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| {{Short description|Element of Persian, Turkic, and Urdu ghazals}} | |||
| {{About|radif in Urdu |
{{About|the radif in Persian, Turkic and Urdu ghazals|the radif in Iranian music theory|Radif (music)}} | ||
| {{Unreferenced|date=April 2009}} | |||
| {{Italics title}} | |||
| {{globalize|date=December 2010}}<!-- it is in fact an arabic form spread over muslim world--> | |||
| In ], Turkic, and ] ]s, the '''''radīf''''' (from ] {{lang|ar|رديف}}; {{langx|fa|ردیف}}; {{langx|az|rədif}}; {{langx|tr|redif}}; {{langx|ur|ردیف}}; {{langx|uz|radif}}) is the word which must end each line of the first couplet and the second line of all the following couplets.{{efn|A couplet is called ''bayt'' or ''sher''.}} It is preceded by a '']'', which is the actual rhyme of the ghazal.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Court of Indar and the Rebirth of North Indian Drama|page=151|author=Afroz Taj|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWILAQAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/164447/history-art-performance-ghazal-hindustani-sangeet/|title=The history, art and performance of ghazal in Hindustani sangeet|date=2017-12-21|website=Daily Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXtyWoP7GzYC&dq=radif+ghazal&pg=PA2|title=Urdu Ghazals: An Anthology, from 16th to 20th Century|last=Kanda|first=K. C.|date=1995|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-1826-5|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| '''Radif''' (Arabic: رديف) is a rule in Persian, Turkic, and ] which states that, in the form of poetry known as a ], the second line of all the couplets (bayts or ]s) ''must'' end with the ''same'' word/s. This repeating of common words is the "Radif" of the Ghazal. It is preceded by a ], which is a repeating pattern of words. | |||
| The following is an example of |
The following is an example of an Urdu ghazal by ], where the radif is "<u>mein</u>" while the qafiya is in ''-aah'': {{transl|ur|nigaah}}, {{transl|ur|jalwa-gaah}}, {{transl|ur|nigaah}}, {{transl|ur|raah}}, {{Transl|ur|haal-e-tabaah}} and {{transl|ur|aah}}. | ||
| {{Poem quote|text=آفت کی شوخیاں ہیں تمھاری نگاہ میں | |||
| ⚫ | aafat kii shoKhiyaa.N hai.n tumhaarii |
||
| محشر کے فتنے کھلاتی ہیں جلوہ گاہ میں | |||
| ⚫ | mehashar ke fitane khelate hai.n jalwa-gaah |
||
| ⚫ | {{transl|ur|aafat kii shoKhiyaa.N hai.n tumhaarii ''nigaah'' <u>mein</u>|italics=no}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{transl|ur|mehashar ke fitane khelate hai.n ''jalwa-gaah'' <u>mein</u>|italics=no}} | ||
| وہ دشمنی سے دیکھتے ہیں دیکھتے تو ہیں | |||
| ⚫ | wo dushmanii se dekhate hai.n dekhate to hain |
||
| میں شاد ہوں کہ ہوں تو کسی کی نگاہ میں | |||
| ⚫ | mai.n shaad huu.N ke huu.N to kisii kii |
||
| ⚫ | {{transl|ur|wo dushmanii se dekhate hai.n dekhate to hain|italics=no}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{transl|ur|mai.n shaad huu.N ke huu.N to kisii kii ''nigaah'' <u>mein</u>|italics=no}} | ||
| آتی ہے بات بات مجھے بار بار یاد | |||
| ⚫ | aatii baat baat mujhe yaad baar baar |
||
| کہتا ہوں دوڑ دوڑ کے قاصد سے راہ میں | |||
| ⚫ | kahataa huu.N dau.D dau.D ke qaasid se |
||
| ⚫ | {{transl|ur|aatii he baat baat mujhe yaad baar baar|italics=no}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{transl|ur|kahataa huu.N dau.D dau.D ke qaasid se ''raah'' <u>mein</u>|italics=no}} | ||
| اس توبہ پر ہے ناز مجھے زاہد اس قدر | |||
| ⚫ | is taubaah par hai naaz mujhe zaahid is qadar |
||
| جو ٹوٹ کر شریک ہوں حالِ تباہ میں | |||
| ⚫ | jo TuuT kar shariik huu.N haal-e-tabaah |
||
| ⚫ | {{transl|ur|is taubaah par hai naaz mujhe zaahid is qadar|italics=no}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{transl|ur|jo TuuT kar shariik huu.N ''haal-e-tabaah'' <u>mein</u>|italics=no}} | ||
| مشتاق اس ادا کے بہت درد مند تھے | |||
| ⚫ | mushtaaq is adaa ke bahot dard-ma.nd the |
||
| اے داغ تم تو بیٹھ گئے ایک آہ میں | |||
| ⚫ | ae DaaG tum to baiTh gaye ek |
||
| ⚫ | {{transl|ur|mushtaaq is adaa ke bahot dard-ma.nd the|italics=no}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{transl|ur|ae DaaG tum to baiTh gaye ek ''aah'' <u>mein</u>|italics=no}} | ||
| }} | |||
| In Urdu, a ''ghazal'' which has no ''radif'' is known as ''ghair muraddaf ghazal''; if it contains ''radif'', it is called a ''muraddaf ghazal''. | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{notelist}} | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| {{Persian literature}} | |||
| {{Urdu poetry}} | {{Urdu poetry}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 10:35, 26 October 2024
Element of Persian, Turkic, and Urdu ghazals This article is about the radif in Persian, Turkic and Urdu ghazals. For the radif in Iranian music theory, see Radif (music).In Persian, Turkic, and Urdu ghazals, the radīf (from Arabic رديف; Persian: ردیف; Azerbaijani: rədif; Turkish: redif; Urdu: ردیف; Uzbek: radif) is the word which must end each line of the first couplet and the second line of all the following couplets. It is preceded by a qafiya, which is the actual rhyme of the ghazal.
The following is an example of an Urdu ghazal by Daagh Dehlvi, where the radif is "mein" while the qafiya is in -aah: nigaah, jalwa-gaah, nigaah, raah, haal-e-tabaah and aah.
آفت کی شوخیاں ہیں تمھاری نگاہ میں
محشر کے فتنے کھلاتی ہیں جلوہ گاہ میں
aafat kii shoKhiyaa.N hai.n tumhaarii nigaah mein
mehashar ke fitane khelate hai.n jalwa-gaah mein
وہ دشمنی سے دیکھتے ہیں دیکھتے تو ہیں
میں شاد ہوں کہ ہوں تو کسی کی نگاہ میں
wo dushmanii se dekhate hai.n dekhate to hain
mai.n shaad huu.N ke huu.N to kisii kii nigaah mein
آتی ہے بات بات مجھے بار بار یاد
کہتا ہوں دوڑ دوڑ کے قاصد سے راہ میں
aatii he baat baat mujhe yaad baar baar
kahataa huu.N dau.D dau.D ke qaasid se raah mein
اس توبہ پر ہے ناز مجھے زاہد اس قدر
جو ٹوٹ کر شریک ہوں حالِ تباہ میں
is taubaah par hai naaz mujhe zaahid is qadar
jo TuuT kar shariik huu.N haal-e-tabaah mein
مشتاق اس ادا کے بہت درد مند تھے
اے داغ تم تو بیٹھ گئے ایک آہ میں
mushtaaq is adaa ke bahot dard-ma.nd the
ae DaaG tum to baiTh gaye ek aah mein
In Urdu, a ghazal which has no radif is known as ghair muraddaf ghazal; if it contains radif, it is called a muraddaf ghazal.
Notes
- A couplet is called bayt or sher.
References
- Afroz Taj (2007). The Court of Indar and the Rebirth of North Indian Drama. p. 151.
- "The history, art and performance of ghazal in Hindustani sangeet". Daily Times. 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- Kanda, K. C. (1995). Urdu Ghazals: An Anthology, from 16th to 20th Century. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-1826-5.
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