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{{Short description|Language}} |
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{{Infobox language |
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{{Infobox language |
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|name=Lawati |
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|name=Lawati |
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|altname=''Lawatiyya'' |
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|altname=''Lawatiyya'' |
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|image=لواتيه.svg |
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|region=] (] walled quarter, facing the old harbor; ] and other cities)<ref name=e18/> |
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|imagecaption=Luwati in ]. |
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|speakers=30,000 |
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|region=] (walled quarter of ], facing the old harbour; ] and other cities)<ref name=e26/> |
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|date=2012 |
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|ethnicity=] |
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|ref=e18 |
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|speakers={{sigfig|8,940|2}} |
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|date=2020 |
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|ref=e26 |
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|familycolor = Indo-European |
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|familycolor = Indo-European |
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|fam2 = ] |
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|fam2 = ] |
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|fam3 = ] |
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|fam3 = ] |
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|fam4 = ] |
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|fam4 = ] |
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|fam5 = ] |
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|fam5 = ] |
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| script = None (words transcribed into Arabic or Persian alphabets) |
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|iso3=luv |
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|iso3=luv |
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|glotto=luwa1238 |
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|glotto=luwa1238 |
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|glottorefname=Lawati |
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|glottorefname=Luwati |
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| map2 = Lang Status 40-SE.svg |
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| mapcaption2 = {{center|Khojki is classified as "severely endangered" by the ] '']''<ref name=UNESCO>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), "" pp. 186–7, 2010.</ref>}} |
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The '''Luwati''' Language (also known as lawatiyya, lawatiya, hyderabadi, khoja, or khojki) is an ] spoken by 5,000 to 10,000 people known as the Lawatiya (also called the Khojas or Hyderabadis) in the country of ]. <ref name="academians.org" />In total it is has been estimated there are 20,000-30,000 Lawatiya people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Valeri|first=M|date=|title=Identity Politics and Nation-Building under Sultan Qaboos|url=|journal=Sectarian Politics in the Persian Golf|volume=179|pages=}}</ref> Despite the various names, the Lawatiya refer to the language as Khojki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Al Jahdhami|first=S|date=|title=Minority Languages in Oman|url=|journal=Journal of the Association for Anglo-American Studies|volume=4|pages=105-112}}</ref> It is considered an endangered language because a portion of the Lawatiya do not speak Luwati and it is not continuously passed down to younger generations.<ref name=":0" /> |
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'''Luwati''' ('''Al-Lawatia''', {{langx|ar|اللواتية|translit=al-lawātiyya}}; also known as '''Khoja''', '''Khojki''', '''Lawatiyya''', '''Lawatiya''', or '''Hyderabadi''') is an ] spoken by 8,940 people known as the ] (also called the Khojas or Hyderabadis) in the country of ].<ref name=e26/> In total it has been estimated there are 20,000 to 30,000 Lawatiya people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Valeri|first=M|title=Identity Politics and Nation-Building under Sultan Qaboos|journal=Sectarian Politics in the Persian Golf|volume=179}}</ref> Despite the various names, the Lawatiya refer to the language as Khojki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Al Jahdhami|first=S|title=Minority Languages in Oman|journal=Journal of the Association for Anglo-American Studies|volume=4|pages=105–112}}</ref> It is considered an endangered language because a portion of the Lawatiya do not speak Luwati, and it is not continuously passed down to younger generations.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Geographic distribution and status == |
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== Classifications == |
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The Luwati language is superficially similar to ], but retains sounds found in other ] and ] but that have been lost from Kutchi.<ref name="academians.org">Salman, Amel & Kharusi, Nafla S. (2012) ‘The Sound System of Lawatiyya’, Journal of Academic and Applied Studies May Vol. 2(5), pp. 36–44, {{ISSN|1925-931X}}, available online @ www.academians.org</ref> Luwati also bares similarities with other languages such as ], Kachichi, ], ], and ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Asani|first=A|date=|title=The Khojkī Script: A Legacy of Ismaili Islam in the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent"|url=|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=3|pages=439-449}}</ref> As with other languages located in Oman, Luwati is influenced by the Omani dialect of Arabic. |
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The Luwati language is superficially similar to ], but retains sounds found in other ] and ] but that have been lost from Kutchi.{{cn|date=November 2019}} Luwati also bears similarities to other languages such as ], ], ] and ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Asani|first=A|title=The Khojkī Script: A Legacy of Ismaili Islam in the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=3|pages=439–449}}</ref> As with other languages located in Oman, Luwati is influenced by the Omani dialect of Arabic. |
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Originating from the Pakistani province of ],<ref name=":1" /> the Luwati language has had a presence in ] for nearly four centuries.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Valeri|first=M|title=High Visibility, Low Profile: The Shiʿa in Oman under Sultan Qaboos|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|year=2010|volume=42|issue=2|pages=251–268|doi=10.1017/S0020743810000048|s2cid=163083793}}</ref> The language and people were first mentioned historically by the Omani historian Ibn Ruzayq. The Lawatiya appeared to have settled in Oman in waves of immigration from Sindh between 1780 and 1880 bringing the language with them.<ref name=":2" /> A number of historians assign an ] pedigree to the Luwatis. The Luwati speakers inhabited the ] until their displacement during the 8th century C.E. Others assert that the Luwati speakers originate in ]. The Luwatis entered ] as prosperous merchants and insularized themselves, for the most part, in Sūr al-Luwātiyya in ], preserving their language.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Al-Ismaili|date=2018|title=Ethnic, Linguistic, and Religious Pluralism in Oman: The Link with Political Stability|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.31430/almuntaqa.1.3.0058|journal=Al Muntaqa|volume=1|issue=3 |pages=58–73|doi=10.31430/almuntaqa.1.3.0058 |jstor=10.31430/almuntaqa.1.3.0058 }}</ref> |
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== History == |
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Originating from ],<ref name=":1" /> this language has had a presence in ] for nearly four centuries. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Valeri|first=M|date=|title="High Visibility, Low Profile: The Shiʿa in Oman under Sultan Qaboos|url=|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=42|pages=251-268}}</ref>The language and people were first mentioned historically by the Omani historian Ibn Ruzayq.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peterson|first=J|date=|title=Oman's diverse society: Northern Oman|url=|journal=The Middle East Journal|volume=58|pages=32-51}}</ref> |
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Luwati is a minority language found in Oman specifically in the capital of ] as well as in the coastal towns of ], Barka, Khabura, and Musana. It is spoken by 5,000 to 10,000 people.{{cn|date=November 2019}} |
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== Geographic Distribution == |
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Luwati is a minority language found in Oman specifically in the capital of ] as well as in the coastal towns of ], Barka, Khabura, and Musana. It is spoken by 5,000 to 10,000 people. |
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==Phonology== |
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== Phonology == |
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The Lawati language has 37 consonants<ref name="academians.org"/> |
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Luwati phonology is simpler than that of Sindhi, having lost the breathy-voiced consonants and simplified the vowel system. All of the implosives, however, are retained.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salman |first1=Amel |last2=Kharusi |first2=Nafla S. |title=The Sound System of Lawatiyya |journal=Journal of Academic and Applied Studies |date=2012 |volume=2 |issue=5 |page=36-44 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230722483}}</ref> |
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=== Vowels === |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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! |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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| {{IPAlink|i}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ɪ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ʊ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|u}} |
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! ] |
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| {{IPAlink|e}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ɘ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|o}} |
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! ] |
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| {{IPAlink|ə}} |
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! ] |
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| {{IPAlink|ɛ}} |
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! ] |
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| {{IPAlink|a}} |
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=== Consonants === |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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! colspan="2" | |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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! ] |
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! colspan="2" | ] |
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| {{IPAlink|m}} |
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| {{IPAlink|n}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ɲ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ŋ}} |
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! rowspan="4" | ]/<br />] |
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!{{small|voiceless}} |
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| {{IPAlink|p}} |
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| {{IPAlink|t̪}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ʈ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|k}} |
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| {{IPAlink|q}} |
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!{{small|aspirated}} |
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| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|t̪ʰ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ʈʰ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃʰ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|kʰ}} |
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!{{small|voiced}} |
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| {{IPAlink|b}} |
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| {{IPAlink|d̪}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ɖ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ɡ}} |
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!{{small|implosive}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ɓ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ɗ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ʄ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ɠ}} |
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! rowspan="2" | ] |
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!{{small|voiceless}} |
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| {{IPAlink|f}} |
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| {{IPAlink|s}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ʃ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|x}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ħ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|h}} |
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!{{small|voiced}} |
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| {{IPAlink|z}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ɣ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ʕ}} |
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! colspan="2" | ] |
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| {{IPAlink|j}} |
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| {{IPAlink|w}} |
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! rowspan="2" | ] |
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!{{small|lateral}} |
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| {{IPAlink|l}} |
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!{{small|trill}} |
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| {{IPAlink|r}} |
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Some consonants are restricted to borrowings, especially from Arabic and Persian, |
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/x, ɣ, q, ħ, ʕ, z/. |
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== Writing system == |
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Luwati no longer has a writing system and is only a spoken language.<ref name=":0" /> Its script was used by ] in ], ], and ] to produce a religious corpus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Al-Ismaili|date=2018|title=Ethnic, Linguistic, and Religious Pluralism in Oman: The Link with Political Stability|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.31430/almuntaqa.1.3.0058|journal=Al Muntaqa|volume=1|issue=3 |pages=58–73|doi=10.31430/almuntaqa.1.3.0058 |jstor=10.31430/almuntaqa.1.3.0058 }}</ref> |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{Languages of Oman}} |
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{{Languages of Oman}} |
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{{Western Indo-Aryan languages}} |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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{{Oman-stub}} |
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{{Oman-stub}} |
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{{ie-lang-stub}} |
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{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}} |
Luwati phonology is simpler than that of Sindhi, having lost the breathy-voiced consonants and simplified the vowel system. All of the implosives, however, are retained.
Some consonants are restricted to borrowings, especially from Arabic and Persian,
/x, ɣ, q, ħ, ʕ, z/.
Luwati no longer has a writing system and is only a spoken language. Its script was used by Nizari Ismailis in Punjab, Sindh, and Gujarat to produce a religious corpus.
Luwati in Arabic script.
Khojki is classified as "severely endangered" by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
