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| ⚫ | #Redirect ] | ||
| '''Undivided India''' has several socio-political, historical, and geographical meanings. | |||
| ==Raj== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| Officially, it is a term which refers to the major part of the ] which comprised the '''British Raj''', and included the current ] states of ], ], and ]. Undivided India did not include all geographical regions and nations of the South Asia like ] and ], but included most of the ] of India. | |||
| References to undivided India are found in some legal enactments including India’s Citizenship Act, 1955, which states that for the meaning of ''undivided India'' (in the context of this Act), the ''undivided India means India as defined in the ], as originally enacted''. There are innumerable other references to undivided India, in a variety of contexts, but mostly indicating India with boundaries as it existed just before the ] into India and Pakistan. | |||
| ==Indies== | |||
| {{main|Indies}} | |||
| ] | |||
| The '''Indies''' or '''East Indies''' (or '''East India''') is a term used to describe lands of ] and ] Asia, occupying all of the former ], the present ]n Union, ], ], ], ], the ], and also ], ] and ], which was last called the ] before independence. | |||
| The East Indies also include Iranian ], ], the ], ], ] and ]. It does not, however, include ] (West Papua), which is part of ]. | |||
| The inhabitants of the East Indies are often called East Indians, distinguishing them both from inhabitants of the ] which is also called the ], and from the ] who are often called "Indians" or "American Indians." | |||
| ==Greater India== | |||
| {{main|Greater India}} | |||
| ], Light Blue: Other countries culturally linked to India, notably ], ], ], ], ] and ], Purple: Regions not included in Indosphere, but with significant current or historical Indian cultural influence, notably ], ], and ] province of ].]] | |||
| '''Greater India''' is another term sometimes used to describe the region between ] in the North and tropical ] in the South, and from the borderlands of ] to ] and western ], which has had a significant ]n influence on its culture and civilizaton, including religious thought, language, art and literature. | |||
| This socio-cultural region is now part of the modern nations of (from the west): Iran (Seistan-Balochistan province), Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, the trans-Tsangpo and Yunnan regions of China, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Maldives, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Brunei, East Timor, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore, the Mauritius, Maldives, Seychelles, Comoros and other islands of the Indian Ocean. | |||
| ==Indosphere== | |||
| {{main|Indosphere}} | |||
| '''Indosphere''' is a term, defined as "a socio-political sphere subsuming those countries, cultures, and languages that have historically come under influence from the politics, culture, religion, and languages of India (notably, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Burma)." | |||
| ==Akhanda Bharatam== | |||
| '''Akhanda Bharatam''' (literally "undivided India") is the historic homeland of the ]s, before ] and colonial partition, which resulted in the subsequent ] of a significant number to ] and ]. It includes all of present day ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
| The geographic frontiers of this region range from the Himalayan region in the north to the ocean in the south. This is derived from the ] text of India. | |||
| : '''Uttaram yad samudrasya himadreschaiva dakshinam''' | |||
| : '''varsham tad Bharatam naama Bharati yatra santati''' | |||
| Akhanda Bharatam is the Sanskrit name for this region. Hinduism and Buddhism are the predominant religions. The Indonesia-Malaysia region, the Pakistan-Afghanistan region and the Sistan-Balochistan region later were converted to Islam. | |||
| Akhand Bharat is largely based on the concepts of ] or ] rather than a political ]. It is an important part of the ] ] of ] subscribed to by ] organizations such as ] (RSS) and ] such as the ] (BJP). | |||
| == The Myth of Bharat == | |||
| In modern times, bigoted ] have projected Bharatavarsha as the ancient ] name for the whole of India. This, however, has no historical foundation. Bharatavarsha did not include the whole of India and never did, but only denoted the kingdom of the Aryan invader | |||
| Bharata, who was a chieftain of one of the Aryan tribes that invaded India. This small region comprised only a small part of the upper Ganges valley. | |||
| Epigraphic Evidence | |||
| The epigraphic evidence confirms that Bharata originally did not mean the whole of India. but only a small part of North India. Kharavela who lived c.63 BC - c.23 BC ( C.R.Mishra, p.114 ), was one of the most famous kings of the Kolarian-Dravidian kingdom of Kalinga. His | |||
| conquests ranged far and wide. They are celebrated in the Hathigumpha inscription. The nineth and tenth lines of this inscription clearly mention that he invaded Bharata from Kalingam thereby implying that Bharata at that time did not include the whole of India - Line 9-10: "And, in the nineth year, (His Majesty) ] caused to be built the great victory place - royal residence at the cost of thirty eight hundred thousand (coins). | |||
| " Then, in the 10th year (His Majesty) who embodied the principles of politics, diplomacy and peace, caused (the army) to march towards Bharatavarsha for conquest ." | |||
| -- ( C.R.Mishra, p.128 ) | |||
| ]. C.R.Mishra notes that Bharata did not originally denote India: " Bharatavarsha, here is used in a general sense denoting the regions of northern India " (C.R.Mishra, p.121). Elaborating this, he states that Bharata is mentioned for the first time in the Hatigumpha | |||
| inscription and that it denoted only a part of ] - " In the epigraphic records of ], the name `Bharatavarsha' is mentioned for the first time in the Hatigumpha inscription. But the name denoted North India at that time." | |||
| -- ( C.R.Mishra, p.130, n.79 ) | |||
| A.L. Basham states that Bharatas was one of the invading Aryan tribes which settled in the region between the Satlaj and Jamna, which later became known as Brahmavarta (Basham, The Wonder that was India, p.30). | |||
| Thus, the first time that we have undisputed usage of the word Bharatavarsha, it denoted only North India. There is no evidence of Bharata's kingdom extending beyond Northern India. | |||
| Historical Evidence | |||
| Historical evidence refutes the Brahmanist claim that Bharata conquered the whole of ]. Bharata's ancestors lived in the region of the ] in ]; they were ] tribesmen of ] stock. Bharata's legendary capital lay in the ], ie. Yusufzai territory of modern ]: " According to local tradition, the original seat of the empire of Bharata was much further to the morth-west, namely, at the site now occupied by the ruins of ], in the country of the Yusufzais to the northward of ]." (], p.48n.2) | |||
| From this base he descended with his hordes of Aryan horsemen onto the ]. There he defeated Indra ( Wheeler, p.45 ), a descendant of the first Aryan invader Indra, earning himself the title "most renowned of the Lunar race" (], p.47). He then conquered the Upper Ganges valley, exceeding ]'s dominion. | |||
| After the wars of annexation, the Raj of ] extended over the enitre doab between the rivers Ganges and the Jumna right up to the junction of these 2 rivers (], p.44). It is thus obvious that Bharata's empire, ], only included a few provinces in the | |||
| Ganges Valley. | |||
| His son ] founded ] further down the ], after this second wave of Aryans had pushed on from the neighbourhood of ] up to the banks of the Ganges (], p.48.n2). It is thus evident that even the lower Ganges valley was beyond Bharata's control. Hence, the Brahminist concept of `One Ancient Bharata' under perpetual dominion of the Brahmin Aryans is a fallacy. In the words of ], ''`] is as much a nation as the ]''' . | |||
| References | |||
| (C.R.Mishra), `Kharavela and His Times' , in ` Comprehensive Hisotry | |||
| and Culture of Orissa' , ed. P.K.Mishra, Kaveri Books, New Delhi 1997, | |||
| Vol.I part I, p.108-131. (]), `India of the ] with Reference to the | |||
| Mahabharata', J. Talboys Wheeler, Vol. I of `The History of India', | |||
| 1973 reprint Cosmo Publns. Delhi 1973 | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 03:50, 30 November 2023
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