years to be served consecutively. On his arrival in prison, he was given psychological tests used to assign inmates to appropriate work details. Having designed some of these tests himself (including the "Leary Interpersonal Behavior Inventory"), Leary answered them in such a way that he seemed to be a very conforming, conventional person with a great interest in forestry and gardening. As a result, he was assigned to work as a gardener in a lower-security prison from which he escaped in September 1970, saying that his nonviolent escape was a humorous prank and leaving a challenging note for the authorities to find after he was gone.
For a fee of $25,000, paid by The Brotherhood of Eternal Love, the Weathermen smuggled Leary out of prison in a pickup truck driven by Clayton Van Lydegraf. The truck met Leary after he had escaped over the prison wall by climbing along a telephone wire. The Weathermen then helped both Leary and Rosemary out of the U.S. (and eventually into Algeria). He sought the patronage of Eldridge Cleaver for $10,000 and the remnants of the Black Panther Party's "government in exile" in Algeria, but after a short stay with them said that Cleaver had attempted to hold him and his wife hostage. Cleaver had put Leary and his wife under "house arrest" due to exasperation with their socialite lifestyle.
In 1971, the couple fled to Switzerland, where they were sheltered and effectively imprisoned by a high-living arms dealer, Michel Hauchard, who claimed he had an "obligation as a gentleman to protect philosophers"; Hauchard intended to broker a surreptitious film deal, and forced Leary to assign his future earnings (which Leary eventually won back). In 1972, Nixon's attorney general, John Mitchell, persuaded the Swiss government to imprison Leary, which it did for a month, but refused to extradite him to the U.S.
Leary and Rosemary separated later that year; she traveled widely, then moved back to the U.S., where she lived as a fugitive until the 1990s. Shortly after his separation from Rosemary in 1972, Leary became involved with Swiss-born British socialite Joanna Harcourt-Smith, a stepdaughter of financier Árpád Plesch and ex-girlfriend of Hauchard. The couple married in a hotel under the influence of cocaine and LSD two weeks after they were introduced, and Harcourt-Smith used his surname until their breakup in 1977. They traveled to Vienna, then Beirut, and finally ended up in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1972; according to Lucy Sante, "Afghanistan had no extradition treaty with the United States, but this stricture did not apply to American airliners." American authorities used that interpretation of the law to interdict Leary. "Before Leary could deplane, he was arrested by an agent of the federal Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs." Leary asserted a different story on appeal before the California Court of Appeal for the Second District, namely:
He testified further that he had a valid passport in Kabul and that it was confiscated while he was in a line at the American Embassy in Kabul a few days prior to the day when he boarded the airplane; after his passport was confiscated, he was taken to "Central Police Headquarters"; he did not attempt to contact the American Embassy; the Kabul police held him in custody and took him to a "police hotel". The cousin of the King of Afghanistan came to see him and told him that it was a national holiday, that the King and the officials were out of Kabul, and that he (the cousin) would get a lawyer and see that Leary "had a hearing". On the morning the airplane left Kabul, officials of Afghanistan told him he was to leave Afghanistan. Leary replied he would not leave without a hearing and until he got his passport back; they said the Americans had his passport, and he was taken to the airplane.
Leary's bail was set at $5 million. The judge at his remand hearing said, "If he is allowed to travel freely, he will speak publicly and spread his ideas". Facing 95 years in prison, Leary hired criminal defense attorney Bruce Margolin. Leary mostly directed his own defense strategy, which proved unsuccessful: the jury convicted him after deliberating for less than two hours. Leary received five years for his prison escape, added to his original 10-year sentence. In 1973, he was sent to Folsom Prison in California, and put in solitary confinement. While in Folsom, he was placed in a cell right next to Charles Manson, and though they could not see each other, they could talk together. In their discussions, Manson was surprised and found it difficult to understand why Leary had given people LSD without trying to control them. At one point, Manson said to Leary, "They took you off the streets so that I could continue with your work."
Leary became an FBI informant in order to shorten his prison sentence and entered the witness protection program upon his release in 1976. He claimed that he feigned cooperation with the FBI investigation of Weathermen by providing information that they already had or that was of little consequence. The FBI gave him the code name "Charlie Thrush". In a 1974 news conference, Allen Ginsberg, Ram Dass, and Leary's 25-year-old son Jack denounced Leary, calling him a "cop informant", "liar", and "paranoid schizophrenic". No prosecutions stemmed from his FBI reporting. In 1999, a letter from 22 "Friends of Timothy Leary" sought to soften impressions of the FBI episode. It was signed by authors such as Douglas Rushkoff, Ken Kesey, and Robert Anton Wilson. Susan Sarandon, Genesis P-Orridge and Leary's goddaughter Winona Ryder also signed. The letter said that Leary had smuggled a message to the Weather Underground informing it "that he was considering making a deal with the FBI" and he then "waited for their approval". The reported reply was, "We understand." The letter writers did not provide confirmation that the Weather Underground okayed his cooperation with the FBI.
While in prison, Leary was sued by the parents of Vernon Powell Cox, who had jumped from a third-story window of a Berkeley apartment while under the influence of LSD. Cox had taken the drug after attending a lecture by Leary promoting LSD use. Leary was unable to be present due to his incarceration, and unable to arrange for legal representation; a default judgment was entered against him in the amount of $100,000.
Post-prison
On April 21, 1976, Governor Jerry Brown released Leary from prison. After briefly relocating to Santa Fe, New Mexico, with Harcourt-Smith under the auspices of the United States Federal Witness Protection Program, the couple separated in early 1977.
Leary then moved to the Laurel Canyon neighborhood of Los Angeles, where he resided for the rest of his life. Unable to secure a conventional academic, research, or clinical appointment due to his reputation, he continued to publish books through the independent press while maintaining an upper middle class lifestyle by making paid appearances at colleges and nightclubs as a self-described "stand-up philosopher". In 1978, he married filmmaker Barbara Blum, also known as Barbara Chase, sister of actress Tanya Roberts. He adopted Blum's young son Zachary and raised him as his own. He also took on several godchildren, including Winona Ryder (the daughter of his archivist Michael Horowitz) and technologist Joi Ito.
Leary developed an improbable partnership with former Millbrook-era foe G. Gordon Liddy, the Watergate burglar and conservative radio talk-show host. They toured the lecture circuit in 1982 as ex-cons debating a range of issues, including gay rights, abortion, welfare and the environment. Leary generally espoused left-wing views, while Liddy generally espoused right-wing perspectives. The tour generated massive publicity and considerable funds for both. The 1983 documentary Return Engagement chronicled the tour and the release of Flashbacks, Leary's long-germinating memoir; biographer Robert Greenfield has since asserted that much of what Leary "reported as fact in Flashbacks is pure fantasy."
On September 25, 1988, Leary held a fundraiser for Libertarian Party presidential candidate Ron Paul. Journalist Debra Saunders attended and wrote about her experience.
Leary's extensive touring on the lecture circuit continued to ensure his family a comfortable lifestyle throughout the mid-1980s. He associated with a variety of cultural figures, including longtime interlocutors Robert Anton Wilson and Allen Ginsberg; science fiction writers William Gibson and Norman Spinrad; and rock musicians David Byrne and John Frusciante. In addition, he appeared in Johnny Depp's and Gibby Haynes's 1994 film Stuff, which chronicled Frusciante's squalid living conditions at that time.
Leary continued to take a wide array of drugs (ranging from serotonergic psychedelics to the nascent empathogen MDMA and alcohol and heroin) in private, but consciously eschewed proselytizing substances in media appearances amid the escalation of the war on drugs throughout the presidency of Ronald Reagan. Instead, he served as a prominent advocate for space colonization and life extension. He expounded on the eight-circuit model of consciousness in books such as Info-Psychology: A Re-Vision of Exo-Psychology. He invented the acronym "SMI²LE" as a succinct summary of his pre-transhumanist agenda: SM (Space Migration) + I² (intelligence increase) + LE (Life extension).
Leary's space colonization plan evolved over the years. Initially, 5,000 of Earth's most virile and intelligent individuals would be launched on a vessel (Starseed 1) equipped with luxurious amenities. This idea was inspired by musician Paul Kantner's 1970 concept album Blows Against The Empire, which was derived from Robert A. Heinlein's Lazarus Long series. While incarcerated in Folsom State Prison during the winter of 1975–76, he became enamored of Princeton University physicist Gerard K. O'Neill's plans to construct giant Eden-like High Orbital Mini-Earths, as documented in the Robert Anton Wilson lecture H.O.M.E.s on LaGrange, using raw materials from the Moon, orbital rock, and obsolete satellites.
In the 1980s, Leary became fascinated by computers, the internet, and virtual reality. He proclaimed that "the PC is the LSD of the 1990s" and enjoined historically technophobic bohemians to "turn on, boot up, jack in." He became a promoter of virtual reality systems, and sometimes demonstrated a prototype of the Mattel Power Glove as part of his lectures (as in From Psychedelics to Cybernetics). He befriended a number of notable people in the field, such as Jaron Lanier and Brenda Laurel, a pioneer in virtual environments and human–computer interaction. During the evanescent heyday of the cyberdelic subculture, he served as a consultant to Billy Idol in the production of the 1993 album Cyberpunk.
In January 1989, his daughter Susan, then 41, was arrested in Los Angeles for non-fatally shooting her boyfriend in the head as he slept in December 1988. She was ruled mentally unfit to stand trial for attempted murder on two occasions. After years of mental instability, she died by suicide in jail in September 1990.
Although he considered her the "great love of his life", Leary and Barbara divorced in 1992; according to friend and collaborator John Perry Barlow, "Tim basically gave me permission to be her lover. He couldn't be for her what she needed sexually, so it made more sense for him to anoint someone to do that for him." Thereafter, he ensconced himself in a diverse circle of prominent figures, including Johnny Depp, Susan Sarandon, Dan Aykroyd, Zach Leary, author Douglas Rushkoff, and Spin magazine publisher Bob Guccione, Jr. Despite declining health, he maintained a regular schedule of public appearances through 1994. Reflecting a modicum of political rehabilitation after several failed attempts to adapt Flashbacks as a film or television miniseries, he was the subject of a symposium of the American Psychological Association that year.
From 1989 on, Leary began to reestablish his connection to unconventional religious movements with an interest in altered states of consciousness. In 1989, he appeared with Robert Anton Wilson in a dialog called The Inner Frontier for the Association for Consciousness Exploration, a Cleveland-based group that had been responsible for his first Cleveland appearance in 1979. After that, he appeared at the Starwood Festival, a major Neo-Pagan event run by ACE in 1992 and 1993. His planned 1994 WinterStar Symposium appearance was canceled due to his declining health. In 1992, in front of hundreds of Neo-Pagans, Leary declared, "I've always considered myself a Pagan." He also collaborated with Eric Gullichsen on Load and Run High-tech Paganism: Digital Polytheism. Shortly before his death on May 31, 1996, he recorded the album Right to Fly with Simon Stokes, which was released in July 1996.
Death
In January 1995, Leary was diagnosed with inoperable prostate cancer. He then notified Ram Dass and other old friends and began the process of directed dying, which he termed "designer dying". Leary did not reveal the condition to the press at that time, but did so after Jerry Garcia's death in August. Leary and Ram Dass reunited before Leary's death in May 1996, as seen in the documentary film Dying to Know: Ram Dass & Timothy Leary.
Leary's last book was Chaos & Cyber Culture, published in 1994. In it he wrote: "The time has come to talk cheerfully and joke sassily about personal responsibility for managing the dying process." His book Design for Dying, which tried to give a new perspective on death and dying, was published posthumously. Leary wrote about his belief that death is "a merging with the entire life process".
His website team, led by Chris Graves, updated his website on a daily basis as a proto-blog. The website noted his daily intake of various illicit and legal chemical substances, with a predilection for nitrous oxide, LSD and other psychedelic drugs. He was also noted for his trademark "Leary Biscuit", a cannabis edible consisting of a snack cracker with cheese and a small marijuana bud, briefly microwaved. At his request, his sterile house was redecorated by the staff with an array of surreal ornamentation. In his final months, thousands of visitors, well-wishers and old friends visited him in his California home. Until his last weeks, he gave many interviews discussing his new philosophy of embracing death.
Leary was reportedly excited for a number of years by the possibility of freezing his body in cryonic suspension, and he announced in September 1988 that he had signed up with Alcor for such treatment after having appeared at Alcor's grand opening the year before. He did not believe he would be resurrected in the future, but did believe that cryonics had important possibilities, even though he thought it had only "one chance in a thousand". He called it his "duty as a futurist", helped publicize the process and hoped that it would work for his children and grandchildren if not for him, although he said that he was "lighthearted" about it. He was connected with two cryonic organizations—first Alcor and then CryoCare—one of which delivered a cryonic tank to his house in the months before his death. Leary initially announced that he would freeze his entire body, but due to lack of funds decided to freeze his head only. Three weeks before his death, Leary changed his mind again and generally refused cryopreservation from both Alcor and CryoCare. He requested that his body be cremated, with his ashes scattered in space.
Leary died aged 75 on May 31, 1996. His death was videotaped for posterity at his request by Denis Berry and Joey Cavella, capturing his final words. Berry was the trustee of Leary's archives, and Cavella had filmed Leary during his later years. According to his son Zachary, during his final moments, he clenched his fist and said: "Why?", then, unclenching his fist, said: "Why not?". He uttered the phrase repeatedly, in different intonations, and died soon after. His last word, according to Zach, was "beautiful".
The film Timothy Leary's Dead (1996) contains a simulated sequence in which he allows his bodily functions to be suspended for the purposes of cryonic preservation. His head is removed and placed on ice. The film ends with a sequence showing the creation of the artificial head used in the film.
Seven grams (¼ oz) of Leary's ashes were arranged by his friend at Celestis to be buried in space aboard a rocket carrying the remains of 23 others, including Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, space colonization advocate Gerard O'Neill and German-American rocket engineer Krafft Ehricke. A Pegasus rocket containing their remains was launched on April 21, 1997, and remained in orbit for six years until it burned up in the atmosphere.
Leary's ashes were given to close friends and family. In 2015, Susan Sarandon brought some of his ashes to the Burning Man festival in Black Rock City, Nevada, and put them into an art installation there. The ashes were burned along with the installation on September 6, 2015.
Personal life
Leary was legally married five times, sired three biological children and adopted a fourth child. He also regarded Joanna Harcourt-Smith (his domestic partner from 1972 to 1977) as his common-law wife for the duration of their relationship. His first wife, Marianne Busch, died by suicide.
- 1945–1955 Marianne Busch (1921–1955)
- daughter Susan (1947–1990)
- son Jack (1949–)
- 1956–1957 Mary Cioppa (1920–1996)
- 1964–1965 Nena von Schlebrügge (1941–)
- 1967–1976 (separated 1972) Rosemary Woodruff (1935–2002)
- 1972–1977 Joanna Harcourt-Smith (domestic partner) (1946–2020)
- son Marlon Gobel (1976–)
- 1978–1992 Barbara Blum Chase (1946–)
- son Zach (1973–) (adopted)
Influence
Leary was an early influence on applying game theory to psychology, having introduced the concept to the International Association of Applied Psychology in 1961 at its annual conference in Copenhagen. He was also an early influence on transactional analysis. His concept of the four life scripts, dating to 1951, became an influence on transactional analysis by the late 1960s, popularized by Thomas Harris in his book, I'm OK, You're OK.
Many consider Leary one of the most prominent figures of the counterculture of the 1960s, and since those times he has remained influential on pop culture, literature, television, film and, especially, music.
Leary coined the influential term reality tunnel, a kind of representative realism. The theory states that, with a subconscious set of mental filters formed from their beliefs and experiences, everyone interprets the same world differently, hence "Truth is in the eye of the beholder."
His ideas influenced the work of his friend Robert Anton Wilson. This influence went both ways, with Leary taking just as much from Wilson. Wilson's 1983 book Prometheus Rising was an in-depth, highly detailed and inclusive work documenting Leary's eight-circuit model of consciousness. Although the theory originated in discussions between Leary and a Hindu holy man at Millbrook, Wilson was one of its most ardent proponents and introduced it to a mainstream audience in 1977's bestselling Cosmic Trigger. In 1989, they appeared together on stage in a dialog called The Inner Frontier hosted by the Association for Consciousness Exploration, the same group that had hosted Leary's first Cleveland appearance in 1979.
World religion scholar Huston Smith was "turned on" by Leary after being introduced to him by Aldous Huxley in the early 1960s. Smith interpreted the experience as deeply religious, and described it in detailed religious terms in his book Cleansing of the Doors of Perception. Smith asked Leary whether he knew the power and danger of what he was conducting research with. In Mother Jones Magazine, 1997, Smith commented:
First, I have to say that during the three years I was involved with that Harvard study, LSD was not only legal but respectable. Before Tim went on his unfortunate careening course, it was a legitimate research project. Though I did find evidence that, when recounted, the experiences of the Harvard group and those of mystics were impossible to tell apart—descriptively indistinguishable—that's not the last word. There is still a question about the truth of the disclosure. Was the drug-induced mystical experience just an emotional jag that messed up some neural connections? Or was it a genuine disclosure, an epiphany?
In popular culture
In film
In the 1968 Dragnet episode "The Big Prophet", Liam Sullivan played Brother William Bentley, leader of the Temple of the Expanded Mind, a thinly fictionalized Leary. Bentley held forth for the entire half-hour on the rights of the individual and the benefits of LSD and marijuana, while Joe Friday argued the contrary.
The 1979 musical Hair and the 1967 stage performance it is based on make multiple references to Leary.
Leary appears in Cheech & Chong's 1981 film Nice Dreams, featured in a scene in which he gives Cheech "the key to the universe".
In 1994, Leary appeared as himself in the Space Ghost Coast to Coast episode "Elevator", and also appeared in an episode of The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. as the character Dr. Milo.
In 1996, months before his death, Leary appeared in the feminist science fiction feature film Conceiving Ada.
The 1998 movie Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, adapted from Hunter S. Thompson's 1971 novel, portrays heavy psychedelic drug use and mentions Leary when the protagonist ponders the meaning of the acid wave of the 1960s.
In music
The Psychedelic Experience (1964) was the inspiration for John Lennon's song "Tomorrow Never Knows", on The Beatles' album Revolver (1966).
The Moody Blues recorded two songs about Leary. "Legend of a Mind", written and sung by Ray Thomas on their album In Search of the Lost Chord (1968), begins: "Timothy Leary's dead. No, no, no, no, he's outside looking in". The second was "When You're a Free Man" on the Seventh Sojourn album.
Leary recruited Lennon to write a theme song for his California gubernatorial campaign against Ronald Reagan (which was interrupted by Leary's prison sentence for cannabis possession), inspiring Lennon to come up with "Come Together" (1969), based on Leary's campaign theme and catchphrase.
Leary was present and sang back-up vocals when Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono, recorded "Give Peace a Chance" (1969) during their bed-in in Montreal and is mentioned in the lyrics of the song.
The Who's 1970 single "The Seeker" mentions Leary in a sequence where the song's protagonist claims that Leary (among other high-profile people) was unable to help them with their search for answers.
While in exile in Switzerland, Leary and British writer Brian Barritt collaborated with the German band Ash Ra Tempel and recorded the album Seven Up (1973). He is credited as a songwriter, and his lyrics and vocals can be heard throughout the album. Commenting on the work of his friend H. R. Giger, a surrealist artist from Switzerland who won an Academy Award for his work on the film Alien, Leary noted:
Giger's work disturbs us, spooks us, because of its enormous evolutionary time span. It shows us, all too clearly, where we come from and where we are going.
— Timothy Leary, The New York Times
In 1995, Leary had a cameo at the end of the music video for the song "Galaxie" by alternative rock group Blind Melon.
The Marcy Playground song "It's Saturday", from their 1999 album Shapeshifter, mentions joining Timothy Leary "in a cryogenic freeze."
In comic books
In 1973, El Perfecto Comics was organized by Aline Kominsky and published by The Print Mint to raise funds for the Timothy Leary Defense Fund. The comic features 31 underground artists contributing mostly one-pagers about drug experiences (primarily LSD). The front cover and a contributed one-page story are by Robert Crumb.
In 1979, Last Gasp published a one-shot edition of Neurocomics titled Timothy Leary. "Evolved from transmissions of Dr. Timothy Leary as filtered through Pete Von Sholly & George DiCaprio", it is based on Leary's writings related to life, the brain, and intelligence. DiCaprio collaborated with Leary on the script.
Works
Main article: Timothy Leary bibliographyLeary authored and coauthored more than 20 books and was featured on more than a dozen audio recordings. His acting career included over a dozen appearances in movies and television shows in various roles and over 30 appearances as himself. He also produced and/or collaborated with others in the creation of multimedia presentations and computer games.
In 2011, The New York Times reported that the New York Public Library had acquired Leary's personal archives, including papers, videotapes, photographs and other archival material from the Leary estate, including correspondence and documents relating to Allen Ginsberg, Aldous Huxley, William Burroughs, Jack Kerouac, Ken Kesey, Arthur Koestler, G. Gordon Liddy and other prominent cultural figures. The collection became available in September 2013.
See also
Notes
- Barbara Chase, Timothy Leary's fifth wife, is the sister of Tanya Roberts.
- ^ Higgs 2006, p. 18: "In 1954 he became Director of Psychology Research at the Kaiser Foundation Hospital, and published nearly 50 papers in psychology journals."
- Leary 1982, p. 256: "Since homosexuality has always been a part of every society, you have to assume that there is something necessary, correct and valid - genetically natural - about it."
- Wilson 2000, p. 6: "The eight-circuit model of consciousness in this book and much of its future-vision derive from the writings of Dr. Timothy Leary, whose letters and conversations have also influenced many other ideas herein."
- Higgs 2006, p. 99: "His lawyers took the appeal against the Laredo arrest all the way to the Supreme Court, and on May 19, 1969 succeeded in getting the antiquated marijuana tax law declared unconstitutional."
- Leary 1982, p. 231: "O'Neill's proposal for mini-Earths was obviously the next step in human evolution..."
- Higgs 2006, p. 268: "The last 17 months of Tim's life were a flurry of activity. There were records to be made, documentaries to film… and countless personal appearances. A stream of press flocked to his door."
- Leary 1983, p. 196: "Psychiatrist Eric Berne popularised my concepts of transactional analysis and game theory in Games People Play, making accessible to the public concepts of behaviour-change that had formerly been reserved to the psychological priesthood."
- Higgs 2006, p. 282: " Wilson is often credited with creating the phrase 'reality tunnels', but when asked about it, he is quick to give Leary the credit."
References
Citations
This article needs more complete citations for verification. Please help add missing citation information so that sources are clearly identifiable. (July 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
- Gates, Anita (January 5, 2021). "Tanya Roberts, a Charlie's Angel and a Bond Girl, Is Dead at 65". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
- "Timothy Leary". psychology.fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
- Leary (1998), p. back cover.
- ^ Mansnerus, Laura (June 1, 1996). "Timothy Leary, Pied Piper of Psychedelic 60s, Dies at 75". The New York Times. Obituary. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
- Higgs (2006), p. 233.
- ^ Kansra, Nikita; Shih, Cynthia W. (May 21, 2012). "Harvard LSD Research Draws National Attention". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
- ^ Department of Psychology. "Timothy Leary (1920–1996)". Harvard University. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
- ^ Weil (1963).
- Stevens (1983), pp. 273–274.
- Junker, Howard (July 5, 1965). "LSD: 'The Contact High'". The Nation. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
- Greenfield (2006), p. 537.
-
Isralowitz, Richard (May 14, 2004). Drug Use: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 183. ISBN 978-1576077085. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
Leary explored the cultural and philosophical implications of psychedelic drugs
-
Donaldson, Robert H. (2015). Modern America: A Documentary History of the Nation Since 1945. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 978-0765615374. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
Leary not only used and distributed the drug, he founded a sort of LSD philosophy of use that involved aspects of mind expansion and the revelation of personal truth through 'dropping acid'.
- Gillespie, Nick (June 15, 2006). "Psychedelic, Man". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
- Higgs (2006), p. 17.
- Greenfield (2006), pp. 7, 11–12, 18.
- Greenfield 2006, p. 20.
- Peter O. Whitmer, Aquarius Revisited: Seven Who Created the Sixties Counterculture That Changed America (NY: Citadel Press, 1991), 21–25
- Greenfield (2006), pp. 28–55.
- ^ Greenfield (2006), p. 65.
- Leary (1983), p. 144.
- "Timothy Leary". Pabook.libraries.psu.edu. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- "WSU - Myths and Legends". Washington State Magazine. 2010. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
- "Timothy Leary Papers 1910 - 2009". New York Public Library. 2009. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
- Leary (2000), p. 13.
- Leary (1950).
- Leary (2000), pp. 13–15.
- Announcement of the School of Medicine - Fall and Spring Semesters, 1950 - 1951. University of California Medical Center. 1950. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- Greenfield (2006), pp. 68–77.
- Torgoff, Martin (2004). Can't Find My Way Home: America in the Great Stoned Age. Simon and Schuster. p. 72. ISBN 0-7432-3010-8.
- Leary & Ginsberg (1995), p. 4.
- Current Biography - Volume 31. H. W. Wilson Company. 1970. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
- Stevens (1983), p. 186.
- Conners, Peter (2010). White Hand Society - The Psychedelic Partnership of Timothy Leary and Allen Ginsberg. City Lights Books. p. 22. ISBN 9780872865358.
- Stevens (1983), p. 187.
- ^ New York Times, December 3, 1966, p. 25
- Stevens (1983), p. .
- Leary (1957).
- "Timothy Leary, Pied Piper Of Psychedelic 60's, Dies at 75". New York Times. June 1, 1996. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
- "She Comes in Colors". Playboy. HMH Publishing Company Inc. September 1, 1966.
- "Life on LSD". Life. Archived from the original on October 26, 2010.
- Cashman, John. "The LSD Story". Fawcett Publications, 1966
- ^ Ram Dass Fierce Grace, 2001, Zeitgeist Video
- Sandison, Ronald (1997). Psychedelia Britannica - Hallucinogenic Drugs in Britain. Turnaround. p. 57. ISBN 1873262051. 'Psilocybin...was synthesised in Dr Hofmann's laboratory in 1958.'
- Goffman, K. and Joy, D. 2004. Counterculture Through the Ages: From Abraham to Acid House. New York: Villard, 250–252
- Leary (1969).
- Metzner & Weil (1963).
- Metzner (1965).
- "Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34 Year Follow-Up Study". Maps.org. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- "Reflections on the Concord Prison Project and the Follow-Up Study" (PDF). Maps.org. Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Archived from the original on July 24, 2016. - Doblin, Rick (1998). "Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment:A 34 Year Follow-Up Study". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. Vol. 30, no. 4. pp. 419–426.
- "International Federation For Internal Freedom – Statement of Purpose". timothylearyarchives.org. March 21, 2009. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
- Lee & Shlain (1992), p. 36.
- "4: Sir Dinadan the Humorist". Lycaeum.org. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- Higgs (2006), p. 50.
- "Court Finds Lisa Bieberman Guilty Of Violations of Federal Drug Laws | News | The Harvard Crimson". Thecrimson.com. November 18, 1966. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- Hiatt, Nathaniel J. (May 23, 2016). "A Trip Down Memory Lane: LSD at Harvard". Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
- hanna, jon (March 28, 2012). "Erowid Character Vaults: Lisa Bieberman Extended Biography". Erowid.org. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
- Davidson, Sara (Fall 2006). "The Ultimate Trip". Tufts Magazine. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
- Russin, Joseph M.; Weil, Andrew T. (January 24, 1973). "The Crimson Takes Leary, Alpert to Task". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
- Lee & Shlain (1992), p. 97.
- Green, Penelope (May 2, 2024). "Peggy Mellon Hitchcock, Who Helped Timothy Leary Turn On, Dies at 90". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- "Timothy Leary Turns 100: America's LSD Messiah, Remembered By Those Who Knew Him". www.vice.com. October 23, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
- ^ Chevallier, Jim. "Tim Leary and Ovum - A Visit to Castalia with Ovum" Archived June 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Chez Jim/Ovum, March 3, 2003
- ^ Lee & Shlain (1992), p. 98.
- ^ Lander, Devin (January 30, 2012). "League for Spiritual Discovery". World Religions and Spiritualities Project. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
- ^ Ulrich, Jennifer. "Transmissions from The Timothy Leary Papers: Evolution of the "Psychedelic" Show" Archived September 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York Public Library, June 4, 2012
- Stevens (1983), p. 208.
- ^ Sante, Lucy (June 26, 2006). "The Nutty Professor". The New York Times Book Review. 'Timothy Leary: A Biography,' by Robert Greenfield. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
- Wolfe (1989), p. 99.
- Higgs (2006), p. 78.
- Leary (1983), p. 206.
- Leary, Alpert & Metzner (2008), p. 11.
- Pennebaker, D. A. "You're Nobody Till Somebody Loves You". Pennebaker Hegedus Films. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- "Timothy Leary's Wife Drops Out". Village Voice. February 5, 2002. Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- McLellan, Dennis (February 9, 2002). "Rosemary W. Leary, 66; Ex-Wife of 1960s Psychedelic Guru". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- Sward, Susan (February 9, 2002). "Rosemary Woodruff – LSD guru's ex-wife". SF Gate. Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- ^ Hoffmann, Martina (2002). "Rosemary Woodruff Leary – Psychedelic Pioneer". MAPS Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- Chevallier, Jim. "Jean McCreedy and Psychedelic Prayers" Archived September 28, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Chez Jim/Ovum, March 3, 2003
- Marwick, Arthur. The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States. Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 312.
- "Playboy Interview: Timothy Leary". Playboy. 1966. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2016. "...the fact is that LSD is a specific cure for homosexuality."
- Leary (1982), p. 144.
- Leary (1982), p. 151.
- "Legend of a Mind: Timothy Leary and LSD". The Pop History Dig. 2014. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
- Leary (1982), p. 148.
- Stevens (1983), p. 431.
- "Smithsonian Folkways - The Psychedelic Experience: Readings from the Book "The Psychedelic Experience. A Manual Based on the Tibetan..." - Timothy Leary". Folkways.si.edu. March 20, 2013. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
- Grimesmay, William. "Chemist Who Sought to Bring LSD to the World, Dies at 75" Archived September 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, May 12, 2017
- ^ Forte, Robert (March 1, 1999). Timothy Leary: Outside Looking In. Park Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0892817863. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
- Graboi (1991), p. 207.
- Graboi (1991), p. 220.
- Graboi (1991), pp. 222–224.
- Staton, Scott. "Turn On, Tune In, Drop by the Archives: Timothy Leary at the N.Y.P.L." Archived September 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New Yorker, June 11, 2011
- Graboi (1991), p. 206.
- "Human Be-In in San Francisco 1967". The Allen Ginsburg Project. July 9, 2011. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
- Strauss, Neil. Everyone Loves You When You're Dead: Journeys into Fame and Madness. New York: HarperCollins, 2011, 337-38
- Krassner (2000), p. 304.
- "LSD: Lettvin vs Leary", Open Vault from WGBH, November 30, 1967, archived from the original on October 27, 2011, retrieved December 21, 2011
- Wilson (1991), pp. 211–213.
- Leary (1977), p. 11.
- Leary (1977), p. 16.
- Eysenck, H. J. (December 21, 1957). "Review of Reviewed Work(s): Interpersonal Diagnosis Of Personality". The British Medical Journal. 2 (5059): 1478. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5059.1478-a. PMC 1962952. S2CID 220136866.
- Singer, Jerome (April 1966). "Review: The Psychedelic Reader". American Sociological Review. 31 (2): 284. doi:10.2307/2090932. JSTOR 2090932.
- Harvard Crimson. "Leary Arrested On Drug Charge" Archived December 15, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Harvard Crimson, January 3, 1966
- Graboi (1991), pp. 140–146.
- Leary (1983), pp. 234–241.
- "Drugs: The Silver Snuffbox". Time. March 16, 1966. Archived from the original on December 22, 2024. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
- Stephen D. Lerner (March 16, 1966). "Leary Gets 30 Years On Marijuana Charge". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
While the prosecution contended in the indictment that three ounces had been found, a government witness said that Miss Leary carried only 11 grams and the total amount found in the car was less than one-half ounce.
- "The Beatles - Come Together - History and Information from the Oldies Guide at About.com". Oldies.about.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- "RE/Search Publications – Pranks! – Timothy Leary". Archived from the original on March 28, 2005. Retrieved June 28, 2006.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - Wilson (1991), p. .
- Rudd, Mark (2009). Underground: My Life with SDS and the Weathermen. New York City: William Morrow and Company. pp. 225–7. ISBN 978-0-06-147275-6.
- Brian Flanagan (2002). The Weather Underground. The Free History Project. Archived from the original on May 19, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
- Leary (1983), pp. 304–306.
- ^ Coleman, Kate (February 18, 2009). "Acid Trips and Frozen Heads at San Francisco's Trippiest Party". Daily Beast. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
- ^ Rein, Lisa (August 30, 2017). "Interview with Timothy Leary Archivist Michael Horowitz". Boing Boing. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
- ^ Martin, Douglas (February 16, 2002). "Rosemary Woodruff, 66, Wife And Fellow Fugitive of Leary". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
- People v. Leary, 40 Cal.App.3d 527 Archived December 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (1974)
- Greenfield (2006), pp. 436–467.
- and also reportedly declared, "He has preached the length and breadth of the land, and I am inclined to the view that he would pose a danger to the community if released." Jesse Walker (2006) "The Acid Guru's Long, Strange Trip" The American Conservative, November 6, 2006.
- Nick Gillespie, "Psychedelic, Man, Archived February 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine" Washington Post, June 15, 2006
- "He was no hippie: Remembering Manson, prison, Scientology and mind control". Raw Story. November 26, 2017. Archived from the original on November 26, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
- "Timothy Leary was FBI informer". BBC World News. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
- Menand, Louis (June 18, 2006). "Acid Redux". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
- Lee & Shlain (1992), p. 274.
- Fosburgh, Lacey (September 10, 1974). "Leary Scored as 'Cop Informant' By His Son and 2 Close Friends". The New York Times. New York, NY. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
- ^ "Open Letter from the Friends of Timothy Leary". Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
- Higgs (2006), p. 273.
- "Notes on People". The New York Times. New York, NY. January 25, 1975. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
- Higgs (2006), p. 256.
- Leary, Horowitz & Marshall (1994), pp. 72–73.
- The Godparent: Conversation with Winona Ryder
- "It's All Happening Poscast 36, Joi Ito Interview". It's All Happening. 2016. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016. 'Joi was an integral part of my formative years...he was my dad's Godson....' - Zachary Leary.
- Greenfield (2006), p. 186.
- Timothy Leary and Robert Anton Wilson. Los Angeles (1988)
- "On the 25th of September we're going to have, in the room upstairs, a bone fide candidate for the President of the United States. The Libertarian Party, he's running, a man, for president... his name is Ron Paul. Many of you are probably closet Libertarians..." (@ 56:27)
- Caldwell, Christopher (July 22, 2007). "The Antiwar, Pro-Abortion, Anti-Drug-Enforcement-Administration, Anti-Medicare Candidacy of Dr. Ron Paul." New York Times. Archived from the original.
- Gillespie, Nick (December 9, 2011). "Five Myths About Ron Paul." Washington Post. Archived from the original.
- Saunders, Debra. "Ron Paul: Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out." Real Clear Politics (December 22, 2011). Archived from the original.
- "Stuff". Invisible Movement. 2014. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
- "More on Timothy Leary and drinking".
- Conners, Peter (2010). White Hand Society - The Psychedelic Partnership of Timothy Leary and Allen Ginsberg. City Lights Books. p. 258. ISBN 9780872865358.
- Leary, Horowitz & Marshall (1994), p. .
- Ruthofer, Arno (1997). "Think for Yourself; Question Authority". Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
- Elmer-Dewitt/Dallas, Philip (September 3, 1990). "Technology: (Mis)Adventures In Cyberspace". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
- Forte, Robert (1999). Timothy Leary - Outside Looking In. Park Street Press. p. 129141. ISBN 0892817860.
- Saunders, Michael (May 19, 1993). "Billy Idol turns 'Cyberpunk' on new CD". The Boston Globe. 135 Morrissey Boulevard. Boston, Massachusetts, United States: P. Steven Ainsley. Archived from the original on May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - "Timothy Leary's daughter charged with attempted murder". UPI. January 9, 1990. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
- Gilmore, Mikal (July 11–25, 1996). "Timothy Leary 1920-1996". Rolling Stone.
- "Timothy Leary Daughter Hangs Self in Cell, Dies in Hospital". Los Angeles Times. September 6, 1990. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
- Mother American Night: My Life in Crazy Times. Crown Archetype. May 28, 2019. ISBN 9781524760199.
- Greenfield (2006), p. .
- Forte, Robert (1999). Timothy Leary – Outside Looking In. Park Street Press. p. 8. ISBN 0892817860.
- "The Cleveland Free Times :: Archives :: Circle Of Ash". Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
- Quote from CD: Timothy Leary Live at Starwood
- "Digital Polytheism". Deoxy.org. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- "Timothy Leary / Simon Stokes – Right To Fly". Discogs. 1996. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
- Higgs (2006), p. 258.
- ^ Mansnerus, Laura (November 26, 1995). "Conversations/Timothy Leary; At Death's Door, the Message Is Tune In, Turn On, Drop In". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
- "Dying to Know: Ram Dass & Timothy Leary". IMDb. August 26, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
- Turan, Kenneth (June 16, 2016). "'Dying to Know: Ram Dass & Timothy Leary' documents two men and their trip of a lifetime". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
- ^ Mitchell, Chris (October 1, 1997). "Timothy Leary: Design For Dying". Spike Magazine. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
- Rothstein, Edward (April 29, 1996). "Tuning In to Timothy Leary". www.archives.nytimes.com. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- Lei, Richard (March 10, 1996). "Online, In Pain, The Apostle of Acid Prepares To Truly Drop Out". Washington Post. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ Darwin, Mike (September 1988). "Dr. Leary Joins Up..." Alcor Life Extension Foundation. Archived from the original on May 20, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
- Platt, Charles (July 1996). "The Strange Case of Timothy Leary". CryoCare Report. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
- Leary (n.d.).
- Simons, Marlise (April 22, 1997). "A Final Turn-On Lifts Timothy Leary Off". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
- Kimble, Lindsay (September 7, 2015). "Susan Sarandon Takes the Ashes of Timothy Leary to Burning Man". People. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
- "LSD ADVOCATE, '60S ICON TIMOTHY LEARY DIES AT 75". Washington Post. June 1, 1996. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
- "Leary's Daughter Dies After Hanging: Death: She was in custody after twice being judged mentally unfit to stand trial on charges of shooting her boyfriend last year". Los Angeles Times. September 7, 1990. Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- "A Long, Strange Trip: Leary's Circus Chronicled". The New York Observer. June 19, 2006. Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- "Family tree of Mary Della Cioppa". Geneanet.
- "Rosemary Woodruff Leary -- Psychedelic Pioneer By Martina Hoffmann with Friends of Rosemary Woodruff Leary". Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- ^ "Joanna Harcourt-Smith, socialite and author who went on the run with Timothy Leary – obituary". The Telegraph. November 6, 2020.
- "Barbara Chase". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- "FY! Charlie's Angels". Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- "Family tree of Barbara BLUM". Geneanet.
- Leary (2019).
- ^ Solomon, David (1964). LSD: The Consciousness-Expanding Drug. G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 97–113. ISBN 129929507X.
- Conners, Peter (2010). White Hand Society - The Psychedelic Partnership of Timothy Leary and Allen Ginsberg. City Lights Books. pp. 113–117. ISBN 9780872865358.
- Leary (1982), p. 45.
- Morton Schatzman (June 1, 1996). "Obituary: Timothy Leary". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
- Jeff Riggenbach (July 1, 2011). "Libertarian Psychology". Mises Daily. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
- Leary et al. (1951).
- Harris, Thomas (1973). I'm Ok - You're Ok. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-23543-5.
- Lattin, Don (January 3, 2017). "The War on Drugs Halted Research Into the Potential Benefits of Psychedelics - Now it's finally starting up again". Slate. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
- Lesie, Michele (1989) High Priest of LSD To Drop In. The Cleveland Plain Dealer
- Local Group Hosts Dr. Timothy Leary by Will Allison (The Observer September 29, 1989)
- Two 60s Cult Heroes, on the Eve of the 80s by James Neff (Cleveland Plain Dealer October 30, 1979)
- Timothy Leary: An LSD Cowboy Turns Cosmic Comic by Frank Kuznik. Cleveland magazine, November 1979.
- Smith (2001), p. .
- Marilyn Berlin Snell. "The World of Religion According to Huston Smith". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on December 8, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
{{cite magazine}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - "Dragnet: The Big Prophet". TV.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
- "Galt MacDermot (Ft. Caissie Levy, Gavin Creel & Sasha Allen) – the Flesh Failures / Eyes Look Your Last / Let the Sunshine in (Medley)". Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
- "Nice Dreams (1981)". IMDb. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
- "Space Ghost Coast to Coast (TV Series) Elevator (1994)". IMDb.
- "The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr." Stagecoach (TV Episode 1994) - IMDb, retrieved June 23, 2021
- Mark Savlov, "Conceiving Ada" review, 'The Austin Chronicle', June 11, 1999. Archived January 14, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
- "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998) : Quotes". IMDb.com. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- ^ Lattin, Don (2011). The Harvard Psychedelic Club: How Timothy Leary, Ram Dass, Huston Smith, and Andrew Weil Killed the Fifties and Ushered in a New Age for America. HarperCollins. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-06-165594-4.
- Higgs (2006), p. 173.
- "Come Together". The Beatles Bible. March 15, 2008. Archived from the original on July 26, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- Perlstein, Rick (2008). Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America. Simon and Schuster. p. 386. ISBN 978-0-7432-4302-5.
- "The Who, "The Seeker"". American Songwriter. September 17, 2012. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
- Higgs (2006), pp. 182–185.
- Article, "It's Frothy Man", Mojo, issue #113, April 2003.
- Martin, Douglas (May 14, 2014). "H. R. Giger, Swiss Artist, Dies at 74; His Vision Gave Life to 'Alien' Creature". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
- BlindMelonVEVO (October 12, 2012). "Blind Melon – Galaxie". Archived from the original on February 24, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018 – via YouTube.
- "Marcy Playground - It's Saturday Lyrics". musiXmatch. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
- "El Perfecto Comics 1st Printing". comixjoint.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
- Lauren, Davis (March 3, 2013). "Read Timothy Leary's brain-melting comic about space migration and the future of human consciousness". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
- Cohen, Patricia (June 15, 2011). "New York Public Library Buys Timothy Leary's Papers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
- Ilnytzky, Ula (September 18, 2013). "What a trip: Timothy Leary's files go public in NY". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 7, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
Works cited
- Graboi, Nina (1991). One Foot in the Future: A Woman's Spiritual Journey. Aerial Press. ISBN 978-0942344103.
- Greenfield, Robert (2006). Timothy Leary: A Biography. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0151005000.
- Higgs, John (2006). I Have America Surrounded: The Life of Timothy Leary. United Kingdom: Friday Books. ISBN 1905548257.
- Krassner, Paul (2000). Paul Krassner's Impolite Interviews. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1888363924.
- Leary, Timothy (1950). The Social Dimensions of Personality: Group Process and Structure (PhD). University of California.
- Leary, Timothy; Freeman, Mervin; Ossorio, Abel; Coffey, Hubert (1951). "The Interpersonal Dimension of Personality". Journal of Personality. 20 (2): 143–161. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1951.tb01518.x. PMID 14918048.
- Leary, Timothy (1957). Interpersonal diagnosis of personality: a functional theory and methodology. New York, Ronald Press Co.
- Leary, Timothy (1969). "The Effects of Consciousness Expanding Drugs in Prisoner Rehabilitation". Psychedelic Review (10).
- Leary, Timothy (1977). Exo-Psychology: A Manual on the Use of the Human Nervous System According to the Instructions of the Manufacturers. Los Angeles: Star Seed/Peace Press. ISBN 0-915238-16-0. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
- Leary, Timothy (1982). Changing My Mind, Among Others: Lifetime Writings. Prentice Hall Inc. ISBN 0131278118.
- Leary, Timothy (1983). Flashbacks. Heinemann. ISBN 0874773172.
- Leary, Timothy; Horowitz, Michael; Marshall, Vicky (1994). Chaos & Cyber Culture. Ronin Publishing. ISBN 0-914171-77-1.
- Leary, Timothy; Ginsberg, Allen (1995). High Priest. Ronin Publishing. ISBN 0-914171-80-1.
- Leary, Timothy (1998). The Politics of Ecstasy. Ronin. ISBN 978-1579510312.
- Leary, Timothy (2000). The Politics of Self-Determination. Ronin. ISBN 1-57951-015-9.
- Leary, Timothy; Alpert, Richard; Metzner, Ralph (2008). The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0141189635.
- Leary, Zachary (n.d.). "It Was Twenty Years Ago Today..." zachleary.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016.
- Leary, Zachary (January 8, 2019). "Private Guided Journeys". Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- Lee, Martin A.; Shlain, Bruce (1992). Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0802130624.
- Metzner, Ralph; Weil, G. (1963). "Predictive Recidivism: Base Rates for Concord Constitution". Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science. doi:10.2307/1140984. JSTOR 1140984.
- Metzner, Ralph (July 1965). "A New Behavior Change Program for Adult Offenders Using Pscilocybin". Psychotherapy.
- Smith, Huston (2001). Cleansing the Doors of Perception: The Religious Significance of Entheogenic Plants and Chemicals. Jeremy P Tarcher. ISBN 1585420344.
- Stevens, Jay (1983). Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream. Flamingo. ISBN 0586087966.
- Weil, Andrew T. (November 5, 1963). "The Strange Case of the Harvard Drug Scandal". Look. No. 27.
- Wilson, Robert Anton (2000) . Prometheus Rising. Falcon Press. ISBN 0941404196.
- Wilson, Robert Anton (1991). Cosmic Trigger. Vol. 1. New Falcon Publications. ISBN 0941404463.
- Wolfe, Tom (1989). The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. Black Swan. ISBN 0552993662.
Further reading
- Fallowell, Duncan (1994). "Timothy Leary, Wonderland Park, Los Angeles". 20th Century Characters. London: Vintage Books.
- Minutaglio, Bill; Davis, Steven L. (2018). The Most Dangerous Man in America: Timothy Leary, Richard Nixon and the Hunt for the Fugitive King of LSD. Grand Central. ISBN 978-1455563586.
External links
- TimothyLeary.info – biography, archives, links, and more
- Lectures from the Leary Archive in audio format Archived October 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- Timothy Leary at IMDb
- "Unlimited Virtual Realities for Everyone!" Archived August 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, ArtFutura, 1990.
- Timothy Leary papers, 1910-2009, held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library.
- Rosemary Woodruff Leary papers, 1935-2006 at Manuscripts and Archives Division at the New York Public Library
- Image of Timothy Leary and his wife, Rosemary Woodruff holding a news conference in Los Angeles, California, 1969. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
Timothy Leary | |
---|---|
Bibliography | |
Books |
|
Theories | |
Philosophy | |
Models | |
Research | |
Communities | |
Music |
|
Collaborators | |
Related |
|
Chicago Seven | |
---|---|
Defendants | |
Lawyers/Judge |
|
Supporters | |
Context | |
Media |
|
Ram Dass | |
---|---|
Writings |
|
Other work | |
Associations | |
Related |
|
- Timothy Leary
- 1920 births
- 1996 deaths
- 20th-century American memoirists
- 20th-century American psychologists
- American SubGenii
- American consciousness researchers and theorists
- American expatriates in Algeria
- American founders
- American modern pagans
- American people of Irish descent
- American psychedelic drug advocates
- College of the Holy Cross alumni
- Deaths from prostate cancer in California
- Drug culture
- ESP-Disk artists
- Filmed deaths from natural causes
- Former Roman Catholics
- American free speech activists
- Harvard University Department of Psychology faculty
- Hippies
- Lysergic acid diethylamide
- Military personnel from Massachusetts
- Modern pagan writers
- People from Millbrook, New York
- Psychedelic drug researchers
- Psychonautics researchers
- Ram Dass
- Space burials
- United States Army Air Forces non-commissioned officers
- United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
- United States Army personnel of World War II
- United States Army soldiers
- United States Military Academy alumni
- University of Alabama alumni
- University of California, Berkeley alumni
- University of California, Berkeley faculty
- Washington State University alumni
- Writers from Springfield, Massachusetts