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{{Short description|Imaginary author of nursery rhymes and tales}} | |||
:''For the 1970's musical group known as Mother Goose, see ]'' | |||
{{About|the fairy-tale character|}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} | |||
] | |||
'''Mother Goose''' is a character that originated in children's fiction, as the imaginary author of a collection of French ]s and later of English ]s.<ref>''Macmillan Dictionary for Students'' Macmillan, Pan Ltd. (1981), p. 663. Retrieved 2010-7-15.</ref> She also appeared in a song, the first stanza of which often functions now as a nursery rhyme.<ref>See, for instance, item 364 in ], ''The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes'', 1997.</ref> The character also appears in a pantomime tracing its roots to 1806.<ref name=JS>Jeri Studebaker, ''Breaking the Mother Goose Code'', Moon Books 2015, </ref> | |||
] handwritten and illustrated version of ]'s ''Contes de ma mère l'Oye (Mother Goose Tales)'' depicting ].]] | |||
The term's appearance in English dates back to the early 18th century, when ]'s fairy tale collection, ], was first translated into English as ''Tales of My Mother Goose''. Later a compilation of English nursery rhymes, titled ''Mother Goose's Melody, or, Sonnets for the Cradle'', helped perpetuate the name both in Britain and the United States. | |||
==The character== | |||
'''Mother Goose''' is a well-known figure in the ] of ]s and ]s. | |||
Mother Goose's name was identified with English collections of stories and nursery rhymes popularised in the 17th century. English readers would already have been familiar with ], a stock figure when ] published the satire '']'' in 1590, as well as with similar fairy tales told by "Mother Bunch" (the pseudonym of ])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verdier |first1=Gabrielle |title=Comment l'auteur des «Fées à la mode» devint «Mother Bunch»: Métamorphoses de Comtesse d'Aulnoy en Angleterre" ("How the Author of 'Fairies à la mode' became 'Mother Bunch': Metamorphoses of Countess d'Aulnoy in England |journal=Merveilles & Contes (Wonders & Tales) |date=December 1996 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=285–309 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41390464 |access-date=30 June 2020 |publisher=Wayne State University Press|jstor=41390464 }}</ref> in the 1690s.<ref>Ryoji Tsurumi, "The Development of Mother Goose in Britain in the Nineteenth Century" ''Folklore'' '''101'''.1 (1990:28–35) p. 330 instances these, as well as the "Mother Carey" of sailor lore—"Mother Carey's chicken" being the ]—and the Tudor period prophetess "]".</ref> An early mention appears in an aside in a versified French chronicle of weekly events, ]'s ''La Muse Historique'', collected in 1650.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shahed |first=Syed Mohammad |title=A Common Nomenclature for Traditional Rhymes |jstor=1178946 |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=54 |number=2 |date=1995 |pages=307–314|doi=10.2307/1178946 }}</ref> His remark, ''comme un conte de la Mère Oye''<!--Oye in original--> ("like a Mother Goose story") shows that the term was readily understood. Additional 17th-century Mother Goose/Mere l'Oye references appear in French literature in the 1620s and 1630s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux46AAAAcAAJ&q=Les+satyres+de+Saint-Regnier |title=Les satyres de Saint-Regnier – ... Saint-Regnier – Google Books |access-date=14 February 2012|last1=Saint-Regnier |year=1626 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uj0-AAAAcAAJ&q=%22Mere+Oye%22 |title=De la nature, vertu et utilité des plantes – Guido de Labrosse – Google Boeken |date=21 September 2009 |access-date=14 February 2012|last1=Labrosse |first1=Guido de }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMdBAAAAcAAJ |title=Pièces curieuses en suite de celles du Sieur de St. Germain – Google Boeken |access-date=14 February 2012|year=1644 }}</ref> | |||
===Speculation about origins=== | |||
==Who was Mother Goose?== | |||
In the 20th century, Katherine Elwes-Thomas theorised that the image and name "Mother Goose" or "Mère l'Oye" might be based upon ancient legends of the wife of King ], known as "Berthe la fileuse" ("]") or ''Berthe pied d'oie'' ("Goose-Footed Bertha" ), often described as spinning incredible tales that enraptured children.<ref>''The Real Personages of Mother Goose'', Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co., 1930, </ref> Other scholars have pointed out that ]'s mother, ], came to be known as the goose-foot queen (''regina pede aucae'').<ref name=":0" /> There are even sources that trace Mother Goose's origin back to the biblical ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Developing Creative Leadership|last1=Parker|first1=Jeanette|last2=Begnaud|first2=Lucy|publisher=Teacher Ideas Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-56308-631-1|location=Portsmouth, NH|page=76}}</ref> Stories of Bertha with a strange foot (goose, swan or otherwise) exist in many languages including Middle German, French, Latin and, Italian. ] theorised that these stories are related to the Upper German figure ] or Berchta (English Bertha).<ref>Grimm, J. L. C. . Teutonic mythology, tr. by J.S. Stallybrass. United Kingdom, n.p, 1882.</ref> although with much darker connotations. | |||
Mother Goose is the name given to an archetypical country woman, who is supposedly the originator of the Mother Goose stories and rhymes. Yet no specific writer has ever been identified with such a name, and the first known mention of which appears in an aside in a versified chronicle of weekly happenings, that appeared regularly for several years, Jean Loret's ''La Muse Historique'' (in ]): ''comme un conte de la Mere Oye'' ("Like a Mother Goose story"). | |||
] in ], Massachusetts]] | |||
Many tourists to ] have been told that the original Mother Goose was named ] and is interred at the ]. This belief is considered wholly erroneous by scholars, as the individual's life post-dates prior use of the term elsewhere and no evidence exists that she collected any tales into a book. | |||
Despite evidence to the contrary,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D00E1DD1730E132A25757C0A9649C94689ED7CF|title=MOTHER GOOSE – Longevity of the Boston Myth – The Facts of History in this Matter – Review|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 February 1899|access-date=14 February 2012|first=Joel|last=Benton}}</ref> it has been stated in the United States that the original Mother Goose was the ]ian wife of Isaac Goose, either named Elizabeth Foster Goose (1665–1758) or Mary Goose (d. 1690, age 42).<ref>{{cite news|author=|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E03EFDC163AE033A25753C2A9669D94679FD7CF|title=MOTHER GOOSE|newspaper=THE New York Times|date=20 October 1886|access-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> She was reportedly the second wife of Isaac Goose (alternatively named Vergoose or Vertigoose), who brought to the marriage six children of her own to add to Isaac's ten.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Susan|title=Literary Trail of Greater Boston|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|year=2000|page=23|isbn=0-618-05013-2}}</ref> After Isaac died, Elizabeth went to live with her eldest daughter, who had married Thomas Fleet, a publisher who lived on Pudding Lane (now Devonshire Street). According to Early, "Mother Goose" used to sing songs and ditties to her grandchildren all day, and other children swarmed to hear them. Finally, it was said, her son-in-law gathered her jingles together and printed them. No evidence of such printing has been found, and historians believe this story was concocted by Fleet's great-grandson John Fleet Eliot in 1860.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hahn|first1=Daniel|first2=Michael|last2=Morpurgo|title=The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969514-0|page=400|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mb66BwAAQBAJ|access-date=6 January 2020|format=e-Book, Google Books}}</ref> | |||
In her ] book '']'', ] submits that the image and name "Mother Goose", or "Mere L'Oye", may be based upon ancient legends of the wife of King ]. "Goose-Footed Bertha" is often referred in French legends as spinning incredible tales that enraptured children. | |||
], leading authorities on nursery lore, give no credence to either the Elwes-Thomas or the Boston suppositions. It is generally accepted that the term does not refer to any particular person.<ref>''The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes'', Oxford University Press 1997; see the section "Mother Goose in America", pp. 36–39</ref> | |||
==Nursery tales and rhymes== | |||
==Mother Goose's stories== | |||
{{Main|Tales of Mother Goose}} | |||
The ''Contes de ma mère l'Oye'' ''(Mother Goose Tales),'' edited in ] by ] author ], is made of eight tales: | |||
] | |||
], one of the initiators of the ] genre, published a collection of such tales in 1695 called '']'' under the name of his son, which became better known under its subtitle of ''Contes de ma mère l'Oye'' or ''Tales of My Mother Goose''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Motifs: An Introduction to French|last1=Jansma|first1=Kimberly|last2=Kassen|first2=Margaret|publisher=Thomson Higher Education|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4130-2810-2|location=Boston, MA|page=456}}</ref> Perrault's publication marks the first authenticated starting-point for Mother Goose stories. An English translation of Perrault's collection, ]'s ''Histories or Tales of Past Times, Told by Mother Goose'', appeared in 1729 and was reprinted in America in 1786.<ref>Charles Francis Potter, "Mother Goose", ''Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legends'' II (1950), p. 751f.</ref> | |||
]s were once believed to have been published in ]'s compilation ''{{visible anchor|Mother Goose's Melody}}, or, Sonnets for the cradle''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/mothergoosesmelo00pridiala |title=Mother Goose's melody: Prideaux, William Francis, 1840–1914 |access-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> published some time in London in the 1760s, but the first edition was probably published in 1780 or 1781 by Thomas Carnan, Newbery's stepson and successor. Although this edition was registered with the ] in 1780, no copy has ever been confirmed, and the earliest surviving edition is dated 1784.<ref>Nigel Tattersfield in ''Mother Goose's melody ...'' (a facsimile of an edition of c. 1795, Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2003).</ref> The name "Mother Goose" has been associated in the English-speaking world with children's poetry ever since.<ref name="IntrotoPoetry">{{cite book |last1=Driscoll |first1=Michael |last2=Hamilton |first2=Meredith |last3=Coons |first3=Marie |title=A Child's Introduction Poetry |publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers |year=2003 |page=10 |isbn=978-1-57912-282-9 |url=http://search.barnesandnoble.com/A-Childs-Introduction-to-Poetry/Michael-Driscoll/e/9781579122829}}</ref> | |||
* ''La Belle au bois dormant'' ''(])'' | |||
* ''Le Petit Chaperon rouge'' ''(])'' | |||
* ''Barbe Bleue'' ''(])'' | |||
* ''Le Chat botté'' ''(The Master Cat; or, ])'' | |||
* ''Les Fées'' ''(The Fairies)'' often translated as '']'' | |||
* ''Cendrillon'' ''(]; or, The Little Glass Slipper)'' | |||
* ''Riquet à la houppe'' ''(])'' | |||
* ''Le Petit Poucet'' ''(Little Thumb)'' often translated as '']'' | |||
==Pantomime== | |||
Many of Perrault's Mother Goose tales were adapted for the ] or major feature films, especially by ] or by ]. | |||
] (right) in the role, an 1846 print by ]]] | |||
In addition to being the purported author of nursery rhymes, Mother Goose is herself the title character in one | |||
recorded by the Opies, only the first verse of which figures in later editions of their book.<ref>''The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes'', pp. 373–4]</ref> Titled "Old Mother Goose and the Golden Egg", this verse prefaced a 15-stanza poem that rambled through a variety of adventures involving not only the egg but also Mother Goose's son Jack. There exists an illustrated chapbook omitting their opening stanza that dates from the 1820s<ref> from Toronto Public Library</ref> and another version was recorded by ] in his ''The Nursery Rhymes of England'' (1842).<ref>Google Books, </ref> Other shorter versions were also recorded later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diploma thesis|url=https://is.muni.cz/th/d8wlo/Diploma_Thesis_Corpus.pdf}}</ref> | |||
All of them, however, were dependent on a very successful ] first performed in London in 1806, and it is only by reference to its script that the unexplained gaps in the poem's narration are made clear.<ref name=JS/> The pantomime, staged at ] during the Christmas season, was the work of ] and its title, ''Harlequin and Mother Goose, or The Golden Egg'', signals how it combines the '']'' tradition and other folk elements with fable – in this case "]".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Harlequin and Mother Goose; or, the golden egg! A comic pantomime |first=Thomas |last=Dibdin |publisher=Thomas Hailes Lacy |location=London |hdl=2027/iau.31858004934059 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> The stage version became a vehicle for the clown ], who played the part of Avaro, but there was also a shorter script for shadow pantomime which allowed special effects of a different kind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YM9ZAAAAcAAJ|title=Mother Goose; or, Harlequin and the Golden Egg: an original shadow pantomime|date=August 21, 1864|via=Google Books}}</ref> | |||
==Mother Goose in music and rhymes== | |||
In 1765, ]'s ''Mother Goose's Melody'' switched the focus from fairy tales to nursery rhymes, and in English this was the prime connotation for Mother Goose until recently. Most people in the UK now only know the name as a title for a ] pantomime - the tales have formed the basis for many classic British ], including one called "Mother Goose". | |||
] as Mother Goose]] | |||
The name is now used as a ] title for collections of nursery rhymes, especially ones of a previous age. | |||
Special effects were needed since the folk elements in the story made a ]-figure of Mother Goose. In reference to this, and especially the opening stanza, illustrations of Mother Goose began depicting her as an old lady with a strong chin who wears a tall pointed hat and flies astride a goose.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children's Literature|last1=Cullinan|first1=Bernice|last2=Person|first2=Diane|publisher=Continuum|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8264-1516-5|location=New York|page=561}}</ref> Ryoji Tsurumi has commented on the folk aspects of this figure in his monograph on the play.<ref>Ryoji Tsurumi (1990) "The Development of Mother Goose in Britain in the Nineteenth Century", ''Folklore'' 101:1, </ref> In the first scene, the stage directions show her raising a storm and, for the first time onstage, flying a gander – and she later raises a ghost in a macabre churchyard scene. These elements contrast with others from the ] tradition in which the old miser Avaro transforms into Pantaloon, while the young lovers Colin and Colinette become Harlequin and Columbine. | |||
A new Mother Goose pantomime was written for the comedian ] by ] and ] for performances at ] in 1902.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5JWAgAAQBAJ&dq=Mother+Goose+Drury+Lane+1902%C2%A0Collins+Wood&pg=PA125|chapter=Productions 1902; Mother Goose|title=The London Stage 1900-1909: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel|first=J. P. |last=Wearing|year=2013|isbn=9780810892941|publisher=]}}</ref> This had a different story line in which the poor but happy Mother Goose is tempted with wealth by the Devil.<ref>Caroline Radcliffe, in ''Victorian Pantomime: A Collection of Critical Essays'', Palgrave Macmillan 2010</ref> This was the ancestor of all the pantomimes of that title that followed, adaptations of which continue to appear.<ref>Michael Billington's Mother Goose review, ''The Guardian'', </ref> Playwright ] adapted the libretto by Wood and Collins for the 1903 ] musical '']'' which starred comedian ] in the title role. It used music by composer ] and lyrics by ].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Dan|last1=Dietz|title=The Complete Book of 1900s Broadway Musicals|publisher=]|year=2022|isbn=9781538168943|chapter=Mother Goose}}</ref> | |||
French composer ] wrote an opus named '']'', a suite for the ], which was then orchestrated and became a ]. | |||
Because nursery rhymes are usually referred to as Mother Goose songs in the US,<ref>''The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes'', p. 1</ref> however, children's entertainments in which a medley of nursery characters are introduced to sing their rhymes often introduced her name into American titles. Early 20th century examples of these include ''A dream of Mother Goose and other entertainments'' by J. C. Marchant and S. J. Mayhew (Boston, 1908);<ref>{{Cite book |title=A dream of Mother Goose and other entertainments |first1=J. C.|last1=Marchant |first2=S. J. |last2=Mayhew |display-authors=etal |date=August 21, 1908|publisher=Walter H. Baker |location=Boston |hdl=2027/hvd.hxdltb |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Miss Muffet Lost and Found : a Mother Goose play'' by Katharine C. Baker (Chicago, 1915);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100182555|title=Miss Muffet lost and found: a Mother Goose play|date=August 21, 1915|via=Hathi Trust}}</ref> ''The Modern Mother Goose: a play in three acts'' by Helen Hamilton (Chicago, 1916);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/modernmothergoos00hami|title=The modern Mother Goose ..: Hamilton, Helen. : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|website=Internet Archive|year=1916|publisher=Chicago, Rand McNally & Co.}}</ref> and the up-to-the-moment ''The Strike Mother Goose Settled'' by Evelyn Hoxie (Franklin Ohio and Denver Colorado, 1922).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/strikemothergoos00hoxi|title=The strike Mother goose settled ..: Hoxie, Evelyn. : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|website=Internet Archive|year=1922|publisher=Franklin, Ohio, Eldridge Entertainment House}}</ref> | |||
==As a slang term== | |||
The term 'Mother Goose' has been adopted as a ] term in the ], and refers to a neurotic woman who fusses too much over those who are in her charge. | |||
== |
==Sculpture== | ||
In the United States there is a granite statue of a flying Mother Goose by ] at the entrance to ] in New York's ].<ref>Raymond Carroll, ''The Complete Illustrated Map and Guidebook to Central Park'', Sterling Publishing Company, 2008, </ref> Installed in 1938, it has several other nursery rhyme characters carved into its sides.<ref>Illustrations at </ref> On a smaller scale, there is ]'s contemporary bronze rotating statue in the ], public library. There Mother Goose is depicted telling the tales associated with her to two small children, with twelve reliefs illustrating such stories about its round base.<ref></ref> | |||
* A male companion to Mother Goose, ] was a recurring character in the works of ]. | |||
==See also== | |||
* "Mother Goose" is also the nickname of a character of the movie '']'' (], ]), Jim Goose. | |||
{{Portal|Children's literature}} | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ], '']'' (1967) | |||
* ], published an American version of Mother Goose from stories told by his mother-in-law to his children. | |||
{{clear}} | |||
==References== | |||
* "Mother Goose" is also the title of a song on the album '']'' from the ] band ]. | |||
{{Reflist|30em}} | |||
* ] produced the '']'' series of computer games (now called ]) for young children. | |||
* In the TV series ] in the episode "Bring Your Daughter To Work Day", one child approaches Phyllis and asks her, "Are you Mother Goose"? | |||
*The costume in which Mother Goose is often seen is based upon the traditional peasant costume in Wales.{{fact}} | |||
==See also== | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{Wikiquote}} | |||
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* At ]: | * At ]: | ||
** translated by |
** translated by Charles Welsh | ||
** illustrated by ] | ** illustrated by ] | ||
** |
** (Anonymous) | ||
** by ] | ** by ] | ||
* {{librivox book | title=Mother Goose}} | |||
* Public domain illustrations of Mother Goose rhymes | * Public domain illustrations of Mother Goose rhymes | ||
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Latest revision as of 00:02, 17 December 2024
Imaginary author of nursery rhymes and tales This article is about the fairy-tale character. For other uses, see Mother Goose (disambiguation).
Mother Goose is a character that originated in children's fiction, as the imaginary author of a collection of French fairy tales and later of English nursery rhymes. She also appeared in a song, the first stanza of which often functions now as a nursery rhyme. The character also appears in a pantomime tracing its roots to 1806.
The term's appearance in English dates back to the early 18th century, when Charles Perrault's fairy tale collection, Contes de ma Mère l'Oye, was first translated into English as Tales of My Mother Goose. Later a compilation of English nursery rhymes, titled Mother Goose's Melody, or, Sonnets for the Cradle, helped perpetuate the name both in Britain and the United States.
The character
Mother Goose's name was identified with English collections of stories and nursery rhymes popularised in the 17th century. English readers would already have been familiar with Mother Hubbard, a stock figure when Edmund Spenser published the satire Mother Hubberd's Tale in 1590, as well as with similar fairy tales told by "Mother Bunch" (the pseudonym of Madame d'Aulnoy) in the 1690s. An early mention appears in an aside in a versified French chronicle of weekly events, Jean Loret's La Muse Historique, collected in 1650. His remark, comme un conte de la Mère Oye ("like a Mother Goose story") shows that the term was readily understood. Additional 17th-century Mother Goose/Mere l'Oye references appear in French literature in the 1620s and 1630s.
Speculation about origins
In the 20th century, Katherine Elwes-Thomas theorised that the image and name "Mother Goose" or "Mère l'Oye" might be based upon ancient legends of the wife of King Robert II of France, known as "Berthe la fileuse" ("Bertha the Spinner") or Berthe pied d'oie ("Goose-Footed Bertha" ), often described as spinning incredible tales that enraptured children. Other scholars have pointed out that Charlemagne's mother, Bertrada of Laon, came to be known as the goose-foot queen (regina pede aucae). There are even sources that trace Mother Goose's origin back to the biblical Queen of Sheba. Stories of Bertha with a strange foot (goose, swan or otherwise) exist in many languages including Middle German, French, Latin and, Italian. Jacob Grimm theorised that these stories are related to the Upper German figure Perchta or Berchta (English Bertha). Like the legends of "Bertha la fileuse" in France and the story of Mother Goose Berchta was associated with children, geese, and spinning or weaving, although with much darker connotations.
Despite evidence to the contrary, it has been stated in the United States that the original Mother Goose was the Bostonian wife of Isaac Goose, either named Elizabeth Foster Goose (1665–1758) or Mary Goose (d. 1690, age 42). She was reportedly the second wife of Isaac Goose (alternatively named Vergoose or Vertigoose), who brought to the marriage six children of her own to add to Isaac's ten. After Isaac died, Elizabeth went to live with her eldest daughter, who had married Thomas Fleet, a publisher who lived on Pudding Lane (now Devonshire Street). According to Early, "Mother Goose" used to sing songs and ditties to her grandchildren all day, and other children swarmed to hear them. Finally, it was said, her son-in-law gathered her jingles together and printed them. No evidence of such printing has been found, and historians believe this story was concocted by Fleet's great-grandson John Fleet Eliot in 1860.
Iona and Peter Opie, leading authorities on nursery lore, give no credence to either the Elwes-Thomas or the Boston suppositions. It is generally accepted that the term does not refer to any particular person.
Nursery tales and rhymes
Main article: Tales of Mother GooseCharles Perrault, one of the initiators of the literary fairy tale genre, published a collection of such tales in 1695 called Histoires ou contes du temps passés, avec des moralités under the name of his son, which became better known under its subtitle of Contes de ma mère l'Oye or Tales of My Mother Goose. Perrault's publication marks the first authenticated starting-point for Mother Goose stories. An English translation of Perrault's collection, Robert Samber's Histories or Tales of Past Times, Told by Mother Goose, appeared in 1729 and was reprinted in America in 1786.
Nursery rhymes were once believed to have been published in John Newbery's compilation Mother Goose's Melody, or, Sonnets for the cradle published some time in London in the 1760s, but the first edition was probably published in 1780 or 1781 by Thomas Carnan, Newbery's stepson and successor. Although this edition was registered with the Stationers' Company in 1780, no copy has ever been confirmed, and the earliest surviving edition is dated 1784. The name "Mother Goose" has been associated in the English-speaking world with children's poetry ever since.
Pantomime
In addition to being the purported author of nursery rhymes, Mother Goose is herself the title character in one recorded by the Opies, only the first verse of which figures in later editions of their book. Titled "Old Mother Goose and the Golden Egg", this verse prefaced a 15-stanza poem that rambled through a variety of adventures involving not only the egg but also Mother Goose's son Jack. There exists an illustrated chapbook omitting their opening stanza that dates from the 1820s and another version was recorded by J. O. Halliwell in his The Nursery Rhymes of England (1842). Other shorter versions were also recorded later.
All of them, however, were dependent on a very successful pantomime first performed in London in 1806, and it is only by reference to its script that the unexplained gaps in the poem's narration are made clear. The pantomime, staged at Covent Garden during the Christmas season, was the work of Thomas John Dibdin and its title, Harlequin and Mother Goose, or The Golden Egg, signals how it combines the Commedia dell'arte tradition and other folk elements with fable – in this case "The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs". The stage version became a vehicle for the clown Joseph Grimaldi, who played the part of Avaro, but there was also a shorter script for shadow pantomime which allowed special effects of a different kind.
Special effects were needed since the folk elements in the story made a witch-figure of Mother Goose. In reference to this, and especially the opening stanza, illustrations of Mother Goose began depicting her as an old lady with a strong chin who wears a tall pointed hat and flies astride a goose. Ryoji Tsurumi has commented on the folk aspects of this figure in his monograph on the play. In the first scene, the stage directions show her raising a storm and, for the first time onstage, flying a gander – and she later raises a ghost in a macabre churchyard scene. These elements contrast with others from the harlequinade tradition in which the old miser Avaro transforms into Pantaloon, while the young lovers Colin and Colinette become Harlequin and Columbine.
A new Mother Goose pantomime was written for the comedian Dan Leno by J. Hickory Wood and Arthur Collins for performances at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1902. This had a different story line in which the poor but happy Mother Goose is tempted with wealth by the Devil. This was the ancestor of all the pantomimes of that title that followed, adaptations of which continue to appear. Playwright John J. McNally adapted the libretto by Wood and Collins for the 1903 Broadway musical Mother Goose which starred comedian Joseph Cawthorn in the title role. It used music by composer Frederick Solomon and lyrics by George V. Hobart.
Because nursery rhymes are usually referred to as Mother Goose songs in the US, however, children's entertainments in which a medley of nursery characters are introduced to sing their rhymes often introduced her name into American titles. Early 20th century examples of these include A dream of Mother Goose and other entertainments by J. C. Marchant and S. J. Mayhew (Boston, 1908); Miss Muffet Lost and Found : a Mother Goose play by Katharine C. Baker (Chicago, 1915); The Modern Mother Goose: a play in three acts by Helen Hamilton (Chicago, 1916); and the up-to-the-moment The Strike Mother Goose Settled by Evelyn Hoxie (Franklin Ohio and Denver Colorado, 1922).
Sculpture
In the United States there is a granite statue of a flying Mother Goose by Frederick Roth at the entrance to Rumsey Playfield in New York's Central Park. Installed in 1938, it has several other nursery rhyme characters carved into its sides. On a smaller scale, there is Richard Henry Recchia's contemporary bronze rotating statue in the Rockport, Massachusetts, public library. There Mother Goose is depicted telling the tales associated with her to two small children, with twelve reliefs illustrating such stories about its round base.
See also
- List of children's songs
- List of children's stories
- Luis van Rooten, Mots d'Heures: Gousses, Rames (1967)
- Thomas Fleet, published an American version of Mother Goose from stories told by his mother-in-law to his children.
References
- Macmillan Dictionary for Students Macmillan, Pan Ltd. (1981), p. 663. Retrieved 2010-7-15.
- See, for instance, item 364 in Peter and Iona Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, 1997.
- ^ Jeri Studebaker, Breaking the Mother Goose Code, Moon Books 2015, Chapter 6
- Verdier, Gabrielle (December 1996). "Comment l'auteur des «Fées à la mode» devint «Mother Bunch»: Métamorphoses de Comtesse d'Aulnoy en Angleterre" ("How the Author of 'Fairies à la mode' became 'Mother Bunch': Metamorphoses of Countess d'Aulnoy in England". Merveilles & Contes (Wonders & Tales). 10 (2). Wayne State University Press: 285–309. JSTOR 41390464. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- Ryoji Tsurumi, "The Development of Mother Goose in Britain in the Nineteenth Century" Folklore 101.1 (1990:28–35) p. 330 instances these, as well as the "Mother Carey" of sailor lore—"Mother Carey's chicken" being the European storm-petrel—and the Tudor period prophetess "Mother Shipton".
- Shahed, Syed Mohammad (1995). "A Common Nomenclature for Traditional Rhymes". Asian Folklore Studies. 54 (2): 307–314. doi:10.2307/1178946. JSTOR 1178946.
- Saint-Regnier (1626). Les satyres de Saint-Regnier – ... Saint-Regnier – Google Books. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- Labrosse, Guido de (21 September 2009). De la nature, vertu et utilité des plantes – Guido de Labrosse – Google Boeken. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- Pièces curieuses en suite de celles du Sieur de St. Germain – Google Boeken. 1644. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- The Real Personages of Mother Goose, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co., 1930, p.28
- ^ Cullinan, Bernice; Person, Diane (2001). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. New York: Continuum. p. 561. ISBN 978-0-8264-1516-5.
- Parker, Jeanette; Begnaud, Lucy (2004). Developing Creative Leadership. Portsmouth, NH: Teacher Ideas Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-56308-631-1.
- Grimm, J. L. C. [. w. (1882). Teutonic mythology, tr. by J.S. Stallybrass. United Kingdom: (n.p.).
- Grimm, Jacob Ludwig C. . Teutonic mythology, tr. by J.S. Stallybrass. United Kingdom, n.p, 1882.
- Benton, Joel (4 February 1899). "MOTHER GOOSE – Longevity of the Boston Myth – The Facts of History in this Matter – Review". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- (20 October 1886). "MOTHER GOOSE". THE New York Times. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- Wilson, Susan (2000). Literary Trail of Greater Boston. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 23. ISBN 0-618-05013-2.
- Hahn, Daniel; Morpurgo, Michael (1983). The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (e-Book, Google Books). Oxford University Press. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-19-969514-0. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
- The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, Oxford University Press 1997; see the section "Mother Goose in America", pp. 36–39
- Jansma, Kimberly; Kassen, Margaret (2007). Motifs: An Introduction to French. Boston, MA: Thomson Higher Education. p. 456. ISBN 978-1-4130-2810-2.
- Charles Francis Potter, "Mother Goose", Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legends II (1950), p. 751f.
- "Mother Goose's melody: Prideaux, William Francis, 1840–1914". Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- Nigel Tattersfield in Mother Goose's melody ... (a facsimile of an edition of c. 1795, Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2003).
- Driscoll, Michael; Hamilton, Meredith; Coons, Marie (2003). A Child's Introduction Poetry. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-57912-282-9.
- The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, pp. 373–4]
- Available as a PDF from Toronto Public Library
- Google Books, pp.32-4
- "Diploma thesis" (PDF).
- Dibdin, Thomas. Harlequin and Mother Goose; or, the golden egg! A comic pantomime. London: Thomas Hailes Lacy. hdl:2027/iau.31858004934059.
- "Mother Goose; or, Harlequin and the Golden Egg: an original shadow pantomime". 21 August 1864 – via Google Books.
- Ryoji Tsurumi (1990) "The Development of Mother Goose in Britain in the Nineteenth Century", Folklore 101:1, pp.28-35
- Wearing, J. P. (2013). "Productions 1902; Mother Goose". The London Stage 1900-1909: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810892941.
- Caroline Radcliffe, p. 127–9 "Dan Leno, Dame of Drury Lane" in Victorian Pantomime: A Collection of Critical Essays, Palgrave Macmillan 2010
- Michael Billington's Mother Goose review, The Guardian, 12 Dec. 2016
- Dietz, Dan (2022). "Mother Goose". The Complete Book of 1900s Broadway Musicals. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9781538168943.
- The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, p. 1
- Marchant, J. C.; Mayhew, S. J.; et al. (21 August 1908). A dream of Mother Goose and other entertainments. Boston: Walter H. Baker. hdl:2027/hvd.hxdltb.
- "Miss Muffet lost and found: a Mother Goose play". 21 August 1915 – via Hathi Trust.
- "The modern Mother Goose ..: Hamilton, Helen. [old catalog heading]: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming". Internet Archive. Chicago, Rand McNally & Co. 1916.
- "The strike Mother goose settled ..: Hoxie, Evelyn. [from old catalog]: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming". Internet Archive. Franklin, Ohio, Eldridge Entertainment House. 1922.
- Raymond Carroll, The Complete Illustrated Map and Guidebook to Central Park, Sterling Publishing Company, 2008, p. 26
- Illustrations at Central Park in Bronze
- "Mother Goose genius design"
External links
- 1904 Facsimile of earliest American compilation, John Newberry's Mother Goose's Melody, 1791 edition
- "Who was Mother goose?"
- At Project Gutenberg:
- The Tales of Mother Goose by Charles Perrault translated by Charles Welsh
- The Real Mother Goose illustrated by Blanche Fisher Wright
- The Only True Mother Goose Melodies (Anonymous)
- Mother Goose in Prose by L. Frank Baum
- Mother Goose public domain audiobook at LibriVox
- Mother Goose Clip Art Public domain illustrations of Mother Goose rhymes
- Collection of Mother Goose verses
- Verses with artwork and audio recordings
- Play and education with Mother Goose nursery rhymes
- Earliest extant evidence of an American Mother Goose in 1691
- Illustrated Editions of Traditional Mother Goose Rhymes: A Bibliographical Listing