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{{Short description|One hundred years, from 1300 BC to 1201 BC}} |
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{{redirect|1200s BC|the decade|1200s BC (decade)}} |
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{{Centurybox|-13}} |
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{{centuryBCbox |
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] wine vessel, ], 13th century BC, ]]] |
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| c = 13th century BC |
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The '''13th century BC''' was the period from 1300 to 1201 BC. |
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| cnb = th century BC |
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==The world in the 13th century BC== |
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---- |
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] |
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] in the 13th century BC, is housed at the ] of the ].]] |
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==Overview== |
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==Events== |
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==Events== |
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===Asia=== |
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*] - End of the ], start of the ]. |
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* c. 1300–1046 BC: in China, the ] flourishes as it settles its capital, ], near ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Tan Koon |last=San |title=Dynastic China |publisher=The Other Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-983-9541-88-5 |page=17}}</ref> Chinese settlers swarm in compact groups to create new clearing areas towards the ] basin in the south, the ] terraces in the northwest and the ] valley. The Shang then seem to frequently wage war with the still non-Sinicized populations who inhabit the ] valley. Graves in the form of cruciform pits have been discovered in Anyang containing ] with their yokes, numerous bronze vases and the remains of human sacrifices, as well as the first ] on ]s (''Jiaguwen'') or bronze vases.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Michel |last=Soutif |title=L'Asie, source de sciences et de techniques |publisher=] |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-7598-0125-1 |page=33}}</ref> China's Shang armies are organized into infantry and archers in companies of one hundred men, supporting sections of five chariots.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Richard A. |last=Gabriel |title=The Great Armies of Antiquity |publisher=] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-275-97809-9 |page=143}}</ref> |
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*], ] - ], ] of ] dies. |
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* c. 1300 BC: the ]s dominate northwest India as far as the ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Alain |last=Daniélou |title=Histoire de l'Inde |publisher=] |year=1983 |isbn=978-2-213-63953-6 |page=223}}</ref> The ] mention the '']s'' (slaves) as their enemies. Dasas are interpreted as being a North ], Dahae. The Aryans are organized in tribal monarchies headed by a ] (king), who shares power with two councils or assemblies that will differentiate over time, the sabhā (court of justice) and the samiti (council of war).<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Paul |last1=Masson-Oursel |first2=Philippe |last2=Stern |first3=H |last3=de Willman-Grabowska |title=L'Inde antique et la civilisation indienne |publisher=] |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-226-26086-4 |page=88}}</ref> Only one raja is named in the ]: ] of the ], a tribe established on the upper reaches of the Sarasvatî. He is described as the victor of the coalition of ten kings, the most powerful of which was Pûru. Subsequently, the Kurus take control of the Bharatas.<ref name="Boivin">{{Cite book |first=Michel |last=Boivin |title=Histoire de l'Inde |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=2015 |isbn=978-2-13-073032-3 |page=8}}</ref> |
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*], ] - ] becomes ] of ]. |
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* c. 1260 BC: ] pottery discovered at the Bourewa site southwest of ] dates back to this period.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Jeffrey L. |last=Gross |title=Waipi'O Valley |volume=1 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5245-3905-4 |page=221}}</ref> |
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*] - Destruction of ] VIIa, most likely candidate for a historical event underlying the legendary ]. |
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*] - ], ] is almost defeated by ]. |
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*] - ], legendary ], dies after a nominal reign of 25 years. He reportedly only reigned in ] while ] and the rest of ] were under the control of an alliance of ] led by his uncle ] (son of ] of Athens) and his sons (including in some accounts ]). His four sons lead a successful military campaign to regain the throne. ] becomes ], ] reigns in ], ] in ] and ] in southern ]. |
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*], ] - ] becomes leader of ]. |
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*] - ] dies, 1 year after his son, ] is crowned. |
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*], July - The ] in ]. |
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*] - sign the earliest known ] at the end of the ]. |
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*] - ], king of ], and ], king of the ], sign the earliest known ]. |
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*], ] - A ] on this date might mark the birth of legendary ] at ]. |
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*] - ] ] of ] to ]. |
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*] - ], legendary ], receives a false message that his designated heir ], his son by ] of ], is dead. ] had been sent to his overlord ] of ] as an offering to the ]. ], ]' only other son (by ] of ]), had been ]d in ] and would become legendary ancestor to the ]. Believing himself without heirs the ] commits ] after a reign of 48 years. He is succeeded by ], who actually still lives. The ] is reportedly named in his honor. |
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*] - ] ] defeats a ] invasion. |
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*] - ], legendary ], is deposed and succeeded by ], great-grandson of ] and second cousin of ]' father ]. ] is reportedly assisted by ] of ], who want to reclaim their sister ] from her first husband ]. The latter seeks refuge in ], whose King ] is an old friend and ally. ], however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds to ] him (though other accounts place these events a decade later, in the ]). |
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*] - Death of Egyptian ] ]. |
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*] - ], legendary ], is deposed after a reign of 30 years and succeeded by ], great-grandson of ] and second cousin of ]' father ]. ] is reportedly assisted by ] of ], who want to reclaim their sister ] from her first husband ]. ] seeks refuge in ], whose King ] is an old friend and ally. ], however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds ] him. (Other accounts place these events a decade earlier. See ].) |
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*c. ] - The ] start settling the steppes of southern ]? (Undocumented conjecture). |
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*] - ] civilization in ]. (approximate date) |
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*] - Collapse of ] power in ] with the destruction of their capital ]. |
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==Significant persons== |
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===Middle East=== |
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* c. 1350–1210 BC: the Igihalkid dynasty in ]. They resume the title of "Kings of Anshan and Susa".<ref>{{Cite book |first=Louis Vanden |last=Berghe |title=Reliefs rupestres de l'Irān ancien : Bruxelles, Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire, 26 octobre 1983-29 janvier 1984 |publisher=Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire |year=1983 |page=25}}</ref> |
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*] - Birth of legendary ] to King ] of ] and his wife ]. (estimated date). |
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* c. 1306–1186 BC: the ]. ], then ], are the capitals of the ].<ref name="Margueron">{{Cite book |first=Jean-Claude |last=Margueron |title=Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antiques |publisher=Hachette Éducation Technique |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-01-140096-3 |page=384}}</ref> It is a period of relative prosperity. During the reign of ], the construction of the ] of the temples of ], the ] and the temples of ] are completed.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Xavier |last=Barral I Altet |title=Histoire de l'art |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=2013 |isbn=978-2-13-062338-0 |page=19}}</ref> |
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*] - Death of ] of ]. |
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* 1307–1275 BC: the first Assyrian mention of the ''Ahlamu'', proto-] people, during the reign of ], in the region of the north of the Euphrates. The Aramaeans, a Semitic people reported from the 14th century BC by the ] of ] and then ], settled in North ], then in ] (now ]) and ] where they formed kingdoms in the ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Juliet |last=Clutton-Brock |title=The Walking Larder : Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation |publisher=] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-59838-1 |page=133}}</ref> The biblical tradition of the sons of Jacob, apparently originating from the Aram Naharayim or "Aram of the two rivers", in the loop of the Euphrates, around the towns of ] and Nahur, seems to confirm that this region was populated by Proto-Aramaic pastors around the 13th century BC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/les_arameens_un_peuple_une_langue_une_ecriture_au_dela_des_empires.asp |title=Les Araméens, un peuple, une langue, une écriture, au-delà des empires |first=André |last=Lemaire |website=www.clio.fr}}</ref> |
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*], ] of the ] of ] (] - ]). |
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* 1274 BCE: the Egyptian and Hittite Empires clash in the ], with heavy losses to each side but no decisive outcome. |
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*], ] of the ] of ] (] - ]). |
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* ]: ] repels attacks by northern invaders (the "]") in the 8th year of his reign, according to the ]. ] closely links this event with the beginning of the ].<ref>]. , 2016, 1h10'17. See 5'41-6'19 for the invasion of the Sea People in the 5th yr of ]'s reign and the 8th year of ]'s, and 4'30 for the start of the ] "on either side of 1200 BC".</ref> |
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*] (if historical), led ] ] (may have been earlier). |
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*] of ]. |
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===Europe=== |
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==Inventions, discoveries, introductions== |
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* c. 1300–1200 BC: ] in ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Claude |last=Baurain |title=Les Grecs et la Méditerranée orientale : des siècles "obscurs" à la fin de l'époque archaïque |publisher=] |year=1997 |page=60}}</ref> The ] and the ] are built in ]. It is a time of peace and prosperity in the ]. Mycenaean imports to the Levant peak. A ] found on the southern coast of ] contained ingots of copper, tin, ivory, Syrian, Cypriot and Mycenaean vases, and pieces of elephant and hippo ivory. The ] is developed: towards the end of the century, a ] four to six meters thick, known as the “pelasgic wall” (''Pelargikon''), is constructed, as well as a well to supply the citadel with water.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Roland |last=Étienne |title=Athènes, espaces urbains et histoire |publisher=] |year=2004 |isbn=978-2-01-181444-9 |page=23}}</ref> ] tablets are created in ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=L'Europe au temps d'Ulysse. |publisher=RMN - Grand Palais |year=1999 |isbn=978-2-7118-6293-1 |page=234}}</ref> |
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{{DecadesAndYearsBC|13|12|11}} |
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*c. 1300–1200 BC: approximately 4,000 men fight a ] in Northern Germany, the largest known prehistoric battle north of the Alps.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Curry|first1=Andrew|title=Slaughter at the bridge: Uncovering a colossal Bronze Age battle|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/slaughter-bridge-uncovering-colossal-bronze-age-battle|website=Science|access-date=11 March 2017|date=24 March 2016}}</ref> |
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* c. 1300–500 BC: the ] in ], parts of the ] and ], eastern ] and northern ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=T. Douglas |last=Price |title=Ancient Scandinavia |publisher=] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-023198-9 |page=212}}</ref> |
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* c. 1250–850 BC: the ], characterized by vast cemeteries housing urns with the ashes of the deceased and offerings, marks the Late Bronze Age in Western Europe.<ref name="Gimbutas">{{Cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |author-link=Marija Gimbutas |title=Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe |publisher=] |year=1965 |isbn=978-3-11-166814-7 |page=245}}</ref> |
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* c. 1250–1000 BC: the culture of ] develops inland in ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Robert |last=Leighton |title=Sicily Before History: An Archaeological Survey from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age |publisher=] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8014-8585-5 |page=150}}</ref> |
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* 1225–1190 BC: ] in mainland Greece.<ref name="Brunet">{{Cite book |first=Olivier |last=Brunet |title=Les marqueurs archéologiques du pouvoir |publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne |year=2016 |isbn=979-10-351-0005-6 |page=28}}</ref> The perimeters of the defense systems of the Mycenaean palaces (], ], ]) are widely extended, a sign that insecurity is increasing. The end of the period was marked by widespread destruction on most sites: Mycenae, Tyrinth, Midéa, ], ], ], and ], whose unfortified palaces have not been rebuilt.<ref name="Demoule">{{Cite book |language=fr |first1=Jean-Paul |last1=Demoule |first2=Dominique |last2=Garcia |first3=Alain |last3=Schnapp |title=Une histoire des civilisations |publisher=La Découverte |year=2018 |isbn=978-2-7071-8878-6 |page=319}}</ref> |
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==Sovereign states== |
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{{Centuries}} |
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* ]. |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Decades and years}} |
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{{Centuries}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:13th Century Bc}} |
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