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{{short description|Honorary title awarded for service to a church or state}}
{{Otheruses}}
{{redirect|Knights|the Roman social class also known as "knights"|Equites{{!}}''Equites''|other uses|Knight (disambiguation)|and|Knights (disambiguation)}}
], commissioned as a trophy in 1850, intended to represent the ].]]
{{pp-pc1}}
'''Knight''' is the English term for a social position originating in the ]. Knighthood is a non-heritable (with a few rare exceptions) form of ], but not of ]. In the ] and ], the principal duty of a knight was to fight as, and lead, ] (see ]); more recently, knighthood has become a symbolic title of ] given to a more diverse class of people, from mountain climber ] to musician ]. By extension, "knight" is also used as a translation of the names of other honourable estates connected with horsemanship, especially from classical antiquity.
], from the ]]]
{{Ranks of Nobility}}
A '''knight''' is a person granted an honorary title of '''knighthood''' by a ] (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Almarez|first=Felix D.|title=Knight Without Armor: Carlos Eduardo Castañeda, 1896-1958|year=1999|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=9781603447140|page=202}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Diocese of Uyo|year=2000|publisher=El-Felys Creations|isbn=9789783565005|page=205}}</ref>


The concept of knighthood may have been inspired by the ancient Greek '']'' (ἱππεῖς) and Roman '']''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Paddock|first=David Edge & John Miles|title=Arms & armor of the medieval knight : an illustrated history of weaponry in the Middle Ages|year=1995|publisher=Crescent Books|location=New York|isbn=0-517-10319-2|pages=3|edition=Reprinted.}}</ref> In the ] in ] Europe, knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors.<ref>Clark, p. 1.</ref> During the ], knighthood was considered a class of ]. By the ], the rank had become associated with the ideals of ], a code of conduct for the perfect ] Christian warrior. Often, a knight was a ] who served as an elite fighter or a bodyguard for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carnine|first=Douglas|title=World History:Medieval and Early Modern Times|url=https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00mcdo|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=McDougal Littell|location=US|isbn=978-0-618-27747-6|pages=–301 |quote=Knights were often vassals, or lesser nobles, who fought on behalf of lords in return for land.|display-authors=etal }}</ref> The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in ]. Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship (and especially the ]) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the ] in the ] in the 15th century. This linkage is reflected in the etymology of ''chivalry'', ''cavalier'' and related terms such as the French title ''chevalier''. In that sense, the special prestige accorded to mounted warriors in ] finds a parallel in the '']'' in the ]. The ] brought various ] to the forefront of defending ] traveling to the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Crusades |url=https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades#:~:text=The%20Crusades%20set%20the%20stage,to%20and%20from%20the%20region. |publisher=] |access-date=11 March 2022 |date=21 February 2020 |quote=The Crusades set the stage for several religious knightly military orders, including the Knights Templar, the Teutonic Knights, and the Hospitallers. These groups defended the Holy Land and protected pilgrims traveling to and from the region.}}</ref>
The history of knighthood involves, therefore, the history of the social institution, which began somewhat differently in the various European regions; the history of the word, and the corresponding terms in ] and ]; and the history of the technology which made heavy cavalry possible.


In the Late Middle Ages, ] – such as the introduction of the ] as an anti-personnel, gunpowder-fired weapon – began to render classical knights in armour obsolete, but the titles remained in many countries. ] (1459–1519) is often referred to as the "last knight" in this regard;<ref></ref><ref>] "Kaiser Maximilian I.: Der letzte Ritter und das höfische Turnier" (2014)</ref> however, some of the most iconic battles of the ], such as the ] and the ], took place after his rule. The ideals of chivalry were popularized in ], particularly the literary cycles known as the ], relating to the legendary companions of ] and his ], the ], and the ], relating to the legend of ] and his ].
Knighthood is designated by the title Sir (e.g. ]) or Dame (e.g. ]) within the ]. The French title "Chevalier" or the German "Ritter" are usually used in Continental Europe. Outside the Commonwealth, the title is respected but may carry less ''gravitas'', and thus may or may not appear, for example, in the mass media and other publications. There are technically differing levels of knighthood (see ]), but in practice these are even more symbolic than the title itself today and thus only express the greatness of the recipient's achievements in the eyes of ].

Today, a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in Christian Churches, as well as in several historically Christian countries and their former territories, such as the Roman Catholic ], the Protestant ], as well as the English ], the Swedish ], the Spanish ], and the Norwegian ]. There are also dynastic orders like the ], the ], the ] and the ]. In modern times these are orders centered around charity and civic service, and are no longer military orders. Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility, but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state, monarch, or ] to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement, as in the ], often for service to the Church or country. The modern female equivalent in the English language is ]. Knighthoods and damehoods are traditionally regarded as being one of the most prestigious awards people can obtain.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mason |first1=Christopher |title=Has Being Knighted Lost Its Prestige? |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/news/a3918/whats-in-a-dame/ |publisher=] |access-date=11 March 2022 |date=13 October 2015}}</ref>


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
The word ''knight'', from ] ''cniht'' ("boy" or "servant"),<ref name="Etymo">{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/knight |title=Knight |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2009-04-07}}</ref> is a ] of the ] word ''Knecht'' ("servant, bondsman, vassal").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dict.leo.org/ende?lp=ende&p=KO6ek.&search=Knecht |title=Knecht |work=LEO German-English dictionary |access-date=2009-04-07}}</ref> This meaning, of unknown origin, is common among ] (cf ] ''kniucht'', Dutch ''knecht'', Danish ''knægt'', Swedish ''knekt'', Norwegian ''knekt'', ] ''kneht'', all meaning "boy, youth, lad").<ref name="Etymo" /> ] had the phrase ''guoter kneht'', which also meant knight; but this meaning was in decline by about 1200.<ref>William Henry Jackson. "Aspects of Knighthood in Hartmann's Adaptations of Chretien's Romances and in the Social Context." In ''Chretien de Troyes and the German Middle Ages: Papers from an International Symposium'', ed. Martin H. Jones and Roy Wisbey. Suffolk: D. S. Brewer, 1993. 37–55.</ref>
The word ''knight'' derives from ] ''cniht'', meaning ], or ] (as is still the case in the cognate ] ''knecht'' and ] ''Knecht'' for ''servant''), or simply ]. ''Knighthood'', as ] ''cnihthad'', had the meaning of ], i.e. the period between childhood and manhood. The sense of (adult) lieutenant of a king or other superior was in existence at least as early as ], although there are signs of it as early as ] ].


The meaning of ''cniht'' changed over time from its original meaning of "boy" to "household ]". ]'s homily of St. ] describes a mounted retainer as a ''cniht''. While ''cnihtas'' might have fought alongside their lords, their role as household servants features more prominently in the Anglo-Saxon texts. In several Anglo-Saxon wills ''cnihtas'' are left either money or lands. In his will, King ] leaves his cniht, Aelfmar, eight ] of land.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Combined Books| last = Coss| first = Peter R| title = The knight in medieval England, 1000-1400| location = Conshohocken, PA| access-date = 2017-06-18| date = 1996| isbn = 9780938289777| url = http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/34564952.html}}</ref>
In this respect English differs from most other European languages, where the equivalent word emphasizes the status and prosperity of war horse ownership. Linguistically, the association of horse ownership with social status extends at least as far as ancient ], where many aristocratic names incorporated the Greek word for horse, like ] and ]; the character ] in ]' '']'' has his grandfather's name with ''hipp-'' inserted to sound more aristocratic. Similarly, the Greek {{polytonic|ἱππεύς}} (''hippeus'') is commonly translated knight; at least in its sense of the highest of the four Athenian social classes, the ones who could afford to maintain a warhorse in the state service. A survival is the modern given name ''Philip,'' whose etymology means ''lover of horses.''


A ''rādcniht'', "riding-servant", was a servant on horseback.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark Hall |first1=John R. |title=A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary |date=1916 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=238 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31543/31543-h/files/dict_os.html |access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref>
An ] (] ''eques'', plural ''equites'') was a member of the second highest ] in the ] and early ]. This class is often translated as ''knight''; the medieval knight, however, was called ''miles'' in Latin, (which in classical Latin meant "soldier", normally infantry), until the Renaissance revival of ''eques''. In the later ] the classical Latin ''equus'' for horse, was replaced in common parlance by vulgar Latin ''caballus'', derived from Gaulish ''caballos'' (Delamare 2003 p.96), thus giving French cheval (''keval''), Italian ''cavallo'', and (borrowed from French) English ''cavalry''. This formed the basis for the word knight among the romance European languages: Spanish ''caballero'', French ''chevalier'', Portuguese ''cavaleiro'' etc. In ], the literal meaning of ''Ritter'' is ''rider''; and likewise for the ] title ''Ridder''.


A narrowing of the generic meaning "servant" to "military follower of a king or other superior" is visible by 1100. The specific military sense of a knight as a mounted warrior in the ] emerges only in the ]. The verb "to knight" (to make someone a knight) appears around 1300; and, from the same time, the word "knighthood" shifted from "adolescence" to "rank or dignity of a knight".
==Origins of European Knighthood==
Knighthood as known in Europe was characterized by two elements, ] and service as a mounted combatant. Both arose under the reign of the Frankish emperor ], from which the knighthood of the Middle Ages can be seen to have had its genesis.


An ] (], from ''eques'' "horseman", from ''equus'' "]")<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Equestrian |encyclopedia=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2000}}</ref> was a member of the second highest ] in the ] and early ]. This class is often translated as "knight"; the medieval knight, however, was called ''miles'' in Latin (which in classical Latin meant "soldier", normally infantry).<ref>D'A. J. D. Boulton, "Classic Knighthood as Nobiliary Dignity", in Stephen Church, Ruth Harvey (ed.), ''Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994'', Boydell & Brewer, 1995, pp. 41–100.</ref><ref>Frank Anthony Carl Mantello, A. G. Rigg, ''Medieval Latin: an introduction and bibliographical guide'', UA Press, 1996, p. 448.</ref><ref>Charlton Thomas Lewis, ''An elementary Latin dictionary'', Harper & Brothers, 1899, p. 505.</ref>
Elements of the Germanic armies which occupied Europe from the third century had always been mounted, and sometimes such cavalry in fact composed large majorities, such as in the armies of the ]. However, it was the ] who came to dominate Western and Central Europe after the fall of Rome in the West, and they generally fielded armies composed of large masses of infantry, with an infantry elite, the ], which often rode to battle on horseback rather than marching on foot. Riding to battle had two key advantages: it relieved fatigue, particularly when the elite soldiers wore armour (as was increasingly the case in the centuries after the fall of Rome in the West); and it gave the soldiers more mobility, to react to the raids of the enemy, particularly the invasions of Muslim armies which occurred starting in the seventh century. So it was that the armies of the Frankish ruler and warlord ], which defeated the ] Arab invasions at the ] in 732, were still largely infantry armies, the elites riding to battle but dismounting to fight in order to provide a hard core for the levy of the infantry warbands.


In the later Roman Empire, the ] word for horse, ''equus'', was replaced in common parlance by the ] ''caballus'', sometimes thought to derive from Gaulish ''caballos''.<ref>Xavier Delamarre, entry on ''caballos'' in ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise'' (Éditions Errance, 2003), p. 96. The entry on ''cabullus'' in the '']'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 246, does not give a probable origin, and merely compares ] ''kobyla'' and ] ''komoń<sub>b</sub>''.</ref> From ''caballus'' arose terms in the various Romance languages cognate with the (French-derived) English ''cavalier'': Italian ''cavaliere'', Spanish ''caballero'', French ''chevalier'' (whence ''chivalry''), Portuguese ''cavaleiro'', and Romanian ''cavaler''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cavalier |encyclopedia=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2000}}</ref> The Germanic languages have terms cognate with the English ''rider'': German ''Ritter'', and Dutch and Scandinavian ''ridder''. These words are derived from Germanic ''rīdan'', "to ride", in turn derived from the ] root ''*reidh-''.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Reidh- |encyclopedia=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2000}}</ref>
As the eighth century progressed into the ] Age, however, the Franks were generally on the attack, and larger numbers of warriors took to their horses to ride with the Emperor in his wide-ranging campaigns of conquest. At about this time the Franks increasingly remained on horseback to fight on the battlefield as true cavalry rather than as mounted infantry, and would continue to do for centuries thereafter. Although in some nations the knight returned to foot combat in the fourteenth century, the association of the knight with mounted combat with the lance remained a strong one.


==History and evolution of medieval knighthood==
These mobile mounted warriors made Charlemagne’s far-flung conquests possible, and to secure their service he rewarded them with grants of land called ]. These were given to the captains directly by the emperor to reward their efforts in the conquests, and they in turn were to grant benefices to their warrior contingents. In the century or so following Charlemagne’s death, his newly enfoeffed warrior class grew stronger still, and ] declared their fiefs to be hereditary. The period of chaos in the ninth and tenth centuries, between the fall of the Carolingian central authority and the rise of separate Western and Eastern Frankish kingdoms (later to become ] and ], respectively), only entrenched this newly-landed warrior class. This was because governing power, and defense against ], ] and ] attack, became an essentially local affair which revolved around these new hereditary local lords and their '']s''.
<!-- 'Feudal Society' section in the 'Middle Ages' article links here -->


===Pre-Carolingian legacies===
The resulting hereditary, landed class of mounted elite warriors, the knights, were increasingly seen as the only true soldiers of Europe, being the only warriors described as ''Miles'' -- a Latin term that had simply meant "soldier" in the preceding centuries and now referring exclusvely to the knight.
{{further|Bucellarii}}
In ], there was a knightly class '']'' (order of mounted nobles). Some portions of the armies of ] who occupied Europe from the 3rd century AD onward had been mounted, and some armies, such as those of the ], were mainly cavalry.<ref>Petersen, Leif Inge Ree. ''Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400–800 A.D.)''. Brill (September 1, 2013). pp. 177–180, 243, 310–311. {{ISBN|978-9004251991}}</ref> However, it was the Franks who generally fielded armies composed of large masses of ], with an infantry elite, the ], which often rode to battle on horseback rather than marching on foot. When the armies of the Frankish ruler ] defeated the ] Arab invasion at the ] in 732, the Frankish forces were still largely infantry armies, with elites riding to battle but dismounting to fight.


===Carolingian age===
Most knights were freemen, but some of the ancient Germanic ''comitatus'' troops appear to have been unfree, and this tradition survived in German knighthood until the thirteenth century, when unfree knights called '']'' dominated the institution of German knighthood. Ministeriales composed the vast majority of knightly soldiers in all German armies until the late thirteenth century, when the term ''ministerialis'' became functionally irrelevant, the ''ministerales'' having merged into the knighthood at large.
In the ] period, any well-equipped horseman could be described as a knight, or ''miles'' in Latin.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen |last=Church|title=Papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994|year=1995|publisher=Boydell|location=Woodbridge, England|isbn=978-0-85115-628-6|pages=51}}</ref> The first knights appeared during the reign of ] in the 8th century.<ref name="Duck">{{cite web |url=http://www.ducksters.com/history/middle_ages/history_of_knights.php|title=Middle Ages: History of the Medieval Knight|last=Nelson |first=Ken |publisher=Ducksters. Technological Solutions, Inc. (TSI) |date=2015}}</ref><ref name="OrignsOsu">{{cite web |url=http://origins.osu.edu/review/knighthood-it-was-not-we-wish-it-were|title=Knighthood As It Was, Not As We Wish It Were|last=Saul |first=Nigel |publisher=Origins |date=September 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>Craig Freudenrich, Ph.D.{{cite web |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/knight.htm|title=How Knights Work|publisher=How Stuff Works |date=January 22, 2008}}</ref> As the ] Age progressed, the Franks were generally on the attack, and larger numbers of warriors took to their ] to ride with the Emperor in his wide-ranging campaigns of conquest. At about this time the Franks increasingly remained on horseback to fight on the battlefield as true cavalry rather than mounted infantry, with the discovery of the ], and would continue to do so for centuries afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=307&HistoryID=aa89&gtrack=pthc|title=The Knight in Armour: 8th–14th century|publisher=History World }}</ref> Although in some nations the knight returned to foot combat in the 14th century, the association of the knight with mounted combat with a spear, and later a lance, remained a strong one. The older Carolingian ceremony of presenting a young man with weapons influenced the emergence of knighthood ceremonies, in which a noble would be ritually given weapons and declared to be a knight, usually amid some festivities.<ref>{{cite book|title=Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Bmpw8LIwMUgC|first=Joachim|last=Bumke|year=1991|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, US and Los Angeles, US|isbn=9780520066342|pages=–233}}</ref> ] (], c. 1070). The rank of knight developed in the 12th century from the mounted warriors of the 10th and 11th centuries.]] These mobile mounted warriors made Charlemagne's far-flung conquests possible, and to secure their service he rewarded them with grants of land called ].<ref name="Duck" /> These were given to the captains directly by the Emperor to reward their efforts in the conquests, and they in turn were to grant benefices to their warrior contingents, who were a mix of free and unfree men. In the century or so following Charlemagne's death, his newly empowered warrior class grew stronger still, and ] declared their fiefs to be hereditary, and also issued the ] in 864, largely moving away from the infantry-based traditional armies and calling upon all men who could afford it to answer calls to arms on horseback to quickly repel the constant and wide-ranging Viking attacks, which is considered the beginnings of the period of knights that were to become so famous and spread throughout Europe in the following centuries. The period of chaos in the 9th and 10th centuries, between the fall of the Carolingian central authority and the rise of separate Western and Eastern Frankish kingdoms (later to become ] and ] respectively) only entrenched this newly landed warrior class. This was because governing power and defense against ], ] and ] attack became an essentially local affair which revolved around these new hereditary local ]s and their '']s''.<ref name="OrignsOsu" />


===Multiple crusades and military orders===
==The medieval institution==
] in 1526]]
]s at a ] (]).]]
Clerics and the Church often opposed the practices of the Knights because of their abuses against women and civilians, and many such as St. ] were convinced that Knights served the devil and not God, and needed reforming.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard W. Kaeuper|title=Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-m4zosAOchQC&pg=PA76|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-924458-4|pages=76–}}</ref>


In the course of the 12th century, knighthood became a social rank with a distinction being made between ''milites gregarii'' (non-noble cavalrymen) and ''milites nobiles'' (true knights).<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen |last=Church|title=Papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994|year=1995|publisher=Boydell|location=Woodbridge, England|isbn=978-0-85115-628-6|pages=48–49}}</ref> As the term "knight" became increasingly confined to denoting a social rank, the military role of fully armoured cavalryman gained a separate term, "]". Although any medieval knight going to war would automatically serve as a man-at-arms, not all men-at-arms were knights.
In the early Middle Ages the term knight designated a professional fighting man in the emerging ]. Some were as poor as the peasant class. However, over time, as this class of fighter became more prominent in post-Carolingian France, they became wealthier and began to hold and inherit land. Eventually, on the Continent of Europe, only those men could be knighted whose fathers or grandfathers had been knights; and the knightly families became known as the ]. (In the British Isles, "nobility" is more restricted, to the ].)


The first military orders of knighthood were the ] and the ], both founded shortly after the ] of 1099, followed by the ] (1100), ]s (1118), the ] (1128), the ] (1170) and the ] (1190). At the time of their foundation, these were intended as ], whose members would act as simple soldiers protecting pilgrims.
From the ], the concept continued being tied to ], mounted and ]ed ]s. Because of the cost of equipping oneself in the cavalry, the term became associated with wealth and social status, and eventually knighthood became a formal title. Significantly the nobility, who at this time were also expected to be leaders in times of war, responded to this new class by becoming members of it. Nobles had their sons trained as gentlemen and as professional fighters in the household of another noble. When the young man had completed his training he was ready to become a knight, and would be honoured as such in a ceremony known as "]" (knighting) from the French "adoubement". It was expected that all young men of noble birth be knights and often take oaths swearing allegiance, chastity, protection of other Christians, and respect of the laws laid down by their forebears, though this varied from period to period and on the rank of the individual.


It was only over the following century, with the successful conquest of the Holy Land and the rise of the ], that these orders became powerful and prestigious.
From the time of ], a ] was a member of the lower nobility, preceded by the ], a commander of ten or more lances who could lead his men under his own banner, but who did not have the rank of ] or ]. The knights bachelor did not wear any insignia until ].


The great European legends of warriors such as the ]s, the ] and the ] popularized the notion of ] among the warrior class.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.themiddleages.net/people/charlemagne.html |title=The Middle Ages: Charlemagne |access-date=2015-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109080754/http://themiddleages.net/people/charlemagne.html |archive-date=2017-11-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Arty">{{cite web |url=http://www.nobleworld.biz/images/Hermes.pdf|title=King Arthur in the Lands of the Saracen|last=Hermes|first=Nizar |publisher=Nebula |date=December 4, 2007}}</ref> The ideal of chivalry as the ethos of the Christian warrior, and the transmutation of the term "knight" from the meaning "servant, soldier", and of ''chevalier'' "mounted soldier", to refer to a member of this ideal class, is significantly influenced by the ], on one hand inspired by the ] of monastic warriors, and on the other hand also cross-influenced by Islamic (]) ideals of '']''.<ref name="Arty" /><ref>] wrote "I should attribute the origins of love to the influences of the Arabs' poetry and chivalry upon European ideas rather than to medieval Christianity." {{Cite book| editor=Charles Anderson Read |year=2007 |title=The Cabinet of Irish Literature, Vol. IV |last=Burton |first=Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93XtaGIOPhMC&q=antar+2007+chivalry |page=94 |publisher=Read Books |isbn=978-1-4067-8001-7}}</ref>
The concept, together with the notion of ] came to full bloom during the ], the apogee in the power and influence of the mounted knight on the battlefield, particularly in France, whose knighthood had the most redoubtable battlefield reputation. However, as the ] dawned, the importance of heavy cavalry was reduced by improved ] and ] tactics. This was a bitter lesson for the nobility, learned throughout the 14th century at battles like those of ], ] and ]. The English introduced foot service for the knight in the early ], to support their longbowmen and to combat the depleted French knights whose charge managed to reach the English lines through the deadly hail of longbow arrows. This tactic spelled disaster for the formerly unstoppable French cavalry charge, and the French knights soon followed suit in dismounting for combat, fighting primarily on foot from roughly 1350 to 1430. However, as their victories increased in the later ], the French took to increased mounted action -- the ] was finally won with a French cavalry charge. (Perhaps not coincidentally, the ] was named in this period of increased mounted service, around ].)


==Knightly culture in the Middle Ages==
]
===Training===
The French knight, now known as a man-at-arms (''gendarme'') would fight mounted through the ] and beyond, and the knights of other nations would follow his lead. They became increasingly professional, paid warriors (a trend which actually started in the Hundred Years War) and, after suffering setbacks due to the new technology of firearms, progressively evolved, abandoning the lance, then the armour, of the medieval warrior. Eventually mounted service no longer required knighthood, but the cavalry always contained large numbers of aristocrats, even into the twentieth century, carrying on the tradition of mounted service by the knight.
The institution of knights was already well-established by the 10th century.<ref name="Fact">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Knights.aspx|title=Knight.|publisher=The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. |date=November 15, 2015}}</ref> While the knight was essentially a title denoting a military office, the term could also be used for positions of higher nobility such as landholders. The higher nobles grant the ] their portions of land (]s) in return for their loyalty, protection, and service. The nobles also provided their knights with necessities, such as lodging, food, armour, weapons, horses, and money.<ref name="Craig">Craig Freudenrich, Ph.D.{{cite web |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/knight2.htm|title=How Knights Work|publisher=How Stuff Works |date=22 January 2008}}</ref> The knight generally held his lands by military tenure which was measured through military service that usually lasted 40&nbsp;days a year. The military service was the '']'' for each knight's ]. Vassals and lords could maintain any number of knights, although knights with more military experience were those most sought after. Thus, all ]s intending to become prosperous knights needed a great deal of military experience.<ref name="Fact" /> A knight fighting under another's banner was called a '']'' while a knight fighting under his own banner was a '']''.


Some knights were familiar with ] culture<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama |title=A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World? |title-link=A History of Britain (TV series)#DVDs and books |publisher=] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-563-48714-2 |edition=Paperback 2003 |location=London |pages=155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Weir |first=Alison |author-link=Alison Weir |title=The Princes in the Tower |date=August 1995 |publisher=] |isbn=9780345391780 |edition=1st Ballantine Books Trade Paperback |location=New York City |pages=110, 126, 140, 228}}</ref> or familiarized with it during training. These knights, among others, were called in to end large ] and other large uprisings that involved ] such as the ] of ] and the ].
== Becoming a knight ==
]<br>(1853-1922)]]
The process of training for knighthood began before ], inside the prospective knight’s own home, where he was taught ] and appropriate manners. Around the age of 7 years, he would be sent away to train and serve at a grander household as a ]. Here, he would serve as a kind of ] and personal servant, entertaining and serving food to his elders. A page was usually the son of a ], who sent him to his or another ]’s ] to become a page. For seven years a page was cared for by the women of the house, who instructed him in ], courtesy, cleanliness, and religion. He would learn basic hunting and ], and also various battle skills such as taking care of, preparing, and riding horses, as well as use of weapons and ].


====Page====
A page became a ] when he turned 14 years of age, being assigned or picked by a knight to become his personal aide. This allowed the squire to observe his master while he was in battle, in order to learn from his techniques. He also acted as a personal servant to the knight, taking care of his master’s equipment and horse. This was to uphold the knight’s code that promoted generosity, courtesy, compassion, and most importantly, loyalty. The knight acted as a tutor and taught the squire all he needed to know to become a knight. As the squire grew older, he was expected to follow his master into battle, and attend to his master if the knight fell in battle. Some squires became knights for performing an outstanding deed on the battlefield, but most were knighted by their lord when their training was judged to be complete.
A knight had to be born of nobility &ndash; typically sons of knights or lords.<ref name="Craig" /> In some cases, commoners could also be knighted as a reward for extraordinary military service. Children of the nobility were cared for by noble foster-mothers in ]s until they reached the age of seven.


These seven-year-old boys were given the title of '']'' and turned over to the care of the castle's lords. They were placed on an early training regime of hunting with ] and ]s, and academic studies with priests or chaplains. Pages then become assistants to older knights in battle, carrying and cleaning armour, taking care of the horses, and packing the baggage. They would accompany the knights on expeditions, even into foreign lands. Older pages were instructed by knights in ], ], chivalry, warfare, and combat (using wooden swords and spears).
A squire could hope to become a knight when he was about 18 to 21 years old. Once the squire had established sufficient mastery of the required skills, he was dubbed a knight. In the early period, the procedure began with the squire ] into the night, known as ]. He was then bathed, and in the morning he was dressed in a white shirt, gold ], purple cloak, and was knighted by his ] or lord. As the Middle Ages progressed, the process changed. The squire was made to vow that he would obey the regulations of ], and never flee from battle. A squire could also be knighted on the battlefield, in which a lord simply performed the ], i.e. struck him on the shoulder saying “Be thou a knight”.


====Squire====
The night before his knighting ceremony, the squire would take a cleansing bath, fast, make confession, and pray to ] all night in the ], readying himself for his life as a knight. Then he would go through the knighting ceremony the following day. Knights followed the code of chivalry, which promoted honour, honesty, respect to God, and other knightly virtues. Knights served their lords and were paid in land, because money was scarce.
When the boy turned 14, he became a '']''. In a religious ceremony, the new squire swore on a sword consecrated by a ] or ], and attended to assigned duties in his lord's household. During this time, the squires continued training in combat and were allowed to own armour (rather than borrowing it).] knighting a squire]]Squires were required to master the ''seven points of ]'' &ndash; riding, ] and diving, shooting different types of weapons, climbing, participation in tournaments, ], ], ], and dancing &ndash; the prerequisite skills for knighthood. All of these were even performed while wearing armour.<ref>Lixey L.C., Kevin. ''Sport and Christianity: A Sign of the Times in the Light of Faith''. The Catholic University of America Press (October 31, 2012). p. 26. {{ISBN|978-0813219936}}.</ref>


Upon turning 21, the squire was eligible to be knighted.
In various traditions, knighthood was reserved for people with a minimum of noble quarters (as in many orders of chivalry), or knighthood became essentially a low degree of nobility, sometimes even conferred as a hereditary title below the ].
Meanwhile kings strove, as an expression of ], to monopolize the right to confer knighthood, even as an individual honour. Not only was this often successful, once established, this prerogative of the ] was even transferred to the ] of ] in ]an ]s, such as the British ].


===Accolade===
Knighthood as a purely formal title bestowed by the British monarch unrelated to military service was established in the 16th century. (However, military knights remained among the ] until ].) The British title of ] was established by ] in 1611 as an inheritable knighthood, ranking below Baron (the lowest Peerage title).
{{main|Accolade}}
The accolade or knighting ceremony was usually held during one of the great feasts or holidays, like ] or ], and sometimes at the wedding of a noble or royal. The knighting ceremony usually involved a ritual bath on the eve of the ceremony and a prayer vigil during the night. On the day of the ceremony, the would-be knight would swear an oath and the master of the ceremony would dub the new knight on the shoulders with a sword.<ref name="Fact"/><ref name="Craig"/> Squires, and even ]s, could also be conferred direct knighthood early if they showed valor and efficiency for their service; such acts may include deploying for an important quest or mission, or protecting a high diplomat or a ] relative in battle.


=== Chivalric code ===
== Knighthood and the Feudal system ==
]'' allegory (mid-13th century), showing a knight armed with ]s and facing the ]s in mortal combat.]]
]
{{Main|Chivalry}}
Knights were expected, above all, to fight bravely and to display military professionalism and courtesy. When knights were taken as prisoners of war, they were customarily held for ransom in somewhat comfortable surroundings. This same standard of conduct did not apply to non-knights (]s, ]s, ]s, etc.) who were often slaughtered after capture, and who were viewed during battle as mere impediments to knights' getting to other knights to fight them.<ref>See ], ''The Mirror of Language: A Study in the Medieval Theory of Knowledge''; University of Nebraska Press, 1983. p. 105.</ref>


Chivalry developed as an early standard of ] for knights, who were relatively affluent horse owners and were expected to provide military services in exchange for ]. Early notions of chivalry entailed loyalty to one's ] and bravery in battle, similar to the values of the ]. During the Middle Ages, this grew from simple military professionalism into a social code including the values of gentility, nobility and treating others reasonably.<ref>Keen, Maurice Keen. Chivalry. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (February 11, 2005). pp. 7–17. {{ISBN|978-0300107678}}</ref> In '']'' (c. 1100), ] is portrayed as the ideal knight, demonstrating unwavering loyalty, military prowess and social fellowship. In ]'s '']'' (c. 1205), chivalry had become a blend of religious duties, love and military service. ]'s ''Book of the Order of Chivalry'' (1275) demonstrates that by the end of the 13th century, chivalry entailed a litany of very specific duties, including riding warhorses, ], attending ]s, holding ]s and hunting, as well as aspiring to the more æthereal virtues of "faith, hope, charity, justice, strength, moderation and loyalty."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INmdwCSkvIgC&pg=PA105 |last1=Fritze |first1=Ronald |last2=Robison |first2=William, eds. |year=2002 |title=Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England: 1272–1485 |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=105|isbn=9780313291241 }}</ref>
Knighthood was closely connected with the ]. Originating largely in what later became known as France, this was a social organization in which warfare and the protection of the common people became the specialized skill of a select group. Since, at the time, even the ] was short of cash, they were paid in land. These rather extensive pieces of land were the fiefs. Though a fief did not have to be land &mdash; it could be any payment &mdash; it is generally thought of as being the land that the knights were given as payment for service to the king. The knights were economically supported by peasants who worked to produce food and ideologically supported by the contemporary church.


Knights of the late medieval era were expected by society to maintain all these skills and many more, as outlined in ]'s '']'', though the book's protagonist, Count Ludovico, states the "first and true profession" of the ideal ] "must be that of arms."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deats |first1=Sarah |last2=Logan |first2=Robert |year=2002 |title=Marlowe's Empery: Expanding His Critical Contexts |location=Cranbury, NJ |publisher=Rosemont Publishing & Printing–Associated University Presses |page=137}}</ref> ''Chivalry'', derived from the French word ''chevalier'' ('cavalier'), simultaneously denoted skilled horsemanship and military service, and these remained the primary occupations of knighthood throughout the Middle Ages.
Originally, knighthood could be bestowed on any man by a knight commander, but it was generally considered more prestigious to be dubbed a knight by the hand of a monarch or ]; most monarchs eventually acquired the exclusive right to confer knighthoods known as ]. By about the late ], partly in conjunction with the focus on courtly behavior, a code of conduct and uniformity of dress for knights began to evolve. Knights were eligible to wear a ] ] and ]en ]s as signs of their status. Moreover, knights were also required to swear allegiance to a superior in the feudal pyramid &mdash; either to a ] or to a ].


Chivalry and religion were mutually influenced during the period of the ]. The early Crusades helped to clarify the moral code of chivalry as it related to religion. As a result, Christian armies began to devote their efforts to sacred purposes. As time passed, clergy instituted religious vows which required knights to use their weapons chiefly for the protection of the weak and defenseless, especially women and orphans, and of churches.<ref>Keen, p. 138.</ref>
In theory, knights were the warrior class defending the people of feudal Christianity and bound by a code of chivalry. Chivalry, like the samurai’s ], was a set of customs that governed the knights' behavior, but was perhaps less scrupulously observed. Knights served mightier lords, usually as ]s, or were hired by them. Some had their own castles, while others joined a ] or a crusade. In reality, rules were often bent or blatantly broken by knights as well as their masters, for power, goods or honour. So-called robber knights or ]s even turned to organized crime, some based in a castle.


===Tournaments===
In times of war or national disorder the monarch would typically call all the knights together to do their annual service of fighting. This could be against threats to the nation or in defensive and offensive wars against other nations. Sometimes the knights responding to the call were the ] themselves, and sometimes these men were hired by nobles to fight in their stead; some noblemen were disinclined or unable to fight.
{{Main|Tournament (medieval)}}
] from the '']'', depicting the mêlée]]
In peacetime, knights often demonstrated their martial skills in tournaments, which usually took place on the grounds of a castle.<ref>Craig Freudenrich, Ph.D.{{cite web |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/knight4.htm|title=How Knights Work|publisher=How Stuff Works |date=January 22, 2008}}</ref><ref>Johnston, Ruth A. ''All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World, Volume 1''. Greenwood (August 15, 2011). pp. 690–700. ASIN: B005JIQEL2.</ref> Knights could parade their armour and banner to the whole court as the tournament commenced. Medieval tournaments were made up of martial sports called '']s'', and were not only a major spectator sport but also played as a real combat simulation. It usually ended with many knights either injured or even killed. One contest was a free-for-all battle called a '']'', where large groups of knights numbering hundreds assembled and fought one another, and the last knight standing was the winner. The most popular and romanticized contest for knights was the '']''. In this competition, two knights charge each other with blunt wooden lances in an effort to break their lance on the opponent's head or body or unhorse them completely. The loser in these tournaments had to turn his armour and horse over to the victor. The last day was filled with feasting, dancing and ] singing.


Besides formal tournaments, there were also unformalized ] done by knights and ] to end various disputes.<ref name="Dav">David Levinson and Karen Christensen. ''Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present''. Oxford University Press; 1st edition (July 22, 1999). pp. 206. {{ISBN|978-0195131956}}.</ref><ref>Clifford J. Rogers, Kelly DeVries, and John Franc. ''Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume VIII''. Boydell Press (November 18, 2010). pp. 157–160. {{ISBN|978-1843835967}}</ref> Countries like ], ] and ] practiced this tradition. Judicial combat was of two forms in medieval society, the feat of arms and chivalric combat.<ref name="Dav"/> The feat of arms were done to settle hostilities between two large parties and supervised by a judge. The chivalric combat was fought when one party's ] was disrespected or challenged and the conflict could not be resolved in court. Weapons were standardized and must be of the same caliber. The duel lasted until the other party was too weak to fight back and in early cases, the defeated party were then subsequently executed. Examples of these brutal duels were the judicial combat known as the ] in 1351, and the ] fought by ] in 1386. A far more chivalric duel which became popular in the Late Middle Ages was the '']'' or "passage of arms". In this ], a knight or a group of knights would claim a bridge, lane or city gate, and challenge other passing knights to fight or be disgraced.<ref>Hubbard, Ben. ''Gladiators: From Spartacus to Spitfires''. Canary Press (August 15, 2011). Chapter: Pas D'armes. ASIN: B005HJTS8O.</ref> If a lady passed unescorted, she would leave behind a glove or scarf, to be rescued and returned to her by a future knight who passed that way.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
As time went by, monarchs began to prefer standing (permanent) armies led by ] rather than knights, because they could be used for longer periods of time, were more professional and were generally more loyal. This was partly because those noblemen who were themselves knights, or who sent knights to fight, were prone to use the monarch's dependency on their resources to manipulate him. This move from knights to ] had two important outcomes: the implementation of a regular payment of "]" to monarchs by noblemen (a money payment instead of active military service) which would strengthen the concept and practice of ]; and a general decrease in ] in knights, who became more interested in their country estates and ] pursuits, including their roles as ]s.


===Heraldry===
The ] also dropped their traditional role of heavy cavalry as they moved from one island fortress to another across the ]. Instead they became skilled in ] and engaged in frequent sea battles with the ] and the ] until nearly the end of the 18th century.
{{main|Heraldry}}
One of the greatest distinguishing marks of the knightly class was the flying of coloured banners, to display power and to distinguish knights in battle and in tournaments.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crouch|first=David|title=The image of aristocracy in Britain, 1000–1300|year=1993|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-01911-8|pages=109|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdzILRmW54wC|edition=1. publ.|access-date=4 December 2011}}</ref> Knights are generally ''armigerous'' (bearing a ]), and indeed they played an essential role in the development of ].<ref>Platts, Beryl. ''Origins of Heraldry''. (Procter Press, London: 1980). p. 32. {{ISBN|978-0906650004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/feud/hd_feud.htm|title = Feudalism and Knights in Medieval Europe|last = Norris|first = Michael|publisher = Department of Education, The Metropolitan Museum of Art|date = October 2001}}</ref> As heavier armour, including enlarged shields and enclosed helmets, developed in the Middle Ages, the need for marks of identification arose, and with coloured shields and ]s, coat armoury was born. ] were created to record the knights of various regions or those who participated in various ].


=== Equipment ===
In some countries, knighthood was merged into the nobility, remaining only as a low or genetic noble title; thus the aristocratic estate's chambers in the diets of the realms of Sweden and Finland were each called ].
] that was a popular style in the mid 15th to early 16th century (depiction made in the 18th century)]]
==Hereditary knighthoods in Great Britain ==
{{see|List of medieval armour components}}
There are traces of the Continental system of hereditary knighthood in British usage, however. There were three hereditary knighthoods in the ]:
Knights used a variety of weapons, including ], ] and ]s. Elements of the knightly armour included ], ], ] and ].
*], the Black Knight, (Fitzgerald of Limerick)
*], the Green Knight, (Fitzgerald of Kerry)
* The White Knight, (]), now extinct.


The sword was a weapon designed to be used solely in combat; it was useless in ] and impractical as a ]. Thus, the sword was a status symbol among the knightly class. Swords were effective against lightly armoured enemies, while ] and ] were more effective against heavily armoured ones.<ref name="metmuseum" />{{Rp|85–86}}
The idea of hereditary knighthood also inspired ], to establish ]. Baronets are entitled to the style ''Sir'', but rank above all the orders of knighthood.


One of the primary elements of a knight's armour was the ], which could be used to block strikes and projectiles. Oval shields were used during the ] and were made of wooden boards that were roughly half an inch thick. Towards the end of the 10th century, oval shields were lengthened to cover the left knee of the mounted warrior, called the ]. The ] was used during the 13th and the first half of the 14th century. Around 1350, square shields called bouched shields appeared, which had a notch in which to place the ].<ref name="metmuseum">{{cite web|title=The Art of Chivalry: European Arms and Armor from The Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_Art_of_Chivalry_European_Arms_and_Armor_from_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art?Tag&title&author&pt&tc&dept&fmt|access-date=2021-03-04|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art }}</ref>{{Rp|15}}
Malta was a British possession, and the crown recognizes ].


Until the mid-14th century, knights wore ] as their main form of defence. Mail was extremely flexible and provided good protection against sword cuts, but weak against blunt weapons such as the ] and piercing weapons such as the ]. Padded undergarment known as ] was worn to absorb shock damage and prevent ] caused by mail. In hotter climates metal rings became too hot, so sleeveless ]s were worn as a protection against the sun, and also to show their ].<ref name="metmuseum" />{{Rp|15–17}} This sort of coat also evolved to be ]s, ]s and other garments with the arms of the wearer sewn into it.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Black Prince: achievements of The Black Prince at Canterbury|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004124356_emdt_com_157|access-date=2021-07-05|journal=Encyclopedia of Medieval Dress and Textiles|date=23 April 2012|doi=10.1163/9789004124356_emdt_com_157|last=Watts|first=Karen}}</ref>
==Chivalric code==
{{details|chivalry}}
In war, the chivalrous knight was idealized as ] in ], ] to his king and ], and willing to ] himself for the greater good. Towards his fellow Christians and countrymen, the knight was to be ], ], and ]. Towards noble ladies above all, the knight was to be gracious and gentle.


Helmets of the knight of the early periods usually were more open helms such as the ], and later forms of the ]. The lack of more facial protection lead to the evolution of more ] to be made in the late 12th to early 13th centuries, this eventually would evolve to make the ]. Later forms of the ], which was originally a small helm worn under the larger great helm, evolved to be worn solely, and would eventually have pivoted or hinged visors, the most popular was the ], also known as the "pig-face visor".<ref>{{cite book|last=David.|first=Lindholm|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/137244800|title=The Scandinavian Baltic crusades, 1100-1500|date=2007|publisher=Osprey Pub|isbn=978-1-84176-988-2|oclc=137244800}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mann|first=James G.|date=October 1936|title=The Visor of a Fourteenth-century Bascinet found at Pevensey Castle|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500084249|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|volume=16|issue=4|pages=412–419|doi=10.1017/s0003581500084249|s2cid=161352227|issn=0003-5815}}</ref>
==Military-monastic orders==
{{details|Military order}}


] first appeared in the 13th century, when plates were added onto the torso and mounted to a base of leather. This form of armour is known as a ], and was initially used over chain mail in the 13th and 14th centuries, at the time of ]. The torso was not the only part of the knight to receive this plate protection evolution, as the elbows and shoulders were covered with circular pieces of metal, commonly referred to as ], eventually evolving into the plate arm harness consisting of the ], ], and ] or ]. The legs too were covered in plates, mainly on the shin, called ] which later evolved to fully enclose the leg in the form of enclosed ]s. As for the upper legs, ] came about in the mid 14th century.<ref>{{cite journal|date=2010-01-01|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-533403-6}}</ref> Overall, plate armour offered better protection against piercing weapons such as ]s and especially ] than mail armour did.<ref name="metmuseum" />{{Rp|15–17}}Plate armor reached his peak in the 15th and 16th centuries, but was still used at the beginning of the 17th century by the first ] like the ].
*], founded during the ], ] to present.
*] established ca. ], abolished ].
*], founded ], disbanded ].
*], founded ca. ], ruling ] until ].
Other orders were established in the ] in imitation of the orders in the Holy Land, in ] in ], in ] in ], in ] in ], in ] in ].


Knights' horses were also armoured in later periods; ]s were the first form of medieval horse coverage and was used much like the surcoat. Other ], such as the facial armouring chanfron, were made for horses.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-03-24|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=caparison%09&allowed_in_frame=0|access-date=2021-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324211817/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=caparison%09&allowed_in_frame=0|archive-date=2015-03-24}}</ref>
==Chivalric orders==

==Medieval and Renaissance chivalric literature==
{{main|Knight-errant}}
{{further|Chivalry|Chivalric romance|Matter of Britain|Matter of France|Minnesang|Jinete}}
]'' (BnF Ms Fr 2695)]]
Knights and the ideals of knighthood featured largely in ] and ], and have secured a permanent place in literary ].<ref>], ''Epic And Romance: Essays on Medieval Literature'' pp. 52–53</ref> While chivalric romances abound, particularly notable literary portrayals of knighthood include '']'', '']'', ], ]'s '']'', ]'s '']'', and ]' '']'', as well as ] '']'' and other Arthurian tales (]'s '']'', the ]'s '']'', etc.).

]'s '']'' (''History of the Kings of Britain''), written in the 1130s, introduced the legend of ], which was to be important to the development of chivalric ideals in literature. ] '']'' (''The Death of Arthur''), written in 1469, was important in defining the ] of chivalry, which is essential to the modern concept of the knight, as an elite warrior sworn to uphold the values of ], ], ], and ].

Instructional literature was also created. ]'s "]" expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knight's life, though still laying stress on the primarily military focus of knighthood.

In the early Renaissance greater emphasis was laid upon courtliness. The ideal courtier—the chivalrous knight—of Baldassarre Castiglione's '']'' became a model of the ideal virtues of nobility.<ref>Hare (1908), p. 201.</ref> Castiglione's tale took the form of a discussion among the nobility of the court of the Duke of Urbino, in which the characters determine that the ideal knight should be renowned not only for his bravery and prowess in battle, but also as a skilled dancer, athlete, singer and orator, and he should also be well-read in the ] and classical ] and ] literature.<ref>Hare (1908), pp. 211–218.</ref>

Later Renaissance literature, such as ]'s '']'', rejected the code of chivalry as unrealistic idealism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eisenberg, Daniel|title=A Study of "Don Quixote"|location=Newark, Delaware|publisher=Juan de la Cuesta|date=1987|isbn=0936388315|pages=41–77|quote=Revised Spanish translation in Biblioteca Virtual Cervantes}}</ref> The rise of ] in ] demonstrated a marked departure from the chivalric romance of late medieval literature, and the chivalric ideal ceased to influence literature over successive centuries until it saw some pockets of revival in post-Victorian literature.

{{clear}}

==Decline==
{{see also|Military history}}
] in 1525. ] mercenaries with ].]]
By the mid to late 16th century, knights were quickly becoming obsolete as countries started creating their own ] that were faster to train, cheaper to equip, and easier to mobilize.<ref name="End">Gies, Francis. ''The Knight in History''. Harper Perennial (July 26, 2011). pp. Introduction: What is a Knight. {{ISBN|978-0060914134}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knight-medieval.com/history-knight-medieval-templars.htm|title=The History of Knights|publisher=All Things Medieval|access-date=2015-11-15|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223081742/http://knight-medieval.com/history-knight-medieval-templars.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The advancement of high-powered firearms contributed greatly to the decline in use of plate armour, as the time it took to train soldiers with guns was much less compared to that of the knight. The cost of equipment was also significantly lower, and guns had a reasonable chance to easily penetrate a knight's armour. In the 14th century the use of infantrymen armed with ] and fighting in close formation also proved effective against heavy cavalry, such as during the ], when ] and his armoured cavalry were decimated by Swiss pikemen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/middle-ages/knights4.htm|title=History of Knights|date=4 September 2008|publisher=How Stuff Works }}</ref> As the feudal system came to an end, lords saw no further use of knights. Many landowners found the duties of knighthood too expensive and so contented themselves with the use of squires. ] also became an economic alternative to knights when conflicts arose.

Armies of the time started adopting a more realistic approach to warfare than the honor-bound code of chivalry. Soon, the remaining knights were absorbed into professional armies. Although they had a higher rank than most soldiers because of their valuable lineage, they lost their distinctive identity that previously set them apart from common soldiers.<ref name="End"/> Some knightly orders survived into modern times. They adopted newer technology while still retaining their age-old chivalric traditions. Examples include the ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carnaval.com/malta/history/knights/|title=Malta History 1000 AD–present|publisher=Carnaval.com|access-date=2008-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204113517/http://www.carnaval.com/malta/history/knights/|archive-date=2012-02-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Types of knighthood==

===Hereditary knighthoods===
====Continental Europe====
In continental Europe different systems of hereditary knighthood have existed or do exist.

In the ], the ] grants titles of knighthood to the successor of the throne. This knighthood title, known as ], is probably the most prestigious and exclusive ]. This order can also be granted to persons not belonging to the Spanish Crown, as the former ] ], ] ] or the relevant Spanish politician of the Spanish democratic transition ], among others.

'']'', ] for "knight", is a hereditary noble title in the ]. It is the lowest title within the nobility system and ranks below that of "]" but above "]" (the latter is not a title, but a Dutch honorific to show that someone belongs to the untitled nobility). The collective term for its holders in a certain locality is the Ridderschap (e.g. Ridderschap van Holland, Ridderschap van Friesland, etc.). In the Netherlands no female equivalent exists. Before 1814, the history of nobility is separate for each of the eleven provinces that make up the ]. In each of these, there were in the early Middle Ages a number of feudal lords who often were just as powerful, and sometimes more so than the rulers themselves. During this period, knights ranked below the ruler and above the feudal barons (Dutch: '']''). In the Netherlands only 10 knightly families are still extant, a number which steadily decreases because in that country ennoblement or incorporation into the nobility is not possible anymore.
] – a ] of a knight (] by the Harter Graben near ], Austria)]]
Likewise '']'', ] for "knight", or the equivalent ] ''Chevalier'' is a hereditary noble title in ]. It is the second lowest title within the nobility system above ] or ] and below '']''. Like in the Netherlands, no female equivalent to the title exists. Belgium still does have about 232 registered ].

The ] and ]n equivalent of an hereditary knight is a '']''. This designation is used as a title of nobility in all German-speaking areas. Traditionally it denotes the second lowest rank within the nobility, standing above "]" (noble) and below "]" (baron). For its historical association with warfare and the ] in the Middle Ages, it can be considered roughly equal to the titles of "Knight" or "Baronet".

The ] historically bestowed hereditary knighthoods to holders of the highest ranks in the Royal Orders. Today, the head of the Royal House of Portugal Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, bestows hereditary knighthoods for extraordinary acts of sacrifice and service to the Royal House. There are very few hereditary knights and they are entitled to wear an oval neck badge with the shield of the house of Braganza. As there are two classes of hereditary knights in Portugal, the highest grade is the hereditary knight with ]. Portuguese hereditary knighthoods confer nobility.<ref name="Evaristo">{{cite web |last1=Evaristo |first1=Carlos |title=The Fons Honorum, Prerogatives and Privileges of the Portuguese House of Bragança |url=http://www.academiasanctiambrosii.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/The-Fons-Honorum-Prerogatives-and-Priviliges-of-the-Portuguese-Royal-House-of-Bragan%C3%A7a-INGLESE.pdf |publisher=Real Academia Sancti Ambrosii Martyris |access-date=2 March 2024 |language=English}}</ref>

In ], the hereditary knighthood existed similarly throughout as a title of nobility, as well as in regions formerly under ] control. One family ennobled with a title in such a manner is the ] (by letters patents of 1752), even if its most recent members used a ] of count. In some other regions such as ], a specific type of ] was granted to the lower ranked knights ({{langx|fr|chevaliers}}) called the ''fief de haubert'', referring to the ], or chain mail shirt worn almost daily by knights, as they would not only fight for their ], but enforce and carry out their orders on a routine basis as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fief de haubert |url=https://medieval_terms.enacademic.com/1311/Fief_de_haubert |website=Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases |publisher=enacademic.com |access-date=January 2, 2020}}</ref> Later the term came to officially designate the higher rank of the ] in the ] (the lower rank being Squire), as the romanticism and prestige associated with the term grew in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

] and ] also had the hereditary knighthood that existed within their respective systems of nobility. Just as with the Royal House of Portugal, the Royal House of Italy - ], continue to confer their dynastic orders of chivalry on both Italian and non-Italian citizens, these dynastic orders include the; ], ] and the ]. Additionally the Royal ] confers their dynastic orders of chivalry on both Italian and non-italian citizens, including the dynastic orders of; ], ], and the ].

====Ireland====
There are traces of the Continental system of hereditary knighthood in Ireland. Notably all three of the following belong to the ] ], created by the ], acting as ], for their kinsmen.
*] or Green Knight (FitzGerald of Kerry) — the current holder is Sir ], 6th Baronet of Valencia, 24th Knight of Kerry. He is also a ], and has served as President of the Irish Association of the ].
*] or Black Knight (FitzGerald of Limerick) — now dormant.
*] (''see ]'') — now dormant.

Another Irish family were the ]s, who were created knights in 1553 under the policy of ]<ref>], "", ''Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Volume 6''. 1858.</ref> (first established by ]). They were ] in 1697 for participation on the Jacobite side in the Williamite wars.<ref>''The History and Antiquities of the Diocese of Kilmacduagh'' by Jerome Fahey 1893 p.326</ref>

====British baronetcies====
Since 1611, the British Crown has awarded a hereditary title in the form of the ]cy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burke|first=Bernard & Ashworth Burke|title=General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire|year=1914|publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited|location=London|pages=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf8cAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3|access-date=4 December 2011|quote=The hereditary Order of Baronets was erected by patent in England by King James I in 1611, extended to Ireland by the same Monarch in 1619, and first conferred in Scotland by King Charles I in 1625.}}</ref> Like knights, baronets are accorded the title ''Sir''. Baronets are not ], and have never been entitled to sit in the ], therefore like knights they remain ] in the view of the British legal system. However, unlike knights, the title is hereditary and the recipient does not receive an accolade. The position is therefore more comparable with hereditary knighthoods in continental European orders of nobility, such as '']'', than with knighthoods under the British orders of chivalry. However, unlike the continental orders, the British baronetcy system was a modern invention, designed specifically to raise money for the Crown with the purchase of the title.

===Chivalric orders===
{{details|Chivalric order}} {{details|Chivalric order}}
After the ], the military orders became idealized and romanticized, resulting in the late medieval notion of ], as reflected in the ] romances of the time. The creation of chivalric orders was fashionable among the noblesse in the 14th and 15th centuries, as remains reflected in contemporary honours systems, and the term ] itself, notably the ], founded by ] in ]/6, ] founded by ] knight ] in ],the ], founded by ] in ca. ], the ], founded by ] in ], and the ], founded by ] in ].


==Honorific orders== ==== Military orders ====
{{details|Military order (religious society)}}
From roughly ], purely honorific orders were established, designed as a way to confer prestige and distinction, unrelated to military service or chivalry in the more narrow sense. Such orders were particularly popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, and knighthood continues to be conferred in various countries:


*] founded to provide military medical services in 1048<ref>{{Cite web |title=Order of Malta - History: 1048 to the present day |url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/history/1048-to-the-present-day/ |website=Order of Malta - History: 1048 to the present day}}</ref>
* The ] (see ]) and some ] countries;
*], founded very shortly after the ] in 1099<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem |url=https://dioceseofvenice.org/offices/organizations/equestrian-order-of-the-holy-sepulchre-of-jerusalem/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Diocese of Venice |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Most ]an countries, such as The ] (see below).
*] established to serve and protect lepers on/about 1100<ref>{{Cite web |title=(PDF) The Order of Saint Lazarus - Cartulary: Vol. I - 12th - 14th centuries |url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/the-order-of-saint-lazarus-cartulary-vol-i-12th-14th-centuries.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=dokumen.tips |language=en}}</ref>
* ] &mdash; see ];
*], founded 1118, disbanded 1307<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fonnesberg-Schmidt |first=Iben |date=2008 |title=Review of Knighthoods of Christ: Essays on the History of the Crusades and the Knights Templar. Presented to Malcolm Barber |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20108644 |journal=The English Historical Review |volume=123 |issue=503 |pages=1007–1009 |doi=10.1093/ehr/cen218 |jstor=20108644 |issn=0013-8266}}</ref>
* ];
*], established about 1190,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nikolaus |title=The chronicle of Prussia: a history of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, 1190-1331 |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group |others=Nikolaus |isbn=978-1-032-17986-5 |editor-last=Fischer |editor-first=Mary |edition=First issued in paperback |location=London New York}}</ref> and ruled the ] in ] until 1525<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musiaka |first=Łukasz |date=2014 |title=Teutonic State Order's Cultural Heritage in Towns of Warmia-Masuria Province in Poland |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.17846/gi.2014.18.2.138-146 |journal=Geografické informácie |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=138–146 |doi=10.17846/gi.2014.18.2.138-146 |issn=1337-9453|hdl=11089/12551 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* The ] &mdash; see external link Papal Orders.
Other orders were established in the ], under the influence of the orders in the Holy Land and the Crusader movement of the ] and generally aligned with geographical area, for example:
{{Main|Spanish military orders}}


*], established in ] (Portugal) in 1143<ref name="Anderson-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=R. Warren |last2=Hull |first2=Brooks B. |date=2017 |title=Religion, Warrior Elites, and Property Rights |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1970260646 |journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion |volume=13 |issue=5 |id={{ProQuest|1970260646}} |via=Proquest}}</ref>
There are other ] and also ]] that also follow the practice. Modern knighthoods are typically awarded in recognition for services rendered to society, services which are no longer necessarily martial in nature. The musician ], for example, is entitled to be called Sir Elton. The female equivalent is a ''Dame''.
*], established in ] (Spain) in 1156<ref name="Anderson-2017" />
*], established in ] (Spain) in 1158<ref name="Anderson-2017" />
*], established in ] (Spain) in 1164.<ref name="Anderson-2017" />


====Honorific orders of knighthood====
Accompanying the title is the ], and optionally the ]. So, Elton John may be called ''Sir Elton'' or ''Sir Elton John'', but never ''Sir John''. Similarly, actress ] D.B.E. may be addressed as ''Dame Judi'' or ''Dame Judi Dench'', but never ''Dame Dench''. Wives of knights, however, are entitled to the honorific "Lady" before their husband's surname. Thus ]'s wife is styled ''Lady McCartney'', rather than ''Lady Paul McCartney'' or ''Lady Heather McCartney''. The style ''Dame Heather McCartney'' could be used; however, this style is largely archaic and is only used in the most formal of documents.
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2021}}
], the member of the ]]]
After the ], the military orders became idealized and romanticized, resulting in the late medieval notion of ], as reflected in the ] of the time. The creation of chivalric orders was fashionable among the nobility in the 14th and 15th centuries, and this is still reflected in contemporary honours systems, including the term '']'' itself. Examples of notable orders of chivalry are:
* the ], founded by ] in 1326<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veszprémy |first=László |date=2023-08-19 |title=The Order of Saint George — The Oldest Secular Knightly Order in Hungary {{!}} Hungarian Conservative |url=https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/order_saint-george_oldest-secular-knightly-order_angevin_kings_hungary/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.hungarianconservative.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* the ], founded by Count ] in 1362<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation |url=https://www.savoydelegation-usa.org/supreme-order-of-the-most-holy-annunciation.html |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=American Delegation of Savoy Orders |language=en}}</ref>
* the ], founded by ] in 1348<ref>{{cite web |title=The Order of the Garter |url=https://www.royal.uk/the-order-of-the-garter |publisher=British Royal Family |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>
* the ], founded by King ] in 1408<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veszprémy |first=László |date=2023-04-18 |title=Political Networking in the Middle Ages: The Order of the Dragon {{!}} Hungarian Conservative |url=https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/king_sigismund_order_of_the_dragon_diplomacy_strategy_networking/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.hungarianconservative.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* the ], founded by ] in 1430<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=The Order of the Golden Fleece {{!}} Philip the Good, Burgundy, Charles V {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Order-of-the-Golden-Fleece |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* the ], founded by ] in 1469<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Louis XI {{!}} King of France, Valois Dynasty, Reformer {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XI |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* the ], founded by King James&nbsp;VII of Scotland (also known as ]) in 1687<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle {{!}} British Peerage, History & Significance {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Most-Ancient-and-Most-Noble-Order-of-the-Thistle |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* the ], which may have been first founded by ], but was founded in its current form by ] in 1693<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE HISTORY BEHIND THE ORDER OF THE ELEPHANT |url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/menu/news/the-history-behind-the-order-of-the-elephant |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.kongehuset.dk}}</ref>
* the ], founded by ] in 1725<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Most Honourable Order of the Bath {{!}} History, Ranks & Recipients {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Most-Honourable-Order-of-the-Bath |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Order of the Bath |url=https://www.royal.uk/the-order-of-the-bath#:~:text=The%20title%20of%20the%20Order,up%20to%20women%20in%201971. |access-date=April 13, 2024 |website=www.royal.uk}}</ref>


] (left) being knighted by Queen ] in 1581. The recipient is tapped on each shoulder with a sword.]]
State Knighthoods in the Netherlands are issued in three orders, the ], the ], and the ]. Additionally there remain a few hereditary knights in The Netherlands.
From roughly 1560, purely honorific orders were established, as a way to confer prestige and distinction, unrelated to military service and chivalry in the more narrow sense. Such orders were particularly popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, and knighthood continues to be conferred in various countries:


* The ] using the ] and some ] countries such as ];
In ], the ] is an honour equivalent to a knighthood.
* Some ]an countries, such as The ], ] and ] among others {{see below}}. The ], the ], and the ] are Spain's highest civil honours.
* The ] implementing the ].


There are other ] and also ]s that also follow this practice. Modern knighthoods are typically conferred in recognition for services rendered to society, which are not necessarily martial in nature. The British musician ], for example, is a ], thus entitled to be called Sir Elton. The female equivalent is a '']'', for example Dame ].
In ], among other orders is the ]. The lowest of the three ranks conferred by this academy is knighthood.


In the ], honorific knighthood may be conferred in two different ways:
==Modern ranks==
Within most Continental European orders, and many other orders, the following rankings (or similar rank structures) exist:
* Knight or Chevalier
* Officer
* Knight Commander (or simply Commander)
* Grand Officer
* Knight Grand Cross (or Grand Cordon)


*The first is by membership of one of the ''pure'' ] such as the ], the ] and the dormant ], of which all members are knighted. In addition, many British ], namely the ], the ], the ] and the ] are part of the ], and the award of their highest ranks (Knight/Dame Commander and Knight/Dame Grand Cross), comes together with an honorific knighthood, making them a cross between orders of chivalry and orders of merit. By contrast, membership of other British orders of merit, such as the ], the ] and the ] does not confer a knighthood.
Within the ], and some members of the ], the following rankings (or similar rank structures) exist:
*The second is being granted honorific knighthood by the British sovereign without membership of an order, the recipient being called ].
* Member
* Officer
* Commander
* Knight
* Knight Commander
* Knight Grand Cross


In the British honours system the knightly style of ''Sir'' and its female equivalent ''Dame'' are followed by the ] only when addressing the holder. Thus, ] should be addressed as ''Sir Elton'', not ''Sir John'' or ''Mr John''. Similarly, actress ] should be addressed as ''Dame Judi'', not ''Dame Dench'' or ''Ms Dench''.
==Literature==
*Boulton, D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre. ''The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325-1520''. 2d revised ed. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2000.
* Forey, Alan John. ''The Military Orders: From the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries''. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1992.
* Nicolle, David. ''The Age of Charlemagne''. Osprey Publishing, 1984.
*Shaw, William A. ''The Knights of England: A Complete Record from the Earliest Time'' 2v. London: Central Chancery, 1906 (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1970).


Wives of knights, however, are entitled to the honorific pre-nominal "Lady" before their husband's surname. Thus ]'s ex-wife was formally styled ''Lady McCartney'' (rather than ''Lady Paul McCartney'' or ''Lady Heather McCartney''). The style ''Dame Heather McCartney'' could be used for the wife of a knight; however, this style is largely archaic and is only used in the most formal of documents, or where the wife is a Dame in her own right (such as Dame ], who gained her title six years before her husband Sir ] was knighted). The husbands of Dames have no honorific pre-nominal, so Dame Norma's husband remained John Major until he received his own knighthood.
==See also==


Up until 1965 it was not permitted to use these titles until after the knight concerned had received the ]; but in that year the prohibition was lifted, and it is now permitted to use the titles immediately, from the time the award is ].<ref name="Galloway1996" />
* ] and ], ] terms translated as "knight".

* ], a ] term
] in 1346]]
* ] a similar class in Japanese history
With the award of a KCVO to the Rt Rev. ] in 1902,<ref></ref> the custom was established whereby a ] in the ], on being appointed to a degree of knighthood, does not received the accolade.<ref name="Galloway1996">{{cite book |editor1-last=Galloway |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Stanley |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Martin |editor3-first=Stanley |title=Royal Service (Volume I) |date=1996 |publisher=Victorian Publishing |location=London |page=22}}</ref> He receives the insignia of his honour and may place the appropriate letters after his name or title but he may not be called Sir<ref name="indyobit" /> and his wife may not be called Lady. This custom is not observed in Australia and New Zealand, where knighted Anglican clergymen routinely use the title "Sir". ] of other Christian Churches are entitled to receive the accolade. For example, ] did receive the accolade on his appointment as ] in 1969. A knight who is subsequently ordained does not lose his title. A famous example of this situation was ], who was ordained just a year after he was appointed ], apparently somewhat to the consternation of officials at Buckingham Palace.<ref name="indyobit">{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article1879386.ece |title=Michael De-La-Noy, obituary in |work=The Independent |date=2006-10-17 |access-date=2009-11-19 |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123110436/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article1879386.ece |archive-date=2007-11-23 }}</ref> A woman clerk in holy orders may be made a Dame in exactly the same way as any other woman since there are no military connotations attached to the honour. A clerk in holy orders who is a ] is entitled to use the title Sir.
* ], a similar class in Chinese history

Outside the British honours system it is usually considered improper to address a knighted person as 'Sir' or 'Dame' (notable exceptions are members of the ] in the ].) Some countries, however, historically {{em|did}} have equivalent honorifics for knights, such as ] in ] (e.g. ''Cavaliere'' ]), and ] in ] and the ] (e.g. ]).

] '']'' depicting the ] (Castilian Civil War, in the ])]]
State knighthoods in the Netherlands are issued in three orders: the ], the ], and the ]. Additionally there remain a few hereditary knights in the Netherlands.

In ], honorific knighthood (not hereditary) can be conferred by the king on particularly meritorious individuals such as scientists or eminent businessmen, or for instance to ] ], the second Belgian in space. This practice is similar to the conferral of the dignity of ] in the ]. In addition, there still are a number of hereditary knights in Belgium {{see below}}.

In ] and Belgium, one of the ranks conferred in some ], such as the ], the ], the ] and the ] in France, and the ], ] and ] in Belgium, is that of ''Chevalier'' (in French) or ''Ridder'' (in Dutch), meaning Knight.

In the ] the monarchs tried to establish chivalric orders, but the hereditary lords who controlled the Union did not agree and managed to ban such assemblies. They feared the king would use orders to gain support for absolutist goals and to make formal distinctions among the peerage, which could lead to its legal breakup into two separate classes, and that the king would later play one against the other and eventually limit the legal privileges of hereditary nobility. But finally in 1705 King {{nowrap|August II}} managed to establish the ] which remains Poland's most prestigious order of that kind. The head of state (now the President as the acting Grand Master) confers knighthoods of the order to distinguished citizens, foreign monarchs and other heads of state. The order has its chapter. There were no particular honorifics that would accompany a knight's name, as historically all (or at least by far most) of its members would be royals or hereditary lords anyway. So today, a knight is simply referred to as "Name Surname, knight of the White Eagle (Order)".

In ], holders of religious ] like the ] make use of the word ''Sir'' as a pre-nominal honorific in much the same way as it is used for secular purposes in Britain and the Philippines. Wives of such individuals also typically assume the title of Lady.

====Women====
=====England and the United Kingdom=====
Women were appointed to the ] almost from the start. In all, 68 women were appointed between 1358 and 1488, including all consorts. Though many were women of royal blood, or wives of knights of the Garter, some women were neither. They wore the garter on the left arm, and some are shown on their tombstones with this arrangement. After 1488, no other appointments of women are known, although it is said that the Garter was conferred upon Neapolitan poet Laura Bacio Terricina, by ]. In 1638, a proposal was made to revive the use of robes for the wives of knights in ceremonies, but this did not occur. ] have been made ] since 1901 (] in 1901,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 27284|date= 13 February 1901|page=1139|supp=y }}</ref> ] in 1910 and ] in 1937). The first non-royal woman to be made Lady Companion of the Garter was ] in 1990,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 52120|date= 24 April 1990|page=8251}}</ref> the second was ] in 1995<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 54017|date= 25 April 1995|page=6023}}</ref> (post-nominal: LG). On 30 November 1996, ] was made ],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 54597|date= 3 December 1996|page=15995}}</ref> the first non-royal woman (post-nominal: LT). (See Edmund Fellowes, ''Knights of the Garter'', 1939; and Beltz: ''Memorials of the Order of the Garter''). The first woman to be granted a knighthood in modern Britain seems to have been Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal, who became a Knight Grand Commander of the ] (GCSI) in 1861, at the foundation of the order. Her daughter received the same honor in 1872, as well as her granddaughter in 1910. The order was open to "princes and chiefs" without distinction of gender. The first European woman to have been granted an order of knighthood was Queen Mary, when she was made a Knight Grand Commander of the same order, by special statute, in celebration of the Delhi Durbar of 1911.<ref>Biddle, Daniel A. ''Knights of Christ : Living today with the Virtues of Ancient Knighthood'' (Kindle Edition). West Bow Press. (May 22, 2012). p.xxx. ASIN: B00A4Z2FUY</ref> She was also granted a ] in 1917 as a ], when the ] was created<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 30250|date= 24 August 1917|page=8794|supp=y }}</ref> (it was the first order explicitly open to women). The Royal Victorian Order was opened to women in 1936, and the ] and ] in 1965 and 1971 respectively.<ref name="heraldica1">{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/wom-kn.htm |title=Women Knights |publisher=Heraldica.org |access-date=2011-08-23}}</ref>

=====France=====
Medieval French had two words, chevaleresse and chevalière, which were used in two ways: one was for the wife of a knight, and this usage goes back to the 14th century. The other was possibly for a female knight. Here is a quote from ], a 17th-century writer on chivalry: {{quote|It was not always necessary to be the wife of a knight in order to take this title. Sometimes, when some male fiefs were conceded by special privilege to women, they took the rank of chevaleresse, as one sees plainly in Hemricourt where women who were not wives of knights are called chevaleresses.}}Modern French orders of knighthood include women, for example the Légion d'Honneur (]) since the mid-19th century, but they are usually called chevaliers. The first documented case is that of ] (1772–1859), who fought in the Revolutionary Wars, received a military disability pension in 1798, the rank of 2nd lieutenant in 1822, and the Legion of Honor in 1852. A recipient of the Ordre National du Mérite recently requested from the order's Chancery the permission to call herself "chevalière," and the request was granted.<ref name="heraldica1"/>

=====Italy=====
As related in ''Orders of Knighthood, Awards and the Holy See'' by H. E. Cardinale (1983), the ] was founded by two Bolognese nobles ] and Catalano di Guido in 1233, and approved by ] in 1261. It was the first religious order of knighthood to grant the rank of militissa to women. However, this order was suppressed by ] in 1558.<ref name="heraldica1"/>

=====The Low Countries=====
At the initiative of Catherine Baw in 1441, and 10 years later of Elizabeth, Mary, and Isabella of the house of Hornes, orders were founded which were open exclusively to women of noble birth, who received the French title of chevalière or the Latin title of equitissa. In his Glossarium (s.v. militissa), Du Cange notes that still in his day (17th century), the female canons of the canonical monastery of St. Gertrude in Nivelles (Brabant), after a probation of 3 years, are made knights (militissae) at the altar, by a (male) knight called in for that purpose, who gives them the accolade with a sword and pronounces the usual words.<ref name="heraldica1"/>

=====Spain=====
]'' from the '']'']]
To honour those women who defended ] against an attack by the ], ], created the Order of the Hatchet ("''Orde de la Atxa" in ]'') in 1149.<ref name="heraldica1"/>

{{Blockquote|The inhabitants being at length reduced to great streights, desired relief of the Earl, but he, being not in a condition to give them any, they entertained some thoughts of making a surrender. Which the Women hearing of, to prevent the disaster threatening their City, themselves, and Children, put on men's Clothes, and by a resolute sally, forced the Moors to raise the Siege. The Earl, finding himself obliged, by the gallentry of the action, thought fit to make his acknowlegements thereof, by granting them several Privileges and Immunities, and to perpetuate the memory of so signal an attempt, instituted an Order, somewhat like a Military Order, into which were admitted only those Brave Women, deriving the honour to their Descendants, and assigned them for a Badge, a thing like a Fryars Capouche, sharp at the top, after the form of a Torch, and of a crimson colour, to be worn upon their Head-clothes. He also ordained, that at all publick meetings, the women should have precedence of the Men. That they should be exempted from all Taxes, and that all the Apparel and Jewels, though of never so great value, left by their dead Husbands, should be their own. These Women having thus acquired this Honour by their personal Valour, carried themselves after the Military Knights of those days.|]|The Institution, Laws, and Ceremony of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1672), Ch. 3, sect. 3}}

==Notable knights==
] in ], London]]
]]]

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==See also==
{{Commons category|Knights}}
{{wiktionary}}
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=== Counterparts in other cultures ===
==External links==
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==Notes==
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==References==
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* Arnold, Benjamin. ''German Knighthood, 1050-1300''. Oxford: ], 1985. {{ISBN|0-19-821960-1}} {{LCCN|85235009}}
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* Bloch, Marc. ''Feudal Society'', 2nd ed. Translated by Manyon. London: Routledge & Keagn Paul, 1965.
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* Bluth, B. J. ''Marching with Sharpe''. London: Collins, 2001. {{ISBN|0-00-414537-2}}
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* Boulton, D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre. ''The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325–1520''. 2d revised ed. Woodbridge, UK: ], 2000. {{ISBN|0-85115-795-5}}
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* Bull, Stephen. ''An Historical Guide to Arms and Armour''. London: Studio Editions, 1991. {{ISBN|1-85170-723-9}}
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* Carey, Brian Todd; Allfree, Joshua B; Cairns, John. ''Warfare in the Medieval World'', UK: Pen & Sword Military, June 2006. {{ISBN|1-84415-339-8}}
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* Church, S. and Harvey, R. (Eds.) (1994) Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994. Boydell Press, Woodbridge
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* {{cite book |last=Clark|first= Hugh |title=A Concise History of Knighthood: Containing the Religious and Military Orders which have been Instituted in Europe|location= London|year= 1784 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJsOAAAAQAAJ }}
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* Edge, David; John Miles Paddock (1988) ''Arms & Armor of the Medieval Knight''. Greenwich, CT: Bison Books Corp. {{ISBN|0-517-10319-2}}
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* Edwards, J. C. "What Earthly Reason? The replacement of the longbow by handguns." ''Medieval History Magazine'', Is. 7, March 2004.
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* Embleton, Gerry. ''Medieval Military Costume''. UK: Crowood Press, 2001. {{ISBN|1-86126-371-6}}
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* Forey, Alan John. ''The Military Orders: From the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries''. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Macmillan Education, 1992. {{ISBN|0-333-46234-3}}
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* Hare, Christopher. ''''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908. {{LCCN|08031670}}
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* Kaeuper, Richard and Kennedy, Elspeth ''The Book of Chivalry of Geoffrey De Charny : Text, Context, and Translation.'' 1996.
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* Keen, Maurice. ''Chivalry''. Yale University Press, 2005.
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* Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer Laing. ''Medieval Britain: The Age of Chivalry''. New York: ], 1996. {{ISBN|0-312-16278-2}}
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* ]. ''A Knight and his Horse'', 2nd ed. Chester Springs, PA: Dufour Editions, 1998. {{ISBN|0-8023-1297-7}} {{LCCN|98032049}}
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* Robards, Brooks. ''The Medieval Knight at War''. London: Tiger Books, 1997. {{ISBN|1-85501-919-1}}
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* {{cite book |last=Shaw|first= William A. |author-link=William Arthur Shaw |url=https://openlibrary.org/details/knightsofengland01shawuoft |title=The Knights of England: A Complete Record from the Earliest Time|location= London |publisher=Central Chancery|year= 1906}} (Republished Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1970). {{ISBN|0-8063-0443-X}} {{LCCN|74129966}}
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* Williams, Alan. "The Metallurgy of Medieval Arms and Armour", in ''Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour''. ], ed. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-85115-872-2}} {{LCCN|2002003680}}
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Latest revision as of 14:40, 2 December 2024

Honorary title awarded for service to a church or state "Knights" redirects here. For the Roman social class also known as "knights", see Equites. For other uses, see Knight (disambiguation) and Knights (disambiguation).

A 14th-century depiction of the 13th-century German knight Hartmann von Aue, from the Codex Manesse
Part of a series on
Imperial, royal, noble,
gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe

A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity.

The concept of knighthood may have been inspired by the ancient Greek hippeis (ἱππεῖς) and Roman equites. In the Early Middle Ages in Western Christian Europe, knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors. During the High Middle Ages, knighthood was considered a class of petty nobility. By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior. Often, a knight was a vassal who served as an elite fighter or a bodyguard for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings. The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in battle on horseback. Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship (and especially the joust) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century. This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry, cavalier and related terms such as the French title chevalier. In that sense, the special prestige accorded to mounted warriors in Christendom finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Islamic world. The Crusades brought various military orders of knights to the forefront of defending Christian pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land.

In the Late Middle Ages, new methods of warfare – such as the introduction of the culverin as an anti-personnel, gunpowder-fired weapon – began to render classical knights in armour obsolete, but the titles remained in many countries. Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (1459–1519) is often referred to as the "last knight" in this regard; however, some of the most iconic battles of the Knights Hospitaller, such as the Siege of Rhodes and the Great Siege of Malta, took place after his rule. The ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature, particularly the literary cycles known as the Matter of France, relating to the legendary companions of Charlemagne and his men-at-arms, the paladins, and the Matter of Britain, relating to the legend of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table.

Today, a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in Christian Churches, as well as in several historically Christian countries and their former territories, such as the Roman Catholic Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the Protestant Order of Saint John, as well as the English Order of the Garter, the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim, the Spanish Order of Santiago, and the Norwegian Order of St. Olav. There are also dynastic orders like the Order of the Golden Fleece, the Imperial Order of the Rose, the Order of the British Empire and the Order of St. George. In modern times these are orders centered around charity and civic service, and are no longer military orders. Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility, but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state, monarch, or prelate to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement, as in the British honours system, often for service to the Church or country. The modern female equivalent in the English language is Dame. Knighthoods and damehoods are traditionally regarded as being one of the most prestigious awards people can obtain.

Etymology

The word knight, from Old English cniht ("boy" or "servant"), is a cognate of the German word Knecht ("servant, bondsman, vassal"). This meaning, of unknown origin, is common among West Germanic languages (cf Old Frisian kniucht, Dutch knecht, Danish knægt, Swedish knekt, Norwegian knekt, Middle High German kneht, all meaning "boy, youth, lad"). Middle High German had the phrase guoter kneht, which also meant knight; but this meaning was in decline by about 1200.

The meaning of cniht changed over time from its original meaning of "boy" to "household retainer". Ælfric's homily of St. Swithun describes a mounted retainer as a cniht. While cnihtas might have fought alongside their lords, their role as household servants features more prominently in the Anglo-Saxon texts. In several Anglo-Saxon wills cnihtas are left either money or lands. In his will, King Æthelstan leaves his cniht, Aelfmar, eight hides of land.

A rādcniht, "riding-servant", was a servant on horseback.

A narrowing of the generic meaning "servant" to "military follower of a king or other superior" is visible by 1100. The specific military sense of a knight as a mounted warrior in the heavy cavalry emerges only in the Hundred Years' War. The verb "to knight" (to make someone a knight) appears around 1300; and, from the same time, the word "knighthood" shifted from "adolescence" to "rank or dignity of a knight".

An Equestrian (Latin, from eques "horseman", from equus "horse") was a member of the second highest social class in the Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. This class is often translated as "knight"; the medieval knight, however, was called miles in Latin (which in classical Latin meant "soldier", normally infantry).

In the later Roman Empire, the classical Latin word for horse, equus, was replaced in common parlance by the vulgar Latin caballus, sometimes thought to derive from Gaulish caballos. From caballus arose terms in the various Romance languages cognate with the (French-derived) English cavalier: Italian cavaliere, Spanish caballero, French chevalier (whence chivalry), Portuguese cavaleiro, and Romanian cavaler. The Germanic languages have terms cognate with the English rider: German Ritter, and Dutch and Scandinavian ridder. These words are derived from Germanic rīdan, "to ride", in turn derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *reidh-.

History and evolution of medieval knighthood

Pre-Carolingian legacies

Further information: Bucellarii

In ancient Rome, there was a knightly class Ordo Equestris (order of mounted nobles). Some portions of the armies of Germanic peoples who occupied Europe from the 3rd century AD onward had been mounted, and some armies, such as those of the Ostrogoths, were mainly cavalry. However, it was the Franks who generally fielded armies composed of large masses of infantry, with an infantry elite, the comitatus, which often rode to battle on horseback rather than marching on foot. When the armies of the Frankish ruler Charles Martel defeated the Umayyad Arab invasion at the Battle of Tours in 732, the Frankish forces were still largely infantry armies, with elites riding to battle but dismounting to fight.

Carolingian age

In the Early Medieval period, any well-equipped horseman could be described as a knight, or miles in Latin. The first knights appeared during the reign of Charlemagne in the 8th century. As the Carolingian Age progressed, the Franks were generally on the attack, and larger numbers of warriors took to their horses to ride with the Emperor in his wide-ranging campaigns of conquest. At about this time the Franks increasingly remained on horseback to fight on the battlefield as true cavalry rather than mounted infantry, with the discovery of the stirrup, and would continue to do so for centuries afterwards. Although in some nations the knight returned to foot combat in the 14th century, the association of the knight with mounted combat with a spear, and later a lance, remained a strong one. The older Carolingian ceremony of presenting a young man with weapons influenced the emergence of knighthood ceremonies, in which a noble would be ritually given weapons and declared to be a knight, usually amid some festivities.

A Norman knight slaying Harold Godwinson (Bayeux tapestry, c. 1070). The rank of knight developed in the 12th century from the mounted warriors of the 10th and 11th centuries.

These mobile mounted warriors made Charlemagne's far-flung conquests possible, and to secure their service he rewarded them with grants of land called benefices. These were given to the captains directly by the Emperor to reward their efforts in the conquests, and they in turn were to grant benefices to their warrior contingents, who were a mix of free and unfree men. In the century or so following Charlemagne's death, his newly empowered warrior class grew stronger still, and Charles the Bald declared their fiefs to be hereditary, and also issued the Edict of Pîtres in 864, largely moving away from the infantry-based traditional armies and calling upon all men who could afford it to answer calls to arms on horseback to quickly repel the constant and wide-ranging Viking attacks, which is considered the beginnings of the period of knights that were to become so famous and spread throughout Europe in the following centuries. The period of chaos in the 9th and 10th centuries, between the fall of the Carolingian central authority and the rise of separate Western and Eastern Frankish kingdoms (later to become France and Germany respectively) only entrenched this newly landed warrior class. This was because governing power and defense against Viking, Magyar and Saracen attack became an essentially local affair which revolved around these new hereditary local lords and their demesnes.

Multiple crusades and military orders

Hungarian knights routing Ottoman spahi cavalry during the Battle of Mohács in 1526

Clerics and the Church often opposed the practices of the Knights because of their abuses against women and civilians, and many such as St. Bernard de Clairvaux were convinced that Knights served the devil and not God, and needed reforming.

In the course of the 12th century, knighthood became a social rank with a distinction being made between milites gregarii (non-noble cavalrymen) and milites nobiles (true knights). As the term "knight" became increasingly confined to denoting a social rank, the military role of fully armoured cavalryman gained a separate term, "man-at-arms". Although any medieval knight going to war would automatically serve as a man-at-arms, not all men-at-arms were knights.

The first military orders of knighthood were the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre and the Knights Hospitaller, both founded shortly after the First Crusade of 1099, followed by the Order of Saint Lazarus (1100), Knights Templars (1118), the Order of Montesa (1128), the Order of Santiago (1170) and the Teutonic Knights (1190). At the time of their foundation, these were intended as monastic orders, whose members would act as simple soldiers protecting pilgrims.

It was only over the following century, with the successful conquest of the Holy Land and the rise of the crusader states, that these orders became powerful and prestigious.

The great European legends of warriors such as the paladins, the Matter of France and the Matter of Britain popularized the notion of chivalry among the warrior class. The ideal of chivalry as the ethos of the Christian warrior, and the transmutation of the term "knight" from the meaning "servant, soldier", and of chevalier "mounted soldier", to refer to a member of this ideal class, is significantly influenced by the Crusades, on one hand inspired by the military orders of monastic warriors, and on the other hand also cross-influenced by Islamic (Saracen) ideals of furusiyya.

Knightly culture in the Middle Ages

Training

The institution of knights was already well-established by the 10th century. While the knight was essentially a title denoting a military office, the term could also be used for positions of higher nobility such as landholders. The higher nobles grant the vassals their portions of land (fiefs) in return for their loyalty, protection, and service. The nobles also provided their knights with necessities, such as lodging, food, armour, weapons, horses, and money. The knight generally held his lands by military tenure which was measured through military service that usually lasted 40 days a year. The military service was the quid pro quo for each knight's fief. Vassals and lords could maintain any number of knights, although knights with more military experience were those most sought after. Thus, all petty nobles intending to become prosperous knights needed a great deal of military experience. A knight fighting under another's banner was called a knight bachelor while a knight fighting under his own banner was a knight banneret.

Some knights were familiar with city culture or familiarized with it during training. These knights, among others, were called in to end large insurgencies and other large uprisings that involved urban areas such as the Peasants' Revolt of England and the 1323–1328 Flemish revolt.

Page

A knight had to be born of nobility – typically sons of knights or lords. In some cases, commoners could also be knighted as a reward for extraordinary military service. Children of the nobility were cared for by noble foster-mothers in castles until they reached the age of seven.

These seven-year-old boys were given the title of page and turned over to the care of the castle's lords. They were placed on an early training regime of hunting with huntsmen and falconers, and academic studies with priests or chaplains. Pages then become assistants to older knights in battle, carrying and cleaning armour, taking care of the horses, and packing the baggage. They would accompany the knights on expeditions, even into foreign lands. Older pages were instructed by knights in swordsmanship, equestrianism, chivalry, warfare, and combat (using wooden swords and spears).

Squire

When the boy turned 14, he became a squire. In a religious ceremony, the new squire swore on a sword consecrated by a bishop or priest, and attended to assigned duties in his lord's household. During this time, the squires continued training in combat and were allowed to own armour (rather than borrowing it).

David I of Scotland knighting a squire

Squires were required to master the seven points of agilities – riding, swimming and diving, shooting different types of weapons, climbing, participation in tournaments, wrestling, fencing, long jumping, and dancing – the prerequisite skills for knighthood. All of these were even performed while wearing armour.

Upon turning 21, the squire was eligible to be knighted.

Accolade

Main article: Accolade

The accolade or knighting ceremony was usually held during one of the great feasts or holidays, like Christmas or Easter, and sometimes at the wedding of a noble or royal. The knighting ceremony usually involved a ritual bath on the eve of the ceremony and a prayer vigil during the night. On the day of the ceremony, the would-be knight would swear an oath and the master of the ceremony would dub the new knight on the shoulders with a sword. Squires, and even soldiers, could also be conferred direct knighthood early if they showed valor and efficiency for their service; such acts may include deploying for an important quest or mission, or protecting a high diplomat or a royal relative in battle.

Chivalric code

The miles Christianus allegory (mid-13th century), showing a knight armed with virtues and facing the vices in mortal combat.
Main article: Chivalry

Knights were expected, above all, to fight bravely and to display military professionalism and courtesy. When knights were taken as prisoners of war, they were customarily held for ransom in somewhat comfortable surroundings. This same standard of conduct did not apply to non-knights (archers, peasants, foot-soldiers, etc.) who were often slaughtered after capture, and who were viewed during battle as mere impediments to knights' getting to other knights to fight them.

Chivalry developed as an early standard of professional ethics for knights, who were relatively affluent horse owners and were expected to provide military services in exchange for landed property. Early notions of chivalry entailed loyalty to one's liege lord and bravery in battle, similar to the values of the Heroic Age. During the Middle Ages, this grew from simple military professionalism into a social code including the values of gentility, nobility and treating others reasonably. In The Song of Roland (c. 1100), Roland is portrayed as the ideal knight, demonstrating unwavering loyalty, military prowess and social fellowship. In Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival (c. 1205), chivalry had become a blend of religious duties, love and military service. Ramon Llull's Book of the Order of Chivalry (1275) demonstrates that by the end of the 13th century, chivalry entailed a litany of very specific duties, including riding warhorses, jousting, attending tournaments, holding Round Tables and hunting, as well as aspiring to the more æthereal virtues of "faith, hope, charity, justice, strength, moderation and loyalty."

Knights of the late medieval era were expected by society to maintain all these skills and many more, as outlined in Baldassare Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier, though the book's protagonist, Count Ludovico, states the "first and true profession" of the ideal courtier "must be that of arms." Chivalry, derived from the French word chevalier ('cavalier'), simultaneously denoted skilled horsemanship and military service, and these remained the primary occupations of knighthood throughout the Middle Ages.

Chivalry and religion were mutually influenced during the period of the Crusades. The early Crusades helped to clarify the moral code of chivalry as it related to religion. As a result, Christian armies began to devote their efforts to sacred purposes. As time passed, clergy instituted religious vows which required knights to use their weapons chiefly for the protection of the weak and defenseless, especially women and orphans, and of churches.

Tournaments

Main article: Tournament (medieval)
Tournament from the Codex Manesse, depicting the mêlée

In peacetime, knights often demonstrated their martial skills in tournaments, which usually took place on the grounds of a castle. Knights could parade their armour and banner to the whole court as the tournament commenced. Medieval tournaments were made up of martial sports called hastiludes, and were not only a major spectator sport but also played as a real combat simulation. It usually ended with many knights either injured or even killed. One contest was a free-for-all battle called a melee, where large groups of knights numbering hundreds assembled and fought one another, and the last knight standing was the winner. The most popular and romanticized contest for knights was the joust. In this competition, two knights charge each other with blunt wooden lances in an effort to break their lance on the opponent's head or body or unhorse them completely. The loser in these tournaments had to turn his armour and horse over to the victor. The last day was filled with feasting, dancing and minstrel singing.

Besides formal tournaments, there were also unformalized judicial duels done by knights and squires to end various disputes. Countries like Germany, Britain and Ireland practiced this tradition. Judicial combat was of two forms in medieval society, the feat of arms and chivalric combat. The feat of arms were done to settle hostilities between two large parties and supervised by a judge. The chivalric combat was fought when one party's honor was disrespected or challenged and the conflict could not be resolved in court. Weapons were standardized and must be of the same caliber. The duel lasted until the other party was too weak to fight back and in early cases, the defeated party were then subsequently executed. Examples of these brutal duels were the judicial combat known as the Combat of the Thirty in 1351, and the trial by combat fought by Jean de Carrouges in 1386. A far more chivalric duel which became popular in the Late Middle Ages was the pas d'armes or "passage of arms". In this hastilude, a knight or a group of knights would claim a bridge, lane or city gate, and challenge other passing knights to fight or be disgraced. If a lady passed unescorted, she would leave behind a glove or scarf, to be rescued and returned to her by a future knight who passed that way.

Heraldry

Main article: Heraldry

One of the greatest distinguishing marks of the knightly class was the flying of coloured banners, to display power and to distinguish knights in battle and in tournaments. Knights are generally armigerous (bearing a coat of arms), and indeed they played an essential role in the development of heraldry. As heavier armour, including enlarged shields and enclosed helmets, developed in the Middle Ages, the need for marks of identification arose, and with coloured shields and surcoats, coat armoury was born. Armorial rolls were created to record the knights of various regions or those who participated in various tournaments.

Equipment

Elements of a harness of the late style of Gothic plate armour that was a popular style in the mid 15th to early 16th century (depiction made in the 18th century)
Further information: List of medieval armour components

Knights used a variety of weapons, including maces, axes and swords. Elements of the knightly armour included helmet, cuirass, gauntlet and shield.

The sword was a weapon designed to be used solely in combat; it was useless in hunting and impractical as a tool. Thus, the sword was a status symbol among the knightly class. Swords were effective against lightly armoured enemies, while maces and warhammers were more effective against heavily armoured ones.

One of the primary elements of a knight's armour was the shield, which could be used to block strikes and projectiles. Oval shields were used during the Dark Ages and were made of wooden boards that were roughly half an inch thick. Towards the end of the 10th century, oval shields were lengthened to cover the left knee of the mounted warrior, called the kite shield. The heater shield was used during the 13th and the first half of the 14th century. Around 1350, square shields called bouched shields appeared, which had a notch in which to place the couched lance.

Until the mid-14th century, knights wore mail armour as their main form of defence. Mail was extremely flexible and provided good protection against sword cuts, but weak against blunt weapons such as the mace and piercing weapons such as the lance. Padded undergarment known as aketon was worn to absorb shock damage and prevent chafing caused by mail. In hotter climates metal rings became too hot, so sleeveless surcoats were worn as a protection against the sun, and also to show their heraldic arms. This sort of coat also evolved to be tabards, waffenrocks and other garments with the arms of the wearer sewn into it.

Helmets of the knight of the early periods usually were more open helms such as the nasal helmet, and later forms of the spangenhelm. The lack of more facial protection lead to the evolution of more enclosing helmets to be made in the late 12th to early 13th centuries, this eventually would evolve to make the great helm. Later forms of the bascinet, which was originally a small helm worn under the larger great helm, evolved to be worn solely, and would eventually have pivoted or hinged visors, the most popular was the hounskull, also known as the "pig-face visor".

Plate armour first appeared in the 13th century, when plates were added onto the torso and mounted to a base of leather. This form of armour is known as a coat of plates, and was initially used over chain mail in the 13th and 14th centuries, at the time of Transitional armour. The torso was not the only part of the knight to receive this plate protection evolution, as the elbows and shoulders were covered with circular pieces of metal, commonly referred to as rondels, eventually evolving into the plate arm harness consisting of the rerebrace, vambrace, and spaulder or pauldron. The legs too were covered in plates, mainly on the shin, called schynbalds which later evolved to fully enclose the leg in the form of enclosed greaves. As for the upper legs, cuisses came about in the mid 14th century. Overall, plate armour offered better protection against piercing weapons such as arrows and especially bolts than mail armour did.Plate armor reached his peak in the 15th and 16th centuries, but was still used at the beginning of the 17th century by the first Cuirassiers like the London lobsters.

Knights' horses were also armoured in later periods; caparisons were the first form of medieval horse coverage and was used much like the surcoat. Other armours, such as the facial armouring chanfron, were made for horses.

Medieval and Renaissance chivalric literature

Main article: Knight-errant Further information: Chivalry, Chivalric romance, Matter of Britain, Matter of France, Minnesang, and Jinete
Page from King René's Tournament Book (BnF Ms Fr 2695)

Knights and the ideals of knighthood featured largely in medieval and Renaissance literature, and have secured a permanent place in literary romance. While chivalric romances abound, particularly notable literary portrayals of knighthood include The Song of Roland, Cantar de Mio Cid, The Twelve of England, Geoffrey Chaucer's The Knight's Tale, Baldassare Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier, and Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote, as well as Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur and other Arthurian tales (Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, the Pearl Poet's Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, etc.).

Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), written in the 1130s, introduced the legend of King Arthur, which was to be important to the development of chivalric ideals in literature. Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur (The Death of Arthur), written in 1469, was important in defining the ideal of chivalry, which is essential to the modern concept of the knight, as an elite warrior sworn to uphold the values of faith, loyalty, courage, and honour.

Instructional literature was also created. Geoffroi de Charny's "Book of Chivalry" expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knight's life, though still laying stress on the primarily military focus of knighthood.

In the early Renaissance greater emphasis was laid upon courtliness. The ideal courtier—the chivalrous knight—of Baldassarre Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier became a model of the ideal virtues of nobility. Castiglione's tale took the form of a discussion among the nobility of the court of the Duke of Urbino, in which the characters determine that the ideal knight should be renowned not only for his bravery and prowess in battle, but also as a skilled dancer, athlete, singer and orator, and he should also be well-read in the humanities and classical Greek and Latin literature.

Later Renaissance literature, such as Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote, rejected the code of chivalry as unrealistic idealism. The rise of Christian humanism in Renaissance literature demonstrated a marked departure from the chivalric romance of late medieval literature, and the chivalric ideal ceased to influence literature over successive centuries until it saw some pockets of revival in post-Victorian literature.

Decline

See also: Military history
The Battle of Pavia in 1525. Landsknecht mercenaries with arquebus.

By the mid to late 16th century, knights were quickly becoming obsolete as countries started creating their own standing armies that were faster to train, cheaper to equip, and easier to mobilize. The advancement of high-powered firearms contributed greatly to the decline in use of plate armour, as the time it took to train soldiers with guns was much less compared to that of the knight. The cost of equipment was also significantly lower, and guns had a reasonable chance to easily penetrate a knight's armour. In the 14th century the use of infantrymen armed with pikes and fighting in close formation also proved effective against heavy cavalry, such as during the Battle of Nancy, when Charles the Bold and his armoured cavalry were decimated by Swiss pikemen. As the feudal system came to an end, lords saw no further use of knights. Many landowners found the duties of knighthood too expensive and so contented themselves with the use of squires. Mercenaries also became an economic alternative to knights when conflicts arose.

Armies of the time started adopting a more realistic approach to warfare than the honor-bound code of chivalry. Soon, the remaining knights were absorbed into professional armies. Although they had a higher rank than most soldiers because of their valuable lineage, they lost their distinctive identity that previously set them apart from common soldiers. Some knightly orders survived into modern times. They adopted newer technology while still retaining their age-old chivalric traditions. Examples include the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, Knights Hospitaller and Teutonic Knights.

Types of knighthood

Hereditary knighthoods

Continental Europe

In continental Europe different systems of hereditary knighthood have existed or do exist.

In the Kingdom of Spain, the Royal House of Spain grants titles of knighthood to the successor of the throne. This knighthood title, known as Order of the Golden Fleece, is probably the most prestigious and exclusive chivalric order. This order can also be granted to persons not belonging to the Spanish Crown, as the former Emperor of Japan Akihito, Queen of United Kingdom Elizabeth II or the relevant Spanish politician of the Spanish democratic transition Adolfo Suárez, among others.

Ridder, Dutch for "knight", is a hereditary noble title in the Netherlands. It is the lowest title within the nobility system and ranks below that of "Baron" but above "Jonkheer" (the latter is not a title, but a Dutch honorific to show that someone belongs to the untitled nobility). The collective term for its holders in a certain locality is the Ridderschap (e.g. Ridderschap van Holland, Ridderschap van Friesland, etc.). In the Netherlands no female equivalent exists. Before 1814, the history of nobility is separate for each of the eleven provinces that make up the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In each of these, there were in the early Middle Ages a number of feudal lords who often were just as powerful, and sometimes more so than the rulers themselves. During this period, knights ranked below the ruler and above the feudal barons (Dutch: heren). In the Netherlands only 10 knightly families are still extant, a number which steadily decreases because in that country ennoblement or incorporation into the nobility is not possible anymore.

Fortified house – a family seat of a knight (Schloss Hart by the Harter Graben near Kindberg, Austria)

Likewise Ridder, Dutch for "knight", or the equivalent French Chevalier is a hereditary noble title in Belgium. It is the second lowest title within the nobility system above Écuyer or Jonkheer/Jonkvrouw and below Baron. Like in the Netherlands, no female equivalent to the title exists. Belgium still does have about 232 registered knightly families.

The German and Austrian equivalent of an hereditary knight is a Ritter. This designation is used as a title of nobility in all German-speaking areas. Traditionally it denotes the second lowest rank within the nobility, standing above "Edler" (noble) and below "Freiherr" (baron). For its historical association with warfare and the landed gentry in the Middle Ages, it can be considered roughly equal to the titles of "Knight" or "Baronet".

The Royal House of Portugal historically bestowed hereditary knighthoods to holders of the highest ranks in the Royal Orders. Today, the head of the Royal House of Portugal Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, bestows hereditary knighthoods for extraordinary acts of sacrifice and service to the Royal House. There are very few hereditary knights and they are entitled to wear an oval neck badge with the shield of the house of Braganza. As there are two classes of hereditary knights in Portugal, the highest grade is the hereditary knight with grand collar. Portuguese hereditary knighthoods confer nobility.

In France, the hereditary knighthood existed similarly throughout as a title of nobility, as well as in regions formerly under Holy Roman Empire control. One family ennobled with a title in such a manner is the house of Hauteclocque (by letters patents of 1752), even if its most recent members used a pontifical title of count. In some other regions such as Normandy, a specific type of fief was granted to the lower ranked knights (French: chevaliers) called the fief de haubert, referring to the hauberk, or chain mail shirt worn almost daily by knights, as they would not only fight for their liege lords, but enforce and carry out their orders on a routine basis as well. Later the term came to officially designate the higher rank of the nobility in the Ancien Régime (the lower rank being Squire), as the romanticism and prestige associated with the term grew in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

Italy and Poland also had the hereditary knighthood that existed within their respective systems of nobility. Just as with the Royal House of Portugal, the Royal House of Italy - House of Savoy, continue to confer their dynastic orders of chivalry on both Italian and non-Italian citizens, these dynastic orders include the; Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus and the Civil Order of Savoy. Additionally the Royal House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies confers their dynastic orders of chivalry on both Italian and non-italian citizens, including the dynastic orders of; Order of Saint Januarius, Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, and the Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit.

Ireland

There are traces of the Continental system of hereditary knighthood in Ireland. Notably all three of the following belong to the Hiberno-Norman FitzGerald dynasty, created by the Earls of Desmond, acting as Earls Palatine, for their kinsmen.

Another Irish family were the O'Shaughnessys, who were created knights in 1553 under the policy of surrender and regrant (first established by Henry VIII of England). They were attainted in 1697 for participation on the Jacobite side in the Williamite wars.

British baronetcies

Since 1611, the British Crown has awarded a hereditary title in the form of the baronetcy. Like knights, baronets are accorded the title Sir. Baronets are not peers of the Realm, and have never been entitled to sit in the House of Lords, therefore like knights they remain commoners in the view of the British legal system. However, unlike knights, the title is hereditary and the recipient does not receive an accolade. The position is therefore more comparable with hereditary knighthoods in continental European orders of nobility, such as Ritter, than with knighthoods under the British orders of chivalry. However, unlike the continental orders, the British baronetcy system was a modern invention, designed specifically to raise money for the Crown with the purchase of the title.

Chivalric orders

Further information: Chivalric order

Military orders

Further information: Military order (religious society)

Other orders were established in the Iberian peninsula, under the influence of the orders in the Holy Land and the Crusader movement of the Reconquista and generally aligned with geographical area, for example:

Main article: Spanish military orders

Honorific orders of knighthood

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Pippo Spano, the member of the Order of the Dragon

After the Crusades, the military orders became idealized and romanticized, resulting in the late medieval notion of chivalry, as reflected in the chivalric romances of the time. The creation of chivalric orders was fashionable among the nobility in the 14th and 15th centuries, and this is still reflected in contemporary honours systems, including the term order itself. Examples of notable orders of chivalry are:

Francis Drake (left) being knighted by Queen Elizabeth I in 1581. The recipient is tapped on each shoulder with a sword.

From roughly 1560, purely honorific orders were established, as a way to confer prestige and distinction, unrelated to military service and chivalry in the more narrow sense. Such orders were particularly popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, and knighthood continues to be conferred in various countries:

There are other monarchies and also republics that also follow this practice. Modern knighthoods are typically conferred in recognition for services rendered to society, which are not necessarily martial in nature. The British musician Elton John, for example, is a Knight Bachelor, thus entitled to be called Sir Elton. The female equivalent is a Dame, for example Dame Julie Andrews.

In the United Kingdom, honorific knighthood may be conferred in two different ways:

In the British honours system the knightly style of Sir and its female equivalent Dame are followed by the given name only when addressing the holder. Thus, Sir Elton John should be addressed as Sir Elton, not Sir John or Mr John. Similarly, actress Dame Judi Dench should be addressed as Dame Judi, not Dame Dench or Ms Dench.

Wives of knights, however, are entitled to the honorific pre-nominal "Lady" before their husband's surname. Thus Sir Paul McCartney's ex-wife was formally styled Lady McCartney (rather than Lady Paul McCartney or Lady Heather McCartney). The style Dame Heather McCartney could be used for the wife of a knight; however, this style is largely archaic and is only used in the most formal of documents, or where the wife is a Dame in her own right (such as Dame Norma Major, who gained her title six years before her husband Sir John Major was knighted). The husbands of Dames have no honorific pre-nominal, so Dame Norma's husband remained John Major until he received his own knighthood.

Up until 1965 it was not permitted to use these titles until after the knight concerned had received the accolade; but in that year the prohibition was lifted, and it is now permitted to use the titles immediately, from the time the award is gazetted.

The English fighting the French knights at the Battle of Crécy in 1346

With the award of a KCVO to the Rt Rev. Randall Davidson in 1902, the custom was established whereby a clerk in holy orders in the Church of England, on being appointed to a degree of knighthood, does not received the accolade. He receives the insignia of his honour and may place the appropriate letters after his name or title but he may not be called Sir and his wife may not be called Lady. This custom is not observed in Australia and New Zealand, where knighted Anglican clergymen routinely use the title "Sir". Ministers of other Christian Churches are entitled to receive the accolade. For example, Sir Norman Cardinal Gilroy did receive the accolade on his appointment as Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1969. A knight who is subsequently ordained does not lose his title. A famous example of this situation was The Revd Sir Derek Pattinson, who was ordained just a year after he was appointed Knight Bachelor, apparently somewhat to the consternation of officials at Buckingham Palace. A woman clerk in holy orders may be made a Dame in exactly the same way as any other woman since there are no military connotations attached to the honour. A clerk in holy orders who is a baronet is entitled to use the title Sir.

Outside the British honours system it is usually considered improper to address a knighted person as 'Sir' or 'Dame' (notable exceptions are members of the Order of the Knights of Rizal in the Republic of the Philippines.) Some countries, however, historically did have equivalent honorifics for knights, such as Cavaliere in Italy (e.g. Cavaliere Benito Mussolini), and Ritter in Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire (e.g. Georg Ritter von Trapp).

Miniature from Jean Froissart Chronicles depicting the Battle of Montiel (Castilian Civil War, in the Hundred Years' War)

State knighthoods in the Netherlands are issued in three orders: the Order of William, the Order of the Netherlands Lion, and the Order of Orange Nassau. Additionally there remain a few hereditary knights in the Netherlands.

In Belgium, honorific knighthood (not hereditary) can be conferred by the king on particularly meritorious individuals such as scientists or eminent businessmen, or for instance to astronaut Frank De Winne, the second Belgian in space. This practice is similar to the conferral of the dignity of Knight Bachelor in the United Kingdom. In addition, there still are a number of hereditary knights in Belgium (see below).

In France and Belgium, one of the ranks conferred in some orders of merit, such as the Légion d'Honneur, the Ordre National du Mérite, the Ordre des Palmes académiques and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in France, and the Order of Leopold, Order of the Crown and Order of Leopold II in Belgium, is that of Chevalier (in French) or Ridder (in Dutch), meaning Knight.

In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the monarchs tried to establish chivalric orders, but the hereditary lords who controlled the Union did not agree and managed to ban such assemblies. They feared the king would use orders to gain support for absolutist goals and to make formal distinctions among the peerage, which could lead to its legal breakup into two separate classes, and that the king would later play one against the other and eventually limit the legal privileges of hereditary nobility. But finally in 1705 King August II managed to establish the Order of the White Eagle which remains Poland's most prestigious order of that kind. The head of state (now the President as the acting Grand Master) confers knighthoods of the order to distinguished citizens, foreign monarchs and other heads of state. The order has its chapter. There were no particular honorifics that would accompany a knight's name, as historically all (or at least by far most) of its members would be royals or hereditary lords anyway. So today, a knight is simply referred to as "Name Surname, knight of the White Eagle (Order)".

In Nigeria, holders of religious honours like the Knighthood of St. Gregory make use of the word Sir as a pre-nominal honorific in much the same way as it is used for secular purposes in Britain and the Philippines. Wives of such individuals also typically assume the title of Lady.

Women

England and the United Kingdom

Women were appointed to the Order of the Garter almost from the start. In all, 68 women were appointed between 1358 and 1488, including all consorts. Though many were women of royal blood, or wives of knights of the Garter, some women were neither. They wore the garter on the left arm, and some are shown on their tombstones with this arrangement. After 1488, no other appointments of women are known, although it is said that the Garter was conferred upon Neapolitan poet Laura Bacio Terricina, by King Edward VI. In 1638, a proposal was made to revive the use of robes for the wives of knights in ceremonies, but this did not occur. Queens consort have been made Ladies of the Garter since 1901 (Queens Alexandra in 1901, Mary in 1910 and Elizabeth in 1937). The first non-royal woman to be made Lady Companion of the Garter was The Duchess of Norfolk in 1990, the second was The Baroness Thatcher in 1995 (post-nominal: LG). On 30 November 1996, Lady Fraser was made Lady of the Thistle, the first non-royal woman (post-nominal: LT). (See Edmund Fellowes, Knights of the Garter, 1939; and Beltz: Memorials of the Order of the Garter). The first woman to be granted a knighthood in modern Britain seems to have been Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal, who became a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) in 1861, at the foundation of the order. Her daughter received the same honor in 1872, as well as her granddaughter in 1910. The order was open to "princes and chiefs" without distinction of gender. The first European woman to have been granted an order of knighthood was Queen Mary, when she was made a Knight Grand Commander of the same order, by special statute, in celebration of the Delhi Durbar of 1911. She was also granted a damehood in 1917 as a Dame Grand Cross, when the Order of the British Empire was created (it was the first order explicitly open to women). The Royal Victorian Order was opened to women in 1936, and the Orders of the Bath and Saint Michael and Saint George in 1965 and 1971 respectively.

France

Medieval French had two words, chevaleresse and chevalière, which were used in two ways: one was for the wife of a knight, and this usage goes back to the 14th century. The other was possibly for a female knight. Here is a quote from Ménestrier, a 17th-century writer on chivalry:

It was not always necessary to be the wife of a knight in order to take this title. Sometimes, when some male fiefs were conceded by special privilege to women, they took the rank of chevaleresse, as one sees plainly in Hemricourt where women who were not wives of knights are called chevaleresses.

Modern French orders of knighthood include women, for example the Légion d'Honneur (Legion of Honor) since the mid-19th century, but they are usually called chevaliers. The first documented case is that of Angélique Brûlon (1772–1859), who fought in the Revolutionary Wars, received a military disability pension in 1798, the rank of 2nd lieutenant in 1822, and the Legion of Honor in 1852. A recipient of the Ordre National du Mérite recently requested from the order's Chancery the permission to call herself "chevalière," and the request was granted.

Italy

As related in Orders of Knighthood, Awards and the Holy See by H. E. Cardinale (1983), the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary was founded by two Bolognese nobles Loderingo degli Andalò and Catalano di Guido in 1233, and approved by Pope Alexander IV in 1261. It was the first religious order of knighthood to grant the rank of militissa to women. However, this order was suppressed by Pope Sixtus V in 1558.

The Low Countries

At the initiative of Catherine Baw in 1441, and 10 years later of Elizabeth, Mary, and Isabella of the house of Hornes, orders were founded which were open exclusively to women of noble birth, who received the French title of chevalière or the Latin title of equitissa. In his Glossarium (s.v. militissa), Du Cange notes that still in his day (17th century), the female canons of the canonical monastery of St. Gertrude in Nivelles (Brabant), after a probation of 3 years, are made knights (militissae) at the altar, by a (male) knight called in for that purpose, who gives them the accolade with a sword and pronounces the usual words.

Spain
A battle of the Reconquista from the Cantigas de Santa Maria

To honour those women who defended Tortosa against an attack by the Moors, Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, created the Order of the Hatchet ("Orde de la Atxa" in catalan) in 1149.

The inhabitants being at length reduced to great streights, desired relief of the Earl, but he, being not in a condition to give them any, they entertained some thoughts of making a surrender. Which the Women hearing of, to prevent the disaster threatening their City, themselves, and Children, put on men's Clothes, and by a resolute sally, forced the Moors to raise the Siege. The Earl, finding himself obliged, by the gallentry of the action, thought fit to make his acknowlegements thereof, by granting them several Privileges and Immunities, and to perpetuate the memory of so signal an attempt, instituted an Order, somewhat like a Military Order, into which were admitted only those Brave Women, deriving the honour to their Descendants, and assigned them for a Badge, a thing like a Fryars Capouche, sharp at the top, after the form of a Torch, and of a crimson colour, to be worn upon their Head-clothes. He also ordained, that at all publick meetings, the women should have precedence of the Men. That they should be exempted from all Taxes, and that all the Apparel and Jewels, though of never so great value, left by their dead Husbands, should be their own. These Women having thus acquired this Honour by their personal Valour, carried themselves after the Military Knights of those days.

— Elias Ashmole, The Institution, Laws, and Ceremony of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1672), Ch. 3, sect. 3

Notable knights

Tomb effigy of William Marshal in Temple Church, London
Late painting of Stibor of Stiboricz

See also

Counterparts in other cultures

Notes

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  4. Clark, p. 1.
  5. Carnine, Douglas; et al. (2006). World History:Medieval and Early Modern Times. US: McDougal Littell. pp. 300–301. ISBN 978-0-618-27747-6. Knights were often vassals, or lesser nobles, who fought on behalf of lords in return for land.
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