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{{short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}} {{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox scholar {{Infobox person
| name = Meenakshi Jain | name = Meenakshi Jain
| image = | image =
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| imagesize =
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| birth_place = ], ]
| fullname =
| othernames = | death_date =
| death_place =
| birth_name = <!-- Use only if different from full/othernames -->
| birth_date = | other_names =
| known_for = ''Sati: Evangelicals, Baptist Missionaries, and the Changing Colonial Discourse''
| birth_place =
| occupation = Historian, Writer, Political scientist
| death_date =
| alma_mater = ] (])
| death_place =
| father = ]
| death_cause =
| relatives = ] (brother)<br/>Sandhya Jain (sister)
| residence =
| awards = ] (2020)
| era =
| region =
| workplaces =
| alma_mater = ]
| thesis_title = Congress Party, 1967-77: Role of Caste in Indian Politics
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| school_tradition =
| main_interests =
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| major_works = ''Parallel Pathways''<br>''Rama and Ayodhya''
| awards =
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| footnotes =
}} }}
'''Meenakshi Jain''' is an Indian political scientist and historian. She is the author of the controversial history textbook ''Medieval India'', which challenged left-wing historians such as ]. It was published by the ] (NCERT) during the ] as a replacement for a prior text by ].{{sfn|Nussbaum, The Clash Within|2008|p=232-233}} Her recent book, ''Rama and Ayodhya'', sets out an archaeological evidence-based perspective on the ].<ref name=Kanungo/> '''Meenakshi Jain''' is an Indian political scientist and historian who served as an associate professor of history at ], Delhi. In 2014, she was nominated as a member of the ] by the Government of India.<ref name=":2" /> In 2020, she was conferred with the ], India's fourth highest civilian award, for her work in the field of literature and education.<ref>{{cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=26 January 2020|title=Full list of 2020 Padma awardees|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2020-padma-awardees/article30656841.ece}}</ref>


Jain wrote ''Sati: Evangelicals, Baptist Missionaries, and the Changing Colonial Discourse'' on the ] in colonial India and had also authored a school history textbook, ''Medieval India'', for ], which replaced a previous textbook co-authored by ], ] et al.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/being-proud-of-indias-hindu-past-is-great-but-worry-about-the-present-too/1800185/|title=Being proud of India's Hindu past is great, but worry about the present too|website=]}}</ref>
== Life and career ==
Meenakshi Jain is the daughter of journalist ], a former editor of '']''.{{cn}} She received her Ph.D. in political science from the ]. Her thesis on the social base and relations between ] and ] was published in 1991.{{sfn|Srinivas, Caste: Its 20th Century Avatar|2000|loc=Notes on Contributors}}{{sfn|Nussbaum, The Clash Within|2008|p=236}} She also worked as a Fellow of the ]. Currently, Jain is an associate professor of history at ], affiliated to the University of Delhi.{{sfn|Meenakshi Jain, Rama and Ayodhya|2013|loc=back cover}}


== Early life and education ==
In December 2014, Jain was nominated as a member of the ] by the ].<ref></ref>
Meenakshi Jain is the daughter of journalist ], a former editor of '']''.<ref>], (Book review of The Hindu Phenomenon), India Today, 31 August 1994.</ref> She received her Ph.D. in political science from the ].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAESBQAAQBAJ|title=Caste: Its 20Th Century Avatar|last=Srinivas|first=M. N.|date=2000-10-14|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789351187837|pages=313|language=en}}</ref> Her thesis on the social base and relations between ] and ] was published in 1991.<ref name=":3" />


== Works == == Career ==
Jain is an associate professor of history at ], affiliated to the University of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ichr.ac.in/Council_new.pdf|title=Members of the Council|website=INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106120853/http://ichr.ac.in/Council_new.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2014, she was nominated as a member of the ] by the ].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://ichr.ac.in/newcouncilMembers.pdf |title=Membership of the Indian Council of Historical Research |access-date=21 March 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200819/http://ichr.ac.in/newcouncilMembers.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
'''Books'''
* ''Congress Party, 1967-77: Role of Caste in Indian Politics'' (Vikas, 1991), ISBN 0706953193.
* ''Medieval India: A Textbook for Class XI'' (], 2002), ISBN 8174501711.
* ''Rajah-Moonje Pact: Documents On A Forgotten Chapter Of Indian History'' (with Devendra Svarupa, Low Price Publishers, 2007), ISBN 8184540787.
* ''Parallel Pathways: Essays on Hindu-Muslim Relations, 1707-1857'' (Konark Publishers, 2010), ISBN 9788122007831.
* ''The India They Saw'' (co-edited with Sandhya Jain, 4 Volumes, Prabhat Prakashan), ISBN 8184301065, ISBN 8184301073, ISBN 8184301081, ISBN 818430109X.
* ''Rama and Ayodhya'' (Aryan Books International, 2013), ISBN 8173054517.
* ''Sati: Evangelicals, Baptist Missionaries, and the Changing Colonial Discourse'' (Aryan Books International, 2016), ISBN 8173055521
* ''The Battle for Rama: Case of the Temple at Ayodhya'' (Aryan Books International, 2017), ISBN 8173055793.


== Reception ==
'''Selected Articles'''
* "Congress 1967: Strategies of Mobilisation in D. A. Low" in ''The Indian National Congress Centenary Hindsights'', 1988.
* "Backward Castes and Social Change in U. P. and Bihar" in {{harvtxt|Srinivas, Caste: Its 20th Century Avatar|2000}}.
* , International Forum for India's Heritage, 2003.


=== Medieval India (textbook) ===
Jain also wrote a review of Thapar's ''Somanatha: Many Voices of a History''.<ref name=Somanathareview>
Philosopher ] noted Jain to be an amateur historian, who despite being trained as a sociologist, was inducted as a historian in service of a ].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Clash Within : Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future.|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha Craven|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780674030596|oclc=1006798430}}</ref> Her ''Medieval India'' rendered the time-span through a monoscopic clash-of-civilizations narrative between the forces of good (Hindus) and evil (Muslims); the tensions and internal conflicts between these seemingly homogeneous groups were done away with.<ref name=":4" /> Nonetheless, Nussbaum found her work to be a small "oasis of intelligence", subtlety and literacy, when contrasted with other publications of the new NCERT series, published under the aegis of the Hindu Nationalist government;<ref name=":4" /> Professor Pralay Kanungo of ] reflected similar sentiments.<ref name=":0" />
{{cite news |author=Meenakshi Jain |title=Review of Romila Thapar's "Somanatha, The Many Voices of a History" |newspaper=The Pioneer |date=21 March 2004 |url=http://hindureview.com/2004/04/20/review-romila-thapar%C2%92s-%C2%93somanatha-many-voices-history/ |accessdate=2014-12-15}}
</ref>


Similarly, sociologist ] found ''Medieval India'' to have portrayed the exactions of the ] rulers and the ] as anti-Hindu acts; besides, all of their contributions to the social, cultural and political were ignored.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Sundar|first=Nandini|date=2004|title=Teaching to Hate: RSS' Pedagogical Programme|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=39|issue=16|pages=1605–1612|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4414900|doi=10.1057/9781403980137_9}}</ref> She saw this as part of a broader pattern of state-induced ] to suit the need of ].<ref name=":1" /> John Stratton Hawley of ] found the book to misrepresent the gensis of the ] by presenting it as a response to ]'s monism than to the egalitarian message of Islam.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/457858|title=A storm of songs. India and the idea of the Bhakti Movement.|last=Hawley|first=John Stratton|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2015|isbn=9780674187467|pages=38–40|chapter=The Bhakti Movement and Its Discontents|doi=10.4159/9780674425262|jstor=j.ctt1c84d6f|oclc=917361614|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9780674425262/9780674425262-004/9780674425262-004.xml}}</ref>
== Reception ==
The Professor of Law and Ethics at Chicago University, ] finds Jain's ''Medieval India'' "lacking in the complexity of the medieval period and its historical sources". Her account is seen to oscillate between responsibility to the truth and the demands of a "prior ideological commitment."{{sfn|Nussbaum, The Clash Within|2008|p=233-234}} Sociologist Nandini Sundar states that the exactions of the ] rulers and the ] are exaggerated. Their contributions to the society, culture and polity are ignored.{{sfn|Sundar, Teaching to Hate|2005|p=199}}


=== Rama and Ayodhya ===
John Stratton Hawley finds the book going against the grain in its treatment of the ]. Jain presents the movement as a response to ]'s monism rather than as a reaction to the egalitarian message of Islam. She rejects any idea that the Indian masses converted to Islam due to its professed egalitarian appeal. Rather, she believes that the Muslim elites suffered from "extreme racialism" that continued well into the seventeenth century. Hence, there is no place to look but the bhakti movement for a class-comprehensive view of religion.{{sfn|Hawley, A Storm of Songs|2015|pp=38-40}}
Pralay Kanungo found Jain's ''Rama and Ayodhya'' to be a subtle and sophisticated work that managed to stand apart from the earlier ahistorical propaganda by Hindutva-leaning historians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thebookreviewindia.org/alternative-narratives/|title=Alternative Narratives|website=The Book Review|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> Nonetheless, while by cherry-picking from random sources, she had managed to produce a useful compilation, it lacked in coherence and authenticity.<ref name=":0" />


== Works ==
According to Nussbaum, Jain's review of ''Somanatha'' contains a heavy dose of "dogmatic ideology", "making her serious points less convincing". Among the serious points, Nussbaum counts the contention that Thapar has not paid attention to the religious motivations of ] in desecrating Hindu temples.{{sfn|Nussbaum, The Clash Within|2008|p=233-234}}
===Books===
* ''Congress Party, 1967-77: Role of Caste in Indian Politics'' (Vikas, 1991), {{ISBN|0706953193}}.
* ''Medieval India: A Textbook for Class XI'' (], 2002), {{ISBN|8174501711}}.
* ''Rajah-Moonje Pact: Documents On A Forgotten Chapter Of Indian History'' (with Devendra Svarupa, Low Price Publishers, 2007), {{ISBN|8184540787}}.
* ''Parallel Pathways: Essays on Hindu-Muslim Relations, 1707-1857'' (Konark Publishers, 2010), {{ISBN|9788122007831}}.
* ''The India They Saw'' (co-edited with Sandhya Jain, 4 Volumes, Prabhat Prakashan), {{ISBN|8184301065}}, {{ISBN|8184301073}}, {{ISBN|8184301081}}, {{ISBN|818430109X}}.
* ''Rama and Ayodhya'' (Aryan Books International, 2013), {{ISBN|8173054517}}.
* ''Sati: Evangelicals, Baptist Missionaries, and the Changing Colonial Discourse'' (Aryan Books International, 2016), {{ISBN|8173055521}}
* ''The Battle for Rama: Case of the Temple at Ayodhya'' (Aryan Books International, 2017), {{ISBN|8173055793}}.
* "Flight of Deities and Rebirth of Temples: Episodes from Indian History" (Aryan Books International, 2019), {{ISBN|8173056196}}.


===Selected articles===
Chander Pal Singh finds Jain's ''Parallel Pathways'' to be "path-breaking work" that questions the standard narrative of "amicable relations" between Hindus and Muslims during the medieval times broken only by the divide-and-rule policies of the ]. Jain argues that there were fundamental differences between the two communities and that such differences were aggravated during the period of ] decline which saw the resurgence of Hindu and Sikh powers and the rise of Muslim orthodoxy. Jain notes that a great majority of the nobility in the Mughal court consisted of immigrants, and that such an elite would consciously transform ] into ] by substituting a large number of ]-origin words with ] and ] words in order to maintain a separate identity. Jain holds Muslim orthodoxy responsible for inviting the invasions of ] and ] for explicit purpose of preserving ]. She also questions the thesis that the ] was a joint Hindu-Muslim project and notes that Islamic institutions issued over 200,000 '']'' in the post-Revolt period to "outlaw" customary practices shared between both Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=Chander Pal |url=http://mujournal.mewaruniversity.in/JIR%201-4/BOOK%20REVIEW-1.pdf |title=Book Review - Parallel Pathways: Essays on Hindu Muslim Relations (1707-1857) |journal= Journal of Indian Research |volume=1 |number=4 |year=2013 |pp=149–151}}</ref>
* "Congress 1967: Strategies of Mobilisation in D. A. Low" in ''The Indian National Congress Centenary Hindsights'', 1988.
* "Backward Castes and Social Change in U. P. and Bihar" in ''Srinivas, Caste: Its 20th Century Avatar (2000)''.
* A review of ]'s ''Somanatha: Many Voices of a History'' over ].<ref name="Somanathareview">{{cite news|url=http://hindureview.com/2004/04/20/review-romila-thapar%C2%92s-%C2%93somanatha-many-voices-history/|title=Review of Romila Thapar's "Somanatha, The Many Voices of a History"|author=Meenakshi Jain|date=21 March 2004|newspaper=The Pioneer|access-date=2014-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218044553/http://hindureview.com/2004/04/20/review-romila-thapar%C2%92s-%C2%93somanatha-many-voices-history/|archive-date=18 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==See also==
], in the '']'', describes Jain's ''Rama and Ayodhya'' as briefly examining the antiquity of ]'s story and its spread through the Indian subcontinent, and then devoting the rest of the book to the Ayodhya dispute. Jain's enormous research makes Rama "come alive," tracing stories about him from the 4th century to the present. She has provided "fair" criticism to Habib and Thapar, reporting the presentation of their case in considerable detail.<ref>{{cite news |author=M. V. Kamath |authorlink=M. V. Kamath |url= http://www.freepressjournal.in/rama-ayodhya/ |title=Rama & Ayodhya |newspaper=] |date=2 June 2013}}</ref> Professor Pralay Kanungo, of ], calls the book a "serious exercise" that aspires to make a quiet impact. It succeeds in trying to create a coherent and authentic historical narrative that aims to demolish the dominant narrative of the 'Left historians' of India.<ref name=Kanungo>, Pralay Kanungo, The Book Review Literary Trust, 5 May 2014.</ref> ] has called the book a "definitive Ayodhya chronicle," forming required reading for any one talking about the Ayodhya dispute. He finds the chapter on Hindu testimonies of Muslim ] "highly original," which also details the measures taken by Hindu society to prevent or remedy instances of such iconoclasm. Another chapter gives an "exhaustive enumeration" of all the testimonies of the tradition that the ] replaced a Hindu temple, including the statements made in ]. Also detailed are the testimonies of the pro-Masjid historians in the court and outside, which were eventually disregarded by the Allahabad High Court for their lack of competence.<ref>{{cite news |author=Koenraad Elst |authorlink=Koenraad Elst |url=http://indiafacts.co.in/definitive-ayodhya-chronicle/ |title=The Definitive Ayodhya Chronicle |newspaper=India Facts |date=24 September 2014}}</ref>
* ]
* ]
* ]


== References == == References ==
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|30em}} {{Reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Refbegin}}

* {{citation |last=Hawley |first=John Stratton |title=A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2015 |ISBN=0674187466 |ref={{sfnref|Hawley, A Storm of Songs|2015}}}}
{{authority control}}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |authorlink=Meenakshi Jain |title=Rama and Ayodhya |publisher=Aryan Books |location=New Delhi |year=2013 |ISBN=8173054517 |ref={{sfnref|Meenakshi Jain, Rama and Ayodhya|2013}}}}
* {{citation|authorlink=Martha Nussbaum|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha C. |title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future|year=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|ISBN=978-0-674-03059-6|ref={{sfnref|Nussbaum, The Clash Within|2008}}}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Srinivas |editor-first=M. N. |editor-link=M. N. Srinivas |title=Caste: Its 20th Century Avatar |publisher=Penguin U. K. |year=2000 |ISBN=9351187837 |ref={{sfnref|Srinivas, Caste: Its 20th Century Avatar|2000}}}}
*{{citation |first=Nandini |last=Sundar |chapter=Teaching to Hate: RSS' Pedagogical Programme |editor=E. Ewing |title=Revolution and pedagogy interdisciplinary and transnational perspectives on educational foundations |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4039-8013-7 |pp=195–218 |ref={{sfnref|Sundar, Teaching to Hate|2005}}}}
** {{citation |first=Nandini |last=Sundar |title=Teaching to Hate: RSS' Pedagogical Programme |journal=] |volume=39 |issue=16 | date=April 2004 |jstor=4414900 |pp=1605–1612 |ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Meenakshi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Meenakshi}}
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Latest revision as of 15:07, 6 June 2024

Indian historian

Meenakshi Jain
BornDelhi, India
Alma materUniversity of Delhi (PhD)
Occupation(s)Historian, Writer, Political scientist
Known forSati: Evangelicals, Baptist Missionaries, and the Changing Colonial Discourse
FatherGirilal Jain
RelativesSunil Jain (brother)
Sandhya Jain (sister)
AwardsPadma Shri (2020)

Meenakshi Jain is an Indian political scientist and historian who served as an associate professor of history at Gargi College, Delhi. In 2014, she was nominated as a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research by the Government of India. In 2020, she was conferred with the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award, for her work in the field of literature and education.

Jain wrote Sati: Evangelicals, Baptist Missionaries, and the Changing Colonial Discourse on the practice of Sati in colonial India and had also authored a school history textbook, Medieval India, for NCERT, which replaced a previous textbook co-authored by Romila Thapar, Satish Chandra et al.

Early life and education

Meenakshi Jain is the daughter of journalist Girilal Jain, a former editor of The Times of India. She received her Ph.D. in political science from the University of Delhi. Her thesis on the social base and relations between caste and politics was published in 1991.

Career

Jain is an associate professor of history at Gargi College, affiliated to the University of Delhi. In December 2014, she was nominated as a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research by the Indian government.

Reception

Medieval India (textbook)

Philosopher Martha Nussbaum noted Jain to be an amateur historian, who despite being trained as a sociologist, was inducted as a historian in service of a political mission. Her Medieval India rendered the time-span through a monoscopic clash-of-civilizations narrative between the forces of good (Hindus) and evil (Muslims); the tensions and internal conflicts between these seemingly homogeneous groups were done away with. Nonetheless, Nussbaum found her work to be a small "oasis of intelligence", subtlety and literacy, when contrasted with other publications of the new NCERT series, published under the aegis of the Hindu Nationalist government; Professor Pralay Kanungo of Jawaharlal Nehru University reflected similar sentiments.

Similarly, sociologist Nandini Sundar found Medieval India to have portrayed the exactions of the Sultanate rulers and the Mughals as anti-Hindu acts; besides, all of their contributions to the social, cultural and political were ignored. She saw this as part of a broader pattern of state-induced historical negationism to suit the need of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. John Stratton Hawley of Columbia University found the book to misrepresent the gensis of the Bhakti movement by presenting it as a response to Shankaracharya's monism than to the egalitarian message of Islam.

Rama and Ayodhya

Pralay Kanungo found Jain's Rama and Ayodhya to be a subtle and sophisticated work that managed to stand apart from the earlier ahistorical propaganda by Hindutva-leaning historians. Nonetheless, while by cherry-picking from random sources, she had managed to produce a useful compilation, it lacked in coherence and authenticity.

Works

Books

  • Congress Party, 1967-77: Role of Caste in Indian Politics (Vikas, 1991), ISBN 0706953193.
  • Medieval India: A Textbook for Class XI (NCERT, 2002), ISBN 8174501711.
  • Rajah-Moonje Pact: Documents On A Forgotten Chapter Of Indian History (with Devendra Svarupa, Low Price Publishers, 2007), ISBN 8184540787.
  • Parallel Pathways: Essays on Hindu-Muslim Relations, 1707-1857 (Konark Publishers, 2010), ISBN 9788122007831.
  • The India They Saw (co-edited with Sandhya Jain, 4 Volumes, Prabhat Prakashan), ISBN 8184301065, ISBN 8184301073, ISBN 8184301081, ISBN 818430109X.
  • Rama and Ayodhya (Aryan Books International, 2013), ISBN 8173054517.
  • Sati: Evangelicals, Baptist Missionaries, and the Changing Colonial Discourse (Aryan Books International, 2016), ISBN 8173055521
  • The Battle for Rama: Case of the Temple at Ayodhya (Aryan Books International, 2017), ISBN 8173055793.
  • "Flight of Deities and Rebirth of Temples: Episodes from Indian History" (Aryan Books International, 2019), ISBN 8173056196.

Selected articles

  • "Congress 1967: Strategies of Mobilisation in D. A. Low" in The Indian National Congress Centenary Hindsights, 1988.
  • "Backward Castes and Social Change in U. P. and Bihar" in Srinivas, Caste: Its 20th Century Avatar (2000).
  • A review of Romila Thapar's Somanatha: Many Voices of a History over The Pioneer (India).

See also

References

  1. ^ "Membership of the Indian Council of Historical Research" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  2. The Hindu Net Desk (26 January 2020). "Full list of 2020 Padma awardees". The Hindu.
  3. "Being proud of India's Hindu past is great, but worry about the present too". The Financial Express.
  4. Khushwant Singh, Biased view (Book review of The Hindu Phenomenon), India Today, 31 August 1994.
  5. ^ Srinivas, M. N. (14 October 2000). Caste: Its 20Th Century Avatar. Penguin UK. p. 313. ISBN 9789351187837.
  6. "Members of the Council" (PDF). INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  7. ^ Nussbaum, Martha Craven (2007). The Clash Within : Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674030596. OCLC 1006798430.
  8. ^ "Alternative Narratives". The Book Review. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  9. ^ Sundar, Nandini (2004). "Teaching to Hate: RSS' Pedagogical Programme". Economic and Political Weekly. 39 (16): 1605–1612. doi:10.1057/9781403980137_9. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4414900.
  10. Hawley, John Stratton (2015). "The Bhakti Movement and Its Discontents". A storm of songs. India and the idea of the Bhakti Movement. Harvard University Press. pp. 38–40. doi:10.4159/9780674425262. ISBN 9780674187467. JSTOR j.ctt1c84d6f. OCLC 917361614.
  11. Meenakshi Jain (21 March 2004). "Review of Romila Thapar's "Somanatha, The Many Voices of a History"". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
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