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{{Short description|Anti-slavery treaty created by the League of Nations}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Treaty
| name = 1926 Slavery Convention
| long_name =
| image =
| image_width = 200px
| caption = Boy slave in ], c.1890
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 25 September 1926
| location_signed = ]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 9 March 1927
| condition_effective = Fulfilled
| date_expiration =
| signatories =
| parties = 99 as of 2013<ref></ref><br />(Convention and subsequent Protocol)
| depositor =Secretary-General of the League of Nations
| language =
| languages = English and French
| website =
| wikisource =
}}
{{Slavery}}
The '''1926 Slavery Convention''' or the '''Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery''' is an ] created under the auspices of the ] and first signed on 25 September 1926. It was registered in ''League of Nations Treaty Series'' on 9 March 1927, the same day it went into effect.<ref>, pp. 254–270.</ref> The objective of the convention is to confirm and advance the suppression of ] and the ] and was extended in 1956 with the ], under the auspices of the United Nations.


==Background==
{{UN portal}}
In the General Act of the Brussel Conference of ]-90 the signatories "declared that they were equally animated by the firm intention of putting an end to the traffic in ] ]" and with the Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of ], the signatories "affirmed their intention of securing the complete suppression of slavery in all its forms and of the slave trade by land and sea". In the ], the signatories "declared that they were equally animated by the firm intention of putting an end to the ] in African ]". It was supplemented and revised by the ], signed by the Allied Powers of the ] on 10 September 1919,<ref></ref> in which the signatories undertook to "endeavour to secure the complete suppression of slavery in all its forms and of the slave trade by land and sea" (Article 11).


The ] and slavery in the Arabian Peninsula, and particular the ], attracted attention by the ] and contributed to the creation of the later 1926 Slavery Convention, obliging the British to combat the slave trade in the area.<ref>Suzanne Miers: ''''</ref>
With the '''1926 Slavery Convention''', concrete rules and articles were decided upon, and slavery and slave trade were banned. The convention define a slavery as "the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised." and that slave trade "includes all acts involved in the capture, acquisition or disposal of a person with intent to reduce him to slavery; all acts involved in the acquisition of a slave with a view to selling or exchanging him; all acts of disposal by ] or ] of a slave acquired with a view to being sold or exchanged, and, in general, every act of trade or transport in slaves.


The ] (TSC) was appointed by the Council of the ] in June 1924. The commission was mixed in composition including former colonial governors such as ], as well as a representative from ], and a representative from the ]. The TSC filed their report on 1925 with the recommendation to outlaw the institution of legal cattle slavery and slave trade,<ref>Miers, S. (2003). ''Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem''. US: AltaMira Press. 120–121</ref> which resulted in the 1926 Slavery Convention.
Revisions were made immediately to the convention, and the definition of slavery was further defined and extended, see ].
In 1932 the Committee of Experts on Slavery was established to investigate the efficiency of the 1926 Slavery Convention,<ref>Miers, S. (2003). ''Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem''. US: AltaMira Press. 197–215</ref> which in turn resulted in the establishment of the permanent ].<ref>Miers, S. (2003). ''Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem''. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 216</ref>


==Significance==
The convention text can be found at the Office of the '''United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights''', ],
The convention established concrete rules and articles to advance the suppression of slavery and the slave trade.


Slavery was defined in Article 1 as
]
<blockquote>the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ] are exercised</blockquote>
]

{{int-org-stub}}
The slave trade was defined as including
{{UN-stub}}
<blockquote>all acts involved in the capture, acquisition or disposal of a person with intent to reduce him to slavery; all acts involved in the acquisition of a slave with a view to selling or exchanging him; all acts of disposal by sale or ] of a slave acquired with a view to being sold or exchanged, and, in general, every act of trade or transport in slaves.</blockquote>

== Selected articles ==
<blockquote>'''Article 2'''<br />
The parties agreed to prevent and suppress the slave trade and to progressively bring about the complete elimination of slavery in all its forms.

'''Article 6'''<br />
The parties undertook to promulgate severe penalties for slave trading, slaveholding, and enslavement.</blockquote>

==Participants==
As of 2013, there are 99 countries that have signed, ], ], ], or otherwise committed to participation in the conventions as amended, and its subsequent protocol. The countries and the year of their first commitment to participation are as follows:

''Afghanistan ''(1954),'' Albania ''(1957),'' Algeria ''(1963),'' Australia ''(1953),'' Austria ''(1954),'' Azerbaijan ''(1996),'' Bahamas ''(1976),'' Bahrain ''(1990),'' Bangladesh ''(1985),'' Barbados ''(1976),'' Belarus ''(1956, as the Byelorussian SSR),'' Belgium ''(1962),'' Bolivia ''(1983),'' Bosnia and Herzegovina ''(1993), '' Brazil ''(1966),'' Cameroon ''(1984),'' Canada ''(1953),'' Chile ''(1995),'' China ''(1955),'' Croatia ''(1992),'' Cuba ''(1954),'' Cyprus ''(1986),'' Denmark ''(1954),'' Dominica ''(1994),'' Ecuador ''(1955),'' Egypt ''(1954),'' Ethiopia ''(1969),'' Fiji ''(1972),'' Finland ''(1954),'' France ''(1963),'' Germany ''(1973),'' Greece ''(1955),'' Guatemala ''(1983),'' Guinea ''(1963),'' Hungary ''(1958),'' India ''(1954),'' Iraq ''(1955),'' Ireland ''(1961),'' Israel ''(1955),'' Italy ''(1954),'' '' Jamaica ''(1964),'' Jordan ''(1959),'' Kazakhstan'' (2008), '' Kuwait ''(1963), ''Kyrgyzstan ''(1997),'' Lesotho (1974), Liberia (1953), Libya (1957), Madagascar (1964), Malawi ''(1965),'' Mali ''(1973),'' Malta ''(1966),'' Mauritania ''(1986),'' Mauritius ''(1969),'' Mexico ''(1954),'' Monaco ''(1954),'' Mongolia ''(1968),'' Montenegro'' (2006),'' Morocco ''(1959),'' Myanmar ''(1957),'' Nepal ''(1963),'' Netherlands ''(1955),'' New Zealand ''(1953),'' Nicaragua ''(1986),'' Niger ''(1964),'' Nigeria ''(1961),'' Norway ''(1957),'' Pakistan ''(1955), ''Paraguay ''(2007),'' Papua New Guinea ''(1982),'' Philippines ''(1955),'' Romania ''(1957),'' Russia ''(1956)'' (as the Soviet Union), St Lucia ''(1990),'' St Vincent and the Grenadines ''(1981),'' Saudi Arabia ''(1973),'' Serbia ''(2001, as Serbia and Montenegro),'' Sierra Leone (1962), Solomon Islands ''(1981),'' South Africa ''(1953),'' Spain ''(1927),'' Sri Lanka ''(1958),'' Sudan ''(1957),'' Sweden ''(1954),'' Switzerland ''(1953),'' Syria'' (1954),'' Tanzania ''(1962),'' Trinidad and Tobago ''(1966),'' Tunisia ''(1966),'' Turkey ''(1955),'' Turkmenistan ''(1997),'' Uganda ''(1964),'' Ukraine ''(1959, as the Ukrainian SSR),'' United Kingdom ''(1953), '' United States ''(1956),'' Uruguay ''(2001),'' Viet Nam ''(1956),'' Yemen ''(1987),'' Zambia ''(1973)''

==Updates==
The convention was amended by the protocol entering into force on 7 July 1955.<ref></ref>

The definition of slavery was further refined and extended by a ].

==See also==
{{Portal|Politics}}

*]
*] – Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
*]s
*] of 1956
*]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* at the ]
* Text of the at the UMN Human Rights Library
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815025726/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-2&chapter=18&lang=en |date=15 August 2017 }}
* Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

{{Anti-slavery treaties}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slavery Abolition Convention 1926}}
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Latest revision as of 17:21, 25 September 2024

Anti-slavery treaty created by the League of Nations

1926 Slavery Convention
Signed25 September 1926
LocationGeneva
Effective9 March 1927
ConditionFulfilled
Parties99 as of 2013
(Convention and subsequent Protocol)
DepositarySecretary-General of the League of Nations
LanguagesEnglish and French
Part of a series on
Forced labour and slavery
Shackles
Contemporary
Historical
Antiquity
Medieval Europe
Muslim world
Atlantic slave trade
Topics and practice
Naval
By country or region
Sub-Saharan Africa
North and South America
East, Southeast, and South Asia
Australia and Oceania
Europe and North Asia
North Africa and West Asia
Religion
Opposition and resistance
Related

The 1926 Slavery Convention or the Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery is an international treaty created under the auspices of the League of Nations and first signed on 25 September 1926. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 9 March 1927, the same day it went into effect. The objective of the convention is to confirm and advance the suppression of slavery and the slave trade and was extended in 1956 with the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, under the auspices of the United Nations.

Background

In the Brussels Conference Act of 1890, the signatories "declared that they were equally animated by the firm intention of putting an end to the traffic in African slaves". It was supplemented and revised by the Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, signed by the Allied Powers of the First World War on 10 September 1919, in which the signatories undertook to "endeavour to secure the complete suppression of slavery in all its forms and of the slave trade by land and sea" (Article 11).

The Red Sea slave trade and slavery in the Arabian Peninsula, and particular the slave trade in Hejaz, attracted attention by the League of Nations and contributed to the creation of the later 1926 Slavery Convention, obliging the British to combat the slave trade in the area.

The Temporary Slavery Commission (TSC) was appointed by the Council of the League of Nations in June 1924. The commission was mixed in composition including former colonial governors such as Frederick Lugard, as well as a representative from Haiti, and a representative from the International Labour Organization. The TSC filed their report on 1925 with the recommendation to outlaw the institution of legal cattle slavery and slave trade, which resulted in the 1926 Slavery Convention. In 1932 the Committee of Experts on Slavery was established to investigate the efficiency of the 1926 Slavery Convention, which in turn resulted in the establishment of the permanent Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery.

Significance

The convention established concrete rules and articles to advance the suppression of slavery and the slave trade.

Slavery was defined in Article 1 as

the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised

The slave trade was defined as including

all acts involved in the capture, acquisition or disposal of a person with intent to reduce him to slavery; all acts involved in the acquisition of a slave with a view to selling or exchanging him; all acts of disposal by sale or exchange of a slave acquired with a view to being sold or exchanged, and, in general, every act of trade or transport in slaves.

Selected articles

Article 2

The parties agreed to prevent and suppress the slave trade and to progressively bring about the complete elimination of slavery in all its forms.

Article 6

The parties undertook to promulgate severe penalties for slave trading, slaveholding, and enslavement.

Participants

As of 2013, there are 99 countries that have signed, acceded to, ratified, succeeded to, or otherwise committed to participation in the conventions as amended, and its subsequent protocol. The countries and the year of their first commitment to participation are as follows:

Afghanistan (1954), Albania (1957), Algeria (1963), Australia (1953), Austria (1954), Azerbaijan (1996), Bahamas (1976), Bahrain (1990), Bangladesh (1985), Barbados (1976), Belarus (1956, as the Byelorussian SSR), Belgium (1962), Bolivia (1983), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1993), Brazil (1966), Cameroon (1984), Canada (1953), Chile (1995), China (1955), Croatia (1992), Cuba (1954), Cyprus (1986), Denmark (1954), Dominica (1994), Ecuador (1955), Egypt (1954), Ethiopia (1969), Fiji (1972), Finland (1954), France (1963), Germany (1973), Greece (1955), Guatemala (1983), Guinea (1963), Hungary (1958), India (1954), Iraq (1955), Ireland (1961), Israel (1955), Italy (1954), Jamaica (1964), Jordan (1959), Kazakhstan (2008), Kuwait (1963), Kyrgyzstan (1997), Lesotho (1974), Liberia (1953), Libya (1957), Madagascar (1964), Malawi (1965), Mali (1973), Malta (1966), Mauritania (1986), Mauritius (1969), Mexico (1954), Monaco (1954), Mongolia (1968), Montenegro (2006), Morocco (1959), Myanmar (1957), Nepal (1963), Netherlands (1955), New Zealand (1953), Nicaragua (1986), Niger (1964), Nigeria (1961), Norway (1957), Pakistan (1955), Paraguay (2007), Papua New Guinea (1982), Philippines (1955), Romania (1957), Russia (1956) (as the Soviet Union), St Lucia (1990), St Vincent and the Grenadines (1981), Saudi Arabia (1973), Serbia (2001, as Serbia and Montenegro), Sierra Leone (1962), Solomon Islands (1981), South Africa (1953), Spain (1927), Sri Lanka (1958), Sudan (1957), Sweden (1954), Switzerland (1953), Syria (1954), Tanzania (1962), Trinidad and Tobago (1966), Tunisia (1966), Turkey (1955), Turkmenistan (1997), Uganda (1964), Ukraine (1959, as the Ukrainian SSR), United Kingdom (1953), United States (1956), Uruguay (2001), Viet Nam (1956), Yemen (1987), Zambia (1973)

Updates

The convention was amended by the protocol entering into force on 7 July 1955.

The definition of slavery was further refined and extended by a 1956 Supplementary Convention.

See also

References

  1. Signatories and parties
  2. League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 60, pp. 254–270.
  3. United States of America – Convention revising the General Act of Berlin, 26 February 1885, and of the General Act and the Declaration of Brussels, 2 July 1890, signed at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 10 September 1919 (1922) LNTSer 19; 8 LNTS 27
  4. Suzanne Miers: Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
  5. Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. US: AltaMira Press. 120–121
  6. Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. US: AltaMira Press. 197–215
  7. Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 216
  8. Protocol amending the Slavery Convention signed at Geneva on 25 September 1926

External links

Anti-slavery treaties
19th century
20th century
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