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{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Kosovo}} | |||
{{Kosovo cities | |||
{{About|the city in Kosovo|other uses|Pristina (disambiguation)}} | |||
|native_name = Prishtinë/Prishtina<br>Priština/Приштина | |||
{{Pp|small=yes}} | |||
|image_coatofarms = prishtinalogo.jpg | |||
{{Update|date=May 2021}} | |||
|image_flag_size = 130px | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} | |||
|Flag_legend = ] | |||
{{Infobox settlement | |||
|image_map = Prishtinë 2006.PNG | |||
| name = Pristina | |||
|mayor = ] | |||
| native_name = Prishtina | |||
|area = 854 km² | |||
| native_name2 = Priština | |||
|altitude = 652 m| | |||
| settlement_type = ] and ] | |||
|population = 550,000 - 600,000 <ref name="osce">{{cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/documents/mik/2005/12/1199_en.pdf|title=Municipal Profile: Prishtinë/Priština|format=PDF|publisher=]|accessdate=], ]}}</ref> | |||
| image_skyline = {{multiple image | |||
|date-population = (2000) | |||
|total_width = 300 | |||
|density = 661 | |||
|border = infobox | |||
|date-density = (2000) | |||
|perrow = 1/2/2 | |||
|coordinates = | |||
|caption_align = center | |||
|image1 = Prishtina seen from Mother Theresa Cathedral.jpg | |||
|postal code = 10000 | |||
|caption1 = View of Pristina | |||
|code = +381 38 | |||
|image2 = Goddess on throne.JPG | |||
|subdivisions = ? | |||
|caption2 = ] | |||
|zone = ] | |||
|image3 = Gebäude der UNMIK NEW BORN SIGN PRISTINA KOSOVO Giv Owned Image 23 August 2008.jpg | |||
|site = | |||
|caption3 = ] | |||
|image4 = Muzeu_i_Kosovës.JPG | |||
|caption4 = ] | |||
|image5 = Mother Teresa Cathedral3.jpg | |||
|caption5 = ] | |||
|image6 = Prishtina and the great Hamam.jpg | |||
|caption6 = ] and ] | |||
|image7 = Lulzim Makolli Skenderbeu VS Qeveria 2.jpg | |||
|caption7 = ] | |||
}} | }} | ||
| image_flag = ] | |||
'''Priština''', also spelled '''Pristina''' (]: ''Prishtinë/Prishtina''; ]: ''Priština''/Приштина) is the capital and the largest city of ], ]'s southern ] province. It is located at {{coor dm|42|40|N|21|10|E|type:city(500,000)_region:CS}}. | |||
| flag_alt = Flag of Pristina | |||
| image_seal = ] | |||
| seal_alt = Seal of Pristina | |||
| pushpin_map = #Kosovo#Europe | |||
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Pristina in Kosovo and Europe | |||
| pushpin_mapsize = 290 | |||
| pushpin_relief = 1 | |||
| coordinates = {{Coord|42|39|48|N|21|9|44|E|type:adm1st_region:XK|display=inline,title}} | |||
| subdivision_type = Country | |||
| subdivision_name = | |||
| subdivision_type1 = Country | |||
| subdivision_name1 = ] | |||
| subdivision_type2 = ] | |||
| subdivision_name2 = Pristina | |||
| established_title = | |||
| established_date = | |||
| government_type = ] | |||
| leader_party = ] | |||
| leader_title = Mayor | |||
| leader_name = ] | |||
| leader_title1 = Council | |||
| leader_name1 = Pristina Municipal Council | |||
| unit_pref = Metric | |||
| elevation_m = 652 | |||
| population_as_of = 2024 | |||
| population_blank1_title = Ethnicity | |||
| population_blank1 = {{ubl|97.77% ]|2.23% ]}} | |||
| population_demonym = {{langx|sq|Prishtinas (m), Prishtinase (f)}} <br/> ]: ''Prishtinali (m), Prishtinalike (f)'' | |||
| timezone = ] | |||
| utc_offset = +1 | |||
| timezone_DST = ] | |||
| utc_offset_DST = +2 | |||
| postal_code_type = ] | |||
| postal_code = 10000 | |||
| area_code_type = Area code | |||
| area_code = +383 (0) 38 | |||
| blank1_name = Motorways | |||
| blank1_info = ] ] | |||
| blank2_name = Major airport | |||
| blank2_info = ] | |||
| website = {{URL|https://kk.rks-gov.net/prishtine/|kk.rks-gov.net/prishtine/}} | |||
| registration_plate = ] | |||
| population_rank = ] | |||
| area_rank = ] | |||
| total_type = Municipality | |||
| area_total_km2 = 523.13 | |||
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Komisioni për majten e territorit të Republikës së Kosovës |url=https://kryeministri-ks.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Raport_Faktografik_Matja_e_territorit_te_Republikes_se_Kosoves_032017.pdf |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922113615/https://kryeministri-ks.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Raport_Faktografik_Matja_e_territorit_te_Republikes_se_Kosoves_032017.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2020 |page=52 |language=sq |url-status=usurped}}</ref> | |||
| population_total = 227154 | |||
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Population and housing census in Kosovo preliminary results - July 2024|url=https://askapi.rks-gov.net/Custom/1d268e37-5934-4bd5-bbd1-34a9965cff92.pdf|access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref> | |||
| population_density_km2 = auto | |||
}} | |||
'''Pristina''' or '''Prishtina'''{{Efn|Both names are officially used in English<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koha.net/arberi/covid-19-komuna-e-prishtines-punon-vetem-me-staf-esencial-dhe-mbyll-qendrat-per-te-moshuarit |access-date=2022-01-23 |title="Municipality of Prishtina" engraved English sign |publisher=]}}</ref>}} ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|p|r|iː|ʃ|t|ɪ|n|ə|,_|p|r|ɪ|ʃ|ˈ|t|iː|n|ə}} {{respell|PREE|shtin|ə|,_|prish|TEE|nə}},<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Pristina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424172807/https://www.lexico.com/definition/pristina |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-04-24 |title=Pristina |dictionary=] UK English Dictionary |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |work=] |title=Pristina |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pristina |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|p|r|ɪ|ʃ|t|ɪ|n|ə}} {{respell|PRISHT|in|ə}})<ref>{{cite American Heritage Dictionary|Pristina|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>{{efn|name=fn1|{{langx|sq|Prishtinë}}, {{IPA-sq|pɾiʃˈtinə|pron}}, ] ]: ''Prishtina'', {{IPA-sq|pɾiʃˈtina|pron|Prishtina.ogg}}; {{langx|sr|Приштина|Priština}}, {{IPA|sh|prǐʃtina|pron}}.<ref name="Define Pristina">{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Define{{spaced ndash}}Pristina |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pristina |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311073459/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pristina |archive-date=11 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} is the capital and largest city of ]. It is the administrative center of the eponymous municipality and ].<ref name="Define Pristina"/> | |||
In antiquity, the area of Pristina was part of the ]. The heritage of the classical era is represented by the settlement of ]. After the ] was divided into a western and an eastern half, the area remained within the ] between the 5th and 9th centuries. In the middle of the 9th century, it was ceded to the ], before falling again under Byzantine occupation in the early 11th century and then in the late 11th century to the ]. The growing ] annexed the area in the 13th century and it remained under the ] in the 14th century up to the start of the Ottoman era (1389–1455). The next centuries would be characterized by ] rule. During this period, Pristina developed from a village to a major urban center of the region. Following the end of the ] in 1914, it became a part of the newly formed ]. In 1948, it was chosen as the capital of the province ] under the statehood of ]. Furthermore, Pristina would continue to serve as the capital of Kosovo after its ] from Serbia. | |||
Pristina seems to have been a small village before the late 15th century. It is first recorded in 1342 as a village during the reign of ], and about a century later in 1455 at the beginning of the ] it had a small population of 300 households. In the following century, Pristina became an important mining and trading center due to its strategic position near the rich mining town of ]. The city was known for its trade fairs and items, such as ] and goat hair as well as gunpowder.<ref name=Warrander>{{cite book|last=Warrander|first=Gail|title=Kosovo|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd, UK|isbn=978-1-84162-331-3|pages=85–88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSaH1bKAb8QC|author2=Verena Knaus|year=2010}}</ref> | |||
Pristina is the capital and the ], ], ] and ] center of Kosovo, due to its location in the center of the country. It is the seat of power of the ], the residences for work of the ] and ], and the ]. Pristina is also the most important transportation junction of Kosovo for ], ], and ]. ] is the largest airport of the country and among the largest in the region. A range of expressways and motorways, such as the ] and ], radiate out the city and connect it to ] and ]. Pristina will host the ]. | |||
== Etymology == | |||
The origin of the name of the city is unknown. ] connected the word with an Indo-European derivative ''*pṛ-tu-'' (ford) + ''*stein'' (cognate to English ''stone'') which in ], spoken in the region before the reign of Roman Emperor Trajan (1st–2nd century CE) produced ''Pristina''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mehmeti |first1=Col |title=This Time In Linguistics History: Eric Hamp and Albanian Linguistics |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/time-linguistics-history-eric-hamp-and-albanian-linguistics |publisher=Linguistic Society of America}}</ref> Thus the name in the pre-Slavic migrations era would mean in the local Albanian variety "ford-stone" (compare ]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Matthew |title=Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence |page=42 |date=2012 |publisher=Ohio State University |isbn=978-1-2675-8033-7 |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED546136 }}</ref> | |||
Prišt in ] means ''"boil"'' and this may be a reference to the seething waters of the nearby river ].<ref name="Everett-Heath2000">{{cite book |author=J. Everett-Heath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uK2HDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA373 |title=Place Names of the World - Europe: Historical Context, Meanings and Changes |date=1 August 2000 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-28673-3 |pages=373–}}</ref> ] proposes the derivation from a ] form *''Prišьčь'', a possessive adjective from the personal name *''Prišьkъ'',{{Efn|Preserved in the Kajkavian surname Prišek, in the Old Polish personal name Parzyszek, and in the Polish surname Pryszczyk|name=fn3|group=}} and the derivational suffix ''-ina'' 'belonging to X and his kin'. The name is most likely a ] of the personal name *''Prišь''.{{Efn|Preserved as a surname in Sorbian Priš, and Polish Przybysz, a hypocoristic of the Slavic personal name Pribyslavъ|name=Fn4}}<ref>SNOJ, Marko. 2007. Origjina e emrit të vendit Prishtinë. In: BOKSHI, Besim (ed.). ''Studime filologjike shqiptare: konferencë shkencore'', 21–22 nëntor 2007. Prishtinë: Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, 2008, pp. 277–281.</ref> According to ], Snoj's etymology would presuppose a rare and relatively late word formation process.<ref name="loma">{{Citation |last=Loma |first=Aleksandar |title=Топонимија Бањске хрисовуље |journal=Onomatološki Prilozi |page=181 |year=2013 |trans-title=Toponymy of the Banjska Chrysobull |place=Belgrade |publisher=Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts |language=sr |issn=0351-9171 |author-link=Aleksandar Loma}}</ref> According to Loma, the name of the city could be derived from the ] dialectal word *''pryščina'', meaning "]".{{Efn|Also attested in the Moravian dialects of Czech, derived from the verb *pryskati, meaning "to splash" or "to spray" (prskati in modern Serbian)}}<ref name="loma" /> | |||
The inhabitants of this city, which most of them are Albanians, call themselves ''Prishtinali'' in the local ].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUdJAAAAYAAJ&q=prishtina+prishtinali |title=The Linguist: Journal of the Institute of Linguists |date=2003 |publisher=The Institute |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
== History == | |||
=== Early development === | |||
The area of Pristina has been inhabited since the Neolithic era by ] after 7,000 BCE in the Balkans: ] followed by its successors ], ] and lastly Bubanj-Hum.<ref name="Authors 1975, p.43">{{citation |first1=Sh. |last1=Ajdini |first2=Q. |last2=Bytyqi |first3=H. |last3=Bycinca |first4=I. |last4=Dema |first5=S. |last5=Zeqa |first6=As. |last6=Iseni |first7=J. |last7=Mitroviq |title=Ferizaj dhe rrethina |year=1975 |pages=43{{spaced ndash}}45 |ref={{SfnRef|Ajdini et al.|1975}}}}</ref> The earliest recognized references were discovered in ], ] and ].<ref name="Warrander" /> | |||
] was an important political, cultural, and economic center of the Roman province of ].|left]]By the early Iron Age, the distinctly ]an local variant of the ] ] appears in Kosovo with a particular spread in hilltop settlements. In the area of Pristina, a hilltop settlement appears since the 8th century BCE at an elevation of 685 metres near the village Teneshdoll, around 16 kilometres north of the Pristina city center. Pottery finds suggests that the area may have been in use since the Bronze Age. The settlement seems to have maintained long-distance trade contacts as the finding of a ] vessel from Aegean Greece suggests.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Alaj|first=Premtim|year=2019|title=Les habitats de l'Age du fer sur le territoire de l'actuel Kosovo |publisher=Université de Lyon|url=https://hal.inria.fr/tel-02503916/ |pages=683-690, 111-119 }}</ref> | |||
During the 4th century BC, the ] was established in the region.<ref name="Cambridge">, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards, {{ISBN|0-521-85073-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-85073-5}}, Authors: D. M. Lewis, John Boardman, Editors: D. M. Lewis, John Boardman, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1994 {{ISBN|0-521-23348-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-23348-4}}.</ref><ref name="Adams 1997">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Douglas Q.|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|year=1997|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|isbn= 978-1-884964-98-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC|editor=James P. Mallory}}</ref><ref name="Wilson 2006">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Nigel Guy|title=Encyclopedia Of Ancient Greece|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|isbn= 978-0-415-97334-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCZsPgAACAAJ}}</ref> | |||
] was an important Roman city on the Balkan Peninsula and in the 2nd century BC it was declared a ]. In the middle of the 9th century, it was ceded to the ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} | |||
=== 11th to 16th centuries === | |||
] was built by orders of Sultan ] in the 15th century.]] | |||
In the early 11th century, Pristina fell under Byzantine rule and the area was included into a province called ]. Between the late 11th and middle of the 13th century it was ceded several times to the ]. | |||
In 1315, the nearby ] was founded by King ]. ] used a location in the area of Pristina as his court before moving eventually to the vicinity of Skopje as he moved his rule southwards.<ref name="Zarkovic2021">{{cite journal |last1=Bozidar |first1=Zarkovic |title=Mining Marketplaces: Exponents of Urban Development of Medieval Serbia |journal=Collection of Papers of the Faculty of Philosophy |date=2021 |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=71–91|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1010792 |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="Laszlo2012">{{cite journal |last1=Gulyas |first1=Laszlo |last2=Csullog |first2=Gabor |title=Kosovo's Territorial Characteristics from the Roman Empire to the Fall of the Medieval Serbian State |journal=West Bohemian Historical Review |date=2012 |pages=11–26 |url=https://dspace5.zcu.cz/bitstream/11025/11382/1/Gulyas.pdf |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref> The first historical record mentioning Pristina by its name dates back to 1315–1318, in a ] near Mitrovica.<ref>Prishtina në Histori (2024), , in Y. Rugova (red.) Prishtina në Histori (I)</ref> A first brief description of it as a town was given a few years later by the Byzantine Emperor ], on his visit to Stefan Dušan at his royal court, describing Pristina as a 'unfortified village'.<ref name="Warrander" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Milic |first1=Danica |last2=Novakovic |first2=Relja |last3=Popovic |first3=Toma |last4=Radevic |first4=Milorad |title=Istorijski Casopis |date=1975 |publisher=Istorijski institut |location=Belgrade | page = 71| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3lwCgAAQBAJ |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Zarkovic2021" /> During the time of the ] in the early 14th century, the main route between the Western Balkans and ] ran through Pristina.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Milic |first1=Danica |last2=Novakovic |first2=Relja |last3=Popovic |first3=Toma |last4=Radevic |first4=Milorad |title=Istorijski Casopis |date=1975 |publisher=Istorijski institut |pages = 45–46| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3lwCgAAQBAJ |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref> Following the ], Pristina fell within the realms of the ] under Prince ]. A bitter feud between Lazarević and ] developed and led to open conflict, with Pristina being the scene of heavy fighting in 1409 and 1410.<ref name="Muhadri">{{cite journal |last1=Muhadri |first1=Bedri |title=The Invasion of Kosovo from the Ottomans in the XIV Century |journal=European Journal of Social Sciences Studies |date=2017 |volume=2 |url=https://oapub.org/soc/index.php/EJSSS/article/view/167 |access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref> At the turn of the 15th century during the time of the Serbian Despotate, Pristina was a major trading post for ], with many traders hailing from the ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Milic |first1=Danica |last2=Novakovic |first2=Relja |last3=Popovic |first3=Toma |last4=Radevic |first4=Milorad |title=Istorijski Casopis |date=1975 |publisher=Istorijski institut | page = 66 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3lwCgAAQBAJ |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref> | |||
Between the end of the 14th and the middle of the 15th century, Ottoman rule was gradually imposed in the town. In 1477 Pristina had a small Muslim population.<ref name="prishtinanehistori.org">Agron Islami (2024), , in Y. Rugova (red.) Prishtina in History (I).</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/144570965 |title=The wars of the Balkan Peninsula : their medieval origins |date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |others=Martin Gordon, Alexandru Madgearu |isbn=978-0-8108-5846-6 |edition= |oclc=144570965}}</ref> The settlement at the time had about 300 households. About 3/4 were Christian and 1/4 Muslim.<ref name="Egro">{{cite book|last=Egro|first=Dritan|editor=Oliver Jens Schmitt|title=Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth-XVIIth century)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aCdYHU9PtiIC&pg=PA31|series=Religion und Kultur Im Albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa|year=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3631602959|pages=31}}</ref> In the 15th century the toponym ''Arnaut'' was recorded in the town, which indicates an Albanian presence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rexha |first=Iljaz |title=Registration of settlements and Albanian population on Kosovo |publisher=Institute of History “Ali Hadri” |year=2016 |pages=513}}</ref> The 1487 defter recorded 412 Christian and 94 Muslim households in Pristina, which at the time was administratively part of the ].<ref name="prishtinanehistori.org"/> According to Ottoman defters from the 16th century, Prishtina had been significantly Islamised, with more than half of the population having Muslim names. Islamised Albanian names appear among the inhabitants while the Christian neighborhoods had Orthodox Slavic, Christian and Albanian names.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pulaha |first1=Selami |title=Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve XV XVI |url=https://vdocuments.mx/179876370-s-pulaha-popullsia-shqiptare-e-kosoves-gjate-shekujve-xv-xvi.html?page=1 |website=vdocuments.mx |page=521 |date=1984}}</ref> | |||
=== 17th to 20th centuries === | |||
] by ] in the city center. "Brotherhood and unity" was a popular slogan of the ].]] | |||
During the ] in the late 17th century, citizens of Pristina under the leadership of the Catholic Albanian priest ] pledged loyalty to the Austrian army and supplied troops. He contributed a force of 6,000 Albanian soldiers to the Austrian army which had arrived in Pristina. According to ], the city in the 17th century was inhabited by a majority population of 15,000 Muslims, probably Albanian but very possibly including some Slavs.<ref name="Malcolm2020">{{cite book |last1=Malcolm |first1=Noel |title=Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the History of the Albanians |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198857297 |pages=133–135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ti7wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |quote=..Prishtina, which had a mostly Muslim population of 3,000 households (roughly 15,000 people); many of these had apparently fled, but one early account states that ‘in Prishtina 5,000 Arnauts, having thrown off the Turks, and many leaders of the surrounding places...swore fealty to the Emperor.’ Who were these ‘Arnauts’? Although this word is normally treated simply as a synonym for ‘Albanians’, there are (as we shall see) some doubts as to how such apparently ‘ethnic’ labels were used by West European writers at this time. However, the fact that this writer clearly contrasts these ‘Arnauts’ in Prishtina with the people of the ‘surrounding places’ suggests that they were inhabitants of the town—in which case they were mostly Muslims, probably Albanian but very possibly including some Slavs.}}</ref> Sources from the 17th century mention the town as "situated in Albania".<ref>Jahja Drançolli (1993). , In: Kosova Issue: A historic and current problem, Tirana, p. 66</ref> Austrian military archives from the years of 1689-90 mention "5,000 Muslim ] in Prishtina who had risen against the Turks".<ref name="Malcolm2020" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elsie |first1=Robert |title=1689: Kosovo in the Great Turkish War of 1683-1699 |url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/1689_Kosovo-Turkish-War/ |website=albanianhistory.net |quote=The reputation of this commander grew more and more because of his orderliness such that 5,000 Arnauts in Pristina who had risen against the Turks and many of the major towns in the vicinity had given to understand that they would submit to the rule of the Emperor. Thus, when he arrived in Pristina, they swore allegiance to the Emperor and at that moment, this large tract of territory came under the shadow of the laurels of His Imperial Majesty.}}</ref> Gjergj Bogdani, a nephew of ], wrote later: 'My uncle, being found already dead and buried, was dug up from his grave and put out as food for the dogs in the middle of Prishtina'.<ref>Malcolm, Noel p. 157</ref> | |||
During the 18th century, the history of the city is less documented, though recent data show a regular life unfolding in the city after the ].<ref>Agron Islami (2024), , in Y. Rugova (red.) Prishtina in History (I).</ref> While in the first few decades the city was rebuilding its infrastructure, in the second part of the century it is better known for the governing of the local feudal family, the Gjinollis.<ref>Yll Rugova (2024), , in Y. Rugova (red.) Prishtina in History (I).</ref> | |||
In May 1901, Albanians pillaged and partially burned Pristina.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Skendi |first1=Stavro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 |title=The Albanian National Awakening |date=2015 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4776-1 |page=201}}</ref> | |||
However, The ] opposed the plan for a ], preferring a partition of the European territory of the ] among the four ].<ref name="report">{{cite web |url = https://archive.org/stream/reportofinternat00inteuoft#page/46/mode/2up/search/47 | |||
|title = Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and the Conduct of the Balkan Wars |last1=Redlich |first1=Josef |last2=d'Estournelles |first2=Baron |last3=Godart |first3=M. Justin |last4=Shucking |first4=Walter |last5=W. Hirst |first5=Francis |last6=Brailsford |first6=H. N. |last7=Milioukov |first7=Paul |last8=Dutton |first8=Samuel T. |year = 1914 |publisher = Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |page = 47 |access-date = January 10, 2011 |quote = This demonstration of Turkish weakness encouraged new allies, the more so that the promises of Albanian autonomy, covering the four vilayets of Macedonia and Old Servia, directly threatened the Christian nationalities with extermination.}}</ref> On 22 October 1912, Serb forces took Pristina. However, Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the first Balkan War, occupied Kosovo in 1915 and took Pristina under Bulgarian occupation.<ref name="E">{{cite book |title= Historical Dictionary of Kosovo |last=Elsie |first=Robert |year=2010 |publisher= Scarecrow Press, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8108-7231-8 |pages=xxxiv |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-aeA-nUeAC&q=Prishtina |access-date=2013-05-18}}</ref> | |||
During the ], Pristina suffered many atrocities; the Serbian army entered Pristina on 22 October.<ref name="Trix">{{cite book |last1=Trix |first1=Francis |title=Urban Muslim Migrants in Istanbul: Identity and Trauma Among Balkan Immigrants |date=2008 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1786731081 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBOMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |ref=Trix}}</ref> Albanian and Turkish households were looted and destroyed, and women and children were killed.<ref name="Karoubi174">{{cite book|last=Karoubi|first=Mohammad Taghi|title=Just or Unjust War?: International Law and Unilateral Use of Armed Force by States at the Turn of the 20th Century|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351154666|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_dADwAAQBAJ&q=archbishop+skopje+massacres&pg=PT268|pages=174}}</ref> A Danish journalist based in Skopje reported that the Serbian campaign in Pristina "had taken on the character of a horrific massacring of the Albanian population".<ref name="Trix"/><ref name="Karoubi174"/> An estimated 5,000 people in Pristina were murdered in the early days of the Serbian occupation.<ref name="Lieberman60">{{cite book|last=Lieberman|first=Benjamin|title=Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe|year=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442230385|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlfAgAAQBAJ&q=balkan+wars+catholic+reports+durham|pages=60}}</ref><ref name="Karoubi174"/><ref name="NY Times">{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/12/31/100385991.pdf|title=Servian Army Left a Trail of Blood; Thousands of Men, Women, and Children Massacred in March to Sea, Say Hungarian Reports.|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> The events have been interpreted as an early ].<ref name="Trix"/> Serbian settlers were brought into the city, and ] ] bought {{convert|1214|acre|ha|order=flip|abbr=off|0}} of land.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Banac |first1=Ivo |title=The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics |date=1988 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-9493-2 |page=296 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC&q=slaughter+of+Albanians+1912&pg=PA295 |access-date=2 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Pristinans who wore a '']'' were targeted by the Serbian army; those who wore the Turkish ] were safe, and the price of a fez rose steeply.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mislav Horvat|author2= Jusuf Osmani|title=Kolonizimi Serbi Kosoves (The Serbian Colonisation of Kosovo) |date=2010 |publisher=REND Prishtinë |location=Pristina |page=67 |quote=Se në tregun e Prishtinës, më 18 tetor 1912 më një lirë ari të Turqisë mund të bliheshin 82 fesa turq. Më 10 nëntor 1912, po në këtë treg, një fes mund të blihej me 82 lira ari. Ngritja kaq e lartë e çmimit ishte bërë për shkak se ushtria serbe likuidonte të gjithë njerëzit me plisa të bardhë, ndërsa i kursente ata që mbanin fesin turk në krye.|url=https://www.academia.edu/27205754 |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
In late October 1918, the 11th French colonial division took over Pristina and returned Pristina back to what then became the 'First ]' on 1 December 1918.<ref name="E"/> In September 1920, the decree of the colonization of the new southern lands' facilitated the takeover by Serb colonists of large Ottoman estates in Pristina and land seized from Albanians.<ref name="E"/> From 1929 to 1941, Pristina was part of the ] of the ]. | |||
On 17 April 1941, Yugoslavia surrendered unconditionally to axis forces. On 29 June, ] proclaimed a greater Albania, with most of Kosovo under Italian occupation united with Albania. There ensued mass killings of Serbs, in particular colonists, and an exodus of tens of thousands of Serbs.{{sfn|Murray|1999|p=15}}<ref name="books.google.com">Sabrina P. Ramet , 1918–2005</ref> After the capitulation of Italy, ] took control of the city. In May 1944, 281 local Jews were arrested by units of the ], which was made up mostly of Muslim Albanians. The Jews were later deported to Germany, where many were killed.<ref>{{cite book| last = Fischer| first = Bernd Jürgen| author-link = Bernd Jürgen Fischer| year = 1999| title = Albania at War, 1939–1945| publisher = Purdue Research Foundation| location = ]| isbn = 978-1-55753-141-4| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vTZnAAAAMAAJ|page=187}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Mojzes| first = Paul| title = Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the 20th Century| year = 2011| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | isbn = 978-1-4422-0665-6| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KwW2O7v7CUcC|pages=94–95}}</ref> | |||
]] after ] ]]This ended a long period when the institution had been run as an outpost of ] and gave a major boost to Albanian-language education and culture in Kosovo. The Albanians were also allowed to use the Albanian flag.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} | |||
==== Kosovo War ==== | |||
{{Main|Kosovo War}} | |||
] | |||
Following the reduction of Kosovo's autonomy by former ] ] in 1989, a harshly repressive regime was imposed throughout Kosovo by the Yugoslav government with Albanians largely being purged from state industries and institutions.<ref name="Warrander" /> The LDK's{{Clarify|date=February 2018}} role meant, that when the ] began to attack Serbian and Yugoslav forces from 1996 onwards, Pristina remained largely calm until the outbreak of the ] in March 1999. Pristina was spared large scale destruction compared to towns like ] or ] that suffered heavily at the hands of Serbian forces. For their strategic importance, however, a number of military targets were hit in Pristina during NATO's aerial campaign, including the post office, police headquarters and army barracks, today's ] garrison on the road to ].{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} | |||
Widespread violence broke out in Pristina. Serbian and Yugoslav forces shelled several districts and, in conjunction with paramilitaries, conducted large-scale expulsions of ethnic Albanians accompanied by widespread looting and destruction of Albanian properties. Many of those expelled were directed onto trains apparently brought to Pristina's main station for the express purpose of deporting them to the border of the ], where they were forced into exile.<ref name="bbc_1999">{{cite news |publisher=] (BBC) |title=Kosovo Albanians 'driven into history' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/310092.stm |access-date=1 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327041339/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/310092.stm |archive-date=27 March 2021 |date=1 April 1999 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
The majority Albanian population fled Pristina in large numbers to escape Serb policy and paramilitary units. The first NATO troops to enter the city in early June 1999 were Norwegian special forces from FSK ] and soldiers from the British ] 22 S.A.S,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Norli |title=Krigere og diplomater |url=http://www.norli.no/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?urlRequestType=Base&catalogId=10051&categoryId=&productId=1085065&errorViewName=ProductDisplayErrorView&urlLangId=-101&langId=-101&top_category=&parent_category_rn=&storeId=10651 |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307042943/http://www.norli.no/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/productdisplay?catalogid=10051&categoryid=&errorviewname=productdisplayerrorview&langid=-101&parent_category_rn=&productid=1085065&storeid=10651&top_category=&urllangid=-101&urlrequesttype=base |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Norli |title=Tittel |url=http://www.norli.no/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?urlRequestType=Base&catalogId=10051&categoryId=&productId=286391&errorViewName=ProductDisplayErrorView&urlLangId=-101&langId=-101&top_category=&parent_category_rn=&storeId=10651 |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421051414/http://www.norli.no/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?urlRequestType=Base&catalogId=10051&categoryId=&productId=286391&errorViewName=ProductDisplayErrorView&urlLangId=-101&langId=-101&top_category=&parent_category_rn=&storeId=10651 |archive-date=21 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> although to NATO's diplomatic embarrassment Russian troops arrived first at the airport. Apartments were occupied illegally and the Roma quarters behind the city park was torched. Several strategic targets in Pristina were attacked by ] during the war, but serious physical damage appears to have largely been restricted to a few specific neighbourhoods shelled by Yugoslav security forces. At the end of the war the Serbs became victims of violence committed by Kosovo Albanian extremists. On numerous occasions Serbs were killed by mobs of Kosovo Albanian extremists for merely speaking Serbian in public or being identified as a Serb.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bird |first=Chris |work=] |title=Serbs shot in mob attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/balkans |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913052459/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/30/balkans |archive-date=13 September 2020 |date=30 November 1999 |url-status=live}}</ref> Violence reached its pinnacle in ] when Kosovo Albanian extremists were moving from apartment block to apartment block attacking and ] the residences of remaining Serbs.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |title=The Violence: Ethnic Albanian Attacks on Serbs and Roma |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427155006/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm |archive-date=27 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A majority of the city's 45,000 Serb inhabitants fled from Kosovo and today only several dozen remain in the city.<ref name="euronews.net">{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Serbs in Kosovo vote in Gracanica and Mitrovica |url=http://www.euronews.com/2008/02/03/serbs-in-kosovo-vote-in-gracanica-and-mitrovica/ |access-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808221934/https://www.euronews.com/2008/02/03/serbs-in-kosovo-vote-in-gracanica-and-mitrovica |archive-date=8 August 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
].]] | |||
=== 21st century === | |||
]'s new terminal opened for operations in October 2013, which was built in response to a growing demand for air travel in Kosovo.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |title=New Terminal of Prishtina International Airport Adem Jashari Inaugurated |url=https://www.limak.com.tr/announcements/new-terminal-of-prishtina-international-airport-adem-jashari-inaugurated#:~:text=The%20whole%20project%2C%20value%20over,from%202%20to%205%20million. |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412070815/https://www.limak.com.tr/announcements/new-terminal-of-prishtina-international-airport-adem-jashari-inaugurated |archive-date=12 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November of the same year, the ] as part of the Albania-Kosovo motorway, linking Pristina and the Albanian city of ] on the ], was completed.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Road Traffic Technology |title=Albania{{spaced ndash}}Kosovo Highway Project |url=https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/albaniakosovohighway/ |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127165303/https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/albaniakosovohighway/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another extensive development for the city has been the completion of the ] in 2019, connecting Pristina to North Macedonia's capital, ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Begisholli |first=Blerta |work=Balkan Insight |title=Kosovo{{spaced ndash}}North Macedonia Highway Opened With Fanfare |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/05/29/north-macedonia-kosovo-highway-opened-with-fanfare/ |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102141733/https://balkaninsight.com/2019/05/29/north-macedonia-kosovo-highway-opened-with-fanfare/ |archive-date=2 November 2021 |date=29 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== Geography == | |||
{{Further|Environmental issues in Pristina}} | |||
] | |||
Pristina is situated on an alluvial plain in the regions of ] and ] across the ] in central and eastern Kosovo.<ref name="Environment">{{cite web |publisher=Komuna e Prishtinës |title=Plani Zhvillimor Komunal i Prishtinës 2012–2022 |url=https://prishtinaonline.com/uploads/prishtina_pzhk_2012-2022_shqip%20(1).pdf |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830214734/https://prishtinaonline.com/uploads/prishtina_pzhk_2012-2022_shqip%20(1).pdf |archive-date=30 August 2021 |pages=10–18 |language=sq |url-status=live}}</ref> Bodies of water in Pristina municipality include ] and Batllava lakes as well as the ], Prishtevka, and Vellusha rivers.<ref name="Environment"/> The park of ] lies in the east of Pristina and extends in the north of the villages of Llukar and Kolovica to the south at ]. | |||
Pristina is one of the urban areas with the most severe water shortages in Kosovo.<ref name="balkaninsight">{{cite web |publisher=Balkan Insight |title=Winter Drought Threatens Kosovo Capital's Water |date=21 February 2014 |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-capital-faces-harsh-water-reductions |access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> Its population have to cope with daily water curbs due to the lack of rain and snowfall, which has left Pristina's water supplies in a dreadful condition.<ref name="balkaninsight"/> The water supply comes from the two main reservoirs of ] and ].<ref name="balkaninsight" /> However, there are many problems with the water supply that comes from these two reservoirs which supply 92% of Pristina's population.<ref name="annual per">{{cite web|title=ANNUAL PERFORMANCE REPORT OF WATER SERVICE PROVIDERS IN KOSOVO, IN 2012|url=http://www.wwro-ks.org/English/Publications/AnnualPerfor/RAPORTIMI_i_PERFORMANCES_2012.pdf|publisher=Water and Waste Regulatory Office|access-date=2 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306191507/http://www.wwro-ks.org/English/Publications/AnnualPerfor/RAPORTIMI_i_PERFORMANCES_2012.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As such, the authorities have increased their efforts to remedy the situation and to make sure that such crises do not hit the city again.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zogjani|first=Nektar|title=Uji Për Prishtinën Në Dorë Të Zotit|url=http://www.gazetajnk.com/?cid=1,1018,7309|publisher=Gazeta Jeta në Kosovë|access-date=2 March 2014|date=2014-01-08}}</ref> | |||
=== Climate === | |||
According to the ], Pristina falls under the periphery of the ] (Cfb) zone with an average annual temperature of {{cvt|10.6|C}}.<ref name="Climate-data">{{cite web |publisher=Climate-Data |title=Climate: Pristina |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/republic-of-kosovo/prishtina/prishtina-912068/ |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002154459/https://en.climate-data.org/europe/republic-of-kosovo/prishtina/prishtina-912068/ |archive-date=2 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The warmest month in Pristina is August with an average temperature rising to {{cvt|21.8|C}}, while the coldest month is January with an average temperature falling to {{cvt|-0.6|C}}.<ref name="Climate-data"/> Pristina has a moderate climate with an average of 2909.69 hours of sunshine annually.<ref name="Climate-data"/> July is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about 11.5 hours of sunshine a day and by contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than 4.5 hours per day in January.<ref name="Climate-data"/> | |||
{{Weather box | |||
| name = Climate of Pristina | |||
| width = auto | |||
| collapsed = y | |||
| metric first = yes | |||
| single line = yes | |||
| location = Pristina (1961–1990) | |||
| Jan record high C = 15.8 | |||
| Feb record high C = 20.2 | |||
| Mar record high C = 26.0 | |||
| Apr record high C = 29.0 | |||
| May record high C = 32.3 | |||
| Jun record high C = 36.3 | |||
| Jul record high C = 39.2 | |||
| Aug record high C = 36.8 | |||
| Sep record high C = 34.4 | |||
| Oct record high C = 29.3 | |||
| Nov record high C = 22.0 | |||
| Dec record high C = 15.6 | |||
| year record high C = 39.2 | |||
| Jan high C = 2.4 | |||
| Feb high C = 5.5 | |||
| Mar high C = 10.5 | |||
| Apr high C = 15.7 | |||
| May high C = 20.7 | |||
| Jun high C = 23.9 | |||
| Jul high C = 26.4 | |||
| Aug high C = 26.7 | |||
| Sep high C = 23.1 | |||
| Oct high C = 17.1 | |||
| Nov high C = 10.1 | |||
| Dec high C = 4.1 | |||
| year high C = 15.5 | |||
| Jan mean C = -1.3 | |||
| Feb mean C = 1.1 | |||
| Mar mean C = 5.0 | |||
| Apr mean C = 9.9 | |||
| May mean C = 14.7 | |||
| Jun mean C = 17.8 | |||
| Jul mean C = 19.7 | |||
| Aug mean C = 19.5 | |||
| Sep mean C = 15.9 | |||
| Oct mean C = 10.6 | |||
| Nov mean C = 5.1 | |||
| Dec mean C = 0.4 | |||
| year mean C = 9.8 | |||
| Jan low C = -4.9 | |||
| Feb low C = -2.8 | |||
| Mar low C = 0.2 | |||
| Apr low C = 4.2 | |||
| May low C = 8.5 | |||
| Jun low C = 11.4 | |||
| Jul low C = 12.5 | |||
| Aug low C = 12.3 | |||
| Sep low C = 9.4 | |||
| Oct low C = 5.0 | |||
| Nov low C = 0.9 | |||
| Dec low C = -3.1 | |||
| year low C = 4.4 | |||
| Jan record low C = -27.2 | |||
| Feb record low C = -24.5 | |||
| Mar record low C = -14.2 | |||
| Apr record low C = -5.3 | |||
| May record low C = -1.8 | |||
| Jun record low C = 0.5 | |||
| Jul record low C = 3.9 | |||
| Aug record low C = 4.4 | |||
| Sep record low C = -4.0 | |||
| Oct record low C = -8.0 | |||
| Nov record low C = -17.6 | |||
| Dec record low C = -20.6 | |||
| year record low C = -27.2 | |||
| precipitation colour = green | |||
| Jan precipitation mm = 38.9 | |||
| Feb precipitation mm = 36.1 | |||
| Mar precipitation mm = 38.8 | |||
| Apr precipitation mm = 48.8 | |||
| May precipitation mm = 68.2 | |||
| Jun precipitation mm = 60.3 | |||
| Jul precipitation mm = 51.6 | |||
| Aug precipitation mm = 44.0 | |||
| Sep precipitation mm = 42.1 | |||
| Oct precipitation mm = 45.4 | |||
| Nov precipitation mm = 68.2 | |||
| Dec precipitation mm = 55.5 | |||
| year precipitation mm = 597.9 | |||
| Jan humidity = 83 | |||
| Feb humidity = 77 | |||
| Mar humidity = 70 | |||
| Apr humidity = 65 | |||
| May humidity = 67 | |||
| Jun humidity = 67 | |||
| Jul humidity = 63 | |||
| Aug humidity = 62 | |||
| Sep humidity = 68 | |||
| Oct humidity = 74 | |||
| Nov humidity = 80 | |||
| Dec humidity = 83 | |||
| year humidity = 71 | |||
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | |||
| Jan precipitation days = 13.6 | |||
| Feb precipitation days = 12.3 | |||
| Mar precipitation days = 11.4 | |||
| Apr precipitation days = 12.1 | |||
| May precipitation days = 12.8 | |||
| Jun precipitation days = 11.9 | |||
| Jul precipitation days = 8.3 | |||
| Aug precipitation days = 7.9 | |||
| Sep precipitation days = 7.5 | |||
| Oct precipitation days = 8.6 | |||
| Nov precipitation days = 12.3 | |||
| Dec precipitation days = 14.5 | |||
| year precipitation days = 133.2 | |||
| Jan snow days = 10.2 | |||
| Feb snow days = 8.3 | |||
| Mar snow days = 6.2 | |||
| Apr snow days = 1.5 | |||
| May snow days = 0.0 | |||
| Jun snow days = 0.0 | |||
| Jul snow days = 0.0 | |||
| Aug snow days = 0.0 | |||
| Sep snow days = 0.0 | |||
| Oct snow days = 0.5 | |||
| Nov snow days = 3.4 | |||
| Dec snow days = 8.1 | |||
| year snow days = 38.2 | |||
| Jan sun = 70.8 | |||
| Feb sun = 96.0 | |||
| Mar sun = 143.0 | |||
| Apr sun = 184.0 | |||
| May sun = 227.9 | |||
| Jun sun = 246.3 | |||
| Jul sun = 299.3 | |||
| Aug sun = 289.6 | |||
| Sep sun = 225.8 | |||
| Oct sun = 173.5 | |||
| Nov sun = 96.9 | |||
| Dec sun = 70.2 | |||
| year sun = 2123.3 | |||
| source = ]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Pristina: Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1961–1990 |url=http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/eng/meteorologija/stanica_sr.php?moss_id=13481 |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728154013/http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/eng/meteorologija/stanica_sr.php?moss_id=13481 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
== Demography == | |||
{{Main|Demographics of Pristina|l1 = Demography of Pristina}} | |||
{{Historical populations | |||
|title = Population history of the municipality of Pristina | |||
|align = right | |||
|percentages = | |||
| 1948 | 44,089 | |||
| 1953 | 51,457 | |||
| 1961 | 69,810 | |||
| 1971 | 105,273 | |||
| 1981 | 148,656 | |||
| 1991 | 199,654 | |||
| 2011 | 198,897 | |||
| 2024| 227,154| source = <ref>{{cite web |publisher=Population statistics of Eastern Europe and former USSR |title=Division of Kosovo |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kosovo-division.htm |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002163533/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kosovo-division.htm |archive-date=2 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population and housing census in Kosovo preliminary results - July 2024|url=https://askapi.rks-gov.net/Custom/1d268e37-5934-4bd5-bbd1-34a9965cff92.pdf|access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref>}} | |||
As per the 2024 census conducted by the ] (KAS), Pristina is home to 227,154 residents, making it the most populous city and municipality in Kosovo. | |||
In the 2011 census, there were 198,897 people residing in Pristina municipality.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Regjistrimi i Popullsisë, Ekonomive Familjare dhe Banesave në Kosovë 2011 – Rezultatet Përfundimtare: Të Dhënat Demografike sipas Komunave |url=http://ask.rks-gov.net/rekos2011/repository/docs/Te_dhenat_kryesore_demografike_sipas_komunave.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081103/http://ask.rks-gov.net/rekos2011/repository/docs/Te%20dhenat%20kryesore%20demografike%20sipas%20komunave.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=4 October 2021 |publisher=] |page=14 |language=sq}}</ref> The urban population of Pristina municipality was approximately 160,000, while the rural population was around 37,000.<ref name="Census 2011" /> With a population density of 380,3 people per square kilometre, Pristina is the third most densely populated municipality of Kosovo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kosovo Census Atlas |url=https://ask.rks-gov.net/media/2009/kosovo-census-atlas-2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517072507/https://ask.rks-gov.net/media/2009/kosovo-census-atlas-2011.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=] (KAS) |page=10}}</ref> | |||
The population of Pristina grew by 14.2% between 2011 and 2024, which shows the rapid rate of ] in both the city and Kosovo as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prishtina is Everywhere – Turbo Urbanism: the Aftermath of a Crisis |url=https://archis.org/books/prishtina-is-everywhere-turbo-urbanism-the-aftermath-of-a-crisis/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Archis |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
=== Ethnicity === | |||
In terms of ethnicity, Pristina's inhabitants were 97.77% ], 1.08% ], 0.28% ], 0.22% ], 0.2% ], 0.1% ] and 0.03% ].<ref name="2011 Census Ethnicity and Language">{{cite web |title=Regjistrimi i Popullsisë, Ekonomive Familjare dhe Banesave në Kosovë 2011–Rezultatet përfundimtare |url=https://ask.rks-gov.net/media/2074/te-dhenat-kryesore.pdf |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110085827/https://ask.rks-gov.net/media/2074/te-dhenat-kryesore.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2020 |access-date=2 October 2021 |publisher=] (KAS) |pages=143–149 |language=sq}}</ref> By language, 98.09% spoke ] as a first language. Other spoken languages in Pristina municipality were ] (1.04%), ] (0.25%) and ] (0.03%).<ref name="2011 Census Ethnicity and Language" /> | |||
=== Religion === | |||
{{Main|Religion in Pristina}} | |||
{{Multiple image | |||
| image1 = Xhamia e Gurit Perpara.jpg | |||
| caption1 = The ] stands as the oldest building in Pristina | |||
| image2 = Mother Teresa Cathedral3.jpg | |||
| caption2 = The ] is a ] ] dedicated to ] | |||
| total_width = 400 | |||
}} | |||
In 2011, by ], there were 193,474 (97.27%) ], 1,170 (0.59%) ], 480 (0.24%) ], 344 (0.17%) of other religions and 660 (0.33%) ].<ref name="2011 Census Ethnicity and Language" /><ref name="Religion 2011">{{cite web |title=Religious composition of Kosovo 2011 |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kosovo-religion-loc2011.htm |website=pop-stat.mashke.org |language=sq}}</ref> ] with no ]. The ], ] and ] is explicitly guaranteed in the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo |url=http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/repository/docs/Constitution1Kosovo.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616221845/http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/repository/docs/Constitution1Kosovo.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 June 2009 |website=kryeministri-ks.net |page=17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=KOSOVO 2017 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/281166.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529205635/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/281166.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-29 |website=state.gov |language=en}}</ref> Islam is the most widely practiced religion among the people of Pristina, but the city has centers of worship for a multitude of faiths for its population. | |||
== Politics == | |||
{{Main|Politics in Pristina}} | |||
].]] | |||
Pristina is the capital city of ] and plays an instrumental role in shaping the political and economic life of the country.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Gazeta Zyrtare e Republikës së Kosovës |title=Ligji Nr. 06/L-012 për Kryeqytetin e Republikës së Kosovës, Prishtinën |url=https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=16506 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924130927/https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=16506 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |language=sq |date=6 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the location of the ] headquartered at the Mother Teresa Square and the official residence and workplace of the ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |title=The Assembly Building |url=https://www.kuvendikosoves.org/eng/about-the-assembly/the-assembly-building/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003103253/https://www.kuvendikosoves.org/eng/about-the-assembly/the-assembly-building/ |archive-date=3 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pristina is also home to Kosovo's ], ] and ] as well as the ]. | |||
Pristina is a ] governed by a ] with the mayor of Pristina and the members of the Pristina municipal council responsible for the administration of Pristina municipality. The municipality is encompassed in ] and consists of 43 adjacent settlements with Pristina as its seat.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Gazeta Zyrtare e Republikës së Kosovës |title=Ligji Nr. 03/L-041 për kufijtë Administrativ të Komunave |url=https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=2518 |access-date=27 May 2021 |pages=3–21 |language=sq }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=] (UNMIK) |title=Rregullore Nr. 2000/43 Mbi Numrin, Emrat dhe Kufinjtë e Komunave |url=http://www.unmikonline.org/regulations/unmikgazette/03albanian/A2000regs/RA2000_43.htm |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213142841/http://www.unmikonline.org/regulations/unmikgazette/03albanian/A2000regs/RA2000_43.htm |archive-date=13 December 2017 |date=22 July 2000 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=] (KAS) |title=Statistikat e Përgjithshme: Kosova në Shifra 2020 |url=https://ask.rks-gov.net/media/6298/kosova-n%C3%AB-shifra-2020.pdf |access-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004113747/https://ask.rks-gov.net/media/6298/kosova-n%C3%AB-shifra-2020.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2021 |page=12 |language=sq |url-status=live}}</ref> The mayor of Pristina is elected by the people to act as the chief executive officer of Pristina municipality.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Pristina Municipality |title=Kryetari: Përgjegjësitë e Kryetarit të Komunës |url=https://kk.rks-gov.net/prishtine/pergjegjesite-e-kryetarit-te-komunes/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003103739/https://kk.rks-gov.net/prishtine/pergjegjesite-e-kryetarit-te-komunes/ |archive-date=3 October 2021 |language=sq |date=2 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Pristina municipal council is the legislative arm of the municipality and is also a democratically elected institution, comprising 51 councilors since the latest municipal election.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Pristina Municipality |title=Kuvëndi: Përshkrimi |url=https://kk.rks-gov.net/prishtine/pershkrimi/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003104141/https://kk.rks-gov.net/prishtine/pershkrimi/ |archive-date=3 October 2021 |language=sq |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== Economy == | |||
{{See also|Tourism in Pristina}} | |||
] | |||
Pristina constitutes the heart of the ] and of vital importance to the country's stability. The ] is the most important for the ] of the city and employs more than 75% of work force of Pristina.<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |title=Bizneset dhe rrethina e biznesit |url=https://kk-arkiva.rks-gov.net/prishtina/Municipality/Departments/Ekonomi-dhe-Zhvillim-Lokal/Ekonomia.aspx |website=kk-arkiva.rks-gov.net |language=sq}}</ref> 20% of the working population makes up the ] followed by the ] with only 5%.<ref name="Economy"/> | |||
Pristina is the primary tourist destination in ] as well as the main air gateway to the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourist-destinations.com/2012/08/kosovo-travel-guide-and-travel-info.html|title=Kosovo|author=+Jugoslav Spasevski|work=Tourist Destinations|date=10 August 2012 |access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> It is known as a university center of students from neighbouring countries as ], ], ] and Serbia. In 2012, tourism in ] attracted around 100,000 foreign visitors.<ref>{{cite web | title=Hotel Statistics in Q3 2013 (Alb. Statistikat e hotelierisë TM3 2013) | page=9 | url=http://esk.rks-gov.net/dmdocuments/Staistikat%20e%20Hotelerise%20TM3-2013.pdf | year=2013 | publisher=Kosovo Agency of Statistics | access-date=2014-03-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302190730/http://esk.rks-gov.net/dmdocuments/Staistikat%20e%20Hotelerise%20TM3-2013.pdf | archive-date=2014-03-02 | url-status=dead }}</ref> which represents 74.2%.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 'Hotel Statistics in Q3 2013' | page=9 | url=http://esk.rks-gov.net/dmdocuments/Staistikat%20e%20Hotelerise%20TM3-2013.pdf | year=2013 | publisher=Kosovo Agency of Statistics | access-date=2014-03-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302190730/http://esk.rks-gov.net/dmdocuments/Staistikat%20e%20Hotelerise%20TM3-2013.pdf | archive-date=2014-03-02 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Most foreign tourists come from ], ], ], ], ], ], ], with the number of visitors from elsewhere growing every year.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 'Statistikat e hotelierisë TM3 2013' | page=13 | url=http://esk.rks-gov.net/dmdocuments/Staistikat%20e%20Hotelerise%20TM3-2013.pdf | year=2013 | publisher=Kosovo Agency of Statistics | access-date=2014-03-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302190730/http://esk.rks-gov.net/dmdocuments/Staistikat%20e%20Hotelerise%20TM3-2013.pdf | archive-date=2014-03-02 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
The city has a large number of luxury hotels, modern restaurants, bars, pubs and very large nightclubs. Coffee bars are a representative icon of Pristina and they can be found almost everywhere. The largest hotels of the city are the ] and the ] situated in the heart of the city. Other major hotels present in Pristina include the Emerald Hotel, Sirius Hotel and Hotel Garden. | |||
]]] | |||
Some of the most visited sights near the city include ] and ], which are also among the most visited places in country.<ref>{{cite web| title=12 thousand foreign tourists visited Kosovo (alb. 12 mijë turistë të huaj e vizituan Kosovën)| url=http://www.fermaime.com/?id=14&l=1001| year=2013| access-date=2014-03-06| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055526/http://www.fermaime.com/?id=14&l=1001| archive-date=2018-12-03| url-status=dead}}</ref> Pristina has played a very important role during the World War II, being a shelter for Jews, whose cemeteries now can be visited.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Kosovo.html|title=Kosovo Virtual Jewish History Tour|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=28 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/24/kosovo-jewish-cemetery-restored-university-students_n_884244.html#s297878|title=Kosovo's Jewish Cemetery Restored By University Students (PHOTOS)|work=The Huffington Post|date=24 June 2011 |access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref><ref>Material Culture and the history of the city of Prishtina (Alb. Kultura materiale dhe historia e qytetit të Prishtinës), </ref> There is also a ] located around {{Convert|22|km|abbr=on}} away from Pristina in the direction of ] that is a tourist destination for local and foreign tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BEAR SANCTUARY Prishtina - a FOUR PAWS Project |url=https://www.bearsanctuary-prishtina.org/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=BEAR SANCTUARY Prishtina - a FOUR PAWS Project |language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Education == | |||
{{Main|Education in Pristina}} | |||
] of the ]]] | |||
Pristina is the center of ] in the country and home to many public and private primary and secondary schools, colleges, academies and universities, located in different areas across the city. The ] is the largest and oldest university of the city and was established in the 20th century. | |||
Finance, arts, journalism, medicine, dentistry, pharmaceuticals, veterinary programs, and engineering are among the most popular fields for foreigners to undertake in the city. This brings a many of young students from other cities and countries to Pristina. It is known for its many educational institutions such as University of Pristina, ] and the ]. | |||
Among the first schools known in the city were those opened during the Ottoman period.<ref name="history-culture-refworld">, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''The History, Culture and Identity of Albanians in Kosovo'', 1 May 1997, accessed 23 February 2014.</ref> Albanians were allowed to attend these schools, most of which were religious, with only few of them being secular.<ref name="history-culture-refworld" /> | |||
The city has numerous ], many of which contain vast collections of historic and cultural documents. The most important library in terms of historic document collections is the ]. | |||
== Culture == | |||
{{Main|Culture in Pristina}} | |||
{{See also|Historical monuments in Pristina}} | |||
] is the earliest institution of cultural heritage in Kosovo.]] | |||
Pristina is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country, such as the ], ], ] and the ]. The ] has more than 1.8 million books, periodicals, maps, atlases, microfilms and other library materials. | |||
There are many foreign cultural institutions in Pristina, including the Albanian ], the French ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af-pristina.com/|title=Alliance Française de Prishtina|access-date=28 May 2017}}</ref> the ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kosovo.britishcouncil.org/en|title=British Council - Kosovo|website=kosovo.britishcouncil.org|access-date=28 May 2017}}</ref> | |||
and the German ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slzprishtina.org/haus/menu/prufungen/goethe-institut/|title=Sprachlernzentrum in Prishtina|website=www.slzprishtina.org|access-date=28 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525233359/http://slzprishtina.org/haus/menu/prufungen/goethe-institut/|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fes-prishtina.org/wb/pages/english/home.php|title=Welcome, Office Prishtina, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e.V. - Home|website=www.fes-prishtina.org|access-date=28 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626142423/http://www.fes-prishtina.org/wb/pages/english/home.php|archive-date=26 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Information Office of the ] was also established in Pristina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/pristina/home|title=Home|website=Council of Europe Office in Pristina|access-date=28 May 2017}}</ref> | |||
] is one of the most precious archaeological artifacts of the country and has been adopted as the symbol of Pristina]] | |||
It is estimated that the current population stands between 550,000 and 600,000 <ref></ref>. The city has a majority ] population, alongside other smaller communities including ], ], ] and others. The territory's interim government and the ] (UNMIK) have their headquarters in the city. It is the administrative, educational, cultural center of Kosovo. The city is home to the ] and has an international airport, ], with the ] of PRN and ] code LYPR (temporarily BKPR while UNMIK in effect). | |||
{{multiple image | |||
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|image1 = Clock Tower-Sahat Kulla.JPG | |||
Inhabitants of Priština are called "Prishtinali" or "Prishtinas". | |||
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==History== | |||
===Early history=== | |||
|image2 = Ethnographic_Museum_in_Prishtina.jpg | |||
In ] times a large town called ''Ulpiana'' existed 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the south of modern-day Priština. This city was destroyed but was restored by the ] ]. Today the town of ] stands on the site of the Roman city, and remains of the old city can still be seen. | |||
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|footer = The ] served as a means of informing the town in order to let people know when to pray as well as the traders closing their shops. <small>'''(left)'''</small> The ]. <small>'''(right)'''</small>}} | |||
After the fall of Rome, Priština grew from the ruins of the former Roman city. The city was located at a junction of roads leading in all directions throughout the ]. For this reason Priština rose to become an important trading centre on the main trade routes across south-eastern ]. | |||
Of 426 protected historical monuments in ], 21 are in Pristina.<ref name=KSI.9>{{cite web|title=Një e ardhme për të kaluarën e Pishtinës|url=http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_future_of_pristina%20booklet_albanian.pdf|publisher=Kosova Stability Initiative, European Stability Initiative|access-date=23 February 2014|page=9|language=sq}}</ref> A large number of these monuments date back to the ] and ] periods.<ref name="Kulla.jeta">{{cite web |last=Limani |first=Jeta |title=Kulla of Mazrekaj family in Dranoc |url= http://www.lth.se/fileadmin/hdm/alumni/papers/CMHB_2007/Kosova___Jeta_Limani_-_Kulla_of_Mazrekaj_Family.pdf |page=2}}</ref> | |||
Priština came to be of great importance to the medieval Serbian state, and served as the capital of King Milutin (]-]) and other Serbian rulers from the Nemanjic and Brankovic dynasties until the ] in ], when an invading Ottoman army decisively defeated the Balkans coalition army. The whole of Serbia was subsequently conquered by the ] in ]. | |||
Starting in 1945, the ] authorities began constructing a modern Pristina with the idea of "destroy the old, build the new".<ref name=K.3>{{cite book|last=Warrander|first=Gail|title=Kosovo|publisher=] Ltd., UK|isbn=978-1-84162-331-3|pages=3|url=http://www.bradtguides.com/|author2=Verena Knaus|year=2010}}</ref> This modernization led to major changes in the structure of the buildings, their function and their surrounding environment.<ref name="coe.3">{{cite web |title=CONSERVATION BASIS FOR THE "HISTORIC CENTRE" OF PRISHTINË |url= http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/cooperation/kosovo/publications/20130129-PristinaCS.pdf |page=3 |language=en, sq, sr |date=December 2012}}</ref> | |||
The oldest Albanian writer ] came from Priština. He published his book ''Qeta e Profeteve'' (The Band of Prophets) in 1555. During the ], Priština became increasingly Ottoman in character following the conversion to ] of many of its inhabitants, both Albanian and Slav. | |||
However, numerous types of monuments have been preserved, including four mosques, a restored orthodox church, an ], a public fountain, a ], several traditional houses as well as European-influenced architecture buildings such as the Kosovo Museum.<ref name="coe.16">{{cite web |title=Conservation Basis for the "historic Centre" of Prishtinë |language=en, sq, sr |page=16 |url= http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/cooperation/kosovo/publications/20130129-PristinaCS.pdf |date=December 2012}}</ref> These symbolize the historical and cultural character of Pristina as it was developed throughout centuries in the spirit of conquering empires (], ], ] and ]).<ref name="Kulla.jeta"/> | |||
From the ] onwards Albanians in the region formed the ] to resist Ottoman rule, and a provisional government was formed in ]. In ] Kosovo was briefly included in the newly independent state of ]. But the following year the ] forced Albania to cede the region to ]. In ] Kosovo became a part of the newly formed ], though without any of the autonomy that the region later enjoyed. | |||
The ] was founded in 1945 and it is one of the largest libraries regarding the number of books in its inventory which is nearly 100.000. All of those books are in service for the library's registered readers.<ref name="Municipality of Prishtina"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405061301/https://kk.rks-gov.net/prishtina/Municipality/Departments/Kultures,Rinise,Sportit/Kulture.aspx |date=2015-04-05 }} Short notice of capital culture. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2018}} | |||
Before ], Priština was an ethnically mixed town with large communities of Albanians and Serbs. Many Albanians were deported during to Turkey in consequence of ethnic cleaning program applied by the Serbs. Muslim Albanians were identified as Turks and thus forcibly evicted from their ancestors' homes. Albanians were sent to Turkey, where the Turkish government enforced them to accept new Turkish names and settle the Turkish provinces formerly inhabited by ] and ]. | |||
The ''Mbretëresha e Dardanisë'' ''(Queen of Dardania)'' or ''Hyjnesha ne Fron'' ''(The Goddess on the Throne)'' is an artifact that was found during some excavations in 1955<ref> Retrieved 1 March 2014</ref> in the area of ],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Roman army as a community|first1=Adrian Keith|last1=Goldsworthy|first2=Ian|last2=Haynes|first3=Colin E. P.|last3=Adams|isbn=1887829342|year=1997|publisher= Journal of Roman Archaeology|page=100}} Retrieved 2 March 2014.</ref> a suburb of Pristina. It dates back to ] in the ] and it is made of clay.<ref> Dardanian idol or Goddess on the Throne. Retrieved 22 February 2014.</ref> In Pristina there is also "Hamami i Qytetit" (The City Bath) and the house of Emin Gjika which has been transformed to the Ethnographic Museum. Pristina also has its municipal archive which was established in the 1950s and holds all the records of the city, municipality and the ].<ref name="Municipality of Prishtina" /> | |||
The Second World War saw the decline of Priština's ]ian community as well as a large-scale settling of Albanians in the town. Between ] and ] Priština was incorporated into the ]-occupied ]. | |||
{{clear}} | |||
=== Media === | |||
] | |||
{{Main|Media in Pristina}} | |||
Media in Pristina include some of the most important newspapers, largest publishing houses and most prolific television studios of Kosovo. Pristina is the largest communications center of media in ]. Almost all of the major media organizations in Kosovo are based in Pristina.<ref name="Kosovo Media Institute"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717183241/http://www.mc.rs/upload/documents/razno/KMI_e-directory-media.pdf|date=2019-07-17}} Major media organizations in Kosovo and their addresses.</ref> The television industry developed in Pristina and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The four major broadcast networks, ], ], ] and KLAN KOSOVA are all headquartered in Pristina. | |||
===Priština after World War II=== | |||
] (RTK) is the only public broadcaster both in Pristina and in all of Kosovo as well, who continues to be financed directly by the state. All of the daily newspapers in Pristina have a readership throughout Kosovo.<ref name="OSCE">{{cite web |title=OSCE |url=http://www.osce.org/kosovo |access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> An important event which affected the development of the media, is that in ] since 2005 is established the Journalism Faculty within the Faculty of Philology in which are registered a large number of youth people.<ref name="Fakulteti i Filologjisë - Ballina">{{cite web |title=Fakulteti i Filologjisë - Ballina |url=http://filologjia.uni-pr.edu/ |access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> | |||
In ], Priština became the capital of the Socialist Autonomous Region of Kosovo. Between ] and 1999, the population increased from around 24,000 to over 300,000. All of the national communities of the city increased over this period, but the greatest increase was among the Albanian population, a large number of whom had moved from rural areas to settle in the city. The Albanian population increased from around 9,000 in 1953 to nearly 76,000 in ]. The Serbian and Montenegrin population increased too but by a far more modest number, from just under 8,000 in 1953 to around 21,000 by 1981. By the start of the 1980s, Albanians constituted over 70% of the city's population. | |||
===Music=== | |||
Although Kosovo was under the rule of local Albanian members of the Communist Party, economic decline and political instability in the late 1960s and at the start of the 1980s led to outbreaks of nationalist unrest. In November ], student demonstrations and riots in ] spread to Priština, but were put down by the Yugoslav security forces. Some of the demands of the students were nonetheless met by the ] government, including the establishment in ] of the ] as an independent institution. This ended a long period when the institution had been run as an outpost of ] and gave a major boost to Albanian-language education and culture in Kosovo. The Albanians were also allowed to use the Albanian flag. | |||
{{further|Music composition and composers in Pristina}} | |||
] was born in Pristina to ] parents ]] | |||
In March 1981, students at Priština University rioted over poor food in their university canteen. This seemingly trivial dispute rapidly spread throughout Kosovo and took on the character of a national revolt, with massive popular demonstrations in Priština and other Kosovo towns. The Communist Yugoslav presidency quelled the disturbances by sending in riot police and the army and proclaiming a state of emergency, with several people being killed in clashes and thousands subsequently being imprisoned or disciplined. | |||
] is considered to be very rich in genres and their development. But before talking about genre development, a key point that has to be mentioned is without doubt the rich ] of Kosovo most of which unfortunately has not been digitalized and saved in archives. The importance of folklore is reflected in two main keys, it is considered a treasure" of cultural heritage of our country and it helps to enlighten the ] of that time, and the importance of that is of a high level especially when mentioning the circumstances of our territory in that time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rudi|first=Rafet|title=Sprova Estetike - Muzika e shekullit XX (''Esthetical Challenges" - Music of the 20th Century'')|year=2002|publisher=Dukagjini|page=135}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shqiperia.com/Folklori-dhe-folkloristika.360/ |title=Portali Shqiperia}}</ref> Folklore has also served as inspiration and influence in many fields including music composition in the next generations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gazetajnk.com/?cid=1,3,4787/|title=Gazeta Jeta në Kosovë - Kosovë - Gazeta Jeta në Kosovë|work=Gazeta Jeta në Kosovë}}</ref> One of the most notable and very first composers, ] in whose work, folklore inspiration and influence is very present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeri.info/artikulli/21806/rexho-mulliqi-nismetar-i-muzikes-artistike-ne-kosove|title=Zeri.info - Rexho Mulliqi- Nismëtar i muzikës artistike në Kosovë|work=zeri.info|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302174028/http://www.zeri.info/artikulli/21806/rexho-mulliqi-nismetar-i-muzikes-artistike-ne-kosove|archive-date=2014-03-02}}</ref> | |||
] Head Quarters - Priština]] | |||
When highlighting the music creativity and its starts in Kosovo and the relation between it and the music creativity in Albania even though they have had their development in different circumstances, it is proved that they share some characteristics in a very natural way. This fact shows that they belong to one "Cultural Tree". | |||
===Priština in the Kosovo War and afterwards=== | |||
Some of few international music artists of Albanian heritage that were born or their families were from Pristina are ], ] and ]. | |||
Following the reduction of Kosovo's autonomy by ] ] in ], a harshly repressive regime was imposed throughout Kosovo by the Serbian government with Albanians largely being purged from state industries and institutions. University of Prishtina was seen as a hotbed of Albanian nationalism and was duly purged: 800 lecturers were sacked and 22,500 of the 23,000 students expelled. In response, the Kosovo Albanians set up a "shadow government" under the authority of the ] (LDK), led by the writer ]. Although the city was formally controlled by Serbs appointed by the ] government, the LDK established parallel structures, funded by private contributions, to provide free services such as health care and education that were largely denied to the Albanian population. | |||
=== Theater === | |||
The LDK's role meant that when the ] began to attack Serbian and Yugoslav forces from 1996 onwards, Priština remained largely calm until the outbreak of the ] in March ]. The city was placed under a state of emergency at the end of March and large areas were sealed off. After ] began air strikes against Yugoslavia on ], 1999, widespread violence broke out in Priština. Serbian and Yugoslav forces shelled several districts and, in conjunction with paramilitaries, conducted large-scale expulsions of ethnic Albanians accompanied by widespread looting. Many of those expelled were directed onto trains apparently brought to Priština's main station for the express purpose of taking them to the border of the ], where they were forced into exile. The ] estimated in May 1999 that between 100,000-120,000 people had been driven out of Priština by government forces and ]. | |||
{{Main|Theatres in Pristina}}], lies in the city center on the ]]]The city of Pristina hosts only three active theatres such as the ], Oda and Dodona Theatre placed in center of Pristina. They offers live performances every week. The National Theatre is placed in the middle downtown of the city, near the main government building and was founded in 1946.<ref>{{cite web|title= The National theatre of Kosovo | website=]| url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2012/jun/22/unrestricted-views-national-theatre-kosovo}}</ref> ODA Theatre is situated in the Youth Center Building and Dodona Theatre is found in Vellusha district, which is near Ibrahim Rugova Square. | |||
] | |||
The ] is the highest-ranked theater institution in the country and has the largest number of productions. The theater is the only public theater in ] and therefore it is financed by Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport. This theater has produced more than 400 premieres which have been watched by more than 3 million spectators.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mkrs-ks.org/?page=1,134|title=Profili|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> | |||
Several strategic targets in Priština were attacked by NATO during the war, but physical damage appears to have largely been restricted to a few specific neighborhoods shelled by Yugoslav security forces. At the end of the war, most of the city's 40,000 Serbs fled. The few who remained were subjected to harassment and violence in revenge by Albanian gangs, which reduced Priština's Serb population still further. Other national groups accused of collaboration with the Serbian war effort by Albanians – notably the ] – were also driven out. According to the ], by August 1999 fewer than 2,000 Serbs were left in the city. The number reportedly fell even further after the March ]. | |||
== |
=== Festivals === | ||
{{Main|Events and festivals in Pristina}} | |||
=== Ottoman Empire === | |||
{{See also|Fairs in Pristina}}] in the first year (2018)]]The ] takes place in Pristina annually and it is the largest festival in Kosovo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunny Hill Festival 2023 cancelled, organizer Dua Lipa explains why {{!}} Euronews Albania |url=https://euronews.al/en/sunny-hill-festival-2023-cancelled-organizer-dua-lipa-explains-why/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=euronews.al}}</ref> It attracts over 100,000 music enthusiasts globally. The festival features renowned performers of contemporary times and notable figures on music charts, such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Gashi, and numerous other regional and international artists and performers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://sunnyhillfestival.com/about-us/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Sunny Hill Festival}}</ref> | |||
* The ] conducted their first census in 1486; there were 392 families then. | |||
The ] screens prominent international cinema productions in the ] and beyond, and draws attention to the Kosovar ]. It was created after the ]. After its ], ] looked for ways to promote its cultural and artistic image. | |||
* In 1487, an ] census was conducted in the domain of the ]. Pristina had together with Vucitrn 412 ] households and 94 ] housing. | |||
One of major festivals include the Chopin Piano Fest Pristina that was established for the first time on the occasion of the 200th birth anniversary of ] in 2010 by the Kosovo Chopin Association.<ref name="Wordpress">{{cite web|last=Luzha|first=Besa|title=Chopin Piano Fest Prishtina|url=http://chopinkosova.com/|publisher=WordPress|access-date=2014-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110103010/http://chopinkosova.com/|archive-date=2014-01-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> The festival is becoming a traditional piano festival held in spring every year. It is considered to be a national treasure.<ref name="Selmani">{{cite web|last=Selmani|first=Arber|title='Chopin Fest' eshte pasuri shteterore|url=http://www.zeri.info/artikulli/4084/pula-chopin-fest-eshte-pasuri-shteterore|access-date=2014-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302144418/http://www.zeri.info/artikulli/4084/pula-chopin-fest-eshte-pasuri-shteterore|archive-date=2014-03-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> In its 5 years of formation it has offered interpretations by both world-famous pianists such as ], ], Kosovo-Albanian musicians of international renown like ], Alberta Troni and local talents.<ref name="Verdi">{{cite web|title="Chopin Piano Fest", në kujtim të Verdit|url=http://www.koha.net/arkiva/?page=1,5,141223|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302144355/http://www.koha.net/arkiva/?page=1,5,141223|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-03-02|publisher=Koha Net|access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref><ref name="Selmani" /> The Festival strives to promote the art of interpretation, the proper value of music and the technicalities that accompany it.<ref name="Selmani" /> The Festival has served as inspiration for the formation of other music festivals like Remusica and Kamerfest.<ref name="Verdi" /> | |||
* The Ottomans conducted an official census in ] in 1569; listing 692 families | |||
The ] is one of the most prominent cultural events taking place in the capital. It is an annual music festival which gathers young and talented national and international musicians from all over the world. This festival works on enriching the Kosovar cultural scene with the collision of the traditional and the contemporary. The festival was founded by musician ].<ref name="Consti">{{cite web|title=DAM Festival-KadMusArts|url=http://kadmusarts.com/festivals/1857.html|access-date=2014-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302202213/http://kadmusarts.com/festivals/1857.html|archive-date=2014-03-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
* The Ottomans conducted an official census in ] in 1669; listing some 2,060 families | |||
=== Sports === | |||
* In 1685 the Ottomans officially conducted a population census in ]; enlisting around 3,000 families. | |||
{{Main|Sport in Pristina}} | |||
Pristina is the center of sport in ], where activity is organized across amateur and professional levels, sport organizations and clubs, regulated by the ] and the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport.<ref name="shega">{{cite web|title=Departamenti i Sportit:Profili|url=http://www.mkrs-ks.org/?page=1,48|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> Sport is organized in units called Municipal Leagues. There are seven Municipal Leagues in Pristina. The Football Municipal consists of 18 clubs, the Basketball Municipal 5 clubs, the Handball Municipal 2 clubs, Table Tennis and Chess 6 clubs each, the Karate Municipal 15 and the Tennis Municipal 2 clubs.<ref name="ministria">{{cite web|title=Sport|url=http://kk.rks-gov.net/prishtina/Municipality/Departments/Kultures,Rinise,Sportit/Sport.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128062509/http://kk.rks-gov.net/prishtina/Municipality/Departments/Kultures,Rinise,Sportit/Sport.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2010|access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> | |||
* The Ottomans officially conducted a population census in 1689 in ]; enlisting around 4,000 families. | |||
], the home ground of the ]]] | |||
Football is the most popular sport in the city. It is represented by ], which plays their home games in the ]. ] has been also one of the most popular sports in Pristina and is represented by ]. It is the most successful basketball club in Kosovo and is part of the Balkan League.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sigal Prishtina hap etapën e re në basketboll|url=http://www.koha.net/arkiva/?page=1,18,121113|access-date=1 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908021533/http://koha.net/arkiva/?page=1,18,121113|archive-date=8 September 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Joining it in the Superleague is another team from Pristina, RTV 21.<ref>{{cite web|title=ETC SUPERLIGA|url=http://www.basketbolli.com/sq/league/etc-superliga|access-date=1 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402174016/http://www.basketbolli.com/sq/league/etc-superliga|archive-date=2 April 2014}}</ref> | |||
] at the ]|left]] | |||
* In 1850 the Ottomans officially conducted a population census in the ]; enlisting around 12,000 citizens in around 3,000 families. | |||
] is a traditionally organized sport and cultural event at the ] since 2000. Apart from indoor basketball success, Che Bar team has been crowned the champion of the national championship in 2013. This victory coincided with Streetball Kosovo's acceptance in ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Che Bar kampione e Kosovës në Streetball|url=http://www.kosovastreetball.org/|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ] is also very popular. Pristina's representatives are recognized internationally and play international matches.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} | |||
* An Austrian agent, Spiridon Gopchevich conducted a research in the City of Pristina, enlisting that it had 3,510 households of which 350 belonged to Christian Serbs, 2,600 to Muslim Serbs, 260 to Turks, 70 to Jews, 70 to Albanians | |||
In September 2023, Pristina was named host city for the ]. | |||
* The Ottomans conducted in 1902 an official population census in the ]; enlisting around 18,000 citizens in some 3,760 families. | |||
{{Clear}} | |||
=== Prishtine Disctrict between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia === | |||
In 1912, a German scholar by the name of conducted an estimate within the Priština District just before the ]{{fact}}. The population of the entire district was: | |||
:* ''67%'' ] | |||
:* ''30%'' ] | |||
== Transport == | |||
=== Serbia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia === | |||
{{Main|Transport in Pristina}} | |||
* The 1921 official population census conducted by the ] listed 14,338 citizens. | |||
].]] | |||
* The 1931 official population census organized by the ] listed 18,358 inhabitants by mother tongues: | |||
:* ] - 7,573 (''41%'') | |||
:* ] - 5,738 (''31%'') | |||
:* ] - 2,351 (''13%'') | |||
:* ''other languages'' (], ] etc.) - 2,651 (''14%'') | |||
Pristina constitutes the ] and ] heart of Kosovo, in part due to its high population, modern ] and ] in the center of the country. Following the ], the city has undergone significant improvements and developments vastly modernizing and expanding the ], infrastructure and most notably ] by ], ] and ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727162721/http://kk.rks-gov.net/prishtina/Projects/Buxheti/Infrastrukture.aspx|date=2010-07-27}}.</ref> | |||
=== Socialist Yugoslavia === | |||
* The 1948 official population census of the ] organized by the government of the ] under the ] government recorded 19,631 citizens in 4,667 families. | |||
Pristina is the most important and frequent road junction of Kosovo as all of the major ] and ]s passes through the city limits. Most of the ] are largely completed and partially under construction or under planning process. Immediately after completion, Pristina will provide direct access to ] through the ].<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=ROUTE 6: HIGHWAY PRISHTINA - SKOPJE |url=http://kfos.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/8.-AUTO-ROUTE-6-HIGHWAY-PRISHTINA-SKOPE.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322043415/http://kfos.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/8.-AUTO-ROUTE-6-HIGHWAY-PRISHTINA-SKOPE.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-22 |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=kfos.org |pages=29–35 |language=en}}</ref> The ] significantly connects ] with Prishtina and will have near future a direct connection to the ].<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=ROUTE 6: HIGHWAY PRISHTINA - SKOPJE |url=http://kfos.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/8.-AUTO-ROUTE-6-HIGHWAY-PRISHTINA-SKOPE.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322043415/http://kfos.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/8.-AUTO-ROUTE-6-HIGHWAY-PRISHTINA-SKOPE.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-22 |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=kfos.org |pages=13–28 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
* The 1953 official population census of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija organized by the government of ] under the ] government recorded 24,229 citizens: | |||
:* 9,034 ] (''37%'') | |||
:* 7,951 ] and ] (''33%'') | |||
:* 4,726 ] (''20%'') | |||
:* 2,518 ] and ''others'' (''10%'') | |||
] serves as the premier gateway to the country and carries almost 2 million passengers per year with connections to many destinations around different countries and cities of ] with the most frequent routes to ], ], ] as well as to ], ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web |date=2 January 2019 |title=Statistics on passengers and flights at PIA Adem Jashari 2016 |url=http://caa-ks.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Statistikat-e-udhetareve-2016-8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100130/http://caa-ks.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Statistikat-e-udhetareve-2016-8.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2017 |website=caa-ks.org |publisher=] |page=7 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
* The 1961 official population census of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija organized by the government of the Socialist Republic of Serbia under the ] government recorded 38,593 citizens in 9,095 families: | |||
:* 19,060 ] (''49%'') | |||
:* 14,695 ] and ] (''38%'') | |||
:* 404 ] (''1%'') | |||
:* 195 ] | |||
Pristina is the transport hub of road, rail and air in Kosovo. The ], trains and planes together all serve to maintain a high level of connectivity between Pristina many different districts and beyond. Analysis from the Traffic Police have shown that, of 240,000 cars registered in Kosovo, around 100,000 (41%) are from the region of Pristina. {{citation needed|date=March 2018}} The ] is located near the city center. | |||
* The 1971 official population census of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo organized by the government of the Socialist Republic of Serbia under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia government 69,514 citizens in 14,813 families: | |||
:* 40,873 ] (''59%'') | |||
:* 19,767 ] and ] (''28%'') | |||
:* 4,119 ] (''6%'') | |||
During the administration of ], the municipality of Pristina introduced a new bike-sharing system named Prishtina Bikes, in partnership with ]. There are around 100 bikes and 10 stations scattered around the city. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Arrijnë 100 biçikleta të reja në Prishtinë, do të përdoren për transport publik" in Albanian |url=https://gazeta10.com/arrijne-100-bicikleta-te-reja-ne-prishtine-do-te-perdoren-per-transport-publik/}}</ref> | |||
* The 1981 official population census of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo organized by the government of the Socialist Republic of Serbia under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia government 108,083 citizens in 21,017 families: | |||
:* 75,803 ] (''70%'') | |||
:* 21,067 ] and ] (''19%'') | |||
:* 5,101 ] (''5%'') | |||
:* 2,504 ] (''2%'') | |||
Pristina effectively has two train stations. Pristina railway station lies west of the center, while ] is Kosovo's railway hub.<ref name="inyourpocket2">{{cite web |title=Trains - Arrival & Transport in Pristina - In Your Pocket city guide - essential travel guides to cities in Kosovo |url=http://www.inyourpocket.com/kosovo/pristina/arrival-transport/trains |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302175702/http://www.inyourpocket.com/kosovo/pristina/arrival-transport/trains |archive-date=2014-03-02 |access-date=2014-03-02 |publisher=inyourpocket.com}}</ref> Pristina is serviced by a train that travels through Pristina to ] daily. The station is located in the industrial section of Pristina. | |||
According to the last census in ] (boycotted by the Albanian majority), the population of the Priština municipality was 199,654, including 77.63% Albanians, 15.43% Serbs and Montenegrins, 1.72% Muslims by nationality, and others. . This census cannot be considered accurate as it is based on previous records and estimates. | |||
== International relations == | |||
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Kosovo}} | |||
Pristina is a founding member of the Union of Albanian Municipalities in the Region.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 November 2016 |title=Zyrtarizohet UBSHR, mbledh Konferencën e parë |url=https://ubshr.tirana.al/mbahet-konferenca-e-pare-e-unionit-te-bashkive-dhe-komunave-shqiptare-ne-rajon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002190614/https://ubshr.tirana.al/mbahet-konferenca-e-pare-e-unionit-te-bashkive-dhe-komunave-shqiptare-ne-rajon/ |archive-date=2 October 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021 |publisher=Unioni i Bashkive Shqiptare (UBSHR) |language=sq}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Bytyçi |first=Muhamet |title=Politikat Lokale – Bashk olitikat Lokale – Bashkëpunimi Ndërkomunal në K ëpunimi Ndërkomunal në Kosovë |publisher=] (UBT) |url=https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=etd |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812094056/https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=etd |archive-date=12 August 2021 |doi=10.33107/ubt-etd.2019.21 |page=42 |language=sq |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 2004 it was estimated that the population exceeded half a million, and that ] form around ''98%'' of it. The Serbian population in the city has fallen significantly since 1999, many of the city's Serbs having fled or been expelled following the end of the war. In early 1999 Priština had about 230,000 inhabitans. There were more than 40,000 Serbs and about 6,500 Romas with the remainder being Albanians. | |||
Pristina is ] with:{{efn|name=fn2|Citations regarding the twin or sister cities of Pristina:<ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Sister cities of Ankara |url=https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara#.YViNENpBzIU |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002164826/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara |archive-date=2 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Kardeş Şehirler |url=https://www.bursa.bel.tr/sayfa/kardes-sehirler-261 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002165140/https://www.bursa.bel.tr/sayfa/kardes-sehirler-261 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |language=tr |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Des Moines to become Sister Cities with Pristina, Kosovo |url=https://www.dsmpartnership.com/news-media/blog/des-moines-to-become-sister-cities-with-pristina-kosovo |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416112537/https://www.dsmpartnership.com/news-media/blog/des-moines-to-become-sister-cities-with-pristina-kosovo |archive-date=16 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Relations Internationales |url=https://www.namurinternational.be/ |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002165611/https://www.namurinternational.be/ |archive-date=2 October 2021 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=dawn>{{cite web |title=Islamabad to get new sister city|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842|website=dawn.com|publisher=Dawn|date=2016-01-05|access-date=2024-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://telegrafi.com/binjakezimi-prishtines-kaohsiung-te-tawanit-rama-e-quan-dite-historike-per-kryeqytetin/ |title=Binjakëzimi i Prishtinës me Kaohsiung të Tawanit, Rama e quan ditë historike për kryeqytetin |language=Albanian |trans-title=Twinning of Prishtina with Kaohsiung of Taiwan, Rama calls it a historical day for the city |work=] |location=Pristina |date=2024-03-22 |accessdate=2024-03-22}}</ref>}} | |||
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" rules="all" width="75%%" style="clear:all; margin:5px 0 1em 1em; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%; empty-cells:show" | |||
{{div col|colwidth=20em}} | |||
|colspan="10" align=center style="background:#778899; color:white"|'''Demographics''' | |||
* {{flagdeco|Turkey}} ], Turkey | |||
|- | |||
* {{flagdeco|Turkey}} ], Turkey | |||
|- bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | |||
* {{flagdeco|United States of America}}], United States of America | |||
!Year | |||
* {{flagdeco|Belgium}} ], Belgium | |||
!Albanians | |||
* {{flagdeco|Pakistan}} ], Pakistan | |||
! % | |||
* {{flagdeco|Taiwan}} ], Taiwan | |||
!Serbs | |||
{{div col end}} | |||
! % | |||
!Roma | |||
! % | |||
!Others | |||
! % | |||
!Total | |||
|- bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | |||
|'''1991 census''' | |||
| 161,314 | |||
| 78.7 | |||
| 27,293 | |||
| 13.3 | |||
| 6,625 | |||
| 3.2 | |||
| 9,861 | |||
| 4.8 | |||
| 205,093 | |||
|- bgcolor="#fffaf0" | |||
|'''1998''' | |||
| N/A | |||
| N/A | |||
| N/A | |||
| N/A | |||
| N/A | |||
| N/A | |||
| N/A | |||
| N/A | |||
| 225,388 | |||
|- bgcolor="#f5f5f5" | |||
|'''February 2000 estimate''' | |||
| 550,000 | |||
| 97.4 | |||
| 12,000 | |||
| 2.2 | |||
| 1,000 | |||
| 0.1 | |||
| 1,800 | |||
| 0.3 | |||
| 564,800 | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="10" align=center style="background:#FFEBCD;"|<small>Source: 1991 figures from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) Institute for Statistics – others include Montenegrins, Muslim Slavs, Turks, etc. 1999 figures from UNHCR, "Kosovo Village List", 9 March 1999 (1998 population estimate excluding forced displacement). 2001 figures from KFOR – MNB (c) and for minority figures | |||
OSCE/UNHCR ‘Situation of Ethic Minorities in Kosovo’, February 2001. It is noted that the 1991 census was highly politicised and is thus unreliable.<ref name="osce"/> | |||
|} | |||
Pristina also has a partnership agreement with ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Yearbook of the City of Zagreb 2018 |url=https://www.zagreb.hr/UserDocsImages/arhiva/statistika/SYCZ_2018%2023%2004%202019%20links.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022171011/https://www.zagreb.hr/UserDocsImages/arhiva/statistika/SYCZ_2018%2023%2004%202019%20links.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=6 October 2021 |publisher=] |page=34}}</ref>{{Clear}} | |||
==More Pictures== | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Dardania1.jpg|Dardania quarter | |||
Image:Dardania2.jpg|The densly populated Dardania quarter) | |||
Image:nenatereze1.jpg|Mother Teresa Boulevard | |||
Image:qendra1.jpg|City Centre (showing support to the UK people after the July 7th (2005)bombings in London) | |||
Image:posta1.jpg|The Kosovar Telecoms Building | |||
Image:santea1.jpg|Santea Quarter | |||
Image:Kosovo government.jpg|Kosovar Government Central Building (Formerly a bank, damaged in 1999 war, now fully renovated) | |||
== See also == | |||
</gallery> | |||
* ] | |||
== Explanatory notes == | |||
==See also== | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ]<sub></sub> | |||
== References == | |||
==References and links== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
* - US Department of State, May 1999 | |||
* The official website of the | |||
* {{wikitravelpar|Priština}} | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* - OSCE, 1999 | |||
* - OSCE, 1999 | |||
* , ''The Guardian'', August 12, 1999 | |||
* | |||
== External links == | |||
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{{Sister project links|voy=Pristina|collapsible=collapsed}} | |||
{{KosMunic}} | |||
* {{spaced ndash}}Official Website | |||
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Prishtina |volume=22|page=361 |short=x}} | |||
{{Pristina}} | |||
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{{List of European capitals by region}} | |||
{{Municipality seats of Kosovo}} | |||
{{Kosovo municipalities}} | |||
{{Hero Cities of SFRJ}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 05:30, 21 December 2024
Capital and largest city of Kosovo This article is about the city in Kosovo. For other uses, see Pristina (disambiguation).
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2021) |
Capital city and municipality in Kosovo
Pristina Prishtina | |
---|---|
Capital city and municipality | |
View of PristinaGoddess on the ThroneNewborn MonumentKosovo MuseumCathedral of Saint Mother TeresaGreat Hamam and Imperial MosqueSkanderbeg Monument | |
FlagSeal | |
PristinaShow map of KosovoPristinaShow map of Europe | |
Coordinates: 42°39′48″N 21°9′44″E / 42.66333°N 21.16222°E / 42.66333; 21.16222 | |
Country | Kosovo |
Municipality | Pristina |
Government | |
• Type | Mayor–council |
• Mayor | Përparim Rama (LDK) |
• Council | Pristina Municipal Council |
Area | |
• Municipality | 523.13 km (201.98 sq mi) |
• Rank | 6th in Kosovo |
Elevation | 652 m (2,139 ft) |
Population | |
• Municipality | 227,154 |
• Rank | 1st in Kosovo |
• Density | 430/km (1,100/sq mi) |
• Ethnicity | |
Demonym(s) | Albanian: Prishtinas (m), Prishtinase (f) Gheg Albanian: Prishtinali (m), Prishtinalike (f) |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Postal code | 10000 |
Area code | +383 (0) 38 |
Vehicle registration | 01 |
Motorways | |
Major airport | Adem Jashari Airport |
Website | kk.rks-gov.net/prishtine/ |
Pristina or Prishtina (UK: /ˈpriːʃtɪnə, prɪʃˈtiːnə/ PREE-shtin-ə, prish-TEE-nə, US: /ˈprɪʃtɪnə/ PRISHT-in-ə) is the capital and largest city of Kosovo. It is the administrative center of the eponymous municipality and district.
In antiquity, the area of Pristina was part of the Dardanian Kingdom. The heritage of the classical era is represented by the settlement of Ulpiana. After the Roman Empire was divided into a western and an eastern half, the area remained within the Byzantine Empire between the 5th and 9th centuries. In the middle of the 9th century, it was ceded to the First Bulgarian Empire, before falling again under Byzantine occupation in the early 11th century and then in the late 11th century to the Second Bulgarian Empire. The growing Kingdom of Serbia annexed the area in the 13th century and it remained under the Serbian Empire in the 14th century up to the start of the Ottoman era (1389–1455). The next centuries would be characterized by Ottoman rule. During this period, Pristina developed from a village to a major urban center of the region. Following the end of the First Balkan War in 1914, it became a part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbia. In 1948, it was chosen as the capital of the province SAP Kosovo under the statehood of Yugoslavia. Furthermore, Pristina would continue to serve as the capital of Kosovo after its 2008 independence from Serbia.
Pristina seems to have been a small village before the late 15th century. It is first recorded in 1342 as a village during the reign of Stefan Dušan, and about a century later in 1455 at the beginning of the Ottoman era it had a small population of 300 households. In the following century, Pristina became an important mining and trading center due to its strategic position near the rich mining town of Novo Brdo. The city was known for its trade fairs and items, such as goatskin and goat hair as well as gunpowder.
Pristina is the capital and the economic, financial, political and trade center of Kosovo, due to its location in the center of the country. It is the seat of power of the Government of Kosovo, the residences for work of the President and Prime Minister of Kosovo, and the Parliament of Kosovo. Pristina is also the most important transportation junction of Kosovo for air, rail, and roads. Pristina International Airport is the largest airport of the country and among the largest in the region. A range of expressways and motorways, such as the R 6 and R 7, radiate out the city and connect it to Albania and North Macedonia. Pristina will host the 2030 Mediterranean Games.
Etymology
The origin of the name of the city is unknown. Eric P. Hamp connected the word with an Indo-European derivative *pṛ-tu- (ford) + *stein (cognate to English stone) which in Proto-Albanian, spoken in the region before the reign of Roman Emperor Trajan (1st–2nd century CE) produced Pristina. Thus the name in the pre-Slavic migrations era would mean in the local Albanian variety "ford-stone" (compare Stanford).
Prišt in Serbian means "boil" and this may be a reference to the seething waters of the nearby river Gračanka. Marko Snoj proposes the derivation from a Slavic form *Prišьčь, a possessive adjective from the personal name *Prišьkъ, and the derivational suffix -ina 'belonging to X and his kin'. The name is most likely a patronymic of the personal name *Prišь. According to Aleksandar Loma, Snoj's etymology would presuppose a rare and relatively late word formation process. According to Loma, the name of the city could be derived from the Proto-Slavic dialectal word *pryščina, meaning "spring (of water)".
The inhabitants of this city, which most of them are Albanians, call themselves Prishtinali in the local Gheg Albanian.
History
Early development
The area of Pristina has been inhabited since the Neolithic era by Early European Farmers after 7,000 BCE in the Balkans: Starčevo followed by its successors Vinča, Baden and lastly Bubanj-Hum. The earliest recognized references were discovered in Gračanica, Matiçan and Ulpiana.
By the early Iron Age, the distinctly Dardanian local variant of the Illyrian Glasinac-Mati culture appears in Kosovo with a particular spread in hilltop settlements. In the area of Pristina, a hilltop settlement appears since the 8th century BCE at an elevation of 685 metres near the village Teneshdoll, around 16 kilometres north of the Pristina city center. Pottery finds suggests that the area may have been in use since the Bronze Age. The settlement seems to have maintained long-distance trade contacts as the finding of a skyphos vessel from Aegean Greece suggests.
During the 4th century BC, the Kingdom of Dardania was established in the region.
Ulpiana was an important Roman city on the Balkan Peninsula and in the 2nd century BC it was declared a municipium. In the middle of the 9th century, it was ceded to the First Bulgarian Empire.
11th to 16th centuries
In the early 11th century, Pristina fell under Byzantine rule and the area was included into a province called Bulgaria. Between the late 11th and middle of the 13th century it was ceded several times to the Second Bulgarian Empire.
In 1315, the nearby Gračanica monastery was founded by King Stefan Milutin. Stefan Dušan used a location in the area of Pristina as his court before moving eventually to the vicinity of Skopje as he moved his rule southwards. The first historical record mentioning Pristina by its name dates back to 1315–1318, in a chrysobull of Banjska near Mitrovica. A first brief description of it as a town was given a few years later by the Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, on his visit to Stefan Dušan at his royal court, describing Pristina as a 'unfortified village'. During the time of the Kingdom of Serbia in the early 14th century, the main route between the Western Balkans and Constantinople ran through Pristina. Following the Battle of Kosovo, Pristina fell within the realms of the Serbian Despotate under Prince Stefan Lazarević. A bitter feud between Lazarević and Đurađ Branković developed and led to open conflict, with Pristina being the scene of heavy fighting in 1409 and 1410. At the turn of the 15th century during the time of the Serbian Despotate, Pristina was a major trading post for silver, with many traders hailing from the Republic of Ragusa.
Between the end of the 14th and the middle of the 15th century, Ottoman rule was gradually imposed in the town. In 1477 Pristina had a small Muslim population. The settlement at the time had about 300 households. About 3/4 were Christian and 1/4 Muslim. In the 15th century the toponym Arnaut was recorded in the town, which indicates an Albanian presence. The 1487 defter recorded 412 Christian and 94 Muslim households in Pristina, which at the time was administratively part of the Sanjak of Viçitrina. According to Ottoman defters from the 16th century, Prishtina had been significantly Islamised, with more than half of the population having Muslim names. Islamised Albanian names appear among the inhabitants while the Christian neighborhoods had Orthodox Slavic, Christian and Albanian names.
17th to 20th centuries
During the Austro-Turkish War in the late 17th century, citizens of Pristina under the leadership of the Catholic Albanian priest Pjetër Bogdani pledged loyalty to the Austrian army and supplied troops. He contributed a force of 6,000 Albanian soldiers to the Austrian army which had arrived in Pristina. According to Noel Malcolm, the city in the 17th century was inhabited by a majority population of 15,000 Muslims, probably Albanian but very possibly including some Slavs. Sources from the 17th century mention the town as "situated in Albania". Austrian military archives from the years of 1689-90 mention "5,000 Muslim Albanians in Prishtina who had risen against the Turks". Gjergj Bogdani, a nephew of Pjeter Bogdani, wrote later: 'My uncle, being found already dead and buried, was dug up from his grave and put out as food for the dogs in the middle of Prishtina'.
During the 18th century, the history of the city is less documented, though recent data show a regular life unfolding in the city after the Great Turkish War. While in the first few decades the city was rebuilding its infrastructure, in the second part of the century it is better known for the governing of the local feudal family, the Gjinollis.
In May 1901, Albanians pillaged and partially burned Pristina.
However, The Kingdom of Serbia opposed the plan for a Greater Albania, preferring a partition of the European territory of the Ottoman Empire among the four Balkan allies. On 22 October 1912, Serb forces took Pristina. However, Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the first Balkan War, occupied Kosovo in 1915 and took Pristina under Bulgarian occupation.
During the Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars, Pristina suffered many atrocities; the Serbian army entered Pristina on 22 October. Albanian and Turkish households were looted and destroyed, and women and children were killed. A Danish journalist based in Skopje reported that the Serbian campaign in Pristina "had taken on the character of a horrific massacring of the Albanian population". An estimated 5,000 people in Pristina were murdered in the early days of the Serbian occupation. The events have been interpreted as an early attempt to change the region's demographics. Serbian settlers were brought into the city, and Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić bought 491 hectares (1,214 acres) of land. Pristinans who wore a plis were targeted by the Serbian army; those who wore the Turkish fez were safe, and the price of a fez rose steeply.
In late October 1918, the 11th French colonial division took over Pristina and returned Pristina back to what then became the 'First Yugoslavia' on 1 December 1918. In September 1920, the decree of the colonization of the new southern lands' facilitated the takeover by Serb colonists of large Ottoman estates in Pristina and land seized from Albanians. From 1929 to 1941, Pristina was part of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
On 17 April 1941, Yugoslavia surrendered unconditionally to axis forces. On 29 June, Benito Mussolini proclaimed a greater Albania, with most of Kosovo under Italian occupation united with Albania. There ensued mass killings of Serbs, in particular colonists, and an exodus of tens of thousands of Serbs. After the capitulation of Italy, Nazi Germany took control of the city. In May 1944, 281 local Jews were arrested by units of the 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian), which was made up mostly of Muslim Albanians. The Jews were later deported to Germany, where many were killed.
This ended a long period when the institution had been run as an outpost of Belgrade University and gave a major boost to Albanian-language education and culture in Kosovo. The Albanians were also allowed to use the Albanian flag.
Kosovo War
Main article: Kosovo WarFollowing the reduction of Kosovo's autonomy by former Serbian President Slobodan Milošević in 1989, a harshly repressive regime was imposed throughout Kosovo by the Yugoslav government with Albanians largely being purged from state industries and institutions. The LDK's role meant, that when the Kosovo Liberation Army began to attack Serbian and Yugoslav forces from 1996 onwards, Pristina remained largely calm until the outbreak of the Kosovo War in March 1999. Pristina was spared large scale destruction compared to towns like Gjakova or Peja that suffered heavily at the hands of Serbian forces. For their strategic importance, however, a number of military targets were hit in Pristina during NATO's aerial campaign, including the post office, police headquarters and army barracks, today's Adem Jashari garrison on the road to Kosovo Polje.
Widespread violence broke out in Pristina. Serbian and Yugoslav forces shelled several districts and, in conjunction with paramilitaries, conducted large-scale expulsions of ethnic Albanians accompanied by widespread looting and destruction of Albanian properties. Many of those expelled were directed onto trains apparently brought to Pristina's main station for the express purpose of deporting them to the border of the Republic of Macedonia, where they were forced into exile.
The majority Albanian population fled Pristina in large numbers to escape Serb policy and paramilitary units. The first NATO troops to enter the city in early June 1999 were Norwegian special forces from FSK Forsvarets Spesialkommando and soldiers from the British Special Air Service 22 S.A.S, although to NATO's diplomatic embarrassment Russian troops arrived first at the airport. Apartments were occupied illegally and the Roma quarters behind the city park was torched. Several strategic targets in Pristina were attacked by NATO during the war, but serious physical damage appears to have largely been restricted to a few specific neighbourhoods shelled by Yugoslav security forces. At the end of the war the Serbs became victims of violence committed by Kosovo Albanian extremists. On numerous occasions Serbs were killed by mobs of Kosovo Albanian extremists for merely speaking Serbian in public or being identified as a Serb. Violence reached its pinnacle in 2004 when Kosovo Albanian extremists were moving from apartment block to apartment block attacking and ransacking the residences of remaining Serbs. A majority of the city's 45,000 Serb inhabitants fled from Kosovo and today only several dozen remain in the city.
21st century
Pristina International Airport's new terminal opened for operations in October 2013, which was built in response to a growing demand for air travel in Kosovo. In November of the same year, the R7 motorway as part of the Albania-Kosovo motorway, linking Pristina and the Albanian city of Durrës on the Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast, was completed. Another extensive development for the city has been the completion of the R6 motorway in 2019, connecting Pristina to North Macedonia's capital, Skopje.
Geography
Further information: Environmental issues in PristinaPristina is situated on an alluvial plain in the regions of Llap and Kosovo across the Gollak Hills in central and eastern Kosovo. Bodies of water in Pristina municipality include Badovc and Batllava lakes as well as the Llapi, Prishtevka, and Vellusha rivers. The park of Germia lies in the east of Pristina and extends in the north of the villages of Llukar and Kolovica to the south at Badovc.
Pristina is one of the urban areas with the most severe water shortages in Kosovo. Its population have to cope with daily water curbs due to the lack of rain and snowfall, which has left Pristina's water supplies in a dreadful condition. The water supply comes from the two main reservoirs of Batllava Lake and Lake Badovc. However, there are many problems with the water supply that comes from these two reservoirs which supply 92% of Pristina's population. As such, the authorities have increased their efforts to remedy the situation and to make sure that such crises do not hit the city again.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Pristina falls under the periphery of the oceanic climate (Cfb) zone with an average annual temperature of 10.6 °C (51.1 °F). The warmest month in Pristina is August with an average temperature rising to 21.8 °C (71.2 °F), while the coldest month is January with an average temperature falling to −0.6 °C (30.9 °F). Pristina has a moderate climate with an average of 2909.69 hours of sunshine annually. July is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about 11.5 hours of sunshine a day and by contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than 4.5 hours per day in January.
Climate data for Pristina (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.8 (60.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
26.0 (78.8) |
29.0 (84.2) |
32.3 (90.1) |
36.3 (97.3) |
39.2 (102.6) |
36.8 (98.2) |
34.4 (93.9) |
29.3 (84.7) |
22.0 (71.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
39.2 (102.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) |
5.5 (41.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
15.7 (60.3) |
20.7 (69.3) |
23.9 (75.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
17.1 (62.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
4.1 (39.4) |
15.5 (59.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
14.7 (58.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
10.6 (51.1) |
5.1 (41.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.9 (23.2) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
4.2 (39.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
12.5 (54.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
4.4 (39.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −27.2 (−17.0) |
−24.5 (−12.1) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
0.5 (32.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−17.6 (0.3) |
−20.6 (−5.1) |
−27.2 (−17.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38.9 (1.53) |
36.1 (1.42) |
38.8 (1.53) |
48.8 (1.92) |
68.2 (2.69) |
60.3 (2.37) |
51.6 (2.03) |
44.0 (1.73) |
42.1 (1.66) |
45.4 (1.79) |
68.2 (2.69) |
55.5 (2.19) |
597.9 (23.54) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.6 | 12.3 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 12.8 | 11.9 | 8.3 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 12.3 | 14.5 | 133.2 |
Average snowy days | 10.2 | 8.3 | 6.2 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 3.4 | 8.1 | 38.2 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 83 | 77 | 70 | 65 | 67 | 67 | 63 | 62 | 68 | 74 | 80 | 83 | 71 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 70.8 | 96.0 | 143.0 | 184.0 | 227.9 | 246.3 | 299.3 | 289.6 | 225.8 | 173.5 | 96.9 | 70.2 | 2,123.3 |
Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia |
Demography
Main article: Demography of PristinaYear | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1948 | 44,089 | — |
1953 | 51,457 | +16.7% |
1961 | 69,810 | +35.7% |
1971 | 105,273 | +50.8% |
1981 | 148,656 | +41.2% |
1991 | 199,654 | +34.3% |
2011 | 198,897 | −0.4% |
2024 | 227,154 | +14.2% |
Source: |
As per the 2024 census conducted by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS), Pristina is home to 227,154 residents, making it the most populous city and municipality in Kosovo.
In the 2011 census, there were 198,897 people residing in Pristina municipality. The urban population of Pristina municipality was approximately 160,000, while the rural population was around 37,000. With a population density of 380,3 people per square kilometre, Pristina is the third most densely populated municipality of Kosovo.
The population of Pristina grew by 14.2% between 2011 and 2024, which shows the rapid rate of urbanization in both the city and Kosovo as a whole.
Ethnicity
In terms of ethnicity, Pristina's inhabitants were 97.77% Albanian, 1.08% Turkish, 0.28% Ashkali, 0.22% Serbian, 0.2% Bosniak, 0.1% Gorani and 0.03% Romani. By language, 98.09% spoke Albanian as a first language. Other spoken languages in Pristina municipality were Turkish (1.04%), Serbian (0.25%) and Romani (0.03%).
Religion
Main article: Religion in Pristina The Çarshi Mosque stands as the oldest building in PristinaThe Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa is a Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to Mother TeresaIn 2011, by religion, there were 193,474 (97.27%) Muslims, 1,170 (0.59%) Roman Catholics, 480 (0.24%) Orthodox, 344 (0.17%) of other religions and 660 (0.33%) irreligious. Kosovo is a secular state with no state religion. The freedom of belief, conscience and religion is explicitly guaranteed in the Constitution of Kosovo. Islam is the most widely practiced religion among the people of Pristina, but the city has centers of worship for a multitude of faiths for its population.
Politics
Main article: Politics in PristinaPristina is the capital city of Kosovo and plays an instrumental role in shaping the political and economic life of the country. It is the location of the Parliament of Kosovo headquartered at the Mother Teresa Square and the official residence and workplace of the President and Prime Minister of Kosovo. Pristina is also home to Kosovo's Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and Appeal Court as well as the Basic Court of Pristina.
Pristina is a municipality governed by a mayor–council system with the mayor of Pristina and the members of the Pristina municipal council responsible for the administration of Pristina municipality. The municipality is encompassed in Pristina district and consists of 43 adjacent settlements with Pristina as its seat. The mayor of Pristina is elected by the people to act as the chief executive officer of Pristina municipality. The Pristina municipal council is the legislative arm of the municipality and is also a democratically elected institution, comprising 51 councilors since the latest municipal election.
Economy
See also: Tourism in PristinaPristina constitutes the heart of the economy of Kosovo and of vital importance to the country's stability. The tertiary sector is the most important for the economy of the city and employs more than 75% of work force of Pristina. 20% of the working population makes up the secondary sector followed by the primary sector with only 5%.
Pristina is the primary tourist destination in Kosovo as well as the main air gateway to the country. It is known as a university center of students from neighbouring countries as Albania, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. In 2012, tourism in Pristina attracted around 100,000 foreign visitors. which represents 74.2%. Most foreign tourists come from Albania, Turkey, Germany, United States, Slovenia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, with the number of visitors from elsewhere growing every year.
The city has a large number of luxury hotels, modern restaurants, bars, pubs and very large nightclubs. Coffee bars are a representative icon of Pristina and they can be found almost everywhere. The largest hotels of the city are the Swiss Diamond and the Grand Hotel Prishtina situated in the heart of the city. Other major hotels present in Pristina include the Emerald Hotel, Sirius Hotel and Hotel Garden.
Some of the most visited sights near the city include Batllava Lake and Marble Cave, which are also among the most visited places in country. Pristina has played a very important role during the World War II, being a shelter for Jews, whose cemeteries now can be visited. There is also a bear sanctuary located around 22 km (14 mi) away from Pristina in the direction of Gjilan that is a tourist destination for local and foreign tourists.
Education
Main article: Education in PristinaPristina is the center of education in the country and home to many public and private primary and secondary schools, colleges, academies and universities, located in different areas across the city. The University of Pristina is the largest and oldest university of the city and was established in the 20th century.
Finance, arts, journalism, medicine, dentistry, pharmaceuticals, veterinary programs, and engineering are among the most popular fields for foreigners to undertake in the city. This brings a many of young students from other cities and countries to Pristina. It is known for its many educational institutions such as University of Pristina, University of Pristina Faculty of Arts and the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo.
Among the first schools known in the city were those opened during the Ottoman period. Albanians were allowed to attend these schools, most of which were religious, with only few of them being secular.
The city has numerous libraries, many of which contain vast collections of historic and cultural documents. The most important library in terms of historic document collections is the National Library of Kosovo.
Culture
Main article: Culture in Pristina See also: Historical monuments in PristinaPristina is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country, such as the National Theatre of Kosovo, National Archaeology, Ethnography and Natural science Museum, National Art Gallery and the Ethnological Museum. The National Library of Kosovo has more than 1.8 million books, periodicals, maps, atlases, microfilms and other library materials.
There are many foreign cultural institutions in Pristina, including the Albanian Albanological Institute, the French Alliance Française, the British Council, and the German Goethe-Institut and Friedrich Ebert Foundation. The Information Office of the Council of Europe was also established in Pristina.
The Clock Tower served as a means of informing the town in order to let people know when to pray as well as the traders closing their shops. (left) The Ethnological Museum. (right)Of 426 protected historical monuments in Kosovo, 21 are in Pristina. A large number of these monuments date back to the Byzantine and Ottoman periods.
Starting in 1945, the Yugoslav authorities began constructing a modern Pristina with the idea of "destroy the old, build the new". This modernization led to major changes in the structure of the buildings, their function and their surrounding environment.
However, numerous types of monuments have been preserved, including four mosques, a restored orthodox church, an Ottoman bath, a public fountain, a clock tower, several traditional houses as well as European-influenced architecture buildings such as the Kosovo Museum. These symbolize the historical and cultural character of Pristina as it was developed throughout centuries in the spirit of conquering empires (Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian).
The Hivzi Sylejmani Library was founded in 1945 and it is one of the largest libraries regarding the number of books in its inventory which is nearly 100.000. All of those books are in service for the library's registered readers.
The Mbretëresha e Dardanisë (Queen of Dardania) or Hyjnesha ne Fron (The Goddess on the Throne) is an artifact that was found during some excavations in 1955 in the area of Ulpiana, a suburb of Pristina. It dates back to 3500 BC in the Neolithic Era and it is made of clay. In Pristina there is also "Hamami i Qytetit" (The City Bath) and the house of Emin Gjika which has been transformed to the Ethnographic Museum. Pristina also has its municipal archive which was established in the 1950s and holds all the records of the city, municipality and the region.
Media
Main article: Media in PristinaMedia in Pristina include some of the most important newspapers, largest publishing houses and most prolific television studios of Kosovo. Pristina is the largest communications center of media in Kosovo. Almost all of the major media organizations in Kosovo are based in Pristina. The television industry developed in Pristina and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The four major broadcast networks, RTK, RTV21, KTV and KLAN KOSOVA are all headquartered in Pristina. Radio Television of Kosovo (RTK) is the only public broadcaster both in Pristina and in all of Kosovo as well, who continues to be financed directly by the state. All of the daily newspapers in Pristina have a readership throughout Kosovo. An important event which affected the development of the media, is that in University of Pristina since 2005 is established the Journalism Faculty within the Faculty of Philology in which are registered a large number of youth people.
Music
Further information: Music composition and composers in PristinaAlbanian music is considered to be very rich in genres and their development. But before talking about genre development, a key point that has to be mentioned is without doubt the rich folklore of Kosovo most of which unfortunately has not been digitalized and saved in archives. The importance of folklore is reflected in two main keys, it is considered a treasure" of cultural heritage of our country and it helps to enlighten the Albanian history of that time, and the importance of that is of a high level especially when mentioning the circumstances of our territory in that time. Folklore has also served as inspiration and influence in many fields including music composition in the next generations One of the most notable and very first composers, Rexho Mulliqi in whose work, folklore inspiration and influence is very present.
When highlighting the music creativity and its starts in Kosovo and the relation between it and the music creativity in Albania even though they have had their development in different circumstances, it is proved that they share some characteristics in a very natural way. This fact shows that they belong to one "Cultural Tree".
Some of few international music artists of Albanian heritage that were born or their families were from Pristina are Rita Ora, Dua Lipa and Era Istrefi.
Theater
Main article: Theatres in PristinaThe city of Pristina hosts only three active theatres such as the National Theater, Oda and Dodona Theatre placed in center of Pristina. They offers live performances every week. The National Theatre is placed in the middle downtown of the city, near the main government building and was founded in 1946. ODA Theatre is situated in the Youth Center Building and Dodona Theatre is found in Vellusha district, which is near Ibrahim Rugova Square.
The National Theater of Kosovo is the highest-ranked theater institution in the country and has the largest number of productions. The theater is the only public theater in Kosovo and therefore it is financed by Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport. This theater has produced more than 400 premieres which have been watched by more than 3 million spectators.
Festivals
Main article: Events and festivals in Pristina See also: Fairs in PristinaThe Sunny Hill Festival takes place in Pristina annually and it is the largest festival in Kosovo. It attracts over 100,000 music enthusiasts globally. The festival features renowned performers of contemporary times and notable figures on music charts, such as Dua Lipa, Miley Cyrus, J Balvin, Calvin Harris, Martin Garrix, Afrojack, Hardwell, Stormzy, Skepta, AJ Tracey, Action Bronson, Gashi, and numerous other regional and international artists and performers.
The Prishtina International Film Festival screens prominent international cinema productions in the Balkan region and beyond, and draws attention to the Kosovar film industry. It was created after the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence. After its independence in 2008, Kosovo looked for ways to promote its cultural and artistic image.
One of major festivals include the Chopin Piano Fest Pristina that was established for the first time on the occasion of the 200th birth anniversary of Frédéric Chopin in 2010 by the Kosovo Chopin Association. The festival is becoming a traditional piano festival held in spring every year. It is considered to be a national treasure. In its 5 years of formation it has offered interpretations by both world-famous pianists such as Peter Donohoe, Janina Fialkowska, Kosovo-Albanian musicians of international renown like Ardita Statovci, Alberta Troni and local talents. The Festival strives to promote the art of interpretation, the proper value of music and the technicalities that accompany it. The Festival has served as inspiration for the formation of other music festivals like Remusica and Kamerfest.
The DAM Festival Pristina is one of the most prominent cultural events taking place in the capital. It is an annual music festival which gathers young and talented national and international musicians from all over the world. This festival works on enriching the Kosovar cultural scene with the collision of the traditional and the contemporary. The festival was founded by musician Dardan Selimaj.
Sports
Main article: Sport in PristinaPristina is the center of sport in Kosovo, where activity is organized across amateur and professional levels, sport organizations and clubs, regulated by the Kosovo Olympic Committee and the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport. Sport is organized in units called Municipal Leagues. There are seven Municipal Leagues in Pristina. The Football Municipal consists of 18 clubs, the Basketball Municipal 5 clubs, the Handball Municipal 2 clubs, Table Tennis and Chess 6 clubs each, the Karate Municipal 15 and the Tennis Municipal 2 clubs.
Football is the most popular sport in the city. It is represented by FC Prishtina, which plays their home games in the Fadil Vokrri Stadium. Basketball has been also one of the most popular sports in Pristina and is represented by KB Prishtina. It is the most successful basketball club in Kosovo and is part of the Balkan League. Joining it in the Superleague is another team from Pristina, RTV 21.
Streetball is a traditionally organized sport and cultural event at the Germia Park since 2000. Apart from indoor basketball success, Che Bar team has been crowned the champion of the national championship in 2013. This victory coincided with Streetball Kosovo's acceptance in FIBA. Handball is also very popular. Pristina's representatives are recognized internationally and play international matches.
In September 2023, Pristina was named host city for the 2030 Mediterranean Games.
Transport
Main article: Transport in PristinaPristina constitutes the economic and financial heart of Kosovo, in part due to its high population, modern infrastructure and geographical location in the center of the country. Following the independence of Kosovo, the city has undergone significant improvements and developments vastly modernizing and expanding the economy, infrastructure and most notably transportation by air, rail and road.
Pristina is the most important and frequent road junction of Kosovo as all of the major expressways and motorways passes through the city limits. Most of the motorways of Kosovo are largely completed and partially under construction or under planning process. Immediately after completion, Pristina will provide direct access to Skopje through the R6 motorway. The R7 motorway significantly connects Durrës with Prishtina and will have near future a direct connection to the Pan-European corridor X.
Pristina International Airport serves as the premier gateway to the country and carries almost 2 million passengers per year with connections to many destinations around different countries and cities of Europe with the most frequent routes to Austria, Germany, Switzerland as well as to Slovenia, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Pristina is the transport hub of road, rail and air in Kosovo. The city's buses, trains and planes together all serve to maintain a high level of connectivity between Pristina many different districts and beyond. Analysis from the Traffic Police have shown that, of 240,000 cars registered in Kosovo, around 100,000 (41%) are from the region of Pristina. The Pristina railway station is located near the city center.
During the administration of Përparim Rama, the municipality of Pristina introduced a new bike-sharing system named Prishtina Bikes, in partnership with Nextbike. There are around 100 bikes and 10 stations scattered around the city.
Pristina effectively has two train stations. Pristina railway station lies west of the center, while Fushë Kosovë railway station is Kosovo's railway hub. Pristina is serviced by a train that travels through Pristina to Skopje daily. The station is located in the industrial section of Pristina.
International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in KosovoPristina is a founding member of the Union of Albanian Municipalities in the Region.
Pristina is twinned with:
- Ankara, Turkey
- Bursa, Turkey
- Des Moines, United States of America
- Namur, Belgium
- Karachi, Pakistan
- Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Pristina also has a partnership agreement with Zagreb.
See also
Explanatory notes
- Both names are officially used in English
- Albanian: Prishtinë, pronounced [pɾiʃˈtinə], definite form: Prishtina, pronounced [pɾiʃˈtina] ; Serbian: Приштина, romanized: Priština, pronounced [prǐʃtina].
- Preserved in the Kajkavian surname Prišek, in the Old Polish personal name Parzyszek, and in the Polish surname Pryszczyk
- Preserved as a surname in Sorbian Priš, and Polish Przybysz, a hypocoristic of the Slavic personal name Pribyslavъ
- Also attested in the Moravian dialects of Czech, derived from the verb *pryskati, meaning "to splash" or "to spray" (prskati in modern Serbian)
- Citations regarding the twin or sister cities of Pristina:
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External links
- Municipality of Pristina – Official Website
- "Prishtina" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 361.
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