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{{Short description|Biblical character}}
'''Potiphar''' (or '''Potifar''') (] '''פּוֹטִיפַר''' / '''פּוֹטִיפָר''', ] '''{{Polytonic|Potifar}}''', ] '''{{Polytonic|Pôṭîp̄ar}}''' / '''{{Polytonic|Pôṭîp̄ār}}'''; ] origin: ''{{Polytonic|p-di-p-rʿ}}'' "the one whom ] gave.") is mentioned in the ] of the ]. After ] had been brought to ancient Egypt, having been sold into ] by his own brothers, Potiphar, a wealthy and perhaps prominent Egyptian, purchased Joseph as a household slave.
{{hiero|Potiphar<br />pꜣ-dj-pꜣ-rꜥ|<hiero><-ra-pA-di-pA-></hiero> | align=right}}
'''Potiphar''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɒ|t|ɪ|f|ər}} {{respell|POT|if|ər}}; {{Hebrew name|פּוֹטִיפַר/פּוֹטִיפָר|Pōṭīfar|Pōṭīp̄ar/Pōṭīp̄ār}}; {{langx|egy|label=from ]|pꜣ-dj-pꜣ-rꜥ||he whom ] gave}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ulmer |first=Rivka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkuCG_BG6q4C&q=p3+dj+p3+r%60+potiphar&pg=PA258 |title=Egyptian Cultural Icons in Midrash |date=2009-12-15 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9783110223934 |language=en}} </ref>) is a figure in the ] and the ]. His name possibly indicates the same figure as ] ({{Langx|he|פוטיפרע|links=no}}).


Potiphar is the captain of the Egyptian king's guard who is said to have purchased ] as a slave and, impressed by his intelligence, makes him the master of his household. ], who was known for her infidelities, took a liking to Joseph and attempted to seduce him. When Joseph refused her advances and ran off, leaving his outer vestment in her hands, she retaliated by falsely accusing him of trying to ] her, and Potiphar had Joseph imprisoned.
According to the narrative in Genesis, Joseph was eventually appointed the head of Potiphar's household, and Potiphar's wife attempted to ] Joseph. When Joseph demurred, Potiphar's wife falsely accused Joseph of attempting to rape her and supported her false accusation with a piece of Joseph's garment. As a result, Joseph was sent to prison.


What happened to Potiphar after that is unclear; some sources identify him as ], an Egyptian priest whose daughter, ], marries Joseph.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12316-potiphar|title=Potiphar – JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> The false accusation by Potiphar's wife plays an important role in Joseph's narrative because had he not been imprisoned, he would not have met the fellow prisoner who introduced him to Pharaoh. Likewise, the fate of Potiphar's wife is unclear but some sources say she was stricken with illness.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=1901 |title=Joseph |encyclopedia=] |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8803-joseph |accessdate=24 October 2018}}</ref>
According to the ], the story of Potiphar's wife derives from the ] source, and stands in the same place that the stories of ] and ] stand in the ] text. Casting Joseph as a victim of seduction, and of false witness, the text suits the Jahwist's purpose of denigrating Joseph, the Jahwist being a southern writer, and Joseph being a northern hero. This may also be the reason for the ] undertones to the description of Potiphar's favouritism of Joseph, and thus for the description of Potiphar as a eunuch (''saris'').


Rachel Adelman suggests that both Potiphar and his wife were sexually attracted to Joseph and tried to ] for their own purposes. But Potiphar's attempts were thwarted via castration, according to ] legend. She believes the story is a criticism of Jewish assimilation since foreigners like Potiphar and his wife would seduce Jews to sin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adelman |first=Rachel |date=2022 |title=Potiphar and His Wife Desire Joseph |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/potiphar-and-his-wife-desire-joseph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419035152/https://www.thetorah.com/article/potiphar-and-his-wife-desire-joseph |archive-date=April 19, 2024 |website=TheTorah.com}}</ref>
The Elohist tradition still makes mention of a man named Potiphar (corrupted as ''Potipherah''), but in that tradition, Potiphar is simply a priest of ], whose daughter Joseph marries. It is possible that the northern view of Potiphar, the view the Elohist records, is where the Jahwist derived the name and motif of the sexual connection with Joseph.


The medieval ], a commentary on the ], gives Potiphar's wife's name as ''Zuleikha'', as do many Islamic traditions - thus the Persian poem called ] from ]'s '']'' "Seven thrones".
Some others have speculated that the Egyptian " p3 di p3 r` " simply indicates a native Egyptian and not a personal name at all, since the personal name Potiphar is not present in Egyptian records until well into the New Kingdom, whereas the Joseph story occurs in the Middle Kingdom, according to those scholars. However, other evidence points to the Joseph story happening in the ], with one candidate for Joseph as ]. Also, ] recorded a vizier's, possibly Yuya's, name as "''Osarseph''", meaning vizier Seph. Potiphar may have been just a given name by the biblical author(s) and/or editor(s). The name Potiphar may also derive from the Egyptian words "p3 ty pr r'" meaning "one with the knowledge of the temple of Ra", or "he who has the knowledge of the temple of Ra", support for those who support the Yuya-Joseph theory, in accordance with the vizier Rekhmire's name, a candidate for Potiphar, meaning "scholar of Ra" or "he who has learned from Ra".


The story became prevalent in Western art during the Renaissance and ] periods, usually depicting the moment when Joseph tears himself away from the bed containing a more or less naked figure of Potiphar's wife. ]s often illustrate ] in ]'s '']'' ("Seven thrones").
⚫ ==Non-biblical references==

*In the mediaeval ] which discusses the torah, Potiphar's wife is given the name Zuleika.
⚫ ==Religious references==
Tying Potiphar or Joseph accurately to a particular pharaoh or period is difficult. According to the ], Joseph was purchased in the year 2216, which is 1544 BC, at the end of the ] or the very beginning of the ]. The ] in which the story appears (see also the ] and the ]) was the earliest written of the three: c. 600 BC during the Babylonian Exile. According to the ], the story of Potiphar and his wife is credited to the ] source and stands in the same place that the stories of the butler and the baker and Pharaoh's dreams stand in the ] text.

A similar story is found in the ], where the wife of ] tries to seduce his brother ].

==Islam==
The story is first related in ]: An Egyptian purchases Joseph and proposes to adopt him. The Egyptian's wife endeavors to seduce Joseph, but he is preserved from her enticements. She accuses Joseph of an attempt to dishonor her. The rent in his garment testifies to Joseph's innocence. Azeez believes Joseph and condemns his wife. The sin of Azeez's wife becomes known in the city (]). Seeing Joseph's beauty, the wives of other noblemen call him an angel. Azeez's wife declares her purpose to imprison Joseph unless he yields to her solicitations. Joseph seeks protection from God, who hears his prayer and turns aside their snares, but Joseph is imprisoned notwithstanding his innocence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wherry |first1=Elwood Morris |author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry |title=A Complete Index to ], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes |date=1896 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co |location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==Cultural references==
], 1655.]]
*In art, the subject is most commonly shown in the ] ''topos''.
* There is a Persian poem called ] in ]'s '']'' ("Seven thrones")
*In '']'', ] sees the shade of Potiphar's wife in the eighth circle of ]. She does not speak, but Dante is told by another spirit that, along with other ], she is condemned to suffer a burning ] for all eternity. *In '']'', ] sees the shade of Potiphar's wife in the eighth circle of ]. She does not speak, but Dante is told by another spirit that, along with other ], she is condemned to suffer a burning ] for all eternity.
*In ] film, ], ] plays a young minister boy who preaches the story of Potiphar to his small town. *In the ] film '']'', ] plays a young minister boy who preaches the story of Potiphar to his small town.
*In ] and ]'s musical '']'', Potiphar is a tycoon of ancient Egypt who made his wealth through buying shares in pyramids ("Potiphar had made a huge pile, owned a large percentage of the Nile"). His wife is a seductive ]. Both feature in the song "Potiphar".
*In ]' poem, "On Fame", Keats calls Fame "Sister-in-law to jealous Potiphar".
*In the animated film '']'', before having him jailed for allegedly assaulting his wife, Potiphar takes notice of Joseph's intelligence and makes him a chief slave in his household. He orders Joseph to be executed for the attempted rape of his wife; when she asks him to stop, Potiphar realizes Joseph was telling the truth of his innocence and instead has him jailed to save face, though he shows significant disgust at his wife. Potiphar later brings Joseph to Pharaoh, who is plagued by inexplicable dreams, and expresses deep regret for having Joseph put in prison, but Joseph understands and forgives Potiphar. After Joseph interprets Pharaoh's dreams, Pharaoh asks Potiphar if he trusts Joseph, to which he responds that he trusts Joseph "with life." Potiphar is also present when Joseph reunites with his brothers.
*In '']'', ] suggests that Potiphar's wife is sexually frustrated partly because Potiphar is a ].
* In Margaret Atwood's ], the sequel to ''The Handmaid's Tale,'' Potiphar's wife is referred to in Chapter 46 of the Ardua Hall Holograph storyline as narrated by Aunt Lydia. She mentions that Dr. Grove defended himself against attempted rape charges through the Potiphar vignette.
* Czechoslovak author Valdemar Vinař wrote ''La skandalo pro Jozefo,'' an original work of fiction in ], relating the story from the viewpoints of five different witnesses.

==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="7" widths="160px" heights="160px" caption="Joseph and Potiphar's Wife in Art">
File:Nuremberg chronicles f 27r 2.png|from the 1493 '']''
File:Giuseppe e la moglie di Putifarre, Ludovico Cigoli, Roma, Galleria Borghese (1610), olio su tela.jpg|Joseph and Potiphar's Wife by ]
File:Joseph and Potiphar's Wife - Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, called Guercino, 1649 - NG Wash DC.jpg| ], ''Joseph and Potiphar's Wife'', 1649
File:Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo - Joseph and Potiphar's Wife - WGA16386.jpg| Joseph and Potiphar's Wife by ]
File:Jean-Baptiste Nattier - Joseph and Potiphar's Wife - WGA16449.jpg| Joseph and Potiphar's Wife by ]
Image:Joseph and Potiphar's Wife.jpg|] and Potiphar's Wife, by ] 1631
File:Rembrandt - Joseph and Potiphar's wife.jpg|Joseph and Potiphar's Wife by ], 1634
<!-- File:Sebald Beham Joseph und Potiphars Weib 1544.jpg|], ''Joseph and Potiphar's Wife'', 1544 -->
</gallery>


==See also==
* ]
* ]


==References==
{{HeBible-stub}}
<references/>


==Bibliography==
⚫ ]
* Osman, A. (1987) ''The Hebrew Pharaohs of Egypt'', Bear & Co.: Rochester, Vermont. {{ISBN|9781591430223}}.


{{Authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 14:19, 25 October 2024

Biblical character
<
rapAdipA
>
Potiphar
pꜣ-dj-pꜣ-rꜥ
in hieroglyphs

Potiphar (/ˈpɒtɪfər/ POT-if-ər; Hebrew: פּוֹטִיפַר/פּוֹטִיפָר, Modern: Pōṭīfar, Tiberian: Pōṭīp̄ar/Pōṭīp̄ār; from Late Egyptian: pꜣ-dj-pꜣ-rꜥ, lit. 'he whom Ra gave') is a figure in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran. His name possibly indicates the same figure as Potiphera (Hebrew: פוטיפרע).

Potiphar is the captain of the Egyptian king's guard who is said to have purchased Joseph as a slave and, impressed by his intelligence, makes him the master of his household. Potiphar's wife, who was known for her infidelities, took a liking to Joseph and attempted to seduce him. When Joseph refused her advances and ran off, leaving his outer vestment in her hands, she retaliated by falsely accusing him of trying to rape her, and Potiphar had Joseph imprisoned.

What happened to Potiphar after that is unclear; some sources identify him as Potipherah, an Egyptian priest whose daughter, Asenath, marries Joseph. The false accusation by Potiphar's wife plays an important role in Joseph's narrative because had he not been imprisoned, he would not have met the fellow prisoner who introduced him to Pharaoh. Likewise, the fate of Potiphar's wife is unclear but some sources say she was stricken with illness.

Rachel Adelman suggests that both Potiphar and his wife were sexually attracted to Joseph and tried to use him for their own purposes. But Potiphar's attempts were thwarted via castration, according to Talmudic legend. She believes the story is a criticism of Jewish assimilation since foreigners like Potiphar and his wife would seduce Jews to sin.

The medieval Sefer HaYashar, a commentary on the Torah, gives Potiphar's wife's name as Zuleikha, as do many Islamic traditions - thus the Persian poem called Yusuf and Zulaikha from Jami's Haft Awrang "Seven thrones".

The story became prevalent in Western art during the Renaissance and Baroque periods, usually depicting the moment when Joseph tears himself away from the bed containing a more or less naked figure of Potiphar's wife. Persian miniatures often illustrate Yusuf and Zulaikha in Jami's Haft Awrang ("Seven thrones").

Religious references

Tying Potiphar or Joseph accurately to a particular pharaoh or period is difficult. According to the Jewish calendar, Joseph was purchased in the year 2216, which is 1544 BC, at the end of the Second Intermediate Period or the very beginning of the New Kingdom. The Torah in which the story appears (see also the Bible and the Quran) was the earliest written of the three: c. 600 BC during the Babylonian Exile. According to the documentary hypothesis, the story of Potiphar and his wife is credited to the Yahwist source and stands in the same place that the stories of the butler and the baker and Pharaoh's dreams stand in the Elohist text.

A similar story is found in the Tale of Two Brothers, where the wife of Anpu tries to seduce his brother Bata.

Islam

The story is first related in Quran 12:21–35: An Egyptian purchases Joseph and proposes to adopt him. The Egyptian's wife endeavors to seduce Joseph, but he is preserved from her enticements. She accuses Joseph of an attempt to dishonor her. The rent in his garment testifies to Joseph's innocence. Azeez believes Joseph and condemns his wife. The sin of Azeez's wife becomes known in the city (Q12:30). Seeing Joseph's beauty, the wives of other noblemen call him an angel. Azeez's wife declares her purpose to imprison Joseph unless he yields to her solicitations. Joseph seeks protection from God, who hears his prayer and turns aside their snares, but Joseph is imprisoned notwithstanding his innocence.

Cultural references

Joseph Accused by Potiphar's Wife, by Rembrandt van Rijn, 1655.
  • In art, the subject is most commonly shown in the Power of Women topos.
  • There is a Persian poem called Yusuf and Zulaikha in Jami's Haft Awrang ("Seven thrones")
  • In The Divine Comedy, Dante sees the shade of Potiphar's wife in the eighth circle of Hell. She does not speak, but Dante is told by another spirit that, along with other perjurers, she is condemned to suffer a burning fever for all eternity.
  • In the John Sayles film Matewan, Will Oldham plays a young minister boy who preaches the story of Potiphar to his small town.
  • In Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, Potiphar is a tycoon of ancient Egypt who made his wealth through buying shares in pyramids ("Potiphar had made a huge pile, owned a large percentage of the Nile"). His wife is a seductive man-eater. Both feature in the song "Potiphar".
  • In John Keats' poem, "On Fame", Keats calls Fame "Sister-in-law to jealous Potiphar".
  • In the animated film Joseph: King of Dreams, before having him jailed for allegedly assaulting his wife, Potiphar takes notice of Joseph's intelligence and makes him a chief slave in his household. He orders Joseph to be executed for the attempted rape of his wife; when she asks him to stop, Potiphar realizes Joseph was telling the truth of his innocence and instead has him jailed to save face, though he shows significant disgust at his wife. Potiphar later brings Joseph to Pharaoh, who is plagued by inexplicable dreams, and expresses deep regret for having Joseph put in prison, but Joseph understands and forgives Potiphar. After Joseph interprets Pharaoh's dreams, Pharaoh asks Potiphar if he trusts Joseph, to which he responds that he trusts Joseph "with life." Potiphar is also present when Joseph reunites with his brothers.
  • In Joseph and his Brothers, Thomas Mann suggests that Potiphar's wife is sexually frustrated partly because Potiphar is a eunuch.
  • In Margaret Atwood's The Testaments, the sequel to The Handmaid's Tale, Potiphar's wife is referred to in Chapter 46 of the Ardua Hall Holograph storyline as narrated by Aunt Lydia. She mentions that Dr. Grove defended himself against attempted rape charges through the Potiphar vignette.
  • Czechoslovak author Valdemar Vinař wrote La skandalo pro Jozefo, an original work of fiction in Esperanto, relating the story from the viewpoints of five different witnesses.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. Ulmer, Rivka (2009-12-15). Egyptian Cultural Icons in Midrash. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110223934.
  2. "Potiphar – JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
  3. "Joseph". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  4. Adelman, Rachel (2022). "Potiphar and His Wife Desire Joseph". TheTorah.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2024.
  5. Wherry, Elwood Morris (1896). A Complete Index to Sale's Text, Preliminary Discourse, and Notes. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Bibliography

  • Osman, A. (1987) The Hebrew Pharaohs of Egypt, Bear & Co.: Rochester, Vermont. ISBN 9781591430223.
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