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{{Short description|Obsolete grouping of human beings}}
{{Multiple issues|
The '''Armenoid race''' was a supposed sub-race in the context of a ] which was developed originally by Europeans in support of ].<ref>For the model of dividing humanity into races, see {{cite web|author=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|author-link=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|title=AAPA Statement on Race and Racism |website=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|access-date=19 June 2020 |date=27 March 2019 |url=https://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/|quote=Instead, the Western concept of race must be understood as a classification system that emerged from, and in support of, European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination.}}</ref> The Armenoid race was variously described (depending on author) as a "sub-race" of the "]"<ref name="Ripley">{{cite book|last=Ripley|first=William Z.|author-link=William Z. Ripley|title=The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study|year=1899|publisher=]|page=444|title-link=The Races of Europe (Ripley)}}</ref> or the "]" (e.g. by ]).
{{disputed|date=November 2014}}
{{update|date=November 2014}}
}}


==History of term==
] man of Armenoid type, from ''The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study'' by ] (1911)]]
The term was used by Austrian anthropologist ] and ] in the 1889 book ''Reisen in Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis'' ("Travel in Lycia, Milyas and Kibyratis").<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Luschan|first=Felix Von|title=The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|year=1911|volume=41|page=242|doi=10.2307/2843172|jstor=2843172|quote=When I first upheld in 1892, in my paper on the anthropological position of the Jews, the homogeneous character of these groups, I called them "Armenoids." But there can be no doubt that they are all descended from tribes belonging to the great Hittite Empire|hdl=2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t4nk3d322|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>Petersen, Eugen; Luschan, Felix von. ''Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis'' (1889).</ref> ] (1904–81) described the regions of ] such as ], the ], ], ], and the ] as the center of distribution of the Armenoid race.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} Anthropologist J.M Grintz considered the ], the ], as well as some ] (specifically of ] and ]) to have been Armenoid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grintz |first=J. M. |date=1962 |title=On the Original Home of the Semites |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/371692 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=186–206 |doi=10.1086/371692 |issn=0022-2968}}</ref>
In the ] of the early 20th century, the '''Armenoid type''' is a subtype of the ].<ref name="Ripley">{{cite book|last=Ripley|first=William Z.|authorlink=William Z. Ripley|title=]|year=1899|publisher=]|page=444}}</ref> According to anthropologist ], the countries of the northern part of ], namely ], the ], ], and the ], were considered the center of distribution of the Armenoid race.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img819.imageshack.us/img819/4152/troeracemap.jpg|title=Carleton Coon, "Racial Distribution map"|accessdate=1 May 2014}}</ref> Armenians and Certain ] peoples, such as, the ], ], ], ], and the ancient ], and the ] are members of this race.


=== Nazi use of the term ===
==Origin, distribution and physiognomy==
In his works, ] portrayed the Jewish people as a specifically non-European racial mixture comprising Armenoid, ], and ] elements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris-Reich |date=2013 |title=Photography in Economies of Demonstration: The Idea of the Jews as a Mixed-Race People |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/561684 |journal=Jewish Social Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=150 |doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.20.1.150}}</ref> The German physical anthropologist ] characterized the Jews as a racial mixture that is primarily of the Armenoid type.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris-Reich |first=A. |date=2013-01-01 |title=Taboo and Classification: Post-1945 German Racial Writing on Jews |url=https://academic.oup.com/leobaeck/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/leobaeck/ybt015 |journal=The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=195–215 |doi=10.1093/leobaeck/ybt015 |issn=0075-8744}}</ref> According to Croatian fascist ] ideologists, only 5% of ], but 35% of ] were of the Armenoid race.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bartulin |first=Nevenko |date=2009-12-21 |title=The ideal Nordic – Dinaric racial type: Racial anthropology in the Independent State of Croatia |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/50561 |journal=Review of Croatian History |language=en |volume=V |issue=1 |pages=189–219 |issn=1845-4380}}</ref> They described the race as being "characterized by a dark complexion and a personality prone to trickery, fawning and cheating".<ref name=":0" />
] man of Armenoid type, from Ripley (1911)]]
] wrote that the Armenoid racial type is very similar to the ], most probably due to racial mixture with the ] (who often have ]) and the ] (who often have brown skin). The only difference is that Armenoids have a slightly darker ]. He described the Armenoid as a sub-race of the ].
Armenoids were said to be found throughout ]. However, the largest concentrations occurred within ], ], ], and ]. Known as the "true" ], Armenoids were relatively tall, usually with ] or ], light to medium skin colour, large round eyes that were usually brown; a round, brachycephalic head shape with a straight backing (planocciput) (see ]), high cheekbones and non-prominent chins. Lips were full, and noses were often ]. Large minority of Armenoids have ] hair and ], ], or hazel eyes. This racial type was believed to be prevalent among the ], ], and ].<ref name=WBF>{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=William B.|authorlink=William Bayne Fisher|title=The Middle East and North Africa, Volume 50|year=2003|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-85743-184-1|page=444|quote=The northern and eastern hill districts contain many racial elements—Turkish, Persian, and proto-Nordic, with Armenoid strains predominating. the population of the riverine districts of Iraq displays a mixture of Armenoid and Mediterranean elements. North of the Baghdad district the Armenoid strain is dominant.}}</ref><ref name=WBF2>{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=William B.|authorlink=William Bayne Fisher|title=The Middle East: A Physical, Social and Regional Geography|year=1966|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-416-71510-1|page=96|quote=Armenoid affinities are easily discerned in the peoples of northern and central Iraq.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pP315Mw3S9EC}}, </ref> ] described the Armenoid race as having: "Opaque-white skin, ] and ], abundant pilosity; medium stature (166), sturdy body build; wide head with rounded occiput (87); very long face, straight and narrow nose (57) with high bridge; thin lips, narrow eye opening.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dienekes.110mb.com/texts/biasutticaucasoid/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-05-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511091339/http://dienekes.110mb.com/texts/biasutticaucasoid/ |archivedate=2012-05-11 |df= }}</ref> It was also an element in ]. Armenoid was also identified as the dominant type of the indigenous ] groups of ] and ]: the ancient ]s,<ref>{{cite book|last=Hitti|first=Philip K.|authorlink=Philip Khuri Hitti|title=]|year=2002|publisher=]|isbn=1-931956-60-X|page=76}}</ref> the modern ], ], and ], the northern and central ]is, and includes some people who identify as Arabs. The religious minorities of ] and Syria, and the Jordanian, Palestinan, religious minorities of ] and Syria, and the Lebanese and Syrians of mountainous regions were all identified as being of the Armenoid type.<ref>Review: An Introduction to the Anthropology of the Near East by C. U. Ariëns Kappers, American Anthropologist, 37(35) - Pages 148-49 by W.M. Krogman</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hourani|first=Albert H.|authorlink=Albert Hourani|title=Syria and Lebanon: A Political Essay|year=1946|publisher=]|page=96}}</ref>


==Physiognomy==
{{Cquote|It has long been believed by physical anthropologists that the quintessence of Near Eastern brachycephaly is to be found in the Armenians; the racial term Armenoid being named for them. The Armenians have long been established in the territory which is now only partly theirs; they had, before the arrival of the Turks, a powerful kingdom, which covered most of the territory between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Caucasus.<ref>The Races of Europe by Carleton Stevens Coon - (Chapter XII, section 18)</ref>}}
] wrote that the Armenoid racial type is similar to the ], most probably due to racial mixture with the ] (who often have ]) and the ] (who often have pale skin). The only difference is that Armenoids have a slightly darker ]. He described the Armenoid as a sub-race of the ]. Armenoids were said to be found throughout ] – predominantly in the ], ], and ]. This racial type was believed to be prevalent among ], ], as well as northern, central and southeastern ].<ref name=WBF>{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=William B.|author-link=William Bayne Fisher|title=The Middle East and North Africa, Volume 50|year=2003|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-85743-184-1|page=|quote=The northern and eastern hill districts contain many racial elements—Turkish, Persian, and proto-Nordic, with Armenoid strains predominating. the population of the riverine districts of Iraq displays a mixture of Armenoid and Mediterranean elements. North of the Baghdad district the Armenoid strain is dominant.|url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastnortha50thunse/page/444}}</ref><ref name=WBF2>{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=William B.|author-link=William Bayne Fisher|title=The Middle East: A Physical, Social and Regional Geography|year=1966|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-416-71510-1|page=96|quote=Armenoid affinities are easily discerned in the peoples of northern, central and south-eastern Iraq.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pP315Mw3S9EC}}, </ref>


⚫ == See also ==
Prominent ] and racial theorist ] used the term Near Eastern race to describe the Armenoid type, and ascribed Near Eastern characteristics to several contemporary peoples, including: ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>Alan E Steinweis. ''Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany''. Harvard University Press, 2008. P. 29.</ref> Günther regarded Jews as people of multiple racial origins but defined the Near Eastern race as their major basis, and described the race's characteristics with ] themes, such as that the race was known for its "commercial spirit" and as "artful traders" whom had strong psychological manipulation capacities that helped their trade, as well as being known to exploit people.<ref>Alan E Steinweis. ''Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany''. Harvard University Press, 2008. P. 29.</ref> Günther's conception has been criticized for ] analysis.<ref>Alan E Steinweis. ''Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany''. Harvard University Press, 2008. P. 29.</ref> ] historically identified ] as within the Armenoid type in the name of the Near Eastern race.<ref>Mitchell B. Hart. Jews & Race: Writings on Identity & Difference, 1880-1940. Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA: Brandeis University Press, 2011. P. 247.</ref> ] utilized the Armenoid type in the name of the Near Eastern race, and identified ] as a particular group within that type.<ref>Mitchell B. Hart. Jews & Race: Writings on Identity & Difference, 1880-1940. Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA: Brandeis University Press, 2011. P. 247.</ref>
⚫ * ]
⚫ * ]
⚫ * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* '']''


== Types== ==References==
⚫ {{reflist}}


==External links==
The Armenoid is divided into four types: Armenid, Anatolid, Assyrid, and Caucasid.
* Rutherford, Adam. , ''The Guardian''
*
*
*
*


*
'''Armenid'''- This type is predominant among Armenians and ].
*

'''Anatolid'''- Armenoid subtype that is found predominantly among ]. They are somewhat darker and more slender than Armenids.

'''Assyrid'''- Both ] and ] belong to this type. Assyrids are of middling height and a massive bodybuild.

'''Caucasid'''- Tall slender type prevalent among the people of the ].
⚫ ==See also==
⚫ *]
⚫ *]
⚫ *]

==References==
⚫ {{reflist}}


{{Historical definitions of race}} {{Historical definitions of race}}

Latest revision as of 16:04, 21 October 2024

Obsolete grouping of human beings

The Armenoid race was a supposed sub-race in the context of a now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races which was developed originally by Europeans in support of colonialism. The Armenoid race was variously described (depending on author) as a "sub-race" of the "Aryan race" or the "Caucasian race" (e.g. by Carleton Coon).

History of term

The term was used by Austrian anthropologist Felix von Luschan and Eugen Petersen in the 1889 book Reisen in Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis ("Travel in Lycia, Milyas and Kibyratis"). Carleton Coon (1904–81) described the regions of West Asia such as Anatolia, the Caucasus, Iraq, Iran, and the Levant as the center of distribution of the Armenoid race. Anthropologist J.M Grintz considered the ancient Assyrians, the ancient Babylonians, as well as some ancient Egyptians (specifically of Sinai and Palestine) to have been Armenoid.

Nazi use of the term

In his works, Hans F. K. Günther portrayed the Jewish people as a specifically non-European racial mixture comprising Armenoid, Semitic, and Negroid elements. The German physical anthropologist Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt characterized the Jews as a racial mixture that is primarily of the Armenoid type. According to Croatian fascist Ustaše ideologists, only 5% of Croats, but 35% of Serbs were of the Armenoid race. They described the race as being "characterized by a dark complexion and a personality prone to trickery, fawning and cheating".

Physiognomy

Carleton S. Coon wrote that the Armenoid racial type is similar to the Dinaric race, most probably due to racial mixture with the Mediterraneans (who often have olive skin) and the Alpines (who often have pale skin). The only difference is that Armenoids have a slightly darker pigmentation. He described the Armenoid as a sub-race of the Caucasoid race. Armenoids were said to be found throughout Eurasia – predominantly in the South Caucasus, Iran, and Mesopotamia. This racial type was believed to be prevalent among Armenians, Assyrians, as well as northern, central and southeastern Iraqis.

See also

References

  1. For the model of dividing humanity into races, see American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020. Instead, the Western concept of race must be understood as a classification system that emerged from, and in support of, European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination.
  2. Ripley, William Z. (1899). The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study. D. Appleton & Company. p. 444.
  3. Luschan, Felix Von (1911). "The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 41. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 242. doi:10.2307/2843172. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t4nk3d322. JSTOR 2843172. When I first upheld in 1892, in my paper on the anthropological position of the Jews, the homogeneous character of these groups, I called them "Armenoids." But there can be no doubt that they are all descended from tribes belonging to the great Hittite Empire
  4. Petersen, Eugen; Luschan, Felix von. Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis (1889).
  5. Grintz, J. M. (1962). "On the Original Home of the Semites". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 21 (3): 186–206. doi:10.1086/371692. ISSN 0022-2968.
  6. Morris-Reich (2013). "Photography in Economies of Demonstration: The Idea of the Jews as a Mixed-Race People". Jewish Social Studies. 20 (1): 150. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.20.1.150.
  7. Morris-Reich, A. (2013-01-01). "Taboo and Classification: Post-1945 German Racial Writing on Jews". The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook. 58 (1): 195–215. doi:10.1093/leobaeck/ybt015. ISSN 0075-8744.
  8. ^ Bartulin, Nevenko (2009-12-21). "The ideal Nordic – Dinaric racial type: Racial anthropology in the Independent State of Croatia". Review of Croatian History. V (1): 189–219. ISSN 1845-4380.
  9. Fisher, William B. (2003). The Middle East and North Africa, Volume 50. Routledge. p. 444. ISBN 978-1-85743-184-1. The northern and eastern hill districts contain many racial elements—Turkish, Persian, and proto-Nordic, with Armenoid strains predominating. the population of the riverine districts of Iraq displays a mixture of Armenoid and Mediterranean elements. North of the Baghdad district the Armenoid strain is dominant.
  10. Fisher, William B. (1966). The Middle East: A Physical, Social and Regional Geography. Methuen. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-416-71510-1. Armenoid affinities are easily discerned in the peoples of northern, central and south-eastern Iraq., extract of page 444

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